Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
GSAPP - A4124 BUILDING SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS DEC. 07, 2016
Chris Gembinski, Assistant Adjunct Professor
Curtain-Wall Systems
Control Sound
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Infiltration
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Noise to penetrate
FUNCTION OF CURTAIN WALL
Corrosion
Freeze-thaw deformation
Thermal Break:
Gravity
New York, New York
James Bogardus
Grand Central Depot
1871
New York, New York
John B. Snook
First Glass Curtain
Wall
New York, New York
John B. Snook
Advent of the
Skyscraper
Best Candidates for the first Skyscrapers
First new architecture after church building
Reflect the way architects were perceiving
the new technologies
Skyscraper must have:
1. Usable Height
2. Elevators (c. 1840s)
3. Carry everything on
Structural Frame
Western Union Building
1873-1875
New York, New York
George Brown Post
Advent of the
Skyscraper
New York's tallest buildings in 1874
Tower well over 200 feet high
Load bearing walls with wrought-
iron floor beams supporting tile arch
floors
Tribune Building
1874
New York, New York
Richard Morris Hunt
Frame and Panel
Design
Chicago, Illinois
William Le Baron Jenney
Cantilevered Curtain
Walls
First tile fireproof building
Cast-iron or Copper sheet
metal clad vertical bays
Entire wall system outboard of
the last column line
Constant wall thickness
Set precedent for cantilevering
Potter Building
glass curtain wall
1883-1886
New york, New York
Norris Starkweather
Conceived as Curtain
Wall
Conceived as a steel frame intended to
carry the exterior masonry wall
Tallest commercial iron frame building
with a load bearing wall (client request)
First portal system of wind bracing in
America
Large exposures of glass
Monadnock Building
1891
Chicago, Illinois
Burnham and Root
Increasing Lightness
Lower floors, used a granite hand
worked to a thickness between 2"
and 4" and supported by cast-iron
grillwork.
Steel frame lighter than if built in
stone
Reliance Building
1890-1895
Chicago, Illinois
Root and Atwood
Lintels and Outriggers
1895
Lintels could now support bands
of masonry separating windows
and piers
Cage Construction
Curtain Wall
Chicago, Illinois
Root and Atwood
Terra Cotta Curtain
Walls
Fuller Building
1902
New York, New York
Burnham and Dinkelberg
Increased Window
Area
New York, New York
Ernest Flagg
3-Wythe Curtain Wall
Innermost wythe structural clay
tile
Outer two wythes brick tied with
header courses
Two interior wythes rest on the
slab and spandrel beams
Outer wythe "hung" from the
middle wythe
First Glass Walls
Queens, New York
Leo Stillman
Presidents for Curtain
Walls
Sheet Metal Spires
Appropriately designed, could
clad and entire facade
Chrysler Building
1931
New York, New York
William Van Allen
Consistent Thinness
Limestone cladding 8-inch thick
from base to the top
Thinner than the standard minimum
12-inch walls
First building where cladding is not
tapered to the top
RCA Building
1933
New York, New York
Raymond Hood
Glass Begins to
Replace Stone
Completely separate from building
frame
No role carrying structural support
loads
Building systems and materials
cannot support loads
Equitable Building
1948
Portland, Oregon
Pietro Belluchi
1950s
Composite building panels
Precast-concrete panels
faced with a thin-stone
veneer
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Harrison and Abramovitz
United Nations 1950
New York, New York
New York, New York
Walter Gropius, Emery Roth, Pietro Belluschi
Pre-Cast and Cast-In-
Place Concrete Panel
Curtain Walls
Reliance Building
1890-1895
Chicago, Illinois
Root and Atwood
Thinner and Thinner
Stone fabrication was mechanized
by use of frame saw or gang saw,
which allowed stone panels to be
cut much thinner
Diamond-studded cables used to
cut blocks into slabs increased
efficiency of fabrication
Too Thin?
Finlandia Hall
1967-1971
Helsinki, Finland
Alvar Aalto
Corten Steel Curtain
Walls
Corten steel alloy whose corrosion
product is dense and remains bonded
to the base metal
Same behavior exhibited naturally by
aluminum
Prevents corrosion from spreading
deeper into the metal
This color "spreads" over other
Annenberg Building
1976
portions of the faade
New York, New York
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
Panelized Curtain
Walls
Granite clad, steel-framed truss and
panels span from column to column
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) weather
barrier between the stone and steel
frame
The stone held in place by stainless
steel pins set in epoxy and bolted
520 Madison Avenue
to steel framing
1982
New York, New York
Swanke Hayden & Connell Architects
Panelized Curtain
Walls
Panelized wall construction of
precast concrete and stone
Clad with granite cut < 2-inches
thick attached to precast concrete
backup with mechanical anchors
New York, New York
Edward Durell Stone
CURTAIN WALL CONSTRUCTION
CURTAIN WALLS TYPES
Stone Curtain Walls
Relatively expensive
Posttensioned Limestone Spandrel Panels
Thick blocks of limestone may be
joined with adhesives into long
spandrel panels and post-
tensioned with strength steel
tendons
Aluminum Extrusions
Glazing
Connections
Thermal Breaks
Flashings
Sealant Joints
Aluminum Extrusions
Organic Coatings
Fluoropolymer
Powder Coating
Baked Enamel
Anodizing
IGUs
Insulated Glass Unit
Palais des Congrs
2003
Montral, Quebec
Ttrault, Dubuc, Saia et associs
Stone Masonry
Anchors from c. 1950
Gravity Anchors: Support
weight of stone on building
frame
Lateral Anchors: Hold stone in
plane of wall and transfer wind
loads to building frame.
Both types of support could be
combined in one anchor.
Split-Tail Anchor
c. 1950
Stainless Steel
FCB43.5
EDGE ANGLE / SLAB
EDGE BY OTHERS
FCB45.5 STRUCTURAL
(2) #12-14 SELF-DRILLING (3) #12-14 SELF-DRILLING (4) #12-14 SELF-DRILLING SCREWS, BEAM BY OTHERS
SCREWS, FILL EVERY OTHER SCREWS, LEAVE ONE OUTER FILL ALL ANCHOR HOLES
ANCHOR HOLE ANCHOR HOLE EMPTY
SIMPSON STRONG-TIE
LOCATE WEB SCB SLIDE CLIP
(2) SELF-DRILLING SCREWS (3) SELF-DRILLING SCREWS (4) SELF-DRILLING SCREWS PUNCH-OUT CLEAR
CONNECTION TO OF CONNECTOR
METAL STUD STRUCTURE - SEE C SCB43.5
DETAILS 3/CWC1 & 4/CWC1
INSTALLATION DETAILS
CONNECTORS
4.) ACCEPTABLE POWDER-ACTUATED FASTENERS INCLUDE SIMPSON STRONG-TIE 0.145" PDPT
SEE NOTE 2 2" STRUCTURAL
AND 0.157" PDPAT FASTENERS.
5.) WELDED INSTALLATIONS REQUIRE E70XX ELECTRODES WITH A MINIMUM THROAT SIZE BEAM BY OTHERS
EQUAL TO THE CONNECTOR THICKNESS. WELDING SHALL COMPLY WITH AWS D1.3.
6.) ANCHORAGE INSTALLATION PROCEDURES SHALL CONSIDER FIELD CONDITIONS. FOR FASTENER FCB43.5 - (6) SCREWS FCB49.5 - (12) SCREWS
STRUCTURAL STEEL
INSTALLATIONS INTO STEEL BACKED BY CONCRETE, STEEL THICKNESS, EDGE DISTANCE IN SIMPSON STRONG-TIE
BY OTHERS
CONCRETE, TYPE AND STRENGTH OF CONCRETE, ETC. MAY REQUIRE PRE-DRILLING OF BOTH THE LOCATE WEB SCB SLIDE CLIP
(EDGE ANGLE SHOWN)
STEEL AND CONCRETE FOR SELF-DRILLING SCREWS, OR MAY RESULT IN SPALLING OF CONCRETE PUNCH-OUT CLEAR
WELDED FOR POWDER-ACTUATED FASTENERS. OF CONNECTOR
CWC1
(2) ANCHORS (3) ANCHORS (4) ANCHORS OF CONNECTOR
PUNCH-OUT CLEAR
NOTES:
1.) INSTALLATION BASED ON CONCRETE WITH A MINIMUM f'c = 2500 PSI AND A MAXIMUM f'c = 4000 PSI.
OF CONNECTOR A SCB W/ (3) SCREWS
2.) INSTALLATION REQUIRES FULL BEARING OF THE ANCHOR LEG ON THE SUPPORTING STRUCTURE. SEE 3/CWC1, NOTE 4 FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. (SCB45.5, SCB47.5,
3.) SIMPSON STRONG-TIE SCB CONNECTORS SHOWN. FCB CONNECTORS SIMILAR. A FCB W/ MAX. FASTENERS SCB49.5, & SCB411.5)
SCB BYPASS SLIDE CLIP AND FCB BYPASS FIXED CLIP ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETE 4 FCB BYPASS FIXED CLIP 2 SCB BYPASS SLIDE CLIP 1
Larger units of
material are
used
Sealant Types
Oil-Based Caulks - Oxidized and polymerized vegetable and other
oils (linseed oil, fish oil, soybean oil, tung oil, and castor oil).
Proper design
Mechanisms of Failure
Unintended Loads
Sealant Failure
Water Penetration
Deterioration of Anchors and Ties
Design Variations
Unintended Loads in
Early Curtain Wall
Construction
Effects of Stress on Terra Cotta
Stacking occurs and creates stresses
that are often manifested as cracking in
the units
Deformations if the units if they are
resilient enough, that is not too brittle,
to bend.
Woolworth Building
1913
New York, New York
Cass Gilbert
Unintended Loads in
Early Curtain Wall
Construction
Racking
Concrete frame shrinkage,
deflection, and creep
Expansion and contraction of
steel frame
Deflection of steel frame under
load
Other Unintended
Loads
Stone panels restricted from
expanding and contracting
Mortar in joints
Joints too narrow
Construction tolerances
Hard spacers in joints
Anchors restrain movement
Failure of Seals
Improper sealant selection, outdated
sealant
Improper joint design
Improper installation conditions
Rough substrate prohibiting proper
tooling
Joint movement before sealant has
cured
Sealants Failures
Deterioration of anchors or
supports