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Version 3.0
Technical Reference
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1
2 GENERAL PROVISIONS ............................................................ 2
2.1 Gross Area................................................................................................... 2
2.2 Effective Net Area ........................................................................................ 2
2.3 Limiting Slenderness Ratio .......................................................................... 2
3 DESIGN AND/OR CHECK WITH AISC-ASD89 .......................... 3
3.1 General ........................................................................................................ 3
3.1.1 Classification of Steel Sections ............................................................. 3
3.1.2 Slender-Element Compression Sections............................................... 4
3.2 Allowable Stress in Tension......................................................................... 4
3.2.1 Limitations ............................................................................................. 4
3.2.2 Allowable Stress.................................................................................... 4
3.3 Allowable Stress in Compression................................................................. 4
3.3.1 Limitations ............................................................................................. 5
3.3.2 Allowable Stress.................................................................................... 5
3.4 Allowable Stress in Bending ........................................................................ 8
3.4.1 Limitations ............................................................................................. 8
3.4.2 Deflection Criterion................................................................................ 8
3.4.3 Allowable Stress.................................................................................... 8
3.5 Allowable Stress in Shear .......................................................................... 14
3.5.1 Limitations ........................................................................................... 14
3.5.2 Allowable Stress.................................................................................. 14
3.6 Combined Stresses.................................................................................... 14
3.6.1 Axial Tension and Bending.................................................................. 15
3.6.2 Axial Compression and Bending ......................................................... 15
4 DESIGN AND/OR CHECK WITH AISC-LRFD99 ...................... 16
4.1 General ...................................................................................................... 16
4.1.1 Classification of Steel Sections ........................................................... 16
4.1.2 Slender Compression Elements .......................................................... 17
4.2 Nominal Tensile Strength........................................................................... 18
4.2.1 Limitations ........................................................................................... 18
4.2.2 Tension Capacity................................................................................. 18
4.3 Nominal Compressive Strength ................................................................. 18
4.3.1 Limitations ........................................................................................... 18
4.3.2 Compression Capacity ........................................................................ 19
4.4 Nominal Strength in Bending ..................................................................... 24
4.4.1 Limitations ........................................................................................... 24
4.4.2 Bending Capacity ................................................................................ 25
4.5 Nominal Shear Strength............................................................................. 32
4.5.1 Limitations ........................................................................................... 32
4.5.2 Allowable Stress.................................................................................. 32
4.6 Combined Stresses.................................................................................... 33
4.6.1 Single-Angle ........................................................................................ 33
4.6.2 Steel Hollow Structural Sections ......................................................... 35
4.6.3 All Sections (Except Single-Angle and Steel Hollow Sections)............ 35
EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
Lists of Tables
Table 1 ASD Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements...............4
Table 2 LRFD Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression Elements ..........17
EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
1 INTRODUCTION
EnR-Steel designs steel structures in accordance with both Allowable Stress Design
(ASD 1989) and the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD 1999). EnR-Steel
allows the user to design or check standard sections subjected to different types of
loading. This manual presents the main assumptions that are included in the program.
Limitations, if any, of the use of steel design in EnR-Steel are shown.
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
2 GENERAL PROVISIONS
This chapter presents general provisions, which are taken into consideration in steel
design utilizing EnR-Steel. These provisions are applicable for both the Allowable
Stress Design (ASD) and the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) methods
unless mentioned otherwise.
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
3.1 General
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
3.2.1 Limitations
Design and/or check does not apply to members subjected to fatigue, threaded rods,
pin connected members and eye bars.
According to the ASD Specification the allowable stress in tension shall neither exceed
0.60 of the yield stress on the gross area nor 0.50 of the ultimate stress on the
effective net area.
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
3.3.1 Limitations
The allowable axial compressive stress is the minimum value obtained from flexural
buckling and flexural-torsional buckling. The allowable compressive stresses are
determined according to the following subsections.
3.3.2.1 Flexural-Buckling
The computed compressive stress, Fa in a compression member shall not exceed its
allowable value given by,
(KL / r)2
[1 2
]Fy
2Cc
, if Kl / r Cc
5 3(Kl / r) (Kl / r)3
+ 3
3 8Cc 8Cc (ASD E2-1 & E2-2)
Fa =
12 2 E
, if Kl / r > Cc
23(Kl / r)2
Where,
KL/r slenderness ratio of any unbraced segment
K effective length factor of the compression member
L unbraced member length
r radius of gyration of the cross-section
E modulus of elasticity
Cc slenderness ratio that demarcates inelastic members buckling from
elastic member buckling. Cc = (2 2 E / Fy )
KL/r should be evaluated for both buckling axes x, y and the larger value must be used
in the design process.
EnR-Steel deals with single angles from LRFD Specifications for Single Angle
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
Members (LRFD C4), hollow structure sections HSS from LRFD Specifications, steel
hollow structure sections from LRFD Specifications and with steel hollow structure
sections from LRFD Specifications for steel hollow structure sections.
When, b / t 155 / Fy :
Qs = 15,500 /[ Fy (b / t ) 2 ] (ASD A-B5-2)
For other compression members, and for projecting elements of compression flanges
of beams and girders:
When, 95.0 / Fy / k c < b / t < 195 / Fy / k c :
Qs = 1.293 0.00309(b / t ) Fy / kc (ASD A-B5-3)
When, b / t 195 / Fy / k c :
Qs = 26,200k c /[ Fy (b / t ) 2 ] (ASD A-B5-4)
For stems of tees:
When, 127 / F y < b / t < 176 / Fy :
Qs = 1.908 0.00715(b / t ) Fy (ASD A-B5-5)
When b / t 176 / Fy :
Qs = 20,000 /[ Fy (b / t ) 2 ] (ASD A-B5-6)
Where:
b width, unstiffened compression element (Classification of Steel Sections)
t thickness of unstiffened element
Fy specified minimum yield stress
k c = 4.05 /(h / t ) 0.46 If h/t > 70, otherwise k c = 1.0
3.3.2.3.2 Stiffened Compression Elements
When the width thickness ratio of uniformly compressed stiffened elements exceed the
non-compact limit, a reduced effective width, be, is used in computing the design
properties of the section containing the element.
253t 44.3
be = ( )[1 ]b (ASD A-B5-8)
f (b / t ) f
Where,
b actual width of a stiffened compression element (as defined in
Classification of Steel Sections)
be reduced width
t element thickness
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
If unstiffened elements are included in the total cross section, f for the stiffened
element must be such that the maximum compressive stress in the unstiffened
element does not exceed FaQs or FbQs, as applicable.
In computing the moment of inertia and section modulus of flexural members, the
effective width of uniformly compressed elements, as mentioned above shall be used
in determining effective cross-sectional properties.
For stiffened elements of the cross section:
effective area
Qa = (ASD A-B5-10)
actual area
For unstiffened elements of the cross section, Qs is determined from Unstiffened
Compression Elements mentioned above.
For axially loaded compression members the gross cross-sectional area and the
radius of gyration r shall be computed based on the actual cross section
The allowable stress, for axially loaded compression members containing unstiffened
or stiffened elements shall not exceed:
( Kl / r ) 2
Q[1 ]Fy
2C c '2
Fa = (ASD A-B5-11)
5 3( Kl / r ) ( Kl / r ) 3
+
3 8Cc' 8C c '3
When Kl/r is less than Cc where,
2 2 E
Cc ' =
QFy
And,
Q = Qs Qa
Cross sections composed entirely of unstiffened elements
Q = Qs, i.e. (Qa =1.0)
Cross sections composed entirely of stiffened elements
Q = Qa, i.e. (Qs =1.0)
Cross sections composed of both stiffened and unstiffened elements
Q = QsQa
When Kl/r exceeds Cc:
12 2 E
Fa = (ASD A-B5-12)
23(Kl / r )
2
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
3.4.1 Limitations
Design and/or check apply to channels loaded in a plane passing through the shear
center parallel to the web or restrained against twisting at load points.
Design and/or check does not apply to members with yield stress greater than 65 Ksi.
Design and/or check does not apply to hybrid beams
EnR-Steel does not perform any checks for deflections; the user must separately
undergo deflection checks.
The allowable stress depends on the axis of bending, geometric shape of cross
section (I, C-shape, etc) and the compactness of the section.
Where,
Lb is the length of member in x-direction (Lux)
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
For members meeting the requirements mentioned above except that their flanges are
non-compact (excluding built-up members),
bf
The allowable stress is Fb = Fy 0.79 0.002 Fy (ASD F1-3)
2t f
For members with a non-compact section as defined earlier in section of local buckling
(ASD Section B5.1), not included above,
The allowable stress is Fb = 0.6 Fy (ASD F1-5)
Members with compact or non-compact sections with unbraced length greater than Lc:
l 510 *103 Cb
For,
rT Fy
170 *103 Cb
Fb = 0.6Fy (ASD F1-7)
(l / rT )2
For any value of l / rT , Fb should not be greater than,
12 *103 Cb
Fb = 0.6Fy (ASD F1-8)
ld / A f
Where,
l length of the member in the x direction (Lux)
2
Af area of the compression flange, in
rT radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange
and 1/3 the compression web taken about an axis in the plane of the web
Cb bending coefficient given by the user 1 Cb 2.3
Members with Slender sections:
For slender sections it is designed as a non-compact section. Additional
considerations are taken when the web depth-to-thickness ratio exceeds non-compact
limits. The previously computed allowable bending stress is reduced as follows:
Fb Fb R pg Re
'
(ASD G2-1)
Where,
Fb applicable bending stress given earlier as applicable, Ksi
Aw h 760
Rpg = 1.00 0.0005
Af t F
b
Re = 1.0 (non-hybrid girders, Re =1.0)
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
Where,
Lb length of member in x- direction (Lux)
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
For members with a non-compact section as defined earlier in section of local buckling
(ASD Section B5.1), not included above,
The allowable stress is Fb = 0.6 Fy (ASD F1-5)
Members with compact or non-compact sections with unbraced length greater than Lc:
For compact or non-compact sections as defined in section of Local Buckling (ASD
Section B5.1), and with unbraced lengths greater than Lc as calculated earlier, the
allowable stress Fb is calculated as follows,
12 *103 Cb
Fb = 0.6Fy (ASD F1-8)
ld / A f
Where,
L length of the member in the x direction (Lux)
2
Af area of the compression flange, in
rT radius of gyration of a section comprising the compression flange and 1/3
the compression web taken about an axis in the plane of the web
Cb Bending coefficient given by the user 1 Cb 2.3
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
When, 65 / Fy b / t 76 / Fy :
Fb = 0.60 Fy (ASD 5-1b)
When, b / t w 76 / Fy :
Fb = 0.66QFy (ASD 5-1c)
For the tip of an angle leg in tension (ASD Section 5.1.2)
Fb = 0.66 Fy (ASD 5-2)
To prevent lateral-torsional buckling, the maximum compression stress shall not
exceed (ASD Section 5.1.3)
When, Fob Fy
Fb = (0.55 0.10Fob / Fy )Fob (ASD 5-3a)
When, Fob Fy :
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
(
Fb = 0.95 0.50 Fy / Fob Fy 0.66Fy) (ASD 5-3b)
Where,
Fb allowable bending stress at leg tip, Ksi
Fob elastic lateral-torsional buckling stress, as will be defined latter as
applicable, Ksi
Fy yield stress, Ksi
3.4.3.6.1 Equal Leg Angle
Equal leg members without lateral-torsional restraint subjected to bending about one
of the geometric axes may be designed considering only geometric axis bending as
shown.
Fob =
85900
(
Cb 1 + 0.78 lt / b 2 )
2
1 (ASD 5-4)
(l / b)
2
If the leg tips are in tension, Fb is determined as mentioned above according to (ASD
5-2)
3.4.3.6.2 Unequal Leg Angle
Unequal leg members without lateral-torsional restraint under bending about one of
the geometric axes are designed using principal axis bending (ASD Section 5.3).
Cb Bw + 0.052(lt / rz ) + Bw
143100I z
Fob =
2 2
(ASD 5-6)
Swl 2
Where,
3
Sw section modulus of the tip of leg in compression, in
4
Iz minor Principal axis moment of inertia, in
rz radius of gyration for minor principal axis, in
1
( )
Bw = z w2 + z 2 dA 2zo ,
Iw A
Special section property for unequal leg angles is +ve for short leg in compression and
ve for long leg in compression.
If the long leg is in compression anywhere along the unbraced length of the member
use the ve values of Bw
zo coordinate along z axis of the shear center with respect to centroid, in.
4
Iw Major principle axis moment of inertia, in.
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
3.5.1 Limitations
190 Kv
= When Cv is more than 0.8
h / tw Fy
5.34
K v = 4.00 + When a/h is less than 1.0
(a / h )2
4.00
= 5.34 + When a/h is more than 1.0
(a / h )2
a clear distance between transverse stiffeners, Currently is taken as member
length ,in.
h clear distance between flanges, in.
3.5.2.1.2 Single-Angles, Double-Angles, Pipes , Round HSS and Tees
The allowable shear stress Fv is
Fv = 0.4 Fy (ASD F4 -1)
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
Members subjected to both axial tension and bending stresses shall be proportioned
at all points along their length to satisfy the following equation,
f a f bx f by
+ + 1.0 (ASD H2-1)
Ft Fbx Fby
Where,
fb computed bending tensile stress
fa computed axial tensile stress
Fb the allowable bending stress as defined earlier
Ft the governing allowable tensile stress as defined earlier
fa f f by
+ bx + 1 .0 (ASD H1-2)
0.6 Fy Fbx Fby
For, f a / Fa 0.15
fa f f by
+ bx + 1 .0 (ASD H1-3)
Fa Fbx Fby
In Equations (ASD H1-1), (ASD H1-2), (ASD H1-3), the subscripts x and y, combined
with subscripts b, m and e indicate the axis of bending about which a particular stress
or design property applies, and,
fa is the axial compressive stress that is permitted if axial forces alone existed, Ksi
fb is the compressive bending stress that is permitted if bending moment alone existed
12 2 E
Fe ' =
23(Kl b / rb )
2
Where,
E Euler stress divided by a factor of safety, Ksi
fa computed axial stress , Ksi
fb computed compressive bending stress at the considered point, Ksi
Cm coefficient where its value is proposed by the user
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
4.1 General
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
For Pu / b Py 0.125
2.75 Pu
3.76 E / Fy 1
P 0.74 Pu
b y
5.70 E / F y 1
b Py
Webs in combined flexural
Unstiffened Elements
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
0.74 Pu
For Pu / b Py 0.125 5.70 E / F y 1
b Py
1.12
P
E / Fy 2.33 u
b Py
1.49 E / Fy
4.2.1 Limitations
Design and/or check does not apply to members subjected to fatigue, threaded rods,
pin connected members and eye bars. In addition, effective net area is taken as a ratio
of the gross area.
Tension members are designed to resist a factored axial force of Pu that satisfies the
condition of t Pn Pu
For yielding in the gross section:
t Pn = 0.9 [Fy Ag] (LRFD D1-1)
Fracture in effective net section
t Pn = 0.75 [Fu Ae] (LRFD D1-2)
Where,
t resistance factor for tension
2 2
Ag gross cross-section area of the member, in (mm )
2 2
Ae effective net area, in (mm )
Pn nominal axial strength, kips (N)
Fy specified minimum yield stress of the material, ksi (MPa)
Fu specified minimum tensile strength, ksi (MPa)
4.3.1 Limitations
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
For
c Q > 1.5
0.877
Fcr = ( ) Fy (LRFD 4.2-3)
c 2
Where,
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
KL
c = slenderness parameter, c = ( Fy / E )
r
The reduction factor Q shall be:
For r in (See table 2)
Q = 1 .0
For r in (See table 2)
(I) For round HSS with < 0.448E/Fy
0.0379 E 2
Q= + (LRFD 4.3a)
Fy (D / t ) 3
(II) For rectangular HSS
effective area
Q= (LRFD 4.3c)
Ag
Where the effective area is equal to the summation of the effective areas of the
sides using,
E 0.381 E
be = 1.91t 1 b
f (b / t ) ) f
With f = Pu / Ag , For Pu =0,
For,
c Q 1.5
Q(0.658Qc ) Fy
2
For,
c Q > 1.5
0.877
( ) Fy
Fcr =
c
2
(LRFD E2-3)
Where,
KL Fy
c slenderness parameter, c = r E . (LRFD E2-4)
Ag gross area of member in. 2 (mm 2)
Fy specified minimum yield stress, ksi (MPa)
E modulus of elasticity, ksi (MPa)
K effective length factor
L laterally unbraced length of member, in. 2 (mm 2)
r governing radius of gyration about the axis of buckling, in. (mm)
For members whose elements do not meet the requirements of LRFD Section B5.1
(table 2) see Slender Compression Elements for calculating reduction factor
Q , else
Q =1.
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
For e Q 1.5
Q(0.658Qe ) Fy
2
Fcr = (LRFD A-E3-2)
Where,
Pn nominal resistance in compression, kips (N)
e = Fy / Fe (LRFD A-E3-4)
Q 1.0 for elements meeting the width-thickness ratios r (see table2)
QsQa for elements not meeting the width-thickness ratios r of (see
table2) and determined in accordance with the provisions of the section
of Slender Compression Elements
The critical torsional or flexural-torsional elastic buckling stress Fe is determined as
follows:
For double symmetric shapes:
2 EC w 1
Fe = + GJ (LRFD A-E3-5)
(K z L ) Ix + Iy
2
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
2 2
y
(Fe Fex )(Fe Fey )(Fe Fez ) Fe (Fe Fey ) xo
2
Fe (Fe Fex ) o
r
(LRFD A-
ro o
E3-7)
Where,
Kz effective length factor for torsional buckling
Kx, Ky effective length factors in x and y directions
L unbraced length, in. (mm)
G shear modulus, ksi (MPa)
J torsional constant, in.4 (mm4)
Cw warping constant, in.6 (mm6)
A cross-sectional area of member, in.2 (mm2)
Ix, Iy moment of inertia about the principal axes, in.4 (mm4)
rx, ry radii of gyration about the principal axes, in. (mm)
xo, yo coordinates of shear center with respect to the centroid, in. (mm)
ro polar radius of gyration about the shear center, in. (mm)
2 Ix + Iy
ro = xo + yo +
2 2
(LRFD A-E3-8)
A
x 2+y 2
H = 1 o 2 o (LRFD A-E3-9)
r
o
2E
Fex = (LRFD A-E3-10)
(KL / r )x 2
2E
Fey = (LRFD A-E3-11)
(KL / r ) y 2
2 EC w 1
Fez = + GJ (LRFD A-E3-12)
(K z L )
2 2
Aro
4.3.2.3.3 Slender Compression Elements
Members containing elements subject to compression that have a width-thickness
ratio in excess of the applicable r as stipulated earlier in section of local buckling (see
table2) shall be proportioned according to this section.
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
Ksi, shall be computed using b Fy Qs, where b = 0.90. The design strength of axially
loaded compression members shall be modified by the appropriate reduction factor Q,
as provided in section of Slender
For Flanges projecting from rolled beams, columns or other compression members:
When 0.56 E / Fy < b / t < 1.03 E / Fy :
Qs = 1.415 0.74(b / t ) Fy / E (LRFD A-B5-5)
When b / t 1.03 / E / Fy :
Qs = 0.69 E /[ Fy (b / t ) 2 ] (LRFD A-B5-6)
For stems of tees:
When 0.75 E / Fy < d / t < 1.03 E / Fy :
Qs = 1.908 1.22(d / t ) Fy / E (LRFD A-B5-9)
When d / t 1.03 / E / Fy :
Qs = 0.69 E /[ Fy (d / t ) 2 ] (LRFDA-B5-10)
Where,
d = width of unstiffened compression element as defined in section of (LRFD Section
B5.1) .in. (mm)
t = thickness of unstiffened element .in. (mm)
If unstiffened elements are included in the total cross section, f of the stiffened element
must be such that the maximum compressive stress in the unstiffened element doesnt
exceed b Fcr, as defined in the latter design strength (LRFD Appendix B5.3d). Q = Qs
and c =0.85 or b Fy Qs with b =0.9 as applicable.
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
For axially loaded circular sections, with diameter-to-thickness ratios D/t greater than
0.11E/Fy:
0.038E 2
Q = Qa = + (LRFDA-B5-13)
Fy ( D / t ) 3
Where,
D outside diameter in. (mm)
t wall thickness. in. (mm)
Where,
Q = Qs Qa (LRFD A-B5-17)
4.4.1 Limitations
Design and/or check apply to channels loaded in a plane passing through the shear
center parallel to the web or restrained against twisting at load points.
Design and/or check do not apply to members with yield stress greater than 65 Ksi.
Design and/or check do not apply to hybrid beams.
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
4.4.2.1 Single-Angle
For the limit state of local buckling when the tip of an angle leg is in compression:
(LRFD Section 5.1.1)
E
When b / t 0.54 :
Fy
M n = 1.5 Fy S c (LRFD 5-1a)
E E
When 0.54 b / t 0.91 :
Fy Fy
b/t
M n = Fy S c 1.5 0.93 1 (LRFD 5-1b)
0.54 E / Fy
E
When b / t 0.91 :
Fy
M n = 1.34QFy S c (LRFD 5-1c)
Where,
b full width of angle leg with tip in compression
Q reduction factor per Equation 4-3c
Sc elastic section modulus to the tip in compression relative to bending axis
E modulus of elasticity
For the limit state of yielding when the tip of an angle leg is in tension (LRFD Section
5.1.2)
M n = 1 .5 M y (LRFD 5-2)
Where,
My yield moment about the axis of bending
When M ob M y
M n = (0.92 0.17M ob / M y )M ob (LRFD 5-3a)
When M ob My:
( )
M n = 1.92 1.17 M y / M ob M y 1.5M y (LRFD 5-3b)
Where Mob elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment
4.4.2.1.1 Equal Leg Angle
Equal-leg angle members, without lateral-torsional restraint, subjected to flexure
applied about one of the geometric axes, are permitted to be designed considering
only geometric axis bending.
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
M ob =
0.66Eb2tCb
(
1 + 0.78 lt / b2 ) 2
1 (LRFD 5-4)
l 2
Where,
L Unbraced length
Cb Bending coefficient given by the user 1 Cb 2.3
With maximum tension at the angle-leg tips, the nominal flexural strength shall be
determined according to (LRFD Section 5.1.2 and in Section 5.1.3) using Mob in (LRFD
5-4) with -1 being replaced by +1.
4.4.2.1.2 Unequal Leg Angle
Unequal-leg angle members without lateral-torsional restraint subjected to bending
about one of the geometric axes shall be designed using (LRFD Section 5.3).
Cb Bw + 0.052(lt / rz ) + Bw
Iz
M ob = 4.9E
2 2
(LRFD 5-6)
l 2
Where,
4
Iz minor Principal axis moment of inertia, in
rz radius of gyration for minor principal axis, in
1
( )
Bw = z w2 + z 2 dA 2zo
Iw A
Bw special section property for unequal leg angles, +ve for short leg in
compression and ve for long leg in compression. If the long leg is in
compression anywhere along the unbraced length of the member use the
ve values of Bw.
zo coordinate along z axis of the shear center with respect to centroid, in.
Iw major principle axis moment of inertia, in.4
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
0.330 E
Mn = S (LRFD 5.1-3)
D/t
4.4.2.2.2 Rectangular HSS
p, r as defined earlier in Section of local buckling (LFRD for HSS Section 2.2),
For p
M n = M p = Fy Z (LRFD 5.1-4)
For p r
p
M n = M p (M p M r )
(LRFD 5.1-5)
r p
Where,
M r = Fy S
For r
M r = Fy S eff (LRFD 5.1-6)
Where, Seff is the effective section modulus with the effective width of the compression
flange taken,
E 0.381 E
be = 1.91t 1 b (LRFD 5.1-7)
Fy (b / t ) ) Fy
Lb is not limited for HSS structures designed by elastic analysis.
4.4.2.3 All Sections (Except Single-Angle and Steel Hollow Structure Sections)
The nominal flexural strength Mn is the lowest value obtained according to the limit
state in regards to: (a) yielding; (b) lateral-torsional buckling; (c) flange local buckling;
and (d) web local buckling.
4.4.2.3.1 Yielding
The design flexural strength of beams, determined by the limit state of yielding, is
bMn:
Where,
b = 0.9
Mn = Mp (LRFD F1-1)
Mp = plastic moment (= Fy Z 1.5M y ), kip-in. (N-mm)
My = moment corresponding to onset of yielding at the extreme fiber from an elastic
stress distribution (= Fy S), kip-in. (N-mm)
4.4.2.3.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling
This limit state is only applicable to members subject to major axis bending. The
flexural design strength, determined by the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling, is
bMn
Where,
b = 0.9
Mn = nominal flexural strength is determined as follows:
Lb L p
M n = Cb M p (M p M r ) Mp (LRFD F1-2)
L L
r p
Where,
Lb length of member in x- direction (Lux)
Lp limiting laterally unbraced length as defined below, in. (mm)
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
E
L p = 1.76ry (LRFD F1-4)
Fyf
The limiting laterally unbraced length Lr and the corresponding buckling moment Mr
shall be determined as follows:
ry X 1
Lr = 1 + 1 + X 2 FL
2
(LRFD F1-6)
FL
M r = FL S x (LRFD F1-7)
Where,
EGJA
X1 = (LRFD F1-8)
Sx 2
2
C S
X2 = 4 w x (LRFD F1-9)
I y GJ
3 3
Sx section modulus about major axis, in. (mm )
E modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi (MPa)
G shear modulus of elasticity of steel, ksi (MPa)
FL smaller of (Fyf - Fr) or Fyw , ksi (MPa)
Fr compressive residual stress in flange; 10 ksi (MPa) for rolled Shapes
Fyf yield stress of flange, ksi (MPa)
Fyw yield stress of web, ksi (MPa)
4 4
Iy moment of inertia about y-axis, in. (mm )
6 6
Cw warping constant, in. (mm )
M n = M cr =
EI y GJ
Lb
[B + 1 + B2 ] (LRFD F1-15)
Where,
M n 1.5M cr , Stems in tension
M n 1.0M cr , Stems in compression
B = (d / Lb ) I y / J (LRFD F1-16)
B is positive when the stem is in tension and negative when the stem is in
compression. If the tip of the stem is in compression anywhere along the unbraced
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
Mn = M p (LRFD A-F1-1)
For, p r
p
M n = M p (M p M r ) (LRFD A-F1-3)
r p
For, } r
M n = M cr = SFcr M p (LRFD A-F1-4)
Where,
Mn nominal flexural strength, kip-in. (N-mm)
Mp Fy Z, plastic moment 1.5 Fy S, kip-in. (N-mm)
Mcr buckling moment, kip-in. (N-mm)
Mr limiting buckling moment (equal to Mcr when = r ), kip-in. (N-mm)
controlling slenderness parameter
minor axis slenderness ratio Lb / ry for lateral-torsional buckling
flange width-thickness ratio b /t for flange local buckling as defined in
section of local buckling
web depth-thickness ratio h /tw for web local buckling as defined in
section of local buckling
p Largest value of for which Mn = Mp
r Largest value of for which buckling is inelastic
Fcr critical stress, ksi (MPa)
Cb Bending coefficient given by the user 1 Cb 2.3
3 3
S section modulus, in. (mm )
Lb length of member in x- direction (Lux)
ry radius of gyration about minor axis, in. (mm)
The parameters , p , r , Mr, Fcr for flange local buckling for different types of
shapes are mentioned below:
E
p = 0.38 (LRFD TableA-F1.1)
Fyf
E
r = 0.83 (LRFD TableA-F1.1)
FL
M r = S x FL (LRFD TableA-F1.1)
0.69 E
Fcr = (LRFD Table A-F1.1)
2
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
E
p = 0.38 (LRFD TableA-F1.1)
Fyf
E
r = 0.83 (LRFD TableA-F1.1)
FL
M r = S y Fy (LRFD TableA-F1.1)
0.69 E
Fcr = (LRFD Table A-F1.1)
2
4.4.2.3.4 Web Local Buckling
The nominal flexural strength Mn shall be determined as follows:
For p
Mn = M p (LRFD A-F1-1)
For p r
p
M n = M p (M p M r ) (LRFD A-F1-3)
r p
For, } r
See Section of Slender Web listed below (LRFD Appendix G).
Where,
Mn nominal flexural strength, kip-in. (N-mm)
Mp Fy Z, plastic moment _ 1.5 Fy S, kip-in. (N-mm)
Mcr buckling moment, kip-in. (N-mm)
Mr limiting buckling moment (equal to Mcr when = r ), kip-in. (N-mm)
Controlling slenderness parameter
Minor axis slenderness ratio Lb / ry for lateral-torsional buckling
flange width-thickness ratio b /t for flange local buckling as defined in
Section of local buckling (LRFD Section B5.1)
web depth-thickness ratio h /tw for web local buckling as defined in
Section of local buckling (LRFD Section B5.1)
p largest value of for which Mn = Mp
r largest value of for which buckling is inelastic
Fcr critical stress, ksi (MPa)
Cb Bending coefficient given by the user 1 Cb 2.3
3 3
S section modulus, in. (mm )
Lb is taken length of member in x- direction (Lux)
ry radius of gyration about minor axis, in. (mm)
The parameters , p , r , Mr, Fcr for flange local buckling of different types of
shapes are mentioned below:
E
p = 3.76 (LRFD Table A-F1.1)
Fyf
r is calculated in the local buckling section. (LRFD Section B5.1)
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
The critical stress Fcr to be used is dependent upon the slenderness parameters, ,p,
r and as follows:
For, p
E
p = 1.76 (LRFD A-G2-8)
Fyf
E
r = 4.44 (LRFD A-G2-9)
FL
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
E
p = 0.38 (LRFD A-G2-12)
Fyf
E
r = 1.35 (LRFD A-G2-13)
Fyf / K c
C PG = 26200 K c (LRFD A-G2-14)
Where,
K c = 4 / h / t w And 0.35 K c 0.763
For the limit state of Web local buckling:
The limit state of flexural web local buckling is not applicable.
4.5.1 Limitations
Design and/or check of shear stress is based on the assumption that no transverse
stiffeners are provided (i.e. distance between stiffeners equals to member length).
4.5.2.1 Single-Angle
4.5.2.1.1 Major Direction (Y-axis)
The design shear strength vVn , where v=0.9 and Vn nominal shear strength defined
as follows.
Vn = 0.6 Fyw Aw (LRFD 3-1)
For h / t 2.45 E / Fy
Fn = 0.6 Fy (LRFD 5.2-5)
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
2.45 E / Fy
Fn = 0.6 Fy (LRFD 5.2-6)
h/t
For, 3.07 E / Fy h / t 260
0.458 2 E
Vn = (LRFD 5.2-7)
(h / t )2
4.5.2.3 All Sections (Except Single-Angle and Steel Hollow Structure Sections)
4.5.2.3.1 For Major Direction (Y-axis)
The design shear strength of unstiffened webs, with h / t w 260 is vVn, where v=0.9
and Vn nominal shear strength defined as follows.
For, h / t w 2.45 E / Fyw
Vn = 0.6 Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)
4.52 E
Vn = Aw (LRFD F2-3)
(h / t w ) 2
4.5.2.3.2 For Minor Direction (X-axis)
The design shear strength vVn, where v=0.9 and Vn nominal shear strength, defined
as follows.
Vn = 0.6 Fyw Aw ` (LRFD F2-1)
4.6.1 Single-Angle
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
Pu
For 0 .2
Pn
Pu M ux M uy
+ + 1.00 (LRFD 6-1b)
2Pn b M nx b M ny
Where,
Pu required compressive strength
Pn nominal compressive strength determined in accordance with Section 4
Mu required flexural strength
Mn nominal flexural strength for tension or compression in accordance with
(LRFD Section 5), as appropriate. Use section modulus for specific
location in the cross section and consider the type of stress.
= t resistance factor for compression 0.90
b resistance factor for flexure 0.90
W subscript relating symbol to major-axis bending
z subscript relating symbol to minor-axis bending
In Equations (LFRD 6-1a) and (LFRD 6-1b) when Mn represents the flexural strength
of the compression side, the corresponding Mu shall be multiplied by B1.
Cm
B1 = 1.0 (LRFD 6-2)
Pu
1
Pe1
Where,
Cm bending coefficient defined in AISC LRFD given from the user
Pe1 elastic buckling load for the braced frame defined in AISC LRFD
For members constrained to bend about a geometric axis with nominal flexural
strength determined per (LRFD Section 5.2.1), the radius of gyration r for Pe1 shall be
taken as the geometric axis value. The bending terms for the principal axes in
Equations (LRFD 6-1a) and (LRFD 6-1b) shall be replaced by a single geometric axis
term.
Alternatively, for equal-leg angles without lateral-torsional restraints along the length
and with bending applied about one of the geometric axes, the provisions of (LRFD
Section 5.2.2) are permitted for the required and design bending strength. If (LRFD
Section 5.2.2) is used for Mn , the radius of gyration about the axis of bending r for Pe1
shall be taken as the geometric axis value of r divided by 1.35 in the absence of a
more detailed analysis. The bending terms for the principal axes in Equations (LRFD
6-1a) and (LRFD 6-1b) shall be replaced by a single geometric axis term.
For members subjected to bending about a geometric axis, the required bending
strength evaluation shall be in accordance with LRFD Sections 6.1.2 and 6.1.3.
Second-order effects due to axial tension and bending interaction are permitted to be
considered in the determination of Mu for use in Formulas (LRFD 6-1a and 6-1b). In
lieu of using formulas (LRFD 6-1a and 6-1b), a more detailed analysis of the
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
For biaxial flexure of round HSS that are laterally unbraced along their length and with
end conditions such that the effective length factor K is the same for any direction of
bending, the design is permitted to be based upon a single resultant moment Mur
M ur = M ux + M uy
2 2
(LRFD 7.1-3)
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EnR-Steel V3.0 Technical Reference
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