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TOPIC 1.0 :
Characteristics of groundwater:
a) Groundwater spread over a wide area and therefore is available for utilization or
development.
b) Movement of groundwater is very slow.
c) Changes to discharge and storage are small and the storage is not affected by the dry
spell.
d) Cost of pumping operation to extract groundwater is higher than the treatment of
surface water.
e) Groundwater require low capital investment cost.
f) The quality of groundwater:
i. are always free from harmful organisms
ii. Are treated through layers of rock and soil
iii. Contains high soluble salts
iv. Are difficult to treat if contaminated
v. have quite uniform temperature.
g. Data for analyses are sparse and insufficient
1. Physical 2. Chemical
Parameters Parameters
3. Biological
Parameters
Temperature Colour
-Permissible limit-10NTU
SULPHATES SOLIDS
IRON CHORIDES
1. pH
- it is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions
- the term pH was derived from the manner in which the
hydrogen ion concentration is calculated.
- pH scale range from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is consider to be
neutral
- Substances with pH of less than 7 are acidic
Substances with pH greater than 7 are basic.
Affect chemical and biological reaction;
- Low pH is corrosive
- High pH cause deposits
BY NORAIDAWATI BINTI NORDIN
1.2 1.2.2 Chemical Characteristics
(pH Cont)
20
Bacteria Coliform
virus Protozoa