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a r t i c l e in fo abstract
Article history: The day-time eastward equatorial electric eld (EEF) in the E-region plays an important role in
Accepted 21 February 2009 equatorial ionospheric dynamics. It is responsible for driving the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) current
system, equatorial vertical ion drifts, and the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). Due to its importance,
Keywords: there is much interest in accurately measuring the EEF. However, there is a severe lack of high quality
Equatorial ionosphere data with the notable exception being the JULIA coherent scatter radar in Peru. In this work, we use
Electric elds CHAMP satellite-derived latitudinal current proles of the day-time EEJ in order to estimate the
Equatorial electrojet eastward electric eld at all longitudes, seasons, and day-side local times. We have constructed a
Modeling dataset of over 32,000 EEF estimates based on six years of CHAMP data. Our estimates agree well with
JULIA measurements, with an RMS difference of 0.13 mV/m.
& 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1364-6826/$ - see front matter & 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006
Please cite this article as: Alken, P., Maus, S., Electric elds in the equatorial ionosphere derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic eld
measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006
ARTICLE IN PRESS
0.03
CHAMP scalar
0.025 CHAMP vector
0.015
0.01
0.005
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
cgm latitude
Fig. 1. Sample EEJ current proles from CHAMP satellite scalar and vector magnetometer data.
Maus et al. (2007) studied CHAMP meridional current proles this problem, independent inversions of the scalar and vector data
averaged over all longitudes and seasons and attempted to were done to validate a common zero level (Alken and Maus,
estimate average electric eld values as well as neutral wind 2007). These independent inversions are in good agreement, as
proles. They found difculties, however, in separating the shown in Fig. 1.
individual effects of the winds and the electric eld. Alken et al.
(2008) extended this work by using a much improved Horizontal
Wind Model (HWM07). This eliminated the need to co-estimate 3. Modeling of EEJ current
the winds and therefore yielded more accurate electric eld
values for averaged CHAMP proles. In this study, we extend this The equations which govern the observed meridional CHAMP
work to individual CHAMP passes, thereby creating a data set current proles are (in geocentric spherical coordinates)
of over 32,000 EEF estimates at all longitudes, seasons and day- rE0 (1)
side local times during the years 2000 through 2006.
^J f
0 ^
In Section 2 we discuss the CHAMP data used for this study. In J r c f f sE u B (2)
Section 3 we describe our method of modeling the CHAMP EEJ 0
where E is the electric eld, J is the current density, c is an
meridional current proles and the procedure of producing an unknown stream function to be determined, f ^ is a unit vector in
electric eld estimate. In Section 4 we compare the estimates with the eastward direction, s is the conductivity tensor (Forbes, 1981,
vertical drift measurements from the JULIA radar. In Section 5 we Eq. (10)), u is the neutral wind velocity, and B is the ambient
outline the main global features of the eastward electric eld. magnetic eld. Eq. (1) follows from Maxwells steady state
Finally, in Section 6 we make some concluding remarks. conditions and Eq. (2) follows from the steady state momentum
equations (Forbes, 1981, pp. 479480).
To model the current density J, we rst replace the unknown
2. CHAMP data 0
stream function c with
The CHAMP satellite was launched into a polar circular orbit in c c0 r sin y (3)
July 2000 with an initial altitude of 454 km. Its mean altitude which will lead to simplications in the resulting equations.
subsequently decayed to about 350 km by the end of 2006. The Eq. (1) leads to
satellite completes an orbit every 92 min and decreases one hour )
in local time every eleven days. The instruments used in this study @y sin yEf 0 REf0
) Ef (4)
are the scalar magnetometer which measures the magnetic eld @r rEf 0 r sin y
intensity, and the vector magnetometer whose orientation in
@r rEy @y Er 0 (5)
space is determined by a dual-head star camera.
Each time CHAMP ies over the dip equator on the day-side, where R is a constant of integration and acts as a reference radius,
it records a latitudinal magnetic prole from which the EEJ and Ef0 is the equatorial eastward electric eld at the radius R.
signature can be recovered (Luhr et al., 2004). First, the POMME-3.1 Eq. (2) leads to
(Maus et al., 2006) model is subtracted which removes contribu-
1
tions from the core, mantle, crust and magnetosphere. The @ c srr Er sry Ey srf Ef
r2 sin y y
remaining residual magnetic signal is primarily due to the
su Br (6)
Sq current and the EEJ. To remove the Sq contribution, a back-
1
ground Sq signal was tted outside a 12 window around the dip @r c syr Er syy Ey syf Ef
r sin y
equator and then subtracted to obtain a clean EEJ magnetic signal.
su By (7)
To recover the current from the magnetic data, we inverted for
parallel line currents at 108 km altitude with each line current
Jf sE u Bf (8)
representing 0:5 wide band of height integrated eastward current
in corrected geomagnetic (cgm) coordinates (Richmond, 1995). Once the unknown electric elds Er and Ey are found, Eq. (8) can
Due to difculties in separating the background magnetic eld, be used to compute the eastward EEJ current as seen by CHAMP.
there is some ambiguity in the zero level current. To overcome Eliminating Er and Ey from Eqs. (5)(7) yields a second order
Please cite this article as: Alken, P., Maus, S., Electric elds in the equatorial ionosphere derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic eld
measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006
ARTICLE IN PRESS
linear partial differential equation for the stream function c After the PDE in Eq. (9) is solved, the electric elds Er and Ey
can be recovered using Eqs. (6) and (7). Finally, the eastward EEJ
1 srr 2 1
@r c @2 c current Jf corresponding to our eastward electric eld input Ef0
a sin y syr gr 2 sin y y can be calculated using Eq. (8). Once J f has been computed, it can
1 1 sry 1 be compared with the corresponding CHAMP current prole to
@r @y c
r sin y g syy a estimate the eastward electric eld. To accomplish this, a scaling
1 1 1 1 factor s is computed to minimize the error between JPDE sEf0
2 @y @r @y c
r g sin y sin y ar and J CHAMP , where J PDE is the J f solution from the PDE, height
1 1 sry 1 1 srr integrated from 65 to 465 km, and J CHAMP is the corresponding
@y @r @r c
r g sin y syy sin y a syr CHAMP meridional current prole. The electric eld estimate is
d br given by sEf0 . In order to eliminate the need to re-solve the PDE
@y @r 0 (9)
g a for each choice of s, we note that
Please cite this article as: Alken, P., Maus, S., Electric elds in the equatorial ionosphere derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic eld
measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006
ARTICLE IN PRESS
0.1 0.02
Model
0.08 10:44 LT CHAMP 0.01
0.06 5 Jan 2001 0
0.04 KP = 2.3 -0.01
-0.02 06:51 LT
0.02 -0.03 28 Jul 2002
0 -0.04 KP = 2.3
-0.02 -0.05
-0.04 -0.06
0.05 0.03
0.04 16:41 LT
0.025 15:59 LT
0.02 8 Jan 2003
0.03 23 Jul 2001 0.015 KP = 1.7
KP = 3 0.01
0.02
0.005
0.01 0
0 -0.005
-0.01 -0.01
-0.015
-0.02 -0.02
0.2 0.02 05:43 LT
0.15 10:16 LT 0.015 30 Apr 2003
10 Feb 2002 KP = 6
0.1 KP = 3.7 0.01
0.05 0.005
0 0
-0.05 -0.005
-0.1 -0.01
0.18 0.006
0.16 0.004
0.14 13:58 LT
0.12 12 May 2002 0.002
0.1 KP = 5.3 0
0.08 -0.002
0.06
0.04 -0.004
17:28 LT
0.02 -0.006 10 Sep 2003
0 -0.008 KP = 3
-0.02
-0.04 -0.01
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
latitude latitude
Fig. 2. A random sample of individual CHAMP current proles (solid) with the corresponding modeled proles (dotted).
r = 0.84 r = 0.84
1.2 1.2
1 1
0.8 0.8
ECHAMP (mV/m)
ECHAMP (mV/m)
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-0.2 -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
-0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
EJULIA (mV/m) EJULIA (mV/m)
Fig. 3. Comparison of electric eld estimates from CHAMP with electric eld measurements from the JULIA radar. Best t line is dotted, y x line is solid. Left: CHAMP
estimates using unmodied electron collision frequency from NRLMSISE-00 and IRI2007 models. Best t line: ECHAMP 0:50 EJULIA 0:02. Right: CHAMP estimates using
electron collision frequency enhanced by a factor of 4. Best t line: ECHAMP 0:98 EJULIA 0:03.
Upon initially comparing the results of our modeling process In this study, we adopted the convention of increasing the
with the JULIA data, we found that the CHAMP electric eld values electron collision frequency (as computed by the NRLMSISE-00
systematically underestimated JULIA EEF estimates by about a and IRI2007 models) by a factor of 4. This method is also utilized
factor of 2. Gagnepain et al. (1977) found when comparing early by the TIEGCM model in simulations of the EEJ (Fang et al., 2008).
EEJ models that the observed value of the electron collision The resulting zonal electric eld estimates from CHAMP are in
frequency had to be multiplied by a factor of 4 in order to produce impressive agreement with the electric eld measurements from
results which accurately reected observed parameters of the EEJ. JULIA, as shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen, the CHAMP eastward
Ronchi et al. (1990) then put this ad hoc assumption on a rmer electric eld estimates are drastically improved with the higher
theoretical footing by demonstrating that the inclusion of small electron collision frequency. These plots were generated from
scale turbulence effects on the larger scale plasma dynamics, all available JULIA and CHAMP data from 1 August 2001 to
which were not previously taken into account, enhances the 26 November 2006. Data were selected in the local time sector
electron Pederson mobility and reduces the polarization electric 07001600 LT and whenever CHAMP passed within 10 longitude
eld. These effects can be modeled by increasing the observed of the JULIA radar location. These criteria led to 628 CHAMP
electron collision frequency. equatorial crossings. Fig. 3 shows data for all values of Kp,
Please cite this article as: Alken, P., Maus, S., Electric elds in the equatorial ionosphere derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic eld
measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006
ARTICLE IN PRESS
1 0.6
0.4
0.8
0
0.4
-0.2
0.2
-0.4
0 -0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Kp Kp
Fig. 4. Mist between CHAMP current proles and corresponding modeled Fig. 5. Difference between CHAMP electric eld estimates and corresponding
proles as a function of Kp. JULIA data as a function of Kp.
providing some conrmation that our modeling process yields leads to a maximum change in the estimate by about 30%.
accurate electric eld estimates during both quiet and disturbed The neutral densities obtained from MSIS lead to less than a
times. We nd a correlation coefcient of 0.84 for both 5% difference in the EEF estimate when varied by 50%. It is
the original and modied electron collision frequencies. With remarkable that errors in the neutral density model have such a
the modied collision frequency, the slope of the best t line small effect on our EEF estimate and so we conclude that the main
remarkably improved to 0.98, close to the ideal value of 1.0, source of error in our conductivity will come from the IRI model,
indicating that our modeled electric eld values agree well with especially in the calculation of the electron/ion densities.
the JULIA data. The RMS difference between the CHAMP electric We also considered departures of the daily wind eld from
eld estimates and JULIA values is 0.13 mV/m. While the 4ne the Horizontal Wind Model, and their effects on our EEF
correction produces very accurate results in the Peruvian sector, estimates. We examined the effects of the zonal and meridional
the validity of this adjustment at other longitudes still needs to be winds separately, and scaled the winds by a constant factor at all
veried. All subsequent gures in this paper include the 4ne altitudes of interest. When scaling the zonal winds by 50% at
correction. all altitudes, we nd a difference of 17% in the EEF estimate.
To further investigate the sensitivity of our modeling proce- The meridional winds had a much smaller effect, as expected.
dure to Kp, we show in Fig. 4 the error w2 between the CHAMP Scaling these winds by 50% at all altitudes leads to less than a 1%
proles and their corresponding modeled proles as a function of difference in the EEF estimate. The storm time component of the
Kp. The mist function is dened as Horizontal Wind Model was not included in this study. In a future
X study we plan to include disturbance wind effects which may help
w2 JCHAMP yi J PDE yi 2 (19) to further reduce errors during storm-time conditions.
i
where the sum is taken over the latitude range 15 to 15 , and the 5. Global features of the eastward electric eld
term J PDE is the full modeled solution, using the optimized
eastward electric eld value, wind contributions and DC offset. In Fig. 6 we plot the eastward electric eld estimates as a
Remarkably the maximum mist between the observed and function of longitude and local time for all four seasons during
modeled proles remains relatively constant except for a few quiet-time Kpp3. During equinox and June solstice we see the
disturbed proles in the range 7pKpp9. well known wavenumber-4 structure as well as the wavenumber-3
It is also instructive to compare our electric eld measure- structure during December solstice. The wavenumber-4 long-
ments directly with JULIA as a function of Kp. This is shown in itudinal structure has been observed in many different data sets.
Fig. 5. Again we used all available CHAMP passes over the JULIA England et al. (2006) found a wavenumber-4 structure in the peak
radar within 10 . We see that the difference between the JULIA noon-time EEJ current values derived from the CHAMP, SAC-C
electric eld values and the CHAMP estimates does not signi- and rsted satellites. Alken and Maus (2007) later constructed a
cantly increase with Kp. climatological model of the peak EEJ current densities which
A further important consideration is how daily departures of clearly exhibits a wave-4 structure during equinox and June
ionospheric and thermospheric parameters from the climatologi- solstice, as well as a wave-3 structure during December solstice.
cal mean given by the IRI2007 and NRLMSISE-00 models may Hartman and Heelis (2007) also found a wavenumber-4 structure
affect our electric eld estimates, since the conductivity tensor s in equatorial vertical ion drift measurements of the DMSP satellite
is computed entirely from these two models. We examined a (830 km altitude) in the 0930 local time sector during September.
single CHAMP current prole and varied the relevant IRI and MSIS Fejer et al. (2008) recently constructed a climatological vertical
parameters to determine the corresponding uncertainties in the plasma drift model from ROCSAT-1 measurements which also
electric eld estimate. Varying the electron temperature by 50% exhibits the wave-4 and wave-3 structures at different seasons.
leads to about a 10% change in the electric eld estimate. Recent studies attribute the wavenumber-4 longitudinal
Increasing the electron density from IRI by 50% leads to a 20% pattern to the eastward propagating diurnal tide with zonal
change in the EEF estimate, while decreasing it by 50% leads to a wavenumber-3 (DE3) originating in the tropical troposphere. Luhr
47% change. Changing the electron collision frequency by 50% et al. (2008) performed a detailed analysis of the effects of DE3 on
(before the factor 4 correction) leads to a change of about 30% in the EEJ using the climatological model EEJM-1 of Alken and Maus
the EEF estimate. Changing the ion collision frequencies by 50% (2007). They found that DE3 is the primary contributor to
Please cite this article as: Alken, P., Maus, S., Electric elds in the equatorial ionosphere derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic eld
measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006
ARTICLE IN PRESS
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 6
-180-135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135 180 -180 -135 -90 -45 0 45 90 135 180
Longitude (degrees) Longitude (degrees)
Fig. 6. Electric eld as a function of longitude and local time for different seasons at low Kp p3.
Please cite this article as: Alken, P., Maus, S., Electric elds in the equatorial ionosphere derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic eld
measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006
ARTICLE IN PRESS
1.4
2
1.2
1 1.5
ECHAMP (mV/m)
0.8 1
ECHAMP (mV/m)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0
0.2
0
-0.5
Mar Eq Jun Sol Sep Eq Dec Sol
1.2 -1
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
1
1.2
0.8 1
ECHAMP (mV/m)
0.8
0.6
0.6
ECHAMP (mV/m)
0.4 0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0 -0.2
-0.4
-0.2
Mar Eq Jun Sol Sep Eq Dec Sol -0.6
season -0.8
-1
Fig. 8. Electric eld as a function of season for 11001300 local time at low Kp
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
p3. Top: all data for the longitude sector 80110 . Bottom: all data for the
longitude sector 180 to 160 . The solid curve in both plots represents a local time (hours)
smoothing of the data by Tikhonov regularization.
Fig. 10. Electric eld as a function of local time during September equinox at low
Kp p3. Top: all data for the longitude sector 80110 . Bottom: all data for the
longitude sector 1020 . The solid curve in both plots represents a smoothing of
0.8
D the data by Tikhonov regularization.
N
0.6
O
produce estimates of the eastward electric eld. We have
Electric field (mV/m)
S
Season (month)
0.4 constructed a data set of over 32,000 electric eld estimates with
A
coverage of all longitudes, seasons, and day-time local times. Our
J estimates were compared with vertical drift measurements from
0.2
J the JULIA coherent scatter radar at Jicamarca, Peru, nding a high
M correlation of 0.84 as well as a best t slope of 0.98 between the
0
A JULIA electric eld measurements and our estimates based on
M CHAMP. Our analysis has been carried out during both quiet and
-0.2 disturbed times, and we nd good agreement with JULIA even
F
during highly disturbed times. The RMS difference between
J
-0.4 the JULIA and CHAMP-derived electric eld values is 0.13 mV/m.
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 For this error estimate, no data were excluded for any reason.
Local time (hours) We have shown that our electric eld estimates exhibit
previously identied behavior in longitude, local time, and season.
Fig. 9. Electric eld as a function of local time and season for 80110 longitude at
low Kp p3. We nd the well known wave-4 and wave-3 longitudinal
structures at different seasons in agreement with several previous
broad peak around 10001400 LT. The electric eld then steadily studies (England et al., 2006; Alken et al., 2008). Seasonally,
decreases to zero at about 1800 LT. we nd peaks in the EEF during equinox at most longitudes as
well as a much stronger eld during September equinox compared
to March equinox. In local time, we nd a westward electric eld
in the early morning and a broad peak in the EEF around
6. Discussion 10001400 LT.
We have examined the effects of errors in the IRI-2007,
We have successfully implemented a procedure to solve the NRLMSISE-00 and HWM07 models on our EEF estimates. We nd
differential equations governing the EEJ in conjunction with that the largest changes in our EEF estimates will come from daily
observed CHAMP satellite meridional EEJ current proles to variations in the electron/ion densities, the electron/ion collision
Please cite this article as: Alken, P., Maus, S., Electric elds in the equatorial ionosphere derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic eld
measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006
ARTICLE IN PRESS
frequencies, and the zonal winds. Variations in the electron Batista, I.S., Medeiros, R.T., Abdu, M.A., deSouza, J.R., Bailey, G.J., dePaula, E.R., 1996.
temperature, neutral densities, and meridional winds have very Equatorial ionospheric vertical plasma drift model for the Brazilian region.
J. Geophys. Res. 101, 1088710892.
little effect on the EEF estimates. In all cases, uncertainties in Cowling, T.G., 1933. The electrical conductivity of an ionized gas in the presence of
ionospheric and thermospheric parameters lead to a smaller a magnetic eld. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 93, 9098.
corresponding effect on the electric eld estimates as required for England, S.L., Maus, S., Immel, T.J., Mende, S.B., 2006. Longitudinal variation
of the E-region electric elds caused by atmospheric tides. Geophys. Res.
a reliable modeling method. Lett. 33.
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this study. Vertical winds can have a substantial effect on vertical regular daily variation SR :-III. Comparison of observations with a physical
model. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 38, 113121.
polarization electric elds and consequently the zonal electric
Fang, T.W., Richmond, A.D., Liu, J.Y., Maute, A., Lin, C.H., Chen, C.H., Harper, B., 2008.
eld in the E-region (Hysell et al., 2002). Anandarao et al. (1978) Model simulation of the equatorial electrojet in the Peruvian and Phillipine
report up to 20 m/s vertical winds in the equatorial region at sectors. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 70, 22032211.
altitudes of 95100 km. These winds could have large effects on Fejer, B.G., Jensen, J.W., Su, S.-Y., 2008. Quiet-time equatorial F region vertical
plasma drift model derived from ROCSAT-1 observations. J. Geophys. Res. 113.
the EEJ, and possibly even cause counter-electrojet conditions Fejer, B.G., Scherliess, L., 1997. Empirical models of storm time equatorial zonal
(Raghavarao and Anandarao, 1980). Unfortunately very few electric elds. J. Geophys. Res. 102 (A11), 2404724056.
studies exist on vertical wind effects at the equator, and those Forbes, J.M., 1981. The equatorial electrojet. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. 19 (3),
469504.
that do normally have data for only a few heights and rely on Gagnepain, J., Crochet, M., Richmond, A.D., 1977. Comparison of equatorial
considerable extrapolation (Anandarao et al., 1978). Therefore, due electrojet models. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 39, 11191124.
to a lack of data and models, we are unable to include vertical Hartman, W.A., Heelis, R.A., 2007. Longitudinal variations in the equatorial vertical
drift in the topside ionosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 112 (A03305).
wind effects in our present study. Heelis, R.A., 2004. Electrodynamics in the low and middle latitude ionosphere: a
Overall we believe our method to be a signicant advance in tutorial. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys. 66, 825838.
the study of equatorial electrodynamics. This work will open Hysell, D.L., Chau, J.L., Fesen, C.G., 2002. Effects of large horizontal winds on the
equatorial electrojet. J. Geophys. Res. 107 (A8).
possibilities for future studies into the climatology of the EEF,
Hysell, D.L., Larsen, M.F., Woodman, R.F., 1997. JULIA radar studies of electric elds
studies of the EEF during disturbed times, as well as the study of in the equatorial electrojet. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 (13), 16871690.
the many ionospheric phenomena inuenced by the EEF. Kelley, M.C., 1989. The Earths Ionosphere: Plasma Physics and Electrodynamics.
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Luhr, H., Maus, S., Rother, M., 2004. Noon-time equatorial electrojet: its spatial
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Acknowledgment Luhr, H., Rother, M., Hausler, K., Alken, P., Maus, S., 2008. The inuence of non-
migrating tides on the longitudinal variation of the equatorial electrojet.
The operational support of the CHAMP mission by the German J. Geophys. Res. 113.
Maus, S., Alken, P., Luhr, H., 2007. Electric elds and zonal winds in the equatorial
Aerospace Center (DLR) is gratefully acknowledged. ionosphere inferred from CHAMP satellite magnetic measurements. Geophys.
Res. Lett. 34.
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Please cite this article as: Alken, P., Maus, S., Electric elds in the equatorial ionosphere derived from CHAMP satellite magnetic eld
measurements. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics (2009), doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2009.02.006