IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 51, NO.

6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015 4709

Bidirectional Grid-Tie Flyback Converter Applied to

Distributed Power Generation and Street
Lighting Integrated System
Maicol Flores de Melo, William Dotto Vizzotto, Pablo J. Quintana, Student Member, IEEE,
Andr Lus Kirsten, Member, IEEE, Marco Antonio Dalla Costa, Member, IEEE, and
Jorge Garcia, Senior Member, IEEE

AbstractThis paper presents a multifunctional bidirectional

converter applied to street lighting and photovoltaic (PV) micro-
generation systems. The proposed converter works as an electronic
driver supplying a street lighting luminaire based on light emitting
diodes (LEDs) at night, from ac single-phase mains with high
power factor and reduced harmonic distortion. During daylight
hours, the converter injects the produced energy by a PV panel to
the grid, working as a grid-tie inverter. The proposed topology is
based on the integration of two flyback converters, one for each
half-cycle of the grid voltage, avoiding the usual diode bridge
rectifier for LED lamps drives, thus providing a bidirectional
power flow. A prototype of the proposed electronic stage has been
designed, built, and tested, in order to validate the system. Finally,
experimental results are presented. In rectifier mode, an efficiency
of 86% was achieved, whereas an efficiency of 89% was obtained
in inverter mode. Fig. 1. Block diagram of the proposed system.

Index TermsBidirectional converters, distributed power

generation, grid-tie inverter, multifunctional system, power
electronics, street lighting.
I. I NTRODUCTION
P HOTOVOLTAIC (PV) energy has become one of the ma-
jor research topics in the last few years, due to a significant
increase of the total power installed worldwide. Environmental
impact has become one of the main concerns about the energy
generation; however, the extensive use of PV panels contributes
to a reduction of this impact caused by nonrenewable energy
sources [1][4].
Moreover, distributed generation avoids investments in en-
ergy transmission systems, since these systems are typically
Manuscript received December 8, 2014; revised March 10, 2015; accepted
June 5, 2015. Date of publication June 30, 2015; date of current version
November 18, 2015. Paper 2014-SECSC-1004.R1, presented at the 2014
IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, Vancouver, BC, Canada,
October 59, and approved for publication in the IEEE T RANSACTIONS ON
I NDUSTRY A PPLICATIONS by the Sustainable Energy Conversion Systems
Committee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society.
M. F. de Melo, W. D. Vizzotto, A. L. Kirsten and M. A. Dalla Costa
are with the Intelligence in Lighting Research Group (GEDRE), Federal
University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900 Santa Maria, Brazil (e-mail:
maicolmelo@gedre.ufsm.br; william.vizzotto@gedre.ufsm.br; andre@gedre.
ufsm.br; marcodc@gedre.ufsm.br).
P. J. Quintana and J. Garcia are with the Department of Electrical and
Electronic Engineering, University of Oviedo, 33204 Oviedo, Spain (e-mail:
pabloquimbar@gmail.com; garciajorge@uniovi.es).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIA.2015.2451115
0093-9994 2015 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
installed next to the consumer centers. Hence, a low-power PV
generation system consisting of a single PV panel and a grid-tie
inverter is considered one of the most viable solutions for small
consumers due to its modularity and low cost [5][11].
With regard to energy efficiency and energy savings, street
lighting systems (SLS) are nowadays another important re-
search subject. In the last years, SLS were mostly based on
discharge lamps. These kinds of lamps use ac power, do not
allow dimming, and require a high voltage pulse for their
ignition. However, LED technology has become an attractive
and widespread solution for SLS due to latest developments
such as increment of luminous flux, luminous efficacy, and long
useful life [12][17].
Thus, this paper proposes a multifunctional system, which
integrates an SLS based on LEDs with a grid-tie PV power
generation system, consisting of a single lamp post with an
LED luminaire and a PV panel. Therefore, there will be two
operation modes: on one hand, during sunlight hours, the
converter will behave as an inverter, injecting in the grid the
power generated by the PV panel. On the other hand, during
the absence of sunlight, it will work as a rectifier in order
to supply the LED lamp. Fig. 1 presents a block diagram of
the system. Through relay R1 and modifying semiconductors
driving signals, operation modes can be changed. Concomitant
operation will not be allowed.
Hybrid systems, similar to the one proposed, are usually
autonomous, storing the produced energy in batteries [18][21].
These systems are mainly used in places where the grid is
4710 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 51, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015

Fig. 2. Proposed bidirectional flyback converter.

not available; thus, they must rely on batteries in order to

supply the lamps during the night [18], [21], [22]. The proposed
application avoids the use of any energy storage system.
An interface converter between the PV panel and the dc-link
to track its maximum power point (MPPT) is usually needed.
However, this stage is out of the scope of this work, since
the boost converter operating as MPPT is widely presented
in the literature, which provides information about applica-
tions, design, optimized algorithms, and experimental results
[23][27].
This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, the pro-
posed topology, both operation modes, and driving signals are
explained. Section III shows the design methodology, and in
Section IV, the parameters of the power converter are defined.
Then, Section V presents experimental results, and finally,
conclusions are presented in Section VI.

II. B IDIRECTIONAL F LYBACK C ONVERTER

Flyback converters are widely used in low-power lighting ap-
plications [15], [28], as well as in renewable energy systems [1],
[2], [29]. The main advantages of this converter are the galvanic
insulation, simple structure, low cost, and high efficiency.
Fig. 2 shows the proposed topology of the bidirectional fly-
back converter. This topology is similar to other configurations
proposed in the literature [15], [30].
In [15], an approach about rectifier mode is presented, and
the possibility of moving to a bidirectional system where the
SLS and the renewable energy were fully integrated is barely
commented. Moreover, the proposed design methodology for
the rectifier operation mode does not consider the inverter
mode. On the other hand, in [30], the analysis for the inverter
mode is shown. However, a design methodology and experi-
mental results for this operation mode are not presented.
Thus, this paper brings the following main contributions, re-
garding the aforementioned studies: a detailed design method-
ology for the bidirectional system, for both operation modes,
their respective operation principles, and experimental results
concerning the rectifier and inverter modes.
The proposed topology is composed of the integration of
two flyback converters that work symmetrically, one in each
half-cycle of the grid voltage. Thus, this avoids the diode
bridge rectifier, allowing a bidirectional energy flow for the
proper system operation. The converter works in discontinuous
conduction mode (DCM) in both operation modes.
As previously said, this system operates in two different
modes: rectifier and inverter. For rectifier mode, relay R1 must
be connected to node B and to node A during inverter mode,
as shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 3. Control signals and main waveforms for (a) rectifier and (b) inverter
operation modes.
Switches driving signals, together with the main waveforms
of the bidirectional converter, are shown in Fig. 3. It is possible
to observe that, for both operation modes, a synchronism with
the grid voltage is necessary, which is performed by a zero cross
detector. The switch SR works only in rectifier mode, with com-
plementary command signal of the main switches (S1 or S2 ),
and it is kept turned off during all operation in inverter mode.
Switches S1 and S2 operate at grid frequency (60 Hz) in
the inverter mode and at high frequency in the rectifier mode.
Switches SA and SB are kept turned off during the rectifier
mode and switching at high frequency in the inverter mode. It
is important to mention that the gate driver of the switches SA ,
SB , and SR is performed using the same reference, according to
Fig. 2, simplifying the implementation of the converter.
It is important to report that the filter, composed of Lf and
Cf , is used in both operation modes to filter the high frequency
harmonics originated by the switching converter.
A. Operation Stages: Rectifier Mode
During the rectifier mode, a pulsewidth modulation (PWM)
is used to generate the command signals for S1 and S2 , with a
constant modulating signal. This modulation results in a con-
stant duty cycle, and since the flyback converter is working in
DCM, it behaves as a loss-free resistor. Therefore, the primary
DE MELO et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL GRID-TIE FLYBACK CONVERTER APPLIED TO INTEGRATED SYSTEM
Fig. 4. Operation stages for rectifier operation mode: (a) first stage, (b) second
stage, and (c) third stage.
current envelope is proportional to the grid voltage. This way,
the input current is sinusoidal in open loop.
The following analysis related to operation stages is per-
formed only for positive grid voltage, but the analysis for
negative grid voltage would be similar.
During the first stage [see Fig. 4(a)], the switch S1 is turned
on, biasing direct the diode of the switch S2 . This way, the
grid voltage (Vg ) is applied to the LP winding, occurring the
energy storage in the magnetic coupling. During this stage,
the bus capacitor (Cb ) is responsible for supplying the LEDs.
The second stage, presented in Fig. 4(b), starts at the instant
that S1 is turned off and SR is turned on. Thus, it occurs the
discharge of the stored energy in the magnetic coupling through
the load and the bus capacitor.
The third stage starts when inductor LS1 is completely dis-
charged, characterizing the DCM operation of the converter.
During this stage, shown in Fig. 4(c), the capacitor Cb supplies
the LEDs. This stage ends when the switch is turned on again,
restarting the first stage of operation.
The operation during the negative half-cycle of the grid
voltage is analogous, only changing the S1 and S2 gate sig-
nals. In this case, the energy discharge occurs by LS2 and the
SB diode. The rectifier stage must comply with the standard
IEC61000-3-2 class C, related to harmonic distortion of the
input current.
B. Operation Stages: Inverter Mode
During the inverter mode operation, a sinusoidal PWM to
generate the needed signals to control SA and SB is used. Con-
4711
Fig. 5. Operation stages for inverter operation mode: (a) first stage, (b) second
stage, and (c) third stage.
sequently, the shape of magnetizing current is sinusoidal, which
means that the current injected in the grid will be sinusoidal,
too. As shown in the previous section, the analysis related to
operation stages is performed only for positive grid voltage.
During this positive half-cycle, the main switch is SA ,
whereas SB remains turned off. The switch SR is turned off
during all inverter mode, and its intrinsic diode is used for the
proper converter operation. The switches S1 and S2 operate at
grid frequency (60 Hz), according to Fig. 3.
During the first stage, shown in Fig. 5(a), the switch SA
is turned on. This way, the voltage Vb is applied to the LS1
winding, storing the energy in the magnetic coupling element.
The second operation stage for the inverter mode begins
in the instant that SA is blocked; thus, the stored energy is
discharged by switch S2 and the diode of S1 to the grid [see
Fig. 5(b)]. During this stage, there is no current flow in the
windings LS1 and LS2 .
Fig. 5(c) shows the third operation stage. It begins when the
inductor LP is completely discharged, characterizing the DCM
operation of the inverter. This stage ends when the main switch,
i.e., SA , is turned on again, restarting the first stage.
The inverter mode operation with the negative grid voltage
is analogous to that presented earlier. The discussion about the
operation stages is very similar, where the only difference is to
replace the subscripts of the switches 1 and A for 2 and
B, respectively.
III. D ESIGN OF THE P ROPOSED C ONVERTER
Here, the equations used to design the bidirectional flyback
converter are presented. However, these equations are ob-
tained considering the individual operation modes. The design
4712 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 51, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015

TABLE I TABLE II
S TRESSES ON S EMICONDUCTORS FOR THE R ECTIFIER M ODE S TRESSES ON S EMICONDUCTORS FOR THE I NVERTER M ODE

methodology proposed considers both operation modes and is

discussed in Section IV.

A. Rectifier Mode
The maximum value of the duty cycle (Dmax ) of the flyback
converter during rectifier mode is given by the following equa- The average input power of the inverter stage is as follows:
tion, in order to guarantee DCM operation: Tg
2
VLEDs NP 2
Dmax = (1) Pi = (Vb Ismax sin(t)) dt (5)
VLEDs NP + Vpk NS Tg
0

where VLEDs is the lamp voltage; NP and NS are the number where Ismax represents the peak value of the filtered current
of turns of the LP and LS transformer windings, respectively; injected in the grid by the inverter.
and Vpk is the peak voltage of the grid. Thus, handling (5), LP can be determined by
The average input power Pi of the converter is defined, taking
into account its equivalent resistance due to DCM operating Vb2 Vpk
2
NP2
mode. Its expression is LP = (6)
4 Pi fsi (Vpk NS + Vb NP )2
Tg
2 where fsi is the switching frequency during inverter operation
2 Vg (t)2 Dr2
Pi = dt (2) mode.
Tg 2 LP fsr
0 Table II shows the maximum voltage and current stresses on
the semiconductors during the inverter operation mode.
where Tg is the grid period, Vg (t) is the grid voltage, Dr is the
duty ratio, and fsr is the switching frequency during rectifier
mode. IV. P ROPOSED D ESIGN M ETHODOLOGY
Therefore, the equation can be rearranged to define the
The main challenge when designing this converter is to
inductance LP , as follows:
define the parameters in order to maximize the efficiency in
2
Vpk Dr2 both operating modes. Therefore, here, semiconductors stresses
LP = . (3) are analyzed, and after the determination of these values, the
4 Pi fsr
flyback components can be designed.
The parameters to be analyzed are as follows:
Table I shows the maximum voltage and current stresses on
the semiconductors during the rectifier operation mode. maximum current related to the dc-link voltage;
switches voltages and currents related to turns ratio;
magnetizing inductance related to operation frequencies.
B. Inverter Mode
In the same way, the following equation expresses the max- It is important to mention that all analyses presented here
imum duty ratio during inverter mode, which guarantees DCM consider the equations in Section III. These analyses are per-
operation: formed for a grid voltage of 220 VRMS ; the LED luminaire rated
power is 106 W, and the maximum power point (MPP) of the
Vpk NS PV panel is equal to 130 W. However, the considered inverter
Dmax = (4)
Vpk NS + Vb NP input power is equal to 120 W, due to an MPPT converter
efficiency of approximately 92%. The PV panel voltage is equal
where Vb is the dc-link voltage. to 17.6 V at the MPP, and the LEDs voltage is equal to 50.8 V.
DE MELO et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL GRID-TIE FLYBACK CONVERTER APPLIED TO INTEGRATED SYSTEM
Fig. 6. Maximum secondary current (ILS ) depending on dc-link voltage and
transformer turns ratio.
Fig. 7. Maximum switches voltage related to flyback converters turns ratio
for both operation modes.
A. DC Link
Among all analyses that must be performed, the current
through LS during inverter mode is critical. At the MPP, the
PV panel operates at 17.6 V, which means that high values of
currents are provided to the inverter, as presented in Fig. 6.
It is possible to observe that, for 17.6 V, the current stress is
significant, and it may exceed 30 A at the secondary. Therefore,
a step-up converter is necessary between the PV panel and the
flyback converter. Then, a boost converter was chosen in order
to increase the bus voltage to 80 V and to perform the MPPT.
B. Turns Ratio
The main parameters for the turns ratio definition are voltage
and current switches stresses. Fig. 7 shows the maximum volt-
age stresses for all switches of the proposed topology, whereas
Fig. 8 shows the maximum current stresses in these switches.
Both figures consider the two operation modes, and they depend
on the flybacks turns ratio.
Based on the presented results, it can be observed that a turns
ratio equal to one is inappropriate due to the high voltage stress
of SA and SB switches, presented in Fig. 7, and high current
values in S1 and S2 , presented in Fig. 8. This factor is significant
since the used topology is a flyback converter, whose maximum
voltage stress is increased due to the leakage inductance of the
magnetic coupling.
4713
Fig. 8. Maximum current values through the semiconductors for different
turns ratio.
Fig. 9. Magnetizing inductance related to frequency operation for both stages.
On the other hand, turns ratio higher than 4 results in a
considerable increase of S1 and S2 voltages (see Fig. 7) and
high currents in switches SA , SB , and SR , as shown in Fig. 8.
Therefore, this analysis proposes to choose the turns ratio
of the bidirectional flyback converter in order to maximize
the efficiency for both modes. Then, based on the presented
analysis, a turns ratio equal to 3 was chosen, which leads to
maximum switches voltage lower than 600 V and maximum
currents lower than 15 A.
C. Magnetizing Inductance and Operating Frequencies
The proposed converter presents two operating stages with
different characteristics, different input power and voltage lev-
els. Fig. 9 shows an analysis that relates the magnetizing
inductance value, for each operation mode, with the switching
frequencies. It is necessary to highlight that the bus voltage
(80 V) and the turns ratio equal to 3 defined earlier are con-
sidered in this analysis.
This analysis consists of defining the operating frequencies,
in order that the inductance (LP ) for both operation modes
is the same. There are some restrictions related to maximum
and minimum values allowed to these switching frequencies.
The minimum switching frequency of 20 kHz was defined,
in order to avoid audible noise. The maximum switching fre-
quency of 80 kHz was also defined, in order to minimize
the switching losses. Therefore, based on Fig. 9, a 30-kHz
switching frequency was chosen for the rectifier stage and
60 kHz for the inverter one, resulting in a 640-H magnetizing
inductance.
4714 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 51, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015
TABLE III
P ROTOTYPE C OMPONENTS AND PARAMETERS
Fig. 10. System prototype.
V. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULTS
In order to validate the presented analysis, the topology was
implemented in the laboratory, and the obtained results are
shown here. The flyback converter working in DCM presents
high power factor for the rectifier mode in open loop [15].
The inverter operation mode uses a sinusoidal reference
current by a lookup table in the microcontroller, which is
activated in each zero cross voltage, as observed in Fig. 3.
Table III presents a list of parameters and components used in
the prototype implementation, which is presented in Fig. 10.
It is important to mention that the input filter design was
performed using a classic design, for a cutoff frequency of
approximately 4 kHz, with the values of Cf and Lf presented
in Table III.
A. Rectifier Mode
Two Bridgelux LEDs connected in series, model BXRA-
C4500, comprise the luminaire used in this work. Each LED
presents a color temperature of 5600 K cool white, with a
typical luminous flux of 5.000 lm. The voltage and current for
each array are 25.4 V and 2.1 A, respectively, resulting in a
TABLE IV
R ECTIFIER O PERATION PARAMETERS
Fig. 11. Rectifier mode: LEDs current (CH 2: 1 A/div), voltage (CH 1:
25 V/div), and power (CH M: 100 W/div)time scale 10 ms/div.
Fig. 12. Rectifier mode: grid current (CH 4: 1 A/div), grid voltage (CH 3:
250 V/div), and input power (CH M: 200 W/div)time scale 10 ms/div.
TABLE V
R ESULTS FOR THE R ECTIFIER M ODE
luminaire with 106 W, 50.8 V, and an equivalent resistance
equal to 24.2 . In Table IV, flyback parameters when working
as a rectifier are shown.
Experimental results of voltage, current, and power in the
LEDs are shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 12 presents the grid voltage,
current, and power waveforms. The values of total harmonic
distortion (THD), power factor (PF), and efficiency, presented
in Table V, were measured with a precision digital power
analyzer, Yokogawa, model WT3000.
As aforementioned, the rectifier mode must comply with the
standard IEC61000-3-2 class C, related to the grid current har-
monics. Fig. 13 shows a comparison between the grid current
harmonics during rectifier operation mode with the standard,
where the conformity of the system with IEC61000-3-2 can be
observed.
DE MELO et al.: BIDIRECTIONAL GRID-TIE FLYBACK CONVERTER APPLIED TO INTEGRATED SYSTEM
Fig. 13. Harmonic content of the grid current for rectifier mode.
TABLE VI
I NVERTER O PERATION PARAMETERS
Fig. 14. Current injected into the grid (CH 4: 500 mA/div) and grid voltage
(CH 3: 100 V/div)time scale 10 ms/div.
TABLE VII
R ESULTS FOR THE I NVERTER M ODE
B. Inverter Mode
In inverter mode, a boost converter works as an interface
between the PV panel and the DC link. The proposed system
performs the interface between the DC link and the grid.
Table VI shows the parameters for this operation mode. The
grid voltage and injected current waveforms are shown in
Fig. 14. Table VII shows the values of THD, PF, and efficiency
of the flyback inverter. Since the MPPT system modifies the
bus voltage depending on the available power in the PV panel,
adjusting the inverter input power is required to modify the
bus voltage, emulating the MPPT converter operation. Thus,
Fig. 15 shows the inverter efficiency curve for different input
power values, which is considered satisfactory, since the con-
verter is optimized for two-stage operation. In this case, the bus
voltage varies from about 35 V (40 W) to 80 V (120 W).
The injected current in the grid is strongly affected by the
capacitance of the switches. This distortion occurs when the
PFC stage operates in DCM, since the moment that the winding
4715
Fig. 15. Flyback inverter efficiency for different input power values.
Fig. 16. Rectifier mode: primary switches voltage S1 (CH 3: 250 V/div),
S2 (CH 1: 250 V/div) and LP current (CH 4: 2 A/div)time scale 20 s/div.
Fig. 17. Rectifier mode: secondary switches voltage SA (CH 3: 100 V/div),
SB (CH 1: 100 V/div) and LS current (CH 2: 10 A/div)time scale 20 s/div.
of the PFC converter is discharged completely, it creates a way
through the parasitic resonant circuit components, distorting
the input current. Further analysis about the intrinsic switches
capacitances influence on the distortion of the input current is
presented in [31]. An efficient way to reduce this distortion is to
use silicon carbide (SiC) switches, which have low capacitance
values, reducing the resonant energy that flows in the reactive
components.
In order to prove the proposed design methodology, which
considers the semiconductors stresses, the main waveforms of
voltage and current in the switches for the rectifier operation
mode are shown in Figs. 16 and 17. The maximum current in the
switches S1 and S2 is 4.72 A, and the high voltage is 445 V. For
the switches SA and SB , the maximum current and voltage are
13.1 A and 376 V, respectively. The same parameters discussed
in the previous sections are shown in Figs. 18 and 19 for the
inverter mode. The maximum current and voltage in S1 and
S2 are 3 A and 660 V, whereas in SA and SB , they are 8 A
4716 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 51, NO. 6, NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2015
Fig. 18. Inverter mode: primary switches voltage S1 (CH 1: 250 V/div),
S2 (CH 3: 500 V/div) and LP current (CH 4: 2 A/div)time scale 10 s/div.
Fig. 19. Inverter mode: secondary switches voltage SA (CH 3: 100 V/div),
SB (CH 1: 100 V/div) and LS current (CH 2: 5 A/div)time scale 10 s/div.
and 210 V, respectively. All these values are in agreement with
the theoretical values presented in Figs. 7 and 8. Therefore,
experimental stresses values are very similar to the theoretical
results, presented in Section IV.
VI. C ONCLUSION
This paper has presented a multifunctional system for appli-
cation in distributed microgeneration and street lighting. The
flyback converter was chosen for this application because it is
widely used in the literature for both systems, i.e., distributed
generation and lighting systems based on LEDs.
Thus, this work presents the bidirectional flyback converter,
based on the integration of two flyback converters, aiming to
remove the bridge rectifier input and provide a bidirectional
flow of energy.
The bidirectional flyback converter operates in DCM for
both modes, providing high power factor and low harmonic
distortion of the grid current. Although this topology has been
proposed in the literature, until now, no design methodology
for the bidirectional converter has been proposed. Thus, this
paper proposes a design methodology based on the voltage
and current stresses on the switches in every operation modes,
aiming to increase efficiency and reliability of the bidirectional
topology. Moreover, a complete discussion about the operation
principles and experimental results for the bidirectional con-
verter is also a novel contribution of this work.
Experimental results proved the feasibility of applying the
proposed system topology. Furthermore, the use of an appropri-
ate methodology to design the converter was also shown, since
the efforts were as expected. Efficiency of 86% for the rectifier
mode and 89% for the inverter one were achieved. In addition,
both modes operated with high power factor, i.e., 0.998 for the
rectifier mode and 0.996 for the inverter one, and reduced total
harmonic distortion, according to the requirements of the IEC
61000-3-2 standard.
Future developments include an analysis of the effects of
harmonics in the grid voltage, variations in the characteristics
of the PV/LEDs through time, reduced load by the dimming,
optimization of the system, and size and cost, for industrial
operation and others.
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Maicol Flores de Melo was born in Cacequi, Brazil,
in 1989. He received the B.S. and M.Sc. degrees in
electrical engineering from the Federal University of
Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil, in 2012 and 2014,
respectively. He is currently working toward the
Ph.D. degree in the Intelligence in Lighting Research
Group (GEDRE), Federal University of Santa Maria.
His research interests include dc/dc converters,
power factor correction stages, lighting systems
based on light-emitting diodes, renewable energy
systems, and integration of renewable energies and
lighting systems.
William Dotto Vizzotto was born in Nova Palma,
Brazil, in 1993. He is currently working toward
the Degree in electrical engineering at the Federal
University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.
Since 2011, he has been carrying out research
activities with the Intelligence in Lighting Re-
search Group (GEDRE), Federal University of Santa
Maria. His main areas of interest are LEDs, LED
drivers, street lighting, renewable energy, and dcdc
converters.
4717
Pablo J. Quintana (S13) was born in Tapia de
Casariego, Spain, in 1987. He received the M.Sc.
degree in electrical engineering from the University
of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, in July 2011, where he
is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the
CE3I2 research group.
He is also a Lecturer with the Electrical and
Electronic Engineering Department, University of
Oviedo. His research interests include power factor
correction topologies, electronic ballasts, power con-
verter modeling, integration of renewable energies
and lighting systems connected to the ac grid or to islanded microgrids, and
harmonics correction.
Andr Lus Kirsten (S11M15) was born in Santa
Maria, Brazil, in 1986. He received the B.S, M.Sc.,
and Ph.D. degrees from the Federal University of
Santa Maria, Santa Maria, in 2009, 2011, and 2014,
respectively, all in electrical engineering.
Since 2014, he has been a Professor with the
Federal University of Santa Maria. His main research
interests are electronic ballasts, power electronics,
switching-mode power converters, power factor cor-
rection, and solid-state transformers.
Marco Antonio Dalla Costa (S03M09) was born
in Santa Maria, Brazil, in 1978. He received the
B.S. and M.Sc. degrees from the Federal University
of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, in 2002 and 2004,
respectively, and the Ph.D.(Hons.) degree from the
University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, in 2008, all in
electrical engineering.
From 2008 to 2009, he was an Associate Profes-
sor with the Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Caxias
do Sul, Brazil. Since 2009, he has been an Associate
Professor with the Federal University of Santa Maria.
He has authored over 30 journal papers and over 60 international conference
papers. He is the holder of two Spanish patents. His research interests include
dc/dc converters, power factor correction stages, dimming systems, high-
frequency electronic ballasts, discharge lamp modeling, light-emitting diode
systems, renewable energy systems, and solid-state transformers.
Jorge Garcia (S01M05SM11), received the
M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering
from the University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain,
in 2000 and 2003, respectively.
In December 1999, he joined the Electrical and
Electronic Engineering Department, University of
Oviedo, where he is currently an Associate Pro-
fessor. His current research interests include power
electronics and control for industrial, grid support,
and lighting applications. He has coauthored over
40 journal papers and over 80 international confer-
ence papers on power and industrial electronics.