Microsoft PowerPoint - Wikipedia

17/12/2017 Microsoft PowerPoint - Wikipedia
Microsoft PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program,[4] created by
Microsoft PowerPoint
Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin[4] at a software company
named Forethought, Inc.[4] It was released on April 20, 1987,[5]
initially for Macintosh computers only.[4] Microsoft acquired
PowerPoint for $14 million three months after it appeared.[6] This
was Microsoft's first significant acquisition,[7] and Microsoft set
up a new business unit for PowerPoint in Silicon Valley where
Forethought had been located.[7]
PowerPoint became a component of the Microsoft Office suite,

first offered in 1989 for Macintosh[8] and in 1990 for Windows,[9]
which bundled several Microsoft apps. Beginning with PowerPoint
4.0 (1994), PowerPoint was integrated into Microsoft Office
development, and adopted shared common components and a
converged user interface.[10] Developer(s) Microsoft
Initial release May 22, 1990
PowerPoint's market share was very small at first, prior to
introducing a version for Microsoft Windows, but grew rapidly
Stable release 1707 (Build 8326.2062) /
with the growth of Windows and of Office.[11](pp402404) Since the
July 31, 2017[1]
late 1990s, PowerPoint's worldwide market share of presentation Operating system Microsoft Windows
software has been estimated at 95 percent.[12] Available in 102 languages[2]
PowerPoint was originally designed to provide visuals for group List of languages
presentations within business organizations, but has come to be Afrikaans, Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian,
very widely used in many other communication situations, both in Assamese, Azerbaijani (Latin), Bangla
business and beyond.[13] The impact of this much wider use of (Bangladesh), Bangla (Bengali India), Basque
PowerPoint has been experienced as a powerful change (Basque), Belarusian, Bosnian (Latin), Bulgarian,
throughout society,[14] with strong reactions including advice that Catalan, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese
it should be used less,[15] should be used differently,[16] or should (Traditional), Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dari,
be used better.[17] Dutch, English, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French,
Galician, Georgian, German, Greek, Gujarati,
The first PowerPoint version (Macintosh 1987) was used to
Hausa, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Icelandic, Igbo,
produce overhead transparencies,[18] the second (Macintosh 1988,
Indonesian, Irish, isiXhosa, isiZulu, Italian,
Windows 1990) could also produce color 35mm slides.[18] The
Japanese, Kannada, Kazakh, Khmer,
third version (Windows and Macintosh 1992) introduced video
Kinyarwanda, KiSwahili, Konkani, Korean, Kyrgyz,
output of virtual slideshows to digital projectors, which would
Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Macedonian
over time completely replace physical transparencies and
(FYROMacedonia), Malay (Latin), Malayalam,
slides.[18] A dozen major versions since then have added many
Maltese, Maori, Marathi, Mongolian (Cyrillic),
additional features and modes of operation[10] and have made
Nepali, Norwegian (Bokml), Norwegian
PowerPoint available beyond Apple Macintosh and Microsoft
(Nynorsk), Odia, Pashto, Persian (Farsi), Polish,
Windows, adding versions for iOS, Android, and web access.[19]
Portuguese (Portugal), Portuguese (Brazil),
Punjabi (Gurmukhi), Quechua, Romanian,
Romansh, Russian, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint 1/49
Contents (Cyrillic, Serbia), Serbian (Latin, Serbia), Serbian

(Cyrillic, Bosnia and Herzegovina), Sesotho sa
History Leboa, Setswana, Sindhi (Arabic), Sinhala,
Creation at Forethought (19841987)
Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Tatar
Acquisition by Microsoft (19871992)
(Cyrillic), Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Turkmen (Latin),
Part of Microsoft Office (since 1993)
Ukrainian, Urdu, Uyghur, Uzbek (Latin), Valencian,
Sales and market share
Vietnamese, Welsh, Wolof, Yoruba
Operation
Cultural impact Type Presentation program
Business uses License Trialware
Uses beyond business
Website office.microsoft.com
Cultural reactions
Use it less /PowerPoint (http://office.mi
Use it differently crosoft.com/PowerPoint)
Use it better
U.S. military excess Microsoft PowerPoint for Mac
Artistic medium
PowerPoint Viewer
Versions
File formats
Binary (19872007)
Office Open XML (since 2007)
See also
References
PowerPoint for Mac 2016
Further reading
External links Developer(s) Microsoft
Initial release April 20, 1987
Stable release 2016 (15.24.0) / July 12,
History 2016[3]
Operating system macOS
Type Presentation program
Creation at Forethought (19841987)
License Proprietary commercial
PowerPoint was created by Robert Gaskins and Dennis Austin at a
software
software startup in Silicon Valley named Forethought, Inc.[20]
Forethought had been founded in 1983 to create an integrated
environment and applications for future personal computers that would provide a graphical user interface, but it had run
into difficulties requiring a "restart" and new plan.[21]
On July 5, 1984, Forethought hired Robert Gaskins as its vice president of product development[22](p51) to create a new
application that would be especially suited to the new graphical personal computers, such as Microsoft Windows and
Apple Macintosh.[23] Gaskins produced his initial description of PowerPoint about a month later (August 14, 1984) in the
form of a 2-page document titled "Presentation Graphics for Overhead Projection."[24] By October 1984 Gaskins had
selected Dennis Austin to be the developer for PowerPoint.[25] Gaskins and Austin worked together on the definition and
design of the new product for nearly a year, and produced the first specification document dated August 21, 1985.[26] This
first design document showed a product as it would look in Microsoft Windows 1.0,[27] which at that time had not been
released.[28]
Development from that spec was begun by Austin in November 1985, for Macintosh first.[22](p104) About six months later,
on May 1, 1986, Gaskins and Austin chose a second developer to join the project, Thomas Rudkin.[22](p149) Gaskins
prepared two final product specification marketing documents in June 1986; these described a product for both Macintosh
and Windows.[29][30] At about the same time, Austin, Rudkin, and Gaskins produced a second and final major design
specification document, this time showing a Macintosh look.[31]
Throughout this development period the product was called "Presenter." Then, just before release, there was a last-minute
check with Forethought's lawyers to register the name as a trademark, and "Presenter" was unexpectedly rejected because
it had already been used by someone else. Gaskins says that he thought of "PowerPoint", based on the product's goal of
"empowering" individual presenters, and sent that name to the lawyers for clearance, while all the documentation was
hastily revised.[32]
Funding to complete development of PowerPoint was assured in mid-January, 1987, when a new Apple Computer venture
capital fund, called Apple's Strategic Investment Group,[33] selected PowerPoint to be its first investment.[22](pp169171) A
month later, on February 22, 1987, Forethought announced PowerPoint at the Personal Computer Forum in Phoenix;
John Sculley, the CEO of Apple, appeared at the announcement and said "We see desktop presentation as potentially a
bigger market for Apple than desktop publishing."[34]
PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh shipped from manufacturing on April 20, 1987, and the first production run of 10,000 units
was sold out.[35]
Acquisition by Microsoft (19871992)

By early 1987, Microsoft was starting to plan a new application to create presentations, an activity led by Jeff Raikes, who
was head of marketing for the Applications Division.[36] Microsoft assigned an internal group to write a specification and
plan for a new presentation product.[37] They contemplated an acquisition to speed up development, and in early 1987
Microsoft sent a letter of intent to acquire Dave Winer's product called MORE, an outlining program that could print its
outlines as bullet charts.[38] During this preparatory activity Raikes discovered that a program specifically to make
overhead presentations was already being developed by Forethought, Inc., and that it was nearly completed.[36] Raikes and
others visited Forethought on February 6, 1987, for a confidential demonstration.[22](p173)
Raikes later recounted his reaction to seeing PowerPoint and his report about it to Bill Gates, who was initially
skeptical:[36]
I thought, "software to do overheadsthat's a great idea." I came back to see Bill. I said, "Bill, I think we
really ought to do this;" and Bill said, "No, no, no, no, no, that's just a feature of Microsoft Word, just put it
into Word." ... And I kept saying, "Bill, no, it's not just a feature of Microsoft Word, it's a whole genre of how
people do these presentations." And, to his credit, he listened to me and ultimately allowed me to go forward
and ... buy this company in Silicon Valley called Forethought, for the product known as PowerPoint.
When PowerPoint was released by Forethought, its initial press was favorable; the Wall Street Journal reported on early
reactions: " 'I see about one product a year I get this excited about,' says Amy Wohl, a consultant in Bala Cynwyd, Pa.
'People will buy a Macintosh just to get access to this product.' "[39]
On April 28, 1987, a week after shipment, a group of Microsoft's senior executives spent another day at Forethought to
hear about initial PowerPoint sales on Macintosh and plans for Windows.[22](p191) The following day, Microsoft sent a
letter to Dave Winer withdrawing its earlier letter of intent to acquire his company,[40] and in mid-May 1987 Microsoft
sent a letter of intent to acquire Forethought.[41] As requested in that letter of intent, Robert Gaskins from Forethought
went to Redmond for a one-on-one meeting with Bill Gates in early June, 1987,[22](p197) and by the end of July an
agreement was concluded for an acquisition. The New York Times reported:[42]
... July 30 The Microsoft Corporation announced its first significant software acquisition today, paying
$14 million [$29.5 million in present-day terms[43]] for Forethought Inc. of Sunnyvale, Calif. Forethought
makes a program called PowerPoint that allows users of Apple Macintosh computers to make overhead
transparencies or flip charts. ... [T]he acquisition of Forethought is the first significant one for Microsoft,
which is based in Redmond, Wash. Forethought would remain in Sunnyvale, giving Microsoft a Silicon
Valley presence. The unit will be headed by Robert Gaskins, Forethought's vice president of product
development.
Microsoft's president Jon Shirley offered Microsoft's motivation for the acquisition: " 'We made this deal primarily
because of our belief in desktop presentations as a product category. ... Forethought was first to market with a product in
this category.' "[44]
Microsoft set up within its Applications Division an independent "Graphics Business Unit" to develop and to market
PowerPoint, the first Microsoft application group distant from the main Redmond location.[44] All the PowerPoint people
from Forethought joined Microsoft, and the new location was headed by Robert Gaskins, with Dennis Austin and Thomas
Rudkin leading development.[45] PowerPoint 1.0 for Macintosh was modified to indicate the new Microsoft ownership and
continued to be sold.[45]
A new PowerPoint 2.0 for Macintosh, adding color 35mm slides, appeared by mid-1988,[45] and again won good
reviews.[46] The same PowerPoint 2.0 product re-developed for Windows was shipped two years later, in mid-1990, at the
same time as Windows 3.0.[47] Much of the color technology was the fruit of a joint development partnership with
Genigraphics, at that time the dominant presentation services company.[48]
PowerPoint 3.0, which was shipped in 1992 for both Windows and Mac, added live video for projectors and monitors, with
the result that PowerPoint was thereafter used for delivering presentations as well as for preparing them. This was at first
an alternative to overhead transparencies and 35mm slides, but over time would come to replace them.[49]
Part of Microsoft Office (since 1993)

PowerPoint had been included in Microsoft Office from the beginning. PowerPoint 2.0 for Macintosh was part of the first
Office bundle for Macintosh which was offered in mid-1989.[50] When PowerPoint 2.0 for Windows appeared, a year later,
it was part of a similar Office bundle for Windows, which was offered in late 1990.[51] Both of these were bundling
promotions, in which the independent applications were packaged together and offered for a lower total price.[50][51]
PowerPoint 3.0 (1992) was again separately specified and developed,[52] and was prominently advertised and sold
separately from Office.[53] It was, as before, included in Microsoft Office 3.0, both for Windows and the corresponding
version for Macintosh.[54]
A plan to integrate the applications themselves more tightly had been indicated as early as February 1991, toward the end
of PowerPoint 3.0 development, in an internal memo by Bill Gates:[55]
Another important question is what portion of our applications sales over time will be a set of applications
versus a single product. ... Please assume that we stay ahead in integrating our family together in evaluating
our future strategiesthe product teams WILL deliver on this. ... I believe that we should position the
"OFFICE" as our most important application.
The move from bundling separate products to integrated development began with PowerPoint 4.0, developed in 1993
1994 under new management from Redmond.[56] The PowerPoint group in Silicon Valley was reorganized from the
independent "Graphics Business Unit" (GBU) to become the "Graphics Product Unit" (GPU) for Office, and PowerPoint
4.0 changed to adopt a converged user interface and other components shared with the other apps in Office.[52]
When it was released, the computer press reported on the change approvingly: "PowerPoint 4.0 has been re-engineered
from the ground up to resemble and work with the latest applications in Office: Word 6.0, Excel 5.0, and Access 2.0. The
integration is so good, you'll have to look twice to make sure you're running PowerPoint and not Word or Excel."[57] Office
integration was further underscored in the following version, PowerPoint 95, which was given the version number
PowerPoint 7.0 (skipping 5.0 and 6.0) so that all the components of Office would share the same major version
number.[58]
Although PowerPoint by this point had become part of the integrated Microsoft Office product, its development remained
in Silicon Valley. Succeeding versions of PowerPoint introduced important changes, particularly version 12.0 (2007)
which had a very different shared Office "ribbon" user interface, and a new shared Office XML-based file format.[59] This
marked the 20th anniversary of PowerPoint, and Microsoft held an event to commemorate that anniversary at its Silicon
Valley Campus for the PowerPoint team there. Special guests were Robert Gaskins, Dennis Austin, and Thomas Rudkin,
and the featured speaker was Jeff Raikes, all from PowerPoint 1.0 days, 20 years before.[60]
Since then major development of PowerPoint as part of Office has continued. New development techniques[61] (shared
across Office) for PowerPoint 2016 have made it possible to ship versions of PowerPoint 2016 for Windows, Mac, iOS,
Android, and web access nearly simultaneously,[19] and to release new features on a nearly-monthly schedule.[62]
PowerPoint development is still located in Silicon Valley as of 2017.[63]
In 2010, Jeff Raikes, who had most recently been President of the Business Division of Microsoft (including responsibility
for Office),[64] observed: "of course, today we know that PowerPoint is often times the number twoor in some cases even
the number onemost-used tool" among the applications in Office.[36]
Sales and market share

PowerPoint's initial sales were about 40,000 copies sold in 1987 (nine months), about 85,000 copies in 1988, and about
100,000 copies in 1989, all for Macintosh.[65] PowerPoint's market share in its first three years was a tiny part of the total
presentation market, which was very heavily dominated by MS-DOS applications on PCs.[66] The market leaders on MS-
DOS in 1988-1989[67] were Harvard Graphics (introduced by Software Publishing in 1986[68]) in first place, and Lotus
Freelance Plus (also introduced in 1986[69]) as a strong second.[70] They were competing with more than a dozen other
MS-DOS presentation products,[71] and Microsoft did not develop a PowerPoint version for MS-DOS.[72] After three years,
PowerPoint sales were disappointing. Jeff Raikes, who had bought PowerPoint for Microsoft, later recalled: "By 1990, it
looked like it wasn't a very smart idea [for Microsoft to have acquired PowerPoint], because not very many people were
using PowerPoint."[36]
This began to change when the first version for Windows, PowerPoint 2.0, brought sales up to about 200,000 copies in
1990 and to about 375,000 copies in 1991, with Windows units outselling Macintosh.[65](p403) PowerPoint sold about
1 million copies in 1992, of which about 80 percent were for Windows and about 20 percent for Macintosh,[65](p403) and in
1992 PowerPoint's market share of worldwide presentation graphics software sales was reported as 63 percent.[65](p404) By
the last six months of 1992, PowerPoint revenue was running at a rate of over $100 million annually ($211 million in
present-day terms[43]).[65](p405)[73]
Sales of PowerPoint 3.0 doubled to about 2 million copies in 1993, of which about 90 percent were for Windows and about
10 percent for Macintosh,[65](p403) and in 1993 PowerPoint's market share of worldwide presentation graphics software
sales was reported as 78 percent.[65](p404) In both years, about half of total revenue came from sales outside the
U.S.[65](p404)
By 1997 PowerPoint sales had doubled again, to more than 4 million copies annually, representing 85 percent of the world
market.[74] Also in 1997, an internal publication from the PowerPoint group said that by then over 20 million copies of
PowerPoint were in use, and that total revenues from PowerPoint over its first ten years (1987 to 1996) had already
exceeded $1 billion.[75]
Since the late 1990s, PowerPoint's market share of total world presentation software has been estimated at 95 percent by
both industry and academic sources.[76]
Operation
The earliest version of PowerPoint (1987 for Macintosh) could be used to print black and white pages to be photocopied
onto sheets of transparent film for projection from overhead projectors, and to print speaker's notes and audience
handouts; the next version (1988 for Macintosh, 1990 for Windows) was extended to also produce color 35mm slides by
communicating a file over a modem to a Genigraphics imaging center with slides returned by overnight delivery for
projection from slide projectors. PowerPoint was used for planning and preparing a presentation, but not for delivering it
(apart from previewing it on a computer screen, or distributing printed paper copies).[77] The operation of PowerPoint
changed substantially in its third version (1992 for Windows and Macintosh), when PowerPoint was extended to also
deliver a presentation by producing direct video output to digital projectors or large monitors.[77] In 1992 video projection
of presentations was rare and expensive, and practically unknown from a laptop computer. Robert Gaskins, one of the
creators of PowerPoint, says he publicly demonstrated that use for the first time at a large Microsoft meeting held in Paris
on February 25, 1992, by using an unreleased development build of PowerPoint 3.0 running on an early pre-production
sample of a powerful new color laptop and feeding a professional auditorium video projector.[78](pp373375)
By about 2003, ten years later, digital projection had become the dominant mode of use, replacing transparencies and
35mm slides and their projectors.[78](pp410414)[79] As a result, the meaning of "PowerPoint presentation" narrowed to
mean specifically digital projection:[80]
... in the business lexicon, "PowerPoint presentation" had come to refer to a presentation made using a
PowerPoint slideshow projected from a computer. Although the PowerPoint software had been used to
generate transparencies for over a decade, this usage was not typically encompassed by common
understanding of the term.
In contemporary operation, PowerPoint is used to create a file (called a "presentation" or "deck"[81]) containing a sequence
of pages (called "slides" in the app) which usually have a consistent style (from template masters), and which may contain
information imported from other apps or created in PowerPoint, including text, bullet lists, tables, charts, drawn shapes,
images, audio clips, video clips, animations of elements, and animated transitions between slides, plus attached notes for
each slide.[82]
After such a file is created, typical operation is to present it as a slide show using a portable computer, where the
presentation file is stored on the computer or available from a network, and the computer's screen shows a "presenter
view" with current slide, next slide, speaker's notes for the current slide, and other information.[83] Video is sent from the
computer to one or more external digital projectors or monitors, showing only the current slide to the audience, with
sequencing controlled by the speaker at the computer. A smartphone remote control built in to PowerPoint for iOS
(optionally controlled from Apple Watch)[84] and for Android[85] allows the presenter to control the show from elsewhere
in the room.
In addition to a computer slide show projected to a live audience by a speaker, PowerPoint can be used to deliver a
presentation in a number of other ways:
Displayed on the screen of the presentation computer or tablet (for a very small group)[86]
Printed for distribution as paper documents (in several formats)[87]
Distributed as files for private viewing, even on computers without PowerPoint[88]
Packaged for distribution on CD or a network, including linked and embedded data[89]
Transmitted as a live broadcast presentation over the web[90]
Embeded in a web page or blog[91]
Shared on social networks such as Facebook or Twitter[92]
Set up as a self-running unattended display[93]
Recorded as video/audio (H.264/AAC), to be distributed as for any other video[94]
Some of these ways of using PowerPoint have been studied by JoAnne Yates and Wanda Orlikowski of the MIT Sloan
School of Management:[80]
The standard form of such presentations involves a single person standing before a group of people, talking
and using the PowerPoint slideshow to project visual aids onto a screen. ... In practice, however,
presentations are not always delivered in this mode. In our studies, we often found that the presenter sat at a
table with a small group of people and walked them through a "deck", composed of paper copies of the
slides. In some cases, decks were simply distributed to individuals, without even a walk-through or
discussion. ... Other variations in form included sending the PowerPoint file electronically to another site
and talking through the slides over an audio or video channel (e.g., telephone or video conference) as both
parties viewed the slides. ... Another common variation was placing a PowerPoint file on a web site for
people to view at different times.
They found that some of these ways of using PowerPoint could influence the content of presentations, for example when
"the slides themselves have to carry more of the substance of the presentation, and thus need considerably more content
than they would have if they were intended for projection by a speaker who would orally provide additional details and
nuance about content and context."[80]
Cultural impact
PowerPoint, more than most other personal computer applications, has been experienced as a powerful force producing
change throughout all of society. In 2016 an analyst summed up: "the real mystery is ... 'how come almost every
organisation in the world is using PowerPoint to communicate almost everything to almost everybody?'. That's the real
question. How come PowerPoint is everywhere?"[14]
Business uses
PowerPoint was originally targeted just for business presentations. Robert Gaskins, who was responsible for its design, has
written about his intended customers: "... I did not target other existing large groups of users of presentations, such as
school teachers or military officers. ... I also did not plan to target people who were not existing users of presentations ...
such as clergy and school children ... . Our focus was purely on business users, in small and large companies, from one
person to the largest multinationals."[95](pp7677) Business people had for a

long time made presentations for sales calls and for internal company
communications, and PowerPoint produced the same formats in the same style
and for the same purposes.[95](p420)
PowerPoint use in business grew over its first five years (1987-1992) to sales of
about 1 million copies annually, for worldwide market share of 63 percent.[96]
Over the following five years (1992-1997) PowerPoint sales accelerated, to a
rate of about 4 million copies annually, for worldwide market share of 85
percent.[97] The increase in business use has been attributed to "network A PowerPoint presentation in
effects," whereby additional users of PowerPoint in a company or an industry progress
increased its salience and value to other users.[98]
Not everyone immediately approved of the greater use of PowerPoint for presentations, even in business. CEOs who very
early were reported to discourage or ban PowerPoint presentations at internal business meetings included Lou Gerstner
(at IBM, in 1993),[99] Scott McNealy (at Sun Microsystems, in 1996),[100] and Steve Jobs (at Apple, in 1997).[101] But even
so, Rich Gold, a scholar who studied corporate presentation use at Xerox PARC, could write in 1999: "Within today's
corporation, if you want to communicate an idea ... you use PowerPoint."[102]
Uses beyond business

At the same time that PowerPoint was becoming dominant in business settings, it was also being adopted for uses beyond
business: "Personal computing ... scaled up the production of presentations. ... The result has been the rise of presentation
culture. In an information society, nearly everyone presents."[103]
In 1998, at about the same time that Gold was pronouncing PowerPoint's ubiquity in business, the influential Bell Labs
engineer Robert W. Lucky could already write about broader uses:[104]
... the world has run amok with the giddy power of presentation graphics. A new language is in the air, and it
is codified in PowerPoint. ... In a family discussion about what to do on a given evening, for example, I feel
like pulling out my laptop and giving a Vugraph presentation ... . In church I am surprised that the preachers
haven't caught on yet. ... How have we gotten on so long without PowerPoint?
Over a decade or so, beginning in the mid 1990s, PowerPoint began to be used in many communication situations, well
beyond its original business presentation uses, to include teaching in schools[105] and in universities,[106] lecturing in
scientific meetings[107] (and preparing their related poster sessions[108]), worshipping in churches,[109] making legal
arguments in courtrooms,[110] displaying supertitles in theaters,[111] driving helmet-mounted displays in spacesuits for
NASA astronauts,[112] giving military briefings,[113] issuing governmental reports,[114] undertaking diplomatic
negotiations,[115][116] writing novels,[117] giving architectural demonstrations,[118] prototyping website designs,[119]
creating animated video games,[120] creating art projects,[121] and even as a substitute for writing engineering technical
reports,[122] and as an organizing tool for writing general business documents.[123]
By 2003, it seemed that PowerPoint was being used everywhere. Julia Keller reported for the Chicago Tribune:[124]
PowerPoint ... is one of the most pervasive and ubiquitous technological tools ever concocted. In less than a
decade, it has revolutionized the worlds of business, education, science and communications, swiftly
becoming the standard for just about anybody who wants to explain just about anything to just about
anybody else. From corporate middle managers reporting on production goals to 4th-graders fashioning a
show-and-tell on the French and Indian War to church pastors explicating the seven deadly sins ...
PowerPoint seems poised for world domination.
Cultural reactions
As uses broadened, cultural awareness of PowerPoint grew and commentary about it began to appear. "With the
widespread adoption of PowerPoint came complaints ... often very general statements reflecting dissatisfaction with
modern media and communication practices as well as the dysfunctions of organizational culture."[125] Indications of this
awaremess included increasing mentions of PowerPoint use in the Dilbert comic strips of Scott Adams,[126] comic parodies
of poor or inappropriate use such as the Gettysburg Address in PowerPoint[127][128] or summaries of Shakespeare's
Hamlet and Nabokov's Lolita in PowerPoint,[129] and a vast number of publications on the general subject of PowerPoint,
especially about how to use it.[130]
Out of all the analyses of PowerPoint over a quarter of a century, at least three general themes emerged as categories of
reaction to its broader use: (1) "Use it less": avoid PowerPoint in favor of alternatives, such as using more-complex
graphics and written prose, or using nothing;[15] (2) "Use it differently": make a major change to a PowerPoint style that is
simpler and pictorial, turning the presentation toward a performance, more like a Steve Jobs keynote;[16] and (3) "Use it
better": retain much of the conventional PowerPoint style but learn to avoid making many kinds of mistakes that can
interfere with communication.[17]
Use it less
An early reaction was that the broader use of PowerPoint was a mistake, and should be reversed. An influential example of
this came from Edward Tufte, an authority on information design, who has been a professor of political science, statistics,
and computer science at Princeton and Yale, but is best known for his self-published books on data visualization, which
have sold nearly 2 million copies as of 2014.[131]
In 2003, he published a widely-read booklet titled The Cognitive Style of PowerPoint, revised in 2006.[15] Tufte found a
number of problems with the "cognitive style" of PowerPoint, many of which he attributed to the standard default style
templates:[15]
PowerPoint's convenience for some presenters is costly to the content and the audience. These costs arise
from the cognitive style characteristics of the standard default PP presentation: foreshortening of evidence
and thought, low spatial resolution, an intensely hierarchical single-path structure as the model for
organizing every type of content, breaking up narratives and data into slides and minimal fragments, rapid
temporal sequencing of thin information rather than focused spatial analysis, conspicuous chartjunk and PP
Phluff, branding of slides with logotypes, a preoccupation with format not content, incompetent designs for
data graphics and tables, and a smirky commercialism that turns information into a sales pitch and
presenters into marketeers [italics in original].
Tufte particularly advised against using PowerPoint for reporting scientific analyses, using as a dramatic example some
slides made during the flight of the space shuttle Columbia after it had been damaged by an accident at liftoff, slides which
poorly communicated the engineers' limited understanding of what had happened.[15](pp814) For such technical
presentations, and for most occasions apart from its initial domain of sales presentations, Tufte advised against using
PowerPoint at all; in many situations, according to Tufte, it would be better to substitute high-resolution graphics or
concise prose documents as handouts for the audience to study and discuss, providing a great deal more detail.[15]
Many commentators enthusiastically joined in Tufte's vivid criticism of PowerPoint uses,[132] and at a conference held in
2013 (a decade after Tufte's booklet appeared) one paper claimed that "Despite all the criticism about his work, Tufte can
be considered as the single most influential author in the discourse on PowerPoint. ... While his approach was not rigorous
from a research perspective, his articles received wide resonance with the public at large ... ." [133] There were also others
who disagreed with Tufte's assertion that the PowerPoint program reduces the quality of presenters' thoughts: Steven
Pinker, professor of psychology at MIT and later Harvard, had earlier argued that "If anything, PowerPoint, if used well,
would ideally reflect the way we think."[134] Pinker later reinforced this opinion: "Any general opposition to PowerPoint is
just dumb, ... It's like denouncing lecturesbefore there were awful PowerPoint presentations, there were awful scripted
lectures, unscripted lectures, slide shows, chalk talks, and so on."[135]
Much of the early commentary, on all sides, was "informal" and "anecdotal", because empirical research had been
limited.[136]
Use it differently
A second reaction to PowerPoint use was to say that PowerPoint can be used well, but only by substantially changing its
style of use. This reaction is exemplified by Richard E. Mayer, a professor of psychology at the University of California,
Santa Barbara, who has studied cognition and learning, particularly the design of educational multimedia, and who has
published more than 500 publications, including over 30 books.[137] Mayer's theme has been that "In light of the science,
it is up to us to make a fundamental shift in our thinkingwe can no longer expect people to struggle to try to adapt to our
PowerPoint habits. Instead, we have to change our PowerPoint habits to align with the way people learn."[16]
Tufte had argued his judgment that the information density of text on PowerPoint slides was too low, perhaps only 40
words on a slide, leading to over-simplified messages;[138] Mayer responded that his empirical research showed exactly the
opposite, that the amount of text on PowerPoint slides was usually too high, and that even fewer than 40 words on a slide
resulted in "PowerPoint overload" that impeded understanding during presentations.[139]
Mayer suggested a few major changes from traditional PowerPoint formats:[16]
replacing brief slide titles with longer "headlines" expressing complete ideas;
showing more slides but simpler ones;
removing almost all text including nearly all bullet lists (reserving the text for the spoken narration);
using larger, higher-quality, and more important graphics and photographs;
removing all extraneous decoration, backgrounds, logos and identifications, everything but the essential message.
Mayer's ideas are claimed by Carmine Gallo to have been reflected in Steve Jobs's presentations: "Mayer outlined
fundamental principles of multimedia design based on what scientists know about cognitive functioning. Steve Jobs's
slides adhere to each of Mayer's principles ... ."[140](p92) Though not unique to Jobs, many people saw the style for the first
time in Jobs's famous product introductions.[141] Steve Jobs would have been using Apple's Keynote which was designed
for Jobs's own slide shows beginning in 2003, but Gallo says that "speaking like Jobs has little to do with the type of
presentation software you use (PowerPoint, Keynote,etc.) ... all the techniques apply equally to PowerPoint and
Keynote."[140](pp14,46) Gallo adds that "Microsoft's PowerPoint has one big advantage over Apple's Keynote presentation
softwareit's everywhere ... it's safe to say that the number of Keynote presentations is miniscule in comparison with
PowerPoint. Although most presentation designers who are familiar with both formats prefer to work in the more elegant
Keynote system, those same designers will tell you that the majority of their client work is done in PowerPoint."[140](p44)
Consistent with its association with Steve Jobs's keynotes, a response to this style has been that it is particularly effective
for "ballroom-style presentations" (as often given in conference center ballrooms) where a celebrated and practiced
speaker addresses a large passive audience, but less appropriate for "conference room-style presentations" which are often
recurring internal business meetings for in-depth discussion with motivated counterparts.[142]
Use it better
A third reaction to PowerPoint use was to conclude that the standard style is capable of being used well, but that many
small points need to be executed carefully, to avoid impeding understanding. This kind of analysis is particularly
associated with Stephen Kosslyn, a cognitive neuroscientist who specializes in the psychology of learning and visual
communication, and who has been head of the department of psychology at Harvard, has been Director of Stanford's
Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, and has published some 300 papers and 14 books.[143]
Kosslyn presented a set of psychological principles of "human perception, memory, and comprehension" that "appears to
capture the major points of agreement among researchers."[144] He reports that his experiments support the idea that that
it is not intuitive or obvious how to create effective PowerPoint presentations that conform to those agreed principles, and
that even small differences that might not seem significant to a presenter can produce very different results in audiences'
understanding. For this reason, Kosslyn says, users need specific education to be able to identify best ways to avoid "flaws
and failures":[144]
Specifically, we hypothesized and found that the psychological principles are often violated in PowerPoint
slideshows across different fields ... , that some types of presentation flaws are noticeable and annoying to
audience members ... , and that observers have difficulty identifying many violations in graphical displays in
individual slides ... . These studies converge in painting the following picture: PowerPoint presentations are
commonly flawed; some types of flaws are more common than others; flaws are not isolated to one domain
or context; and, although some types of flaws annoy the audience, flaws at the level of slide design are not
always obvious to an untrained observer ... .
The many "flaws and failures" identified were those "likely to disrupt the comprehension or memory of the material."
Among the most common examples were "Bulleted items are not presented individually, growing the list from the top to
the bottom," "More than four bulleted items appear in a single list," "More than two lines are used per bulleted sentence,"
and "Words are not large enough (i.e., greater than 20 point) to be easily seen." Among audience reactions common
problems reported were "Speakers read word-for-word from notes or from the slides themselves," "The slides contained
too much material to absorb before the next slide was presented," and "The main point was obscured by lots of irrelevant
detail."[144]
Kosslyn observes that these findings could help to explain why the many studies of instructional effectiveness of
PowerPoint have been inconclusive and conflicting, if there were differences in the quality of the presentations tested in
different studies that went unobserved because "many may feel that 'good design' is intuitively clear."[144]
In 2007 Kosslyn wrote a book about PowerPoint, in which he suggested a very large number of fairly modest changes to
PowerPoint styles and gave advice on recommended ways of using PowerPoint.[17] In a later second book about
PowerPoint he suggested nearly 150 clarifying style changes (in fewer than 150 pages).[145] Kosslyn
summarizes:[17](pp23,200)
... there's nothing fundamentally wrong with the PowerPoint program as a medium; rather, I claim that the
problem lies in how it is used. ... In fact, this medium is a remarkably versatile tool that can be
extraordinarily effective. ... For many purposes, PowerPoint presentations are a superior medium of
communication, which is why they have become standard in so many fields.
In 2017, an online poll of social media users in the UK was reported to show that PowerPoint "remains as popular with
young tech-savvy users as it is with the Baby Boomers," with about four out of five saying that "PowerPoint was a great
tool for making presentations," in part because "PowerPoint, with its capacity to be highly visual, bridges the wordy world
of yesterday with the visual future of tomorrow."[146] Also in 2017, the Managerial Communication Group of MIT Sloan
School of Management polled their incoming MBA students, finding that "results underscore just how differently this
generation communicates as compared with older workers."[147] Fewer than half of respondents reported doing any
meaningful, longer-form writing at work, and even that minority mostly did so very infrequently, but "85 percent of
students named producing presentations as a meaningful part of their job responsibilities. Two-thirds report that they
present on a daily or weekly basisso it's no surprise that in-person presentations is the top skill they hope to
improve."[147] One of the researchers concluded: "We're not likely to see future workplaces with long-form writing. The
trend is toward presentations and slides, and we don't see any sign of that slowing down."[147]
U.S. military excess

Use of PowerPoint by the U.S. military services began slowly, because they were invested in mainframe computers, MS-
DOS PCs, and specialized military-specification graphic output devices, all of which PowerPoint did not support.[148] But
because of the strong military tradition of presenting briefings, as soon as they acquired the computers needed to run it,
PowerPoint became part of the U.S. military.[149]
By 2000, ten years after PowerPoint for Windows appeared, it was already identified as an important feature of U.S.
armed forces culture, in a front-page story in the Wall Street Journal:[150]
Old-fashioned slide briefings, designed to update generals on troop movements, have been a staple of the
military since World War II. But in only a few short years PowerPoint has altered the landscape. Just as
word processing made it easier to produce long, meandering memos, the spread of PowerPoint has
unleashed a blizzard of jazzy but often incoherent visuals. Instead of drawing up a dozen slides on a legal
pad and running them over to the graphics department, captains and colonels now can create hundreds of
slides in a few hours without ever leaving their desks. If the spirit moves them they can build in gunfire
sound effects and images that explode like land mines. ... PowerPoint has become such an ingrained part of
the defense culture that it has seeped into the military lexicon. "PowerPoint Ranger" is a derogatory term for
a desk-bound bureaucrat more adept at making slides than tossing grenades.
U.S. military use of PowerPoint may have influenced its use by armed forces of other countries: "Foreign armed services
also are beginning to get in on the act. 'You can't speak with the U.S. military without knowing PowerPoint,' says Margaret
Hayes, an instructor at National Defense University in Washington D.C., who teaches Latin American military officers how
to use the software."[150]
After another 10 years, in 2010 (and again on its front page) the New York Times reported that PowerPoint use in the
military was then "a military tool that has spun out of control":[151]
Like an insurgency, PowerPoint has crept into the daily lives of military commanders and reached the level
of near obsession. The amount of time expended on PowerPoint, the Microsoft presentation program of
computer-generated charts, graphs and bullet points, has made it a running joke in the Pentagon and in Iraq
and Afghanistan. ... Commanders say that behind all the PowerPoint jokes are serious concerns that the
program stifles discussion, critical thinking and thoughtful decision-making. Not least, it ties up junior
officers ... in the daily preparation of slides, be it for a Joint Staff meeting in Washington or for a platoon
leader's pre-mission combat briefing in a remote pocket of Afghanistan.
The New York Times account went on to say that as a result some U.S. generals had banned the use of PowerPoint in their
operations:[151]
"PowerPoint makes us stupid," Gen. James N. Mattis of the Marine Corps, the Joint Forces commander,
said this month at a military conference in North Carolina. (He spoke without PowerPoint.) Brig. Gen. H. R.
McMaster, who banned PowerPoint presentations when he led the successful effort to secure the northern
Iraqi city of Tal Afar in 2005, followed up at the same conference by likening PowerPoint to an internal
threat. "It's dangerous because it can create the illusion of understanding and the illusion of control,"
General McMaster said in a telephone interview afterward. "Some problems in the world are not bullet-
izable."
Several incidents, about the same time, gave wide currency to discussions by serving military officers describing excessive
PowerPoint use and the organizational culture that encouraged it.[152][153][154] In response to the New York Times story,
Peter Norvig and Stephen M. Kosslyn sent a joint letter to the editor stressing the institutional culture of the military: "...
many military personnel bemoan the overuse and misuse of PowerPoint. ... The problem is not in the tool itself, but in the
way that people use itwhich is partly a result of how institutions promote misuse.[155]
The two generals who had been mentioned in 2010 as opposing the institutional culture of excessive PowerPoint use were
both in the news again in 2017, when James N. Mattis became U.S. Secretary of Defense,[156] and H. R. McMaster was
appointed as U.S. National Security Advisor.[157]
Artistic medium
Musician David Byrne has been using PowerPoint as a medium for art for years, producing a book and DVD and showing
at galleries his PowerPoint-based artwork.[121] Byrne has written: "I have been working with PowerPoint, the ubiquitous
presentation software, as an art medium for a number of years. It started off as a joke (this software is a symbol of
corporate salesmanship, or lack thereof) but then the work took on a life of its own as I realized I could create pieces that
were moving, despite the limitations of the 'medium.' "[158]
In 2005 Byrne toured with a theater piece styled as a PowerPoint presentation. When he presented it in Berkeley, on
March 8, 2005, the University of California news service reported: "Byrne also defended its [PowerPoint's] appeal as more
than just a business toolas a medium for art and theater. His talk was titled 'I PowerPoint' ... . Berkeley alumnus Bob
Gaskins and Dennis Austin ... were in the audience ... . Eventually, Byrne said, PowerPoint could be the foundation for
'presentational theater,' with roots in Brechtian drama and Asian puppet theater."[159] After that performance, Byrne
described it in his own online journal: "Did the PowerPoint talk in Berkeley for an audience of IT legends and academics. I
was terrified. The guys that originally turned PowerPoint into a program were there, what were THEY gonna think? ...
[Gaskins] did tell me afterwards that he liked the PowerPoint as theater idea, which was a relief."[160]
The expressions "PowerPoint Art" or "pptArt" are used to define a contemporary Italian artistic movement which believes
that the corporate world can be a unique and exceptional source of inspiration for the artist.[161][162] They say: "The pptArt
name refers to PowerPoint, the symbolic and abstract language developed by the corporate world which has become a
universal and highly symbolic communication system beyond cultures and borders."[163]
The wide use of PowerPoint had, by 2010, given rise to " ... a subculture of PowerPoint enthusiasts [that] is teaching the
old application new tricks, and may even be turning a dry presentation format into a full-fledged artistic medium,"[164] by
using PowerPoint animation to create "games, artworks, anime, and movies."[165]
PowerPoint Viewer
PowerPoint Viewer is the name for a series of small free application programs to be used on computers without
PowerPoint installed, to view, project, or print (but not create or edit) presentations.[166]
The first version was introduced with PowerPoint 3.0 in 1992, to enable electronic presentations to be projected using
conference-room computers and to be freely distributed; on Windows, it took advantage of the new feature of embedding
TrueType fonts within PowerPoint presentation files to make such distribution easier.[167] The same kind of viewer app
was shipped with PowerPoint 3.0 for Macintosh, also in 1992.[168]
Beginning with PowerPoint 2003, a feature called "Package for CD" automatically managed all linked video and audio files
plus needed fonts when exporting a presentation to a disk or flash drive or network location,[169] and also included a copy
of a revised PowerPoint Viewer application so that the result could be presented on other PCs without installing
anything.[170]
The latest version that runs on Windows "was created in conjunction with PowerPoint 2010, but it can also be used to view
newer presentations created in PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016. ... All transitions, videos and effects appear and
behave the same when viewed using PowerPoint Viewer as they do when viewed in PowerPoint 2010." It supports
presentations created using PowerPoint 97 and later.[166] The latest version that runs on Macintosh is PowerPoint 98
Viewer for the Classic Mac OS and Classic Environment, for Macs supporting System 7.5 to Mac OS X Tiger (10.4).[171] It
can open presentations only from PowerPoint 3.0, 4.0, and 8.0 (PowerPoint 98), although presentations created on Mac
can be opened in PowerPoint Viewer on Windows.[172]
As of 2017, the latest versions of PowerPoint Viewer for Windows (2010)[173] and for Macintosh (1998)[174] remain
available for download. But in November, 2017, Microsoft announced that the PowerPoint Viewers for Windows (both the
2010 and 2007 versions) "will be retired in April, 2018" and "at that time, they will no longer be available for download
and will no longer receive security updates."[175] The recommended replacements: "On Windows 10 PCs, download the
free ... PowerPoint Mobile application from the Windows Store,"[175] and "On Windows 7 or Windows 8/8.1 PCs, upload
the file to OneDrive and view it for free using ... PowerPoint Online."[175]
Versions
Legend: Old version Older version, still supported Current stable version Latest preview version
PowerPoint release history

Date Name Version System Comments
April 1987[176] PowerPoint 1.0 Macintosh Shipped by Forethought, Inc.
October 1987[177] PowerPoint 1.01 Macintosh Relabeled and shipped by Microsoft
May 1988[178] PowerPoint 2.0 Macintosh
December 1988[179] PowerPoint 2.01 Macintosh Added Genigraphics software and services
Announced with Windows 3.0, numbered to

May 1990[180] PowerPoint 2.0 Windows
match contemporary Macintosh version
May 1992[181] PowerPoint 3.0 Windows Announced with Windows 3.1
September 1992[182] PowerPoint 3.0 Macintosh
February 1994[183] PowerPoint 4.0 Windows
October 1994[184] PowerPoint 4.0 Macintosh Native for Power Mac
Versions 5.0 and 6.0 were skipped on

July 1995[185] PowerPoint 95 7.0 Windows Windows, so all apps in Office 95 were
7.0[186]
January 1997[187] PowerPoint 97 8.0 Windows
Versions 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 were skipped on

March 1998[188] PowerPoint 98 8.0 Macintosh
Macintosh, to match Windows[189]
June 1999[190] PowerPoint 2000 9.0 Windows
August 2000[191] PowerPoint 2001 9.0 Macintosh
May 2001[192] PowerPoint XP 10.0 Windows
November 2001[193] PowerPoint v. X 10.0 Macintosh
October 2003[194][195] PowerPoint 2003 11.0 Windows
June 2004[196] PowerPoint 2004 11.0 Macintosh
PowerPoint Windows
May 2005[197] 11.0
Mobile Mobile 5
January 2007[198] PowerPoint 2007 12.0 Windows End of support October 10, 2017[199]
PowerPoint Windows
September 2007[200] 12.0
Mobile Mobile 6
January 2008[201] PowerPoint 2008 12.0 Macintosh
Version 13.0 was skipped for

June 2010[202] PowerPoint 2010 14.0 Windows
triskaidekaphobia concerns[203]
PowerPoint 2010
June 2010[204] 14.0 Web
Web App
PowerPoint Windows
June 2010[205] 14.0
Mobile 2010 Phone 7
Version 13.0 was skipped for
November 2010[206] PowerPoint 2011 14.0 Macintosh triskaidekaphobia concerns[203] End of
support October 10, 2017[207]


PowerPoint Nokia
April 2012[208] 14.0
Mobile 2010 Symbian
PowerPoint Web
October 2012[209] 15.0 Web
App 2013
PowerPoint Windows
November 2012[210] 15.0
Mobile 2013 Phone 8
PowerPoint RT Windows
November 2012[211] 15.0
2013 RT
January 2013[212] PowerPoint 2013 15.0 Windows
PowerPoint
June 2013[213] Mobile 2013 for 15.0 iPhone
iPhone
PowerPoint
July 2013[214] Mobile 2013 for 15.0 Android
Android
PowerPoint 2013
February 2014[215] 15.0 Web
Online
PowerPoint 2013
March 2014[216] 15.0 iPad
for iPad
PowerPoint
November 2014[217] Mobile 2013 for 15.0 iOS
iOS
PowerPoint
June 2015[218] Mobile 2016 for 16.0 Android
Android
PowerPoint 2016 There had been no PowerPoint 2013 for

July 2015[219] 15.0 Macintosh
for Macintosh Mac.[220]
PowerPoint Windows
July 2015[221] 16.0
Mobile 2016 10 Mobile
PowerPoint
July 2015[222] Mobile 2016 for 16.0 iOS
iOS
PowerPoint 2016
September 2015[223] 16.0 Windows
for Windows
PowerPoint 2016 Windows
June 2017[224] 16.0
for Windows Store 10 S
PowerPoint 1.0
For Macintosh: April 1987[176]
Innovations included: multiple slides in a single file, organizing slides with a slide sorter view
and a title view (precursor of outline view), speakers' notes pages attached to each slide,
printing of audience handouts with multiple slides per page, text with outlining styles and full
word-processor formatting, graphic shapes with attached text for drawing diagrams and
tables.[225] It also shipped with a hardbound book as its manual.[226]
"It produced overhead transparencies on a black-and-white Macintosh for laser printing.
Presenters could now directly control their own overheads and would no longer have to work
through the person with the typewriter. PowerPoint handled the task of making the overheads all
look alike; one change reformats them all. Typographic

fonts were better than an Orator typeball, and charts and
diagrams could be imported from MacDraw, MacPaint, and
Excel, thanks to the new Mac clipboard."[227]
System requirements: (Mac) Original Macintosh or better,
System 1.0 or higher, 512K RAM.[228]
PowerPoint 2.0
For Macintosh: May 1988;[178] for Windows: May 1990[180]
Part of Microsoft Office for Mac and Microsoft Office for
Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 running
Windows. Innovations included: color, more word
on Windows 7
processing features, find and replace, spell checking, color
schemes for presentations, guide to color selection, ability
to change color scheme retrospectively, shaded coloring for
fills.[225]
"It added color 35mm slides, transmitting the resulting file over a modem to
Genigraphics for imaging on Genigraphics' film recorders and photo
processing in Genigraphics' labs overnight. Genigraphics was the leading
Icon for
professional service bureau, having developed its own Digital Equipment
PowerPoint for
Corp. PDP-11-based computer systems for its artists. After a short time,
Mac 2008
though, Genigraphics itself switched to PowerPoint."[227]
System requirements: (Mac) Original Macintosh or better, System 4.1 or
higher, 1 MB RAM. (Windows) 286 PC or higher, Windows
3.0, 1 MB RAM.[228]
PowerPoint 3.0
For Windows, May 1992;[181] for Mac: September 1992[182]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 3.0 and Microsoft
Office for Mac 3.0. Innovations included: the first application
designed exclusively for the new Windows 3.1 platform, full
support for TrueType fonts (new in Windows 3.1),
presentation templates, editing in outline view, new drawing, Microsoft PowerPoint for Mac 2011
including freeform tool, autoshapes, flip, rotate, scale, align,
and transforming imported pictures into their drawing
primitives to make them editable, transitions between slides in slide show, progressive builds,
incorporating sound and video.[225] Animations included "flying bullets" where bullet points
"flew" into the slide one by one, and some degree of Pen Computing support was included.[226]
"It added video-out to feed the new video projectors, with effects that could replace a bank of
synchronized slide projectors. This version added fades, dissolves, and other transitions, as
well as animation of text and pictures, and could incorporate video clips with synchronized
audio."[227]
System requirements: (Windows) 286 PC or higher, Windows 3.1, 2 MB RAM. (Mac) Macintosh
Plus or better, System 7 or higher, 4 MB RAM.[228]
PowerPoint 4.0
For Windows: February 1994;[183] for Mac: October 1994[184]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 4.0 and Microsoft Office for Mac 4.2. Innovations included:
autolayouts, Word tables, rehearsal mode, hidden slides, and the "AutoContent Wizard."[226]
Introduced a standard "Microsoft Office" look and feel (shared with Word and Excel), with status
bar, toolbars, tooltips. Full OLE 2.0 with in-place activation.[225]
System requirements: (Windows) 386 PC or higher, Windows 3.1, 8 MB RAM. (Mac) 68020
Mac or better, System 7 or higher, 8 MB RAM.[228]
PowerPoint 7.0
For Windows: July 1995[185]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 95. Innovations included: new animation effects, real
curves and textures, black and white view, autocorrect, insert symbol, meeting support features
such as "Meeting Minder."[226]
"A complete rewrite of the product from the ground up in C++, full object model with internal
VBA programmability."[225]
System requirements: (Windows) 386 DX PC or higher, Windows 95, 6 MB RAM.[228]
PowerPoint 8.0
For Windows: January 1997;[187] for Mac: March 1998[188]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 97 and Microsoft Office 98 Macintosh Edition. Innovations
included: "Office Assistant," file compression, save to HTML, "Pack and Go," "AutoClipArt,"
transparent GIFs.[226]
System requirements: (Windows) 486 PC or higher, 8 MB RAM. (Mac) PowerPC Mac or better,
16 MB RAM.[228]
PowerPoint 9.0
For Windows: June 1999;[190] for Mac: August 2000[191]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2000 and Microsoft Office for Mac 2001. Innovations
included: three-pane "browser" view (selectable list of slide miniatures or titles, large single
slide, notes), autofit text, real tables, presentation conferencing, save to web, picture bullets,
animated GIFs, aliased fonts.[226]
System requirements: (Windows) Pentium 75MHz+, Windows 95 or higher, 20 MB RAM. (Mac)
PowerPC Mac 120MHz+ or better, MacOS 8.5 or higher, minimum 48 MB RAM.[228]
PowerPoint 10.0
For Windows: May 2001;[192] for Mac: November 2001[193]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows XP and Microsoft Office for Mac v.X. Innovations included:
install from web, most clipart on web, use of Exchange and SharePoint for storage and
collaboration.[192]
System requirements: (Windows) Pentium III, Windows 98 or higher, 40 MB RAM.[228] (Mac)
OS X 10.1 ("Puma") or later (will not run under OS 9).[229]
PowerPoint 11.0
For Windows: October 2003;[194] for Mac: June 2004;[196] for Mobile: May 2005[197]
included: tools visible to presenter during slide show (notes, thumbnails, time clock, re-order
and edit slides), "Package for CD" to write presentation and viewer app to CD.[196] "Microsoft
Producer for PowerPoint 2003" was a free plug-in from Microsoft, using a video camera, "that
creates Web page presentations, with talking head narration, coordinated and timed to your
existing PowerPoint presentation" for delivery over the web.[230] The Genigraphics software to
send a presentation for imaging as 35mm slides was removed from this version.[231]
System requirements: (Windows) Pentium 233Mhz+, Windows XP or later, 128 MB RAM.[232]
(Mac) Power Mac G3 or better, OS X 10.2.8 or later, 256 MB RAM.[196]
PowerPoint 12.0
For Windows: January 2007;[198] for Mobile: September 2007;[200] for Mac: January 2008[201]
included: new user interface ("Office Fluent") employing a changeable "ribbon" of tools across
the top to replace menus and toolbars, SmartArt graphics, many graphical improvements in text
and drawing, improved "Presenter View" (from 2003), widescreen slide formats. The
"AutoContent Wizard" was removed from this version.[233]
A major change in PowerPoint 2007 was from a binary file format, used from 1997 to 2003, to a
new XML file format which evolved over further versions.
System requirements: (Windows) 500 MHz processor or higher, Windows XP with SP2 or later,
256 MB RAM.[234] (Mac) 500 MHz processor or higher, MacOS X 10.4.9 or later, 512 MB
RAM.[235]
PowerPoint 14.0[203]
For Windows: June 2010;[202] for Web: June 2010;[204] for Mobile: June 2010;[205] for Mac:
November 2010,[206] for Symbian: April 2012[208]
included: Single document interface (SDI), sections within presentations, reading view, redesign
of "Backstage" functions (under File menu), save as video, insert video from web, embed video
and audio, enhanced editing for video and for pictures, broadcast slideshow.[236]
System requirements: (Windows) 500 MHz processor or higher, Windows XP with SP3 or later,
256 MB RAM, 512 MB RAM recommended for video.[237] (Mac) Intel processor, Mac OS X
10.5.8 or later, 1 GB RAM.[238]
PowerPoint 15.0
For Web: October 2012;[209] for Mobile: November 2012;[210] for Windows RT: November
2012;[211] for Windows: January 2013;[212] for iPhone: June 2013;[213] for Android: July
2013;[214] for Web: February 2014;[215] for iPad: March 2014;[216] for iOS: November 2014;[217]
for Mac: July 2015[219]
included: Change default slide shape to 16:9 aspect ratio, online collaboration by multiple
authors, user interface redesigned for multi-touch screens, improved audio, video, animations,
and transitions, further changes to Presenter View. Clipart collections (and insertion tool) were
removed, but available online.[239][240]
System requirements: (Windows) 1 GHz processor or faster, x86- or x64-bit processor with
SSE2 instruction set, Windows 7 or later, 1 GB RAM (32-bit), 2 GB RAM (64-bit).[241] (Mac) Intel
processor, Mac OS X 10.10 or later, 4 GB RAM.[242]
PowerPoint 16.0
For Android: June 2015;[218] for Mobile: July 2015;[221] for iOS: July 2015;[222] for Windows:
September 2015;[223] and Windows Store: June 2017[224]
Part of Microsoft Office for Windows 2016. Innovations included: "Tell me" to search for program
controls, "PowerPoint Designer" pane, Morph transition, real-time collaboration, "Zoom" to
slides or sections in slideshow,[243] and "Presentation Translator" for real-time translation of a
presenter's spoken words to on-screen captions in any of 60+ languages, with the system
analyzing the text of the PowerPoint presentation as context to increase the accuracy and
relevance of the translations.[244][245]
System requirements: (Windows) 1 GHz processor or faster, x86- or x64-bit processor with
SSE2 instruction set, Windows 7 with SP 1 or later, 2 GB RAM.[246]
File formats
PowerPoint Presentation
Binary (19872007) Filename .pptx, .ppt[247]
extensions
Internet
Early versions of PowerPoint, from 1987 through media type application/vnd.openxmlformats-

1995 (versions 1.0 through 7.0), evolved through a officedocument.presentationml.presentation,
sequence of binary file formats, different in each application/vnd.ms-powerpoint[248]
version, as functionality was added.[250] That resulted Uniform Type com.microsoft.powerpoint.ppt[249]

in a stable binary format (called a .ppt file, like all Identifier (UTI)
earlier binary formats) that was shared as the default Developed by Microsoft
in PowerPoint 97 through PowerPoint 2003 for Type of Presentation
Windows, and in PowerPoint 98 through PowerPoint
format
2004 for Mac (that is, in PowerPoint versions 8.0
through 11.0).[251][252] The specification document is actively maintained and can be freely downloaded,[251] because,
although no longer the default, that binary format can be read and written by some later versions of PowerPoint, including
the current PowerPoint 2016.[247] After the stable binary format was adopted, versions of PowerPoint continued to be able
to read and write differing file formats from earlier versions.[250] But beginning with PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint
2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0), this was the only binary format available for saving; PowerPoint 2007 (version
12.0) no longer supported saving to binary file formats used earlier than PowerPoint 97 (version 8.0), ten years before.[253]
Binary filename extensions[247]
.ppt, PowerPoint 972003 binary presentation

.pps, PowerPoint 972003 binary slide show
.pot, PowerPoint 972003 binary template
Binary media types[248]
.ppt, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
.pps, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
.pot, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint
Office Open XML (since 2007)

The big change in PowerPoint 2007 and PowerPoint 2008 for Mac (PowerPoint version 12.0) was that the stable binary
file format of 972003 was replaced as the default by a new zipped XML-based Office Open XML format (.pptx files).[254]
Microsoft's explanation of the benefits of the change included: smaller file sizes, up to 75% smaller than comparable
binary documents; security, through being able to identify and exclude executable macros and personal data; less chance
to be corrupted than binary formats; and easier interoperability for exchanging data among Microsoft and other business
applications, all while maintaining backward compatibility.[255]
XML filename extensions[247]
.pptx, PowerPoint 2007 XML presentation

.pptm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled presentation
.ppsx, PowerPoint 2007 XML slide show
.ppsm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled slide show
.ppam, PowerPoint 2007 XML add-in
.potx, PowerPoint 2007 XML template
.potm, PowerPoint 2007 XML macro-enabled template
XML media types[248]
.pptx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation
.pptm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.presentation.macroEnabled.12
.ppsx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.slideshow
.ppsm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.slideshow.macroEnabled.12
.ppam, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.addin.macroEnabled.12
.potx, application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.template
.potm, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint.template.macroEnabled.12
The specification for the new format was published as an open standard, ECMA-376,[256] through Ecma International
Technical Committee 45 (TC45).[257] The Ecma 376 stardard was approved in December 2006, and was submitted for
standardization through ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 34 WG4 in early 2007. The standardization process was contentious.[258] It
was approved as ISO/IEC 29500 in early 2008.[259] Copies of the ISO/IEC standard specification are freely available, in
two parts.[260][261] These define two related standards known as "Transitional" and "Strict." The two standards were
progressively adopted by PowerPoint: PowerPoint version 12.0 (2007, 2008 for Mac) could read and write Transitional
format, but could neither read nor write Strict format. PowerPoint version 14.0 (2010, 2011 for Mac) could read and write
Transitional, and also read but not write Strict. PowerPoint version 15.0 and later (beginning 2013, 2016 for Mac) can read
and write both Transitional and Strict formats. The reason for the two variants was explained by Microsoft:[262]
... the participants in the ISO/IEC standardization process recognized two objectives with competing
requirements. The first objective was for the Open XML standard to provide an XML-based file format that
could fully support conversion of the billions of existing Office documents without any loss of features,
content, text, layout, or other information, including embedded data. The second was to specify a file format
that did not rely on Microsoft-specific data types. They created two variants of Open XMLTransitional,
which supports previously-defined Microsoft-specific data types, and Strict, which does not rely on them.
Prior versions of Office [that is, 2007] have supported reading and writing Transitional Open XML, and
Office 2010 can read Strict Open XML documents. With the addition of write support for Strict Open XML,
Office 2013 provides full support for both variants of Open XML.
The PowerPoint .pptx file format (called "PresentationML" for Presentation Markup Language) contains separate
structures for all the complex parts of a PowerPoint presentation.[263][264] The specification documents run to over
six thousand pages.[265] Because of the widespread use of PowerPoint, the standardized file formats are considered
important for the long-term access to digital documents in library collections and archives, according to the U.S. Library of
Congress.[266]
PowerPoint 2013 and PowerPoint 2016 provide options to set default saving to ISO/IEC 29500 Strict format, but the
initial default setting remains Transitional, for compatibility with legacy features incorporating binary data in existing
documents.[267] PowerPoint 2013 or PowerPoint 2016 will both open and save files in the former binary format (.ppt), for
compatibility with older versions of the program (but not versions older than PowerPoint 97).[247][268] In saving to older
formats, these versions of PowerPoint will check to assure that no features have been introduced into the presentation
which are incompatible with the older formats.[254]
PowerPoint 2013 and 2016 will also save a presentation in many other file formats, including PDF format, MPEG-4 or
WMV video, as a sequence of single-picture files (using image formats including GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF, and some older
formats), and as a single presentation file in which all slides are replaced with pictures. PowerPoint will both open and
save files in OpenDocument Presentation format (ODP) for compatibility.[247]
See also
Similar apps
Google Slides
Keynote (presentation software)

LibreOffice Impress
OpenOffice Impress
Calligra Stage
Prezi
AppleWorks, a discontinued office suite that included a presentation program meant to compete with PowerPoint
Related topics
Microsoft Office password protection

Powerpoint-Karaoke
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257. Ecma Technical Committee 45 (2012). Ngo, Tom, ed. "Office Open XML Overview" (http://www.ecma-international.or
g/news/TC45_current_work/OpenXML%20White%20Paper.pdf) (PDF). Ecma International. Archived (https://www.we
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Paper.pdf) (PDF) from the original on May 23, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2017. "OpenXML was designed from the
start to be capable of faithfully representing the pre-existing corpus of word-processing documents, presentations,
and spreadsheets that are encoded in binary formats defined by Microsoft Corporation. ... The original binary formats
for these files were based on direct serialization of in-memory data structures ... . Technical Committee 45 (TC45) ...
includes representatives from Apple, Barclays Capital, BP, The British Library, Essilor, Intel, Microsoft, NextPage,
Novell, Statoil, Toshiba, and the United States Library of Congress."
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document formats, the OpenDocument Format (ODF) and Office Open XML (OOXML) ... In this case, the attempt to
design a de jure standard in fact produced even greater entrenchment of the existing de facto standard it was
designed to replace."
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Further reading
Reuss, Elke I.; Signer, Beat; Norrie, Moira C. (2008). "PowerPoint Multimedia Presentations in Computer Science
Education: What do Users Need?" (https://www.academia.edu/175414/PowerPoint_Multimedia_Presentations_in_Co
mputer_Science_Education_What_do_Users_Need). Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Usability & HCI for
Education and Work (USAB 2008). Graz, Austria. (Registration required (help)).
Also available at: [1] (http://beatsigner.com/publications/reuss_USAB2008.pdf)

Lowenthal, Patrick R. (2009). "Improving the Design of PowerPoint Presentations" (http://www.ucdenver.edu/academi
cs/CUOnline/FacultySupport/Handbook/Documents/Chapter_12.pdf) (PDF). In Lowenthal, Patrick R.; Thomas, David;
Thai, Anna; Yuhnke, Brian. The CU Online Handbook 2009. University of Colorado Denver. pp. 6166.
Kalyuga, Slava; Chandler, Paul; Sweller, John (2004). "When Redundant On-Screen Text in Multimedia Technical
Instruction Can Interfere With Learning" (http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1518/hfes.46.3.567.50405). Human
Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. 46 (3): 567581.
doi:10.1518/hfes.46.3.567.50405 (https://doi.org/10.1518%2Fhfes.46.3.567.50405). PMID 15573552 (https://www.nc
bi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15573552).
Also available at: [2] (http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~s1000brains/rswork/dokuwiki/media/redundant_on_screen_text_in_m

ultimedia_instruction_can_interfere_with_learning.pdf) (Feb 2015).
External links
Official website (http://office.microsoft.com/PowerPoint)
Microsoft PowerPoint (https://curlie.org/Computers/Software/Presentation/Microsoft_PowerPoint) at Curlie (based on
DMOZ)
Robert Gaskins's website (http://www.robertgaskins.com/), one of the PowerPoint developers
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_PowerPoint&oldid=815330521"
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PowerPoint became a component of the Microsoft Office suite,

Contents (Cyrillic, Serbia), Serbian (Latin, Serbia), Serbian

Acquisition by Microsoft (19871992)

Part of Microsoft Office (since 1993)

"OFFICE" as our most important application.

Sales and market share

person to the largest multinationals."[95](pp7677) Business people had for a

Uses beyond business

Mayer suggested a few major changes from traditional PowerPoint formats:[16]

U.S. military excess

PowerPoint release history

April 1987[176] PowerPoint 1.0 Macintosh Shipped by Forethought, Inc.

October 1987[177] PowerPoint 1.01 Macintosh Relabeled and shipped by Microsoft

May 1988[178] PowerPoint 2.0 Macintosh

Announced with Windows 3.0, numbered to

May 1992[181] PowerPoint 3.0 Windows Announced with Windows 3.1

September 1992[182] PowerPoint 3.0 Macintosh

February 1994[183] PowerPoint 4.0 Windows

October 1994[184] PowerPoint 4.0 Macintosh Native for Power Mac

Versions 5.0 and 6.0 were skipped on

January 1997[187] PowerPoint 97 8.0 Windows

Versions 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 were skipped on

June 1999[190] PowerPoint 2000 9.0 Windows

August 2000[191] PowerPoint 2001 9.0 Macintosh

May 2001[192] PowerPoint XP 10.0 Windows

November 2001[193] PowerPoint v. X 10.0 Macintosh

October 2003[194][195] PowerPoint 2003 11.0 Windows

June 2004[196] PowerPoint 2004 11.0 Macintosh

January 2008[201] PowerPoint 2008 12.0 Macintosh

Version 13.0 was skipped for

Date Name Version System Comments

Date Name Version System Comments

January 2013[212] PowerPoint 2013 15.0 Windows

PowerPoint 2016 There had been no PowerPoint 2013 for

look alike; one change reformats them all. Typographic

Early versions of PowerPoint, from 1987 through media type application/vnd.openxmlformats-

sequence of binary file formats, different in each application/vnd.ms-powerpoint[248]

version, as functionality was added.[250] That resulted Uniform Type com.microsoft.powerpoint.ppt[249]

Binary filename extensions[247]

.ppt, PowerPoint 972003 binary presentation

Office Open XML (since 2007)

XML filename extensions[247]

.pptx, PowerPoint 2007 XML presentation

Keynote (presentation software)

Microsoft Office password protection

149. Gole, Henry G. (1999). "Leadership in Literature" (http://ssi.armywarcollege.edu/pubs/parameters/articles/99autumn/a

172. "PowerPoint FAQ: Versions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130510103008/http://www.bitbetter.com/powerfaq.htm).

183. "Microsoft Corp. will start shipping PowerPoint 4.0" (https://books.google.com/books?

242. Microsoft. "System requirements for Office" (https://products.office.com/en-us/office-system-requirements). Microsoft

Also available at: [1] (http://beatsigner.com/publications/reuss_USAB2008.pdf)

Also available at: [2] (http://www.it.iitb.ac.in/~s1000brains/rswork/dokuwiki/media/redundant_on_screen_text_in_m

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_PowerPoint&oldid=815330521"

This page was last edited on 14 December 2017, at 05:58.

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