Ee6365 Electrical Engineering Lab Manual

EE6365 ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING LABORATORY
Lab Manual
Dr.NGP.IT/EEE/LM/V 3.2
Dr. NGPIT2017. All rights reserved.

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2
Release History
Sl. No Release Regulation Released by Approved by

Date
1 V1.1 AUCB-2008 Mr.R.Balakrishnan Dr. K. Porkumaran
2 V1.2 AUCB-2008 Mr.J.Sathish Dr. V. Kumar Chinnayan

3 V1.3 AUC-2008 Mr.R.Balakrishnan Dr. V. Kumar Chinnayan
4 V2.1 AUC-2013 Mr.N.R.Govinthasamy Dr. V. Kumar Chinnayan
5 V2.2 AUC-2013 Mr.N.R.Govinthasamy Dr. G. Naveen Babu
6 V3.1 AUC-2013 Mr.N.R.Govinthasamy Dr. S. Jaganathan
7 V3.2 AUC -2013 Mr.N.R.Govinthasamy Dr. S. Jaganathan
Ratification by
Version Represented by Date Signature

Mr. J. Sathish /Ass. Prof.
V3.2 Dr. M. Gopinath / Prof.
Dr. S. Jaganathan /Prof. & Head
Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

3
Table of Contents
Contents
1. 1A. STUDY OF DC STARTERS ..........5
2. 1B. STUDY OF AC STARTERS ...........15
3. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR ....21
4. LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR 27
5. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR 33
6. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR.41
7. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES GENERATOR .47
8. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR .......... ....53
9. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER ....59
10. OPEN CORCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER ...65
11. REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY EMF & MMF METHODS ..75
12. V CURVES AND INVERTED V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ..83
13. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR .89
14. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR ..95
15. SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR ...101
16. LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR ......109
17. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR ..117
18. V CURVES AND INVERTED V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR .121
19. VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS ...127

4

5
EXP.NO:- 1A
STUDY OF DC STARTERS
Date:-
AIM:
To study the DC motor starters.
NECESSITY OF A STARTER:
When the motor is at rest the speed of the motor is zero, therefore, back emf E b is zero and
if a D.C motor is connected directly to the supply mains, a heavy current will flow through the
armature conductors because from the emf equation for armature circuit (E b=V-IaRa) armature
current Ia is given as V-Eb / Ra and armature resistance Ra is very small.
When running, of course, the applied voltage V is opposed by the induced back emf and
therefore a much smaller current flows.
Heavy inrush of current at the starting instant may cause.
I. Heavy sparking at the commutator and even flash overs.
II. Damage of the armature winding, either by heat developed in the windings or by the
mechanical forces set by the electromagnetic induction.
III. Damage to the rotating parts of the motor and load due to development of large
starting torque and quick acceleration and
IV. Large dip in the supply voltage.
Hence for the protection of the motor against the flow of excessive current during starting
period (say 5 to 10 seconds), it is necessary that a high resistance be connected in series with the
armature of the motor at the instant of starting.
Motor starters are generally manufactured in convenient sizes and styles for use as
auxiliaries with DC shunt and compound motors. Their primary function is to limit the current in the
armature circuit during starting or accelerating period. They are always rated on the basis of output
power and voltage of the motors with which they are employed. The simplest type of starter
consists of an additional resistance inserted in series with armature alone.
This starter is however; modified to include a few productive devices, such as no-volt
release, over-load release etc. There are two standard types of starters for DC shunt and compound
motors, the three point and four point starters; the four-point starter is employed when wide range
of speed by shunt field control is required. When no speed control is required, either type of starter
may be used.

6
Fig: 1.1 Three Point Starter

7
STARTERS FOR DC SHUNT AND COMPOUND MOTORS:

In this context it is pertinent to note that while starting DC shunt and compound motors, it
is advantageous to keep the field excitation at its maximum value.
A large field current, therefore a higher value of flux will result in a low operating speed and
higher motor torque for a particular value of starting current because motor torque is proportional
to the product of flux per pole and armature current.
Thus for a given load torque, the motor will accelerate quickly and take less time to reach
the lower operating speed from the starting instant. This will result in less heating of the armature
during starting. Thus, the rheostat, in series with the shunt field winding, should be at zero
resistance position at the time of starting of the dc shunt and compound motors.
1. THREE POINT STARTER:
The three-point starter with its electrical connections and productive devices is shown in
figure 1. It consists of a series starting resistance divided into several sections and connected to
brass arc by which the connection to shunt field is made through no-volt release and over-load
release. Since only three terminals (L, F&A) are available from the starter, it is called a three point
starter.
The last stud of the starting resistance is connected to terminal A to which one terminal of
the armature is connected. The positive supply line is connected to the line terminal L through main
switch from line terminal L supply is connected to the starter arm through over load release. A
spiral spring is placed over the lever to bring starter arm to the OFF position in case of failure of
supply.
A soft iron keeper is attached to the starter arm which is pulled by the holding coil or no-volt
release under normal running condition. The far end of the brass arc is connected to the terminal F
to which one terminal of the field is connected. The negative supply line is connected directly to the
remaining ends of armature and field winding of the DC shunt motor.
OPERATION:
When the motor is at rest, the starter arm is in the OFF position due to action of strong
spiral spring. For starting the motor, the DC supply is switched on by closing the main switch
keeping starter arm in OFF position. The starter arm is then turned clockwise to the first stud and
brass arc. As soon as it comes in contact with first stud, whole of the starting resistance R is
inserted in series with the armature, the field winding is directly connected across the supply
through the brass arc and the holding coil is also energized.
As the starter arm is turned further the starting resistance is cut off from the armature
circuit. When the starter arm reaches the ON position, it is held against the action of spiral spring
by the force of attraction between holding coil magnet and soft iron keeper attached to the starter
arms. The starter arm should not be held for an unduly long time in an intermediate position as it is
likely to burn out the starting resistor.

8

9
No-Volt release coil consists of an electro magnet connected in series with the shunt field
which holds the arm in the ON position. Now When the supply fails or gets disconnected, the
electromagnet demagnetizes and so as releases the starting arm A, which goes back to OFF position
due to the spring attached to it and gets disconnected from the supply mains.
The other important advantages of connecting NoVolt release in series with shunt field
winding is that it prevents the motor from running away from owing to an open shunt field because
open circuited shunt field will demagnetize the electro-magnet and release the starter arm A and,
thus the starter will go back to its OFF position and the supply will be disconnected.
OVER LOAD RELEASE COIL:
This coil is provided for the protection of the motor against the flow of excessive current
due to over load. This coil is connected in series with motor so carries full load current. When the
motor is overloaded, it draws heavy current, which also flows through this coil and magnetizes it to
such an extent, that it pulls its armature upwards and so short circuits the no-volt release coil. The
no-volt release coil, being short circuited, demagnetizes and releases the starting arm, which goes
back to OFF position with the action of spring attached to it and the motor is automatically
disconnected from the supply mains. Thus the motor is disconnected from the supply and is
protected against over loading.
The starters for motors up to 15kW are provided with the over load release to disconnect
the motor from the supply mains in the event load. Larger motors are provided with separate
automatic circuit breakers.
2. FOUR POINT STARTER:
In three-point starter no-volt release coil is connected in series with the shunt field and the
field rheostat and, therefore, the current flowing through the field is the same current that flows
through the holding coil current is no longer able to create sufficient electro-magnetic pull to
overcome the spring tension, the starter arm will back to the OFF position. It is thus undesirable
feature of the three-point starter that makes it unsuitable for use with speed controlled motors and
that has resulted on the wide spread application of four point starters.
A four-point starter with its internal wiring connected to a shunt motor is shown. From the
fig. 2 it is obvious that when the arm touches stud no.1, line current divides into three parts:
i). One part passes through starting resistance, armature and series field.
ii). Second part passes through the shunt field winding and.
iii). The third part through no-volt release coil and protective resistance.
Since in this arrangement, No-Volt Release coil circuit is independent of shunt field circuit,
so it will not be affected by the change of the current in the shunt field circuit. It means that the
electromagnetic pull exerted by the holding coil will always be sufficient and will prevent the spiral
spring from restoring the arm to the OFF position, no matter how the field rheostat is adjusted.

10
Fig: 1.2 Four Point Starter

11
A motor is started with a four terminal starter in the same way as with three terminal
starters. Any desired speed, above normal, of the motor can be obtained by adjusting the field
rheostat which is in series with shunt field. It is necessary to ensure, before starting a DC motor that
the field circuit is closed, the rheostat in series with the shunt field winding is at zero resistance
position and starting resistance in series with the armature circuit is at maximum value.
For stopping the motor, the line switch should always be opened rather than throwing back
the starting arm. In shunt motors, the line switch can be opened without any appreciable arc, since
the motor develops a back emf nearly equal to applied line voltage and the net voltage across the
switch contact is small. The electro-magnet energy stored in the field does not appear at the switch
but is discharged gradually through the armature. On the other hand, if the starting arm is thrown
back the field circuit is broken at the last contact button. Owing to the inductive nature of the field,
this will cause a hot arc and burn the contact.
3. SERIES MOTOR STARTER:

The series motor starter serves the same purpose as the three and four-point starter
employed with shunt and compound wound motors. However, series motor starter has different
internal and external connections.
A series motor starter with holding coil and over-load release is shown. Holding coil protect
the motor against no-volt and no load whereas over load release protects the motor against
the flow of excessive current. The DC supply is switched on and the starter arm is moved to the
right for starting the motor. As soon as starter arm comes in contact with the stud no.1, the series
motor gets connected through the total starting resistance, to the supply mains and when the
starter arm reaches the ON position the starting resistance is completely cutoff and motor starts
running at normal supply.
The arm is held in ON position by the holding coil. When the supply fails during running, or
the motor current falls to too low value, the pull of the holding coil is reduced to an extent that it
can no longer hold the arm against the spring action attached to it and the starter arm flies back to
the OFF position and thus the motor gets disconnected automatically from the supply mains. Over
load release is connected in series with the motor, so carries the total motor current. When the
input current to the motor becomes excessive, which also flows through the over load release coil,
the soft iron armature gets lifted to break the holding coil circuit. Thus the holding coil gets
demagnetized and the starter arm returns back to the OFF position under the action of the spring
attached to it and the motor gets disconnected automatically from the supply mains
For switching OFF DC series motor, the line switch should always be opened rather than
throwing back the starting arm, as in case of DC shunt and compound motors. If it is done, then
heavy sparking is caused at the stud no.1, because here the field circuit is broken and the entire
energy is stored in the magnetic field is dissipated in the form of heavy spark.
However, there is one significant difference. In case of a DC series motor, the flux does not
remain constant but varies with the current because the line current, field current and armature
current are the same. Thus the back emf at any given speed varies as the current varies between
the upper and lower limits.

12
Fig: 1.3 Two Point Starter

13
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

14
Fig: 1.4 Direct On Line Starter

15
EXP.NO:- 1B
STUDY OF AC STARTERS
Date:-
AIM:
To study the AC motor starters.
DIRECT ON LINE STARTER:
Although there is no limitation on the size of the motor that may be started by this
method, it should be understood that objectionable line voltage drops will usually occur, especially
if large motors are started frequently. Whether or not normal voltage is employed will, therefore,
depend upon the following factors:
i). the size and design of the motor
ii). the kind of application
iii). the location of the motor in the distribution system
iv). the capacity of the power system and the rules governing such installations as
established by power supply companies. Squirrel cage motors of capacity up to 1.5 kW, double cage
motors and squirrel cage motors of large capacity having a large rotor resistance are started by this
method. This is the most economical method of starting induction motor.
As the name suggest, this method involves direct switching of poly phase squirrel
cage induction motor to the supply mains, as illustrated in Fig.1.
In this method of starting of cage motor the rate of temperature rise is high and the motor
may be damaged if the starting period is large, which is may be due to (i) excessive load (ii)
insufficient rotor resistance or (iii) excessive voltage drop in the supply lines. The starting period
usually lasts a few seconds because starting torque for induction motor is about twice the full load
torque.
AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER:
In auto transformer starting method the reduced voltage is obtained by taking tapping at
suitable points from a three phase auto transformer, as shown in Fig.2. The auto transformer is
generally tapped at the 50, 60 and 80 percent points, so that adjustments at these voltages may be
made for proper starting torque requirements.
Since the contacts frequently break large values of current, arcing is sometime quenched
effectively by having them assembled to operate in an oil bath. Auto transformer starters may be
either manually or magnetically operated. The manual auto transformer starter is essentially a
multi pole double throw switch. It consists three sets of contacts starting, running (both stationary)
and the movable contacts (the contact attached to the operating handle).

16
R
3-PHASE
Y
ACSUPPLY
B
MAINSWITCH
AUTO
TRANSFORMER V
KV
KV
STATOR
ROTOR
Fig: 1.5 Auto Transformer Starter

17
The operating handle is spring loaded lever mounted on the outside of a steel cabinet to
stand vertically in the off position. When the operating handle is moved to the start position, the
movable contacts are moved against the starting contacts. This energizes the star connected auto
transformer and impresses reduced voltage (50 or 60 or 80 percent according to the setting on auto
transformer) across the motor.
After the motor has accelerated to about full speed, the operating handle is moved to the
run position. This instantly opens the starting contacts (or disconnects the auto transformer from
the line) and connects the motor directly to the line through the running contacts. A latch, fixed to
the mechanism, is made to drop into a notch so that the operator is prevented from throwing the
handle accidentally to the run position first, however, when the handle is quickly pushed from the
start to the run position, the latch is kicked up to make the lever free for its forward motion. The
operating handle is held in the run position by an electromagnet or under voltage coil until the stop
button is pressed. If the supply fails or supply voltage drops to low value, the electro-magnet will
release and trip the holding mechanism. Overload protection is provided by thermal overload
relays.
STAR-DELTA STARTER :
This method of starting of cage induction motors is based upon the principle that with 3
windings connected star, the voltage across the each winding is 1/3 i.e. 57.7% of the line to line
voltage whereas the same winding connected in delta will have full line to line voltage across each.
The star-delta starter connects the three stator windings in star across the rated supply
voltage at the starting instant. After the motor attains speed the same winding, through a change
over-switch, are reconnected in delta across the same supply voltage. An actual starter
incorporates under-voltage and over-voltage coils, as shown in the fig.3. The starter is also provided
with a mechanical inter- looking device to prevent the handle from being put in the Run position
first. Since the starting instant, the stator windings are connected in star, so voltage across each
phase winding is reduced to 1/3 of line voltage and therefore starting current per phase becomes
equal to Isc/3. Starting line current by connecting the stator winding in star at the starting instant is
equal to starting motor current per phase is equal to Isc/3.
Hence with star-delta switching, the starting torque is also reduced to one-third of starting
torque obtained with direct switching. This method of starting of cage motors is simple, chief,
effective and efficient since no power is lost in auxiliary components. This method is also suitable
for high inertia and long acceleration loads. This method needs a motor to be delta connected for
normal operation and all the six terminal of the three phase stator windings are to be brought out.
The reduction in voltage is fixed and starting torque is also low. So this method is limited to
application where high starting torque is not the essential requirement. This method is unsuitable
for line voltage exceeding 3000 V, because of excessive number of stator turns required for delta
connection. Such stators are employed for starting three phase squirrel cage induction motors of
rating between 4 and 20 kW.

18
Fig: 1.6 Star-Delta Starter
Fig: 1.7 Rotor Resistance Starter

19
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

20
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+ 25A +
A -
3 POINT
L F A STARTER
(0-20)A
MC
350
D
P
S
T + S1 S2
220V
(0-300)V
DC
SUPPLY
S MC V
W -
I
T Sh(+) A(+)
C
H
M #
Sh(-) A(-)
- 25A
FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current
NAME PLATE SETAILS
Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:
Fig 2.1: Load Test on DC Shunt Motor

21
EXP.NO:- 2
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
Date:-
AIM:
To conduct the load test on DC shunt motor and draw the performance characteristic
curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No EQUIPMENT TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter MC (0-20) A 1
2 Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
3 Tachometer Digital - 1
4 Three point starter DC - 1
5 Rheostat Wire wound 350 / 1.2 A 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the field circuit rheostat is in minimum resistance position.
There should be no load on the motor at the time of starting.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque (T) = (S1~S2) x R x 9.81 in Newton meter
where
S1, S2 - Spring balance readings in Kg
R - Radius of the brake drum in m
2. Input Power (Pi) = VLIL in Watts
where
VL- Line Voltage in Volts
IL Line Current in Amps
3. Output Power (Po) = 2NT/60 in Watts
where
N- Speed in RPM
T-Torque in Nm
Output power
4. Efficiency (%) = X 100
Input power
THEORY:
The word shunt means parallel. These motors are so named because they basically operate
with the field coils connected in parallel with the armature. The current supplied to the motor is
divided into two parts, one through the field winding and second through the armature i.e.,
Input line current, IL = Ia + Ish
VL is the line voltage in Volts
Rsh is the shunt field resistance in Ohms.

22
TABULATION:
Radius of the brake drum :
Line Line Input Output
Spring Balance Efficiency
Current Voltage Power Speed Torque Power
S. Reading Kg
IL
No VL Pi N rpm T N-m PO
Amps Watts S1 S2 S1~S2 Watts Percentage
Volts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
GRAPH:
The performance characteristic curves are drawn as shown in Fig 2 and Fig 3.
a) Electrical characteristics
(i) Output power Vs Line Current
(ii) Output power Vs Speed
(iii) Output power Vs Torque
(iv) Output power Vs Efficiency
b) Mechanical Characteristics
(i) Torque Vs Speed
Speed in rpm (N)
0
0
Torque in N-m (T)
Fig 2.2: Electrical Characteristics Fig 2.3: Mechanical Characteristics

23
Where
Ia is the armature current in Amps
Ish is the shunt field current in Amps and is given by the expression
Ish = VL / Rsh
Where
Back EMF Developed, Eb= VL Ia Ra Ish Rsh

Power drawn from supply mains, P= VL IL
Mechanical Power Developed = Pm = Power input losses in armature and shunt field
= VL IL - VL Ish + Ia2 Ra
= VL (IL Ish) Ia2R a
= VL Ia Ia2Ra = Ia (VL - Ia Ra) = Eb Ia
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the Name plate details of the motor.
2. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
3. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
4. Using the DC three-point starter, start the motor.
5. The field rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed.
6. At no load condition, the input voltage, current and speed are noted and enter the values in
the Table.
7. Increase the load step by step up to rated value.
8. Note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter, spring balance readings and speed.
9. Then the load is gradually decreased and field rheostat is brought to the minimum
resistance position and the supply is switched off.
10. The torque, input power, output power and percentage efficiency were calculated by using
the above formulae and enter the values in the Table.

24
MODEL CALCULATION:

25
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

26
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
2 POINT
+ 25A +
A -
STARTER
L A
(0-20)A
D MC Se(+)
P
S + S1 S2
T (0-300)V Se(-)
220V MC V
S -
DC W
SUPPLY I A(+)
T
C
H
M #
A(-)
- 25A
NAME PLATE
FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current DETAILS
Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:
Fig 3.1: Load Test on DC Series Motor

27
EXP.NO:- 3
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR
Date:-
AIM:
To conduct the load test on DC series motor and draw the performance characteristic
curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
PRECAUTIONS:
The dc series motor should always be started with some load. Otherwise the speed will
be enormous and fuse will blow out.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque (T) = (S1~S2) x R x 9.81 in Newton-meter
Where
S1, S2 - Spring Balance Readings in Kg
2. Input Power (Pi) = VL IL in Watts
Where
VL- Line Voltage in Volts
IL Line Current in Amps
3. Output Power (Po) = 2NT/60 in Watts
Where
N- Speed in RPM
T-Torque in Nm
Output power
4. Efficiency () = X 100 %
Input power
THEORY:
As the name implies, the field coils, consisting of few turns of thick wire, are connected in
series with the armature, as illustrated in Fig (3.1). The cross sectional area of the wire used for field
coils has to be fairly large to carry the armature current, but owing to the higher current, the
number of turns of wire in them need not be large.
In D.C series motor,
Armature Current (Ia) = Series field current
Series Field Current (Ise) = Line Current (IL)
Back EMF Developed (Eb) = V I (Ra + Rse)
Power drawn from supply mains P= VL IL

28
TABULATION:
Radius of the brake drum:
Input Output Efficiency
Line Line Speed Spring Balance
S. Current Power Reading Kg Torque Power
Voltage N
No IL Pi T N-m PO
VL Volts Percentag
Amps Watts RPM S1 S2 S1~S2 Watts e
GRAPH:
The performance characteristic curves are drawn as shown in Fig 2 and Fig 3.
a) Electrical Characteristics
(i) Output power Vs Armature Current
(ii) Output power Vs Speed
(iii) Output power Vs Torque
(iv) Output power Vs Efficiency
b) Mechanical Characteristics
(i) Torque Vs Speed
0
0
Fig 3.2 Electrical Characteristics Fig 3.3 Mechanical Characteristics

29
Mechanical Power Developed

Pm = Power input losses in armature and field
=V I - I2 (Ra + Rse) = I [V-I (Ra + Rse)] = Eb I.
= V Ia - Ia2 Ra = Ia (V - Ia Ra) = Eb I
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the Name plate details of the motor.
3. Ensure that 3/4th of the load is applied to the brake drum.
4. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch and the motor is started.
5. At 3/4th of the load condition, tabulate the reading of Voltmeter, Ammeter, Spring balance
and Speed.
6. Then increase the load current in steps of 1/2 th, 3/4th, rated value and 125% of the rated
value.
7. Note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter, Spring balance readings and speed and
enter the values in the table.
8. The torque, input power, output power and percentage efficiency were calculated by using
the formulae and tabulated in the observation table.

30
MODEL CALCULATION:

31
INFERENCES:
RESULT:
SPEC
H.P
olts
Curre
Spee

32
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+ 25A
3 POINT
L F A STARTER 20A
+
(0-15)A
MC A
710 -
350
D D
P P
(0-300)V
S S
MC
T + + T
220V
LOAD
(0-2)A
DC S MC A V S
SUPPLY W W
- -
I I
T Sh(+) A(+) A(+) Sh(+) T
C C
H H
M # G
Sh(-) A(-) A(-) Sh(-)
- 25A 20A
NAME PLATE DETAILS

MOTOR GENERATOR
Rated H.P: Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage: Rated Voltage:
Rated Current: Rated Current:
Rated Speed: Rated Speed:
Fig 4.1: Open Circuit and Load Characteristics of Self Excited DC Shunt Generator

33
EXP.NO: - 4 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF

Date:- EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct no load and load tests on self-excited DC shunt generator and obtain the
characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3 Voltmeter MC (0-300) V Each 1
350 /1.2 A 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound
710 /0.8 A 1
5 Loading Rheostat Resistive 5 kW / 230V 1
6 3 - Point Starter DC - 1
8 DPST switch - - 2
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting,
The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
The generator field rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position.
FORMULAE USED:
Generated voltage (Eg) = VL + Ia Ra in Volts
where
VL- Load Voltage in Volts
Ia- Armature Current in Amps
Ra- Armature Resistance in Ohms
THEORY:
A DC generator whose field winding is excited by the current supplied by the generator itself
is called self-excited generator. In such machines the field coils are inter-connected with the
armature winding. The field coils may be connected either in series with the armature, in parallel
with the armature or partly in series or partly in parallel with the armature. Accordingly, the self-
excited generators may be classified as (i) series wound generators (ii) shunt wound generators and
(iii) compound wound generators.
Due to residual magnetism, some flux is always present in the poles of such machines.
When the armature is rotated, a small voltage is induced in the armature winding owing to residual
flux. This induced voltage causes a small current to flow in the field coils and thus increase in flux
per pole. The increase in flux causes increase in induced voltage which further increases the field
current.

34
TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:
+ 25A +
A -
(0 -2 0 )A
5 2
M C
D +
P
220V
DC
S
(0 -3 0 )V
M C
V
T -
SU PPLY S
A (+ )
M
A (-)
- 25A
Fig 4.2: Circuit Diagram to Find Armature Resistance Ra
TABULATION
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Field Current Open Circuit Voltage
S. No
(If) Amps (Eo) Volts
10
Dr. N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

35
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
1. Note down the Name plate details of Motor and Generator.

3. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch in the motor side.
5. The field rheostat of motor is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed.
6. EMF generated due to residual magnetism in the generator is noted along with the field
current.
7. Increase the field current in steps of 0.1 Amps by varying the resistance of the generator
field and note down the corresponding open circuit voltages in Table.
8. Generator field rheostat is set to original position and supply is switched off.
LOAD TEST:
1. Note down the Name plate details of motor.
6. The generator field rheostat is adjusted for the rated voltage.
7. The DPST switch in the generator side is closed. Increase the resistive load in steps of 2
Amps and note down the corresponding load current and terminal voltage values.
8. Then the resistive load is gradually decreased and the DPST Switch on the generator side is
open. Then the supply is switched off.
9. The generated voltages Eg is calculated by using the formula as mentioned above and draw
the graph between Eg and If.

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch and increases the load step by step.
3. Enter the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter readings.

36
Current Voltage Ra=V/Ia

S. No
Ia (Amps) V (Volts) ( )
Average value of R a=
LOAD TEST:
Terminal
I a= I L + I f E g =Vt + IaRa
S.No IL Amps If Amps Voltage Ia Ra Volts
Amps Volts
(Vt) Volts

37

38
GRAPH:
a. Open Circuit Characteristics:
Field Current Vs Open Circuit Voltage
b. Load Characteristics:
Load Current Vs Terminal Voltage (External characteristic)
Load Current Vs Generated Voltage (Internal characteristic)
0
0
0
Fig 4.3: Open Circuit Characteristics Fig 4.4: Load Characteristics

39
MODEL CALCULATION
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

40
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+ 25A L F A
3 POINT
STARTER 20A
350 710 +
D (0-15)A
P
(0-300)V MC A
S -
MC
T + + D
220V P
(0-2)A
DC S MC A V S
SUPPLY W T
- -
LOAD
I S
T Sh(+) A(+) A(+) Sh(+)
C
H
M # G
Sh(-) A(-) A(-) Sh(-)
- 25A 20A
NAME PLATE DETAILS

MOTOR GENERATOR
FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current Rated Speed: Rated Speed:
Fig 5.1: Open Circuit and Load Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Shunt Generator

41
EXP.NO:- 5 OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF

Date:- SEPARATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR
AIM:
To conduct no load and load test on separately excited DC shunt generator and to obtain its
characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
3 Voltmeter MC (0-300) V Each 1
350 / 1.2 A
4 Rheostat Wire wound Each 1
710 /0.8 A
5 Loading rheostat Resistive 5 kW / 230 V 1
6 DC three point starter - - 1
7 DPST switch - - 2
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of Starting,
FORMULAE USED:
Generated Voltage (Eg) = VL + IaRa in Volts
Where,
VL Load Voltage in Volts
Ia - Armature Current in Amps
Ra - Armature Resistance in Ohms
THEORY:
In a separately excited DC generator the field coils are energized from an independent
source. Since exciting current is independent of load or armature current, so if a curve is drawn
between flux per pole and load current, keeping field current constant and neglecting armature
reaction, a straight line parallel to x-axis is obtained as indicated by curve I in Fig 5.3. But due to
armature reaction, the curve of actual flux is slightly drooping as represented by curve II in Fig 5.3.

42
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+ 25A +
A -
(0 -2 0 )A
5 2
M C
D +
P
220V
DC
S
(0 -3 0 )V
M C
V
T -
SU PPLY S
A (+ )
M
A (-)
- 25A
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Field Current Open Circuit Voltage
S. No.
10

43
The second curve also gives to some other scale the emf generated in the armature and, therefore,
second curve represents internal or total characteristic of the separately excited DC generator. The terminal
voltage on load is the emf generated less voltage drop in the armature i.e. V=E-IaRa, so if a line OA
representing the armature resistance is drawn and its ordinates are deducted from curve II, curve III giving
relation between terminal voltage and load current, known as external characteristics is obtained. From
curve III, it is obvious that with the increase in load current, terminal voltage decreases slightly. This decrease
can easily be neutralized by increasing field current slightly and, therefore constant terminal voltage can be
maintained.
The separately excited DC generator has a decided advantage over the self-excited generators. It
operates in a stable condition with any field excitation. Thus a wide range of output voltage may be obtained.
The main disadvantage of a separately excited generator lies in the inconvenience and expense of providing
the separate excitation source. For this reason, the use of this type of generator is largely confined to
experimental and testing laboratories where such a source is available and a wide variation of output voltage
is desirable.
PROCEDURE:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

3. Initially DPST Switch is kept open.
7. EMF generated due to residual magnetism in the generator is noted along with the zero value field
current.
8. Then, the DPST Switch is closed. Increase the field current in steps of 0.1 Amps by
varying the resistance of the generator field and note down the corresponding open circuit voltages.
LOAD TEST:
1. Note down the Name plate details of motor and Generator.
3. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch.
6. The generator field rheostat is adjusted up to rated voltage.
7. The DPST Switch in the generator side is closed. Increase the resistive load in steps of 2 Amps and
note down the corresponding load current and terminal voltage values.
8. Then the resistive load is gradually decreased and the DPST switch on the generator side is open.
Then the supply is switched off.
9. The generated voltages Eg is calculated by using the formula as mentioned above and enter the
values in the table.

44

S. No
Ia (Amps) V (Volts) ( )
1
2
3
4
LOAD TEST:
IL = Ia Terminal voltage Ia Ra E g =VL + IaRa
S. No
Amps (VL) Volts Volts Volts
1
2
3
4
5
6
GRAPH:
a) Open Circuit Characteristics:
i) Field Current Vs Open Circuit Voltage
b) Load Characteristics:
i) Load Current Vs Terminal Voltage (External Characteristics)
ii) Load Current Vs Generated Voltage (Internal Characteristics)
MODEL GRAPH:
Fig 5.3: Open Circuit Characteristics Fig 5.4: Load Characteristics

45

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch and increase the load step by step.
3. Enter the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
MODEL CALCULATION:
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

46
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
3 POINT
+ 25A
STARTER
L F A 10A +
A -
(0-10)A
MC
350 Se(-)
D + D
220V Se(+)
LOAD
P (0-300)V P
DC
SUPPLY
S MC V S
T - T
S S
Sh(+) A(+) A(+)
M#G
Sh(-) A(-) A(-)
- 25A 10A
NAME PLATE DETAILS

FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current MOTOR GENERATOR
Rated Speed: Rated Speed:
Fig 6.1: Load Characteristics of DC Series Generator
MODEL GRAPH:
Fig 6.2: Load Characteristics DC Series Generator

47
EXP.NO:- 6
LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES GENERATOR
Date:-
AIM:
To conduct no load and load test on DC series generator and to obtain its characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
5 Loading rheostat Resistive 5 kW / 230 V 1
6 DC three point starter - - 1
7 DPST switch - - 2
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of Starting,
THEORY:
The field winding of a series generator is connected in series with the external circuit, called
the load. The field coils are composed of a few turns of large wire and the magnetic field strength
depends more on the current flow rather than the number of turns in the coil. Series generators
have very poor voltage regulation under changing load, since the greater the current through the
field coils to the external circuit, the greater the induced EMF and the greater the terminal or output
voltage.
Therefore, when the load is increased, the voltage increases; likewise, when the load is
decreased, the voltage decreases. The output voltage of a series wound generator may be
controlled by a rheostat in parallel with the field windings.
FORMULA USED:
% VR = (Vnl-Vfl)/Vfl * 100%
Eg = IaRa + IsRs + Vl
Note: Ia = Is = Il (series connection)

48
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
+ 25A +
A -
(0 -2 0 )A
5 2
M C
D +
P
220V
DC
S
(0 -3 0 )V
M C
V
T -
SU PPLY S
A (+ )
M
A (-)
- 25A

TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
Field current Open circuit voltage
S. No.
1
10

49
LOAD TEST:
6. The generator field rheostat is adjusted for the rated voltage.
7. The DPST Switch in the generator side is closed. Increase the resistive load in steps of 2 Amps
and note down the corresponding load current and terminal voltage values.
8. Then the resistive load is gradually decreased and the DPST switch on the generator side is open.
Then the supply is switched off.
9. The generated voltages Eg is calculated by using the formula as mentioned above and enter the
values in the table.

2. Supply is given by closing the DPST Switch and increase the load step by step.
3. Enter the corresponding ammeter and voltmeter reading.
MODEL CALCULATION:

50

S. No.
Ia (Amps) V (Volts) ()
1

51
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

52
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
3 POINT
STARTER
+ 5A +
A -
L F A
(0-5)A
MC
350 52
D
P
S
220V T + +
DC (0-2)A
SUPPLY S
(0-300)V
MC V A MC
W - -
I
T A(+)
Sh(+)
C
H +
M V
(0-300)V -
Sh(-) A(-) MC
- 5A
SPECIFICATIONS
Rated H.P:
Rated Voltage:
Rated Current:
Rated Speed:
Fig: 7.1 Speed Control of DC Shunt Motor

53
EXP.NO:- 7
SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR
Date:-
AIM:
To control the speed of the given DC shunt motor by field and armature control methods
and also to draw their characteristics curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1. Ammeter MC (0-25) A 1
2. Ammeter MC (0-2) A 1
3. Voltmeter MC (0-300) V 1
4. Rheostat Wire Wound 50 /5 A 1
5. Rheostat Wire Wound 360 /1.1 A 1
6. Tachometer Digital - 1
PRECAUTIONS:
The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position at the time of
starting.
The motor armature rheostat should be kept at maximum resistance position at the time
of starting.
The motor should be in no load condition throughout the experiment.
The motor should run in anticlockwise direction.
THEORY:
The different ranges of speeds are required for different applications. A single motor can
be used for various work in different speeds. Smooth speed control is possible in DC shunt motor.
The speed of a DC motor can be expressed by the equation,
N=K (V-IaRa)/
Neglecting the small voltage drops I aRa, the speed is directly proportional to the voltage
across the armature and inversely proportional to the flux or filed current. Hence, the speed of the
DC motor is controlled by either voltage or field current.

54
TABULATION:
FIELD CONTROL METHOD:
Rated Speed:
Armature Voltage, Va = Armature Voltage, Va =
S.No. Field Current (IF) Field Current (IF)
Speed (N) (Rpm) Speed (N) (Rpm)
(Amps) (Amps)
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

Rated Speed:
Field Current, IF = Field Current, IF =
S.No. Speed (N) Armature Voltage Armature Voltage
Speed (N) (Rpm)
(Rpm) (VA) (Volts) (VA) (Volts)

55
METHODS OF SPEED CONTROL OE A DC MOTOR:

FIELD CURRENT (OR) FLUX CONTROL METHOD:
In Field current method, the speed of the DC motor is inversely proportional to the flux per
pole. When armature voltage is kept constant, the change of field current can change the flux per
pole of a DC motor.
The field current can be changed with the help of shunt field rheostat. As the field
resistance is increased, the current flowing through the field is decreased. So, the speed is
increased. In this method, the speed can be varied above the rated speed.
ARMATURE (OR) VOLTAGE CONTROL METHOD:

This method is used when the speed required is below the rated speed. The voltage across
the armature is varied by inserting a variable resistance in series with the armature circuit. As the
armature resistance is increased, the voltage across the armature is decreased. So the armature
speed is decreased.
PROCEDURE:
FIELD CONTROL METHOD (FLUX CONTROL METHOD):
1. Note down the name plate details of the motor.
2. Connections are made as per the Circuit diagram.
3. Using the three-point D.C starter, start the motor.
4. The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed.
5. Keep the armature voltage constant at rated value.
6. Increase the speed in steps of 50 rpm above the rated speed and note down the
corresponding field current values in Table (1).
ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

1. Connections are made as per the Circuit diagram.
2. Using the three-point starter the motor is started to run.
3. The armature rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed by means of applying the
rated voltage.
4. Keep the field current constant at rated speed.
5. Decrease the speed in steps of 50 rpm below the rated speed and note down the
corresponding field current values in table.

56
GRAPH:
The graphs are drawn for the following in the Fig (2) and Fig (3) for the following:
1. Armature voltage (Va) Vs Speed (N).
2. Field current (If) Vs Speed (N).
MODEL GRAPH:
Fig.7.2 Speed Control Characteristics of Armature and Field Control Method

57
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

58
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
300V/10A 150V/20A
UPF UPF
P 15A CC CC
A M
PC
L
A M
PC
L
(0-10)A (0-20)A
C V C V
MI MI
D
P
S
230V
T
50Hz 1
LOAD
(0-300)V (0-150)V
AC
SUPPLY
S MI V V MI
W
I
T
C
H
LINK
N 230/(0-270)V/25A 220/110V SPECIFICATIONS

1 AUTO Tr 2kVA 1
STEP DOW N Tr kVA rating :
Primary Voltage :
Fig: 8.1 Load Test on Single Phase Transformer Primary Current :
Secondary Voltage :
Secondary Current :

59
EXP.NO:- 8
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Date:-
AIM:
To conduct the load test on the given single phase transformer and determine its
performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
(0-300)V 1
1. Voltmeter MI
(0-150 )V 1
(0-10)A 1
2. Ammeter MI
(0-20)A 1
300V/10A, 1
3. Wattmeter UPF
150V/20A , 1
4. Autotransformer 1 phase 230/(0-270)V/25A 1
5. Transformer 1 phase step down 220/110 V, 2KVA 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the DPST switch on secondary side should be kept in open condition.
At the time of starting, there should be no load on the loading rheostat.
FORMULA:
1. Output power = Vs x Is x Cos in Watts
Where
Vs Secondary voltage in Volts
Is Secondary current in Amps
Cos - Power factor
2. Input Power = Wattmeter reading in Watts
3. Efficiency = (output power/Input power) X 100 %
4. Voltage Regulation = [(V no load - V load) / (V load)] X100 %
Where
V no load no load voltage in volts
V load load voltage in volts
THEORY:
When the secondary of the transformer is connected through a load, the transformer is said
to be loaded and the current flows through the secondary and the load.
The magnitude and phase of the secondary current with respect to the secondary voltage
will depend upon the characteristics of the load.

60
TABULATION: CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY AND REGULATION:
Multiplication Factor of Wattmeter =

Input Power = [Wattmeter Reading (W1)] X [Multiplication Factor (M.F)]
Secondar Wattme Input

Primary Primary Second Output
y ter Power Efficie
voltage ary Power Regulation
S No. Current Reading ncy
Voltage current Pi
Vp Po R(%)
Ip (Amps) W1 (Watts (%)
(Volts) Vs (Volts) Is (Watts)
(Watts) )
(Amps)
MODEL GRAPH:
The graph is drawn between
(I) Output power Vs Efficiency.
Efficiency () in %
Output Power (P0) in watts

Fig 8.2: Output power Vs Efficiency

61
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the name plate details of the machine.
3. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch on the primary side and the DPST switch on the
secondary side is kept open.
4. Adjust the autotransformer to energize the transformer with rated primary voltage.
5. At no load condition, the input voltages, current and power are noted and enter the values
in the table.
6. Close the DPST switch on the secondary side.
7. Increase the load in steps of 2 Amps and note down the corresponding ammeter, voltmeter
and wattmeter readings in both primary and secondary sides and enter the values in the
Table.
8. Then the load is gradually decreased and the autotransformer is brought to the minimum
voltage position and the supply is switched off.
9. The output power, efficiency and regulation are calculated by using the formulae as
mentioned under calculation and enter the values in the table.
MODEL CALCULATION:

62

63
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

64
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
300V /5A
LPF
P 5A CC
A M
PC
L
(0-2)A
C V
MI
D
P
S
230V
T
50H z 1
(0-300)V (0-150)V
AC
S U P PLY
S MI V MI V
W
I
T
C
H
LIN K
N 230/(0-270)V/25A 220/110V
2kV A 1
1 AU TO Tr
S TE P D O W N Tr NAME PLATE DETAILS
kVA rating :
Primary Voltage:
Secondary Voltage:
Fig 9.1: Open Circuit Test on Single Phase Transformer
Primary Current:
Secondary Current:

65
EXP.NO:- 9 OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE

Date:-
PHASE TRANSFORMER
AIM:
To conduct Open Circuit and Short Circuit test on single phase transformer and obtain its
equivalent circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO APPARATUS TYPE RANGE QUANTITY
1 Voltmeter MI (0-300) V 1
2 Voltmeter MI (0-75) V 1
3 Ammeter MI (0-2) A, (0-10) A 1
4 Wattmeter LPF 300 V / 5A 1
5 Wattmeter UPF 150V / 10A 1
6 Autotransformer 1 (0-270) V / 10 A 1
7 Transformer 1 step down 220 V / 110 V, 2 KVA 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the auto transformer should be in the minimum voltage position.
For OC test, the HV side of the transformer is in open circuit condition.
For SC test, the LV side of the transformer is short circuited.
FORMULAE USED:
OPEN CIRCUIT Test:
1. No load Power factor, Cos o = [ Woc / (Voc x Ioc ) ]
where
Woc No load losses
Voc No load voltage
Ioc No load current
2. Magnetizing component, Im = Ioc x Sin o
3. Working component, Iw = Ioc x Cos o
4. No load resistance, R0 = Voc / Iw in Ohms
5. No load reactance, X0 = Voc / Im in Ohms
SHORT CIRCUIT Test:
1. Primary winding resistance, R1 = Wsc / Isc2 in Ohms
where
Wsc - Short circuit power in Watts
Isc - Short circuit current in Amps
2. Primary winding impedance, Z1 = Vsc / Isc in Ohms
Where
Vsc = Short circuit voltage in Volts
3. Primary winding reactance, X1 = Z12 - R12 in Ohms

66
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
Multiplication Factor =
Voltage Current No Load Losses
S.NO.
VOC (Volts) I0C (Amps) WOC (Watts)
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Multiplication Factor =
Current Voltage No Load Losses
S.NO.
Isc (Amps) Vsc (Volts) WSC (Watts)
TO CALCULATE THE EFFICIENCY

Iron loss (Wi): Short Circuit loss (Wsc):
Iron Copper Total Output Input

Efficiency
Load Fraction Loss Loss Loss Power Power
S.No
X Wi X2 WSC W PO Pi
(%)
(Watts) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts) (Watts)
1
2
TO CALCULATE THE REGULATION
Power % Regulation
S.No. Factor
COS LAGGING LEADING
1
2
3
4
5

67
4. Secondary winding resistance, R 2 = Wsc / Isc2 in Ohms

5. Secondary winding impedance, Z 2 = Vsc / Isc in Ohms
6. Secondary winding reactance, X2 = Z 22 R22 in Ohms
7. Transformation ratio (K) = V2 / V1
8. Equivalent secondary resistance referred to primary side, R2 = R2 / K 2 in Ohms
9. Equivalent secondary reactance referred to primary side, X 2 = X2 / K 2 in Ohms
EFFICIENCY:
1. Iron loss, Wi = Woc in Watts
Where
Woc - No load loss
2. Copper loss, Wc - x2 WSC in Watts
Where
x - Fraction of load
WSC - Short circuit losses
3. Total loss, W = Wi + Wc in Watts
4. Output power, Po = (x) X (kVA) X (Cos )
Where
Cos power factor
Cos = 1 for Unity Power Factor
Cos = 0.8 for Lagging Power Factor
5. Input power, Pi = Po+ W in Watts
6. Efficiency, = (Po / Pi) X 100 %
REGULATION:
1. Percentage Regulation, = [ Isc / VOC (R01 Cos X01 Sin ) ] * 100 %

+ Lagging,
- Leading
2. Total resistance as referred to primary side, R01= R1 + R2 in Ohms
3. Total reactance as referred to primary side, X01 = X1+ X2 in Ohms

68
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
150V /10A
UPF
P 15A CC
A M
PC
L
(0-10)A
C V
MI
D
P
S
230V
T
50H z 1
AC
S
(0-75)V
MI V (0-20)A
MI
A
S U P P LY
W
I
T
C
H
LIN K
N 230/(0-270)V /25A 220/110V NAME PLATE DETAILS

1 A U T O T r 2kV A 1
STEP DO W N Tr
kVA rating :
Fig 9.2: Short Circuit Test on Single Phase Transformer Primary Voltage:
Secondary Voltage:
Primary Current:
Secondary Current :
69
THEORY:
Open Circuit Test or No Load Test:
The purpose of this test is to determine the losses and no load current which is helpful in
finding Reactance (X0) and Resistance (R0). One winding of the transformer is left open and the
other is connected to the supply of normal voltage and frequency. The ammeter, voltmeter and
the wattmeters are connected to the primary side. With normal voltage applied to the primary
winding, flux is set up in the core, and hence normal iron losses occur which are recorded by
wattmeter. As the primary no load current is small, copper loss is negligibly small in primary and nil
in secondary. Hence the Wattmeter reading represents practically the core loss under no load
Condition. The reading in the voltmeter connected across the secondary gives the induced emf in
the secondary winding.
Short Circuit Test or Impedance Test:

It is an economical method for determining the following:
1. Equivalent impedance, leakage reactance and total resistance of the transformer.
2. Copper loss at full load (or at any desired load). This loss is used in calculating the efficiency
of the transformer.
3. By knowing the equivalent impedances, the total voltage drop in the transformer can be
calculated and hence the regulation of transformer is determined.
In this test, one winding, usually the low voltage winding is solidly short circuited by a thick
conductor or through an ammeter which may serve the purpose of indicating the rated load
current. Since the applied voltage is small percentage of the normal voltage the mutual flux
produced is also small. Hence core losses are very small with the result that the wattmeter reading
represents the full load copper loss.
PROCEDURE:
Open Circuit TEST:
1. Note down the Name plate details of the Transformer.
2. Connections are made as per circuit diagram.
4. Vary the Autotransformer such that the voltmeter reads the rated primary voltage of the
transformer.
5. Note down the corresponding readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and the
values are tabulated.
Short Circuit TEST:
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
3. Vary the Autotransformer such that the ammeter reads the rated secondary current of the
transformer.
4. Note down the corresponding readings of the ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter and the
values are tabulated.

70
MODEL GRAPH
1. Output power Vs Efficiency

2. Power Factor Vs Regulation
Efficiency () in %
Fig (4)
Output Power (P0) in watts
Fig 9.3: Output Power Vs Efficiency Fig 9.4: Percentage Regulation Vs Power Factor
I1 R1 X1 R2 X2 I2
I0
X0 L
V1 O
R0
A
D
Fig 9.5: Equivalent Circuit Diagram for Single Phase Transformer

71
MODEL CALCULATION

72

73
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

74
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
NAME PLATE DETAILS MOTOR GENERATOR
Rated Power
Rated Current
Rated Voltage
Rated Speed
Fig: 10.1 Regulation of Three Phase Alternator by using EMF and MMF Method

75
EXP.NO:- 10 REGULATION OF 3PHASE ALTERNATOR BY USING

Date:-
EMF AND MMF METHOD
AIM:
To predetermine the percentage regulation of the given alternator by EMF (Synchronous
impedance Method) and MMF (Ampere Turns Method) method, by conducting Open Circuit
and Short circuit test.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter MC (0 2) A 1
2 Ammeter MI (0 10) A 1
3 Voltmeter MI (0 600) V 1
4 Rheostat Wire wound 350 , 1.2 A 1
5 Rheostat Wire wound 710 , 0.8 A 1
6 Rheostat Wire wound 52 , 5 A 1
8 TPST switch - - 1
9 Connecting wires - - As Required
PRECAUTIONS:
The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position.
The Alternator field rheostat should be in the maximum resistance position.
Initially all switches are in open position.
FORMULA:
Armature Resistance Ra = 1.6*Rdc in
Where,
Rdc=Resistance of dc supply
Synchronous Impedance Zs = Eph/IS.

Where,
Eph = Open Circuit Voltage in Volts
IS = Short Circuit Current in Amps

76
TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST: SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
Field Open Open circuit

Short Circuit Current
S.No. Current Circuit Line Phase
S.No. Field (120% to 150% of rated
(If)Amps Voltage Voltage
Current (If) current) (ISC)
(VoL) (Vph)
Amps Amps
Volts Volts
1
10
EMF Method
S.No. Power % Regulation

factor Lag Lead
1
2
3
4
5
6

77
Synchronous Reactance Xs = Zs2 Ra2
Open circuit voltage for lagging p.f. Eph = (Vphcos + IaRa)2 + (Vphsin + IaXs)2
Open circuit voltage for leading p.f. Eph = (Vphcos + IaRa)2 + (Vphsin IaXs)2
Open circuit voltage for unity p.f. Eph = (Vph+ IaRa)2 + (IaXs)2
Where,
Vph = rated terminal voltage in Volts
Percentage Regulation = (Eph Vph)/Vph x 100
THEORY:
The regulation of a 3-phase alternator may be predetermined by conducting the Open
Circuit (OC) and the Short Circuit (SC) test. The methods employed for determination of
regulation are EMF or synchronous impedance method, MMF or Ampere Turns method and the
ZPF or Potier triangle method. In this experiment, the EMF and MMF methods are used. The OC
and SC graphs are plotted from the two tests. The synchronous impedance is found from the
OC test. The regulation is then determined at different power factors by calculations using
vector diagrams. The EMF method is also called pessimistic method as the value of regulation
obtained is much more than the actual value. The MMF method is also called optimistic method
as the value of regulation obtained is much less than the actual value. In the MMF method the
armature leakage reactance is treated as an additional armature reaction. In both methods the
OC and SC test data are utilized.
PROCEDURE:
Note down the name plate details of the motor and alternator.
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Switch ON the supply by closing the DPST switch.
Using the Three-point starter, start the motor to run at the rated speed by adjusting the
motor field rheostat.
Conduct Open Circuit test by varying the potential divider for various values of field
current and tabulate the corresponding Open Circuit Voltage readings.
Conduct Short Circuit test by closing the TPST switch and adjust the potential divider to
set the rated armature current and tabulate the corresponding field current.
The Stator resistance per phase is determined by connecting any one phase stator
winding of the alternator as per the circuit diagram using MC voltmeter and ammeter of
suitable ranges.

78
MODEL GRAPH:
OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS
Fig.10.2 EMF Method Fig.10.3 MMF Method
Fig10.4 Voltage Regulation Graph for both EMF and MMF Method

79
PROCEDURE TO DRAW GRAPH FOR EMF METHOD:

1. Draw the Open Circuit Characteristic curve (Generated Voltage Per Phase Vs Field Current).
2. Draw the Short Circuit Characteristics curve (Short Circuit Current Vs Field Current)
3. From the graph find the open circuit voltage per phase (E 1ph for the rated short circuit
current (Isc).
4. By using respective formulae find the Zs, Xs, Eph and percentage regulation.
MODEL CALCULATION:

80

81
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

82
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
NAME PLATE DETAILS MOTOR GENERATOR
RATED POWER
RATED CURRENT
RATED VOLTAGE
RATED SPEED

Fig: 11.1 Circuit Diagram for V and Inverted V Curve of Synchronous Motor

83
EXP.NO:- 11 V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF THREE PHASE

Date:-
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AIM:
To obtain V and inverted V curves of the given Synchronous motor at no load and at half load
conditions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1 Ammeter MC (0 2)A 1
3 Voltmeter MC (0 300) V 1
6 Wattmeter UPF 300 V/10A 2
7 Autotransformer 3-Phase (0-470)V 1
8 Tachometer Digital --- 1
9 TPST switch -- -- 1
10 Power factor meter UPF 300 V/10A 1
PRECAUTION:
The Rheostat should be in the maximum position.
The motor should be started without any load.
Initially TPST switch is kept in open position.
FORMULAE USED:
Input Power = K (W1+ W2) Watts
Power factor, cos = K (W1 + W2)
Vac Iac
Where,
K = Wattmeter constant
W1 = Reading of Wattmeter 1
W2 = Reading of Wattmeter 2
Vac = Alternator Voltage

84
TABULATION:
NO LOAD:
Excitation Current Armature
S.NO. Input Voltage Vin (V) Power Factor Cos
If (A) Current Ia (A)
HALF LOAD
Excitation Current Armature Current Power Factor

S.NO. Input Voltage Vin (V)
If (A) Ia (A) Cos

85
THEORY:
It has been stated, when the field current (i.e., excitation) of a Synchronous motor is
reduced, a lagging armature current Ia is produced which exceeds the minimum current at
unity power or at normal excitation. Similarly, when the motor is over excited the armature
current also exceeds the current required at normal excitation to develop the necessary at any
given load.
By applying a given constant load to the shaft of a synchronous motor and varying the
field current, from under excitation to over excitation. Recording the armature current at each
step, the curves of synchronous motor are obtained. The AC armature current is plotted against
the DC field current. For no load, half load, full load values respectively. The curves show that a
slightly increased field current is required to produce normal excitation as the load is increased.
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By closing the TPST switch, 415 V, 50 Hz, 3 supply is given to the Auto transformer.
3. Now the Auto transformer is slowly adjusted and the motor is started.
4. Now the field of the synchronous motor is exited from the separate DC power supply
5. The load on the brake drum is adjusted for a constant value.
6. For this constant load output, by varying the rheostat connected to the field winding,
the field current is varied
7. The corresponding armature current and the input voltage is noted and tabulated. The
field current is varied in such a way that the armature current should not exceed its
maximum value.
8. Graph between Field Current Vs Armature current and Field current Vs cosare drawn.

86
MODEL GRAPH:
Fig.11.2 V-Curve & Inverted V Curve of Synchronous Motor

87
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

88
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
NAME PLATE DETAILS

RATED POWER
RATED CURRENT
RATED VOLTAGE
RATED SPEED
Fig: 12.1 Load Test on Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

89
EXP.NO:- 12 LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE

Date:-
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct load test on given squirrel cage induction motor and to draw the following
characteristic curves.
Torque Vs Power output
Power Factor Vs Power Output
Line Current Vs Power Output
Efficiency Vs Power Output
Slip Vs Power Output
Torque Vs Speed
APPARATURS REQUIRED:

5 Auto Transformer 3 440V/(0-470)V/25A 1

PRECAUTION:
There wont be any load at the time of starting of induction motor.
FORMULAE USED:
Synchronous Speed Ns = 120f/p RPM
Where,
f = Frequency in Hertz
p = Number of poles
% Slip = (Ns-N)/ Ns*100
Where,
Ns= Synchronous Speed in RPM
N = Speed at any load in RPM
S= S1 S2
Where S1, S2 = Spring Balance Readings in kg

90
TABULATION:
Wattmete Spring balance
Speed of Motor
Load Voltage VL
Load Current IL
Output Power
r reading reading S in Kg
Torque T Nm
Input Power
Efficiency
in Watts
N rpm
Watts
Watts
Cos
S.NO.
Amps
Slip S
Volts W1 W2 S1 S2 S1-S2
kg kg kg
MODEL GRAPH:
1. POWER OUTPUT Vs EFFICIENCY 1. TORQUE VS SPEED

2. POWER OUTPUT Vs TORQUE
3. POWER OUTPUT Vs SPEED
4. POWER OUTPUT Vs LINE CURRENT
5. POWER OUTPUT Vs POWERFACTOR
6. POWER OUTPUT Vs % SLIP
Fig: 12.1 Mechanical and Performance characteristics of Three Phase Induction Motor

91
T = S x R x 9.81 Nm
Where,
T= Torque in N-m
S = spring balance in kgs
R = Radius of the brake drum in m
9.81 = Constant (To convert kg to Nm)
Pout = (2x 3.14 x N xT)/60
Where,
Pout = output power in watts.
N = Speed in rpm
T = Torque in Nm
% Efficiency = (Pout/Pin) *100
Where,
Pout = Output Power in Watts
Pin = Input Power in Watts
Cos = Pin/3x VL x IL
Where,
Cos = Power Factor of Machine
Pin = w1+w2 Input Power in Watts
VL = Line Voltage in Volts
IL = Line Current in Amperes
THEORY:
The squirrel cage rotor is made up of stamping which are keyed directly to the shaft. The
great majority of present Induction motors are manufactured with squirrel cage rotor, a
common practice to employ winding of cast aluminum. In this type of rotor, it may be noted
made parallel to the shaft but they are skewed to serve the following purposes.
To make the rotor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum.
To reduce the locking tendency of the rotor.
The ordinary squirrel cage motor has the excellent running characteristics, but the starting
torque is very poor. On the other hand wound rotor induction motor has good starting torque.
But it is unsuitable for many types of services, because the starting rheostat has to be
manipulated while the motor accelerates and the extra cost of the external switch is also
another objection. It has been the aim of designing engineers to combine in one-machine two
characteristics
i. Good starting torque
Ii. Excellent running performance.
To realize it is necessary to have high resistance for the rotor phase during starting period,
and the rotor resistance must be low to obtain excellent running performance.

92
MODEL CALCULATION:

93
PROCEDURE:
1. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. By closing the TPST switch, 415 V, 50 Hz, 3 supply is given to the Auto transformer.
3. The motor is started using the direct on line (DOL) starter.
4. At no load, the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance readings s1 and s2 and
speed are noted and tabulated.
5. Then the load on the brake drum is increased gradually up to the rated value of load
current and for each value of load, the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance
s1 and s2 and speed are noted and tabulated.
6. By using the given formula. % slip, Torque, input power, Output power, Efficiency and
power factor are calculated and required graphs are drawn.
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

94
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
NAME PLATE DETAILS

H.P.
FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current RATED CURRENT
RATED VOLTAGE
RATED SPEED
Fig: 13.1 LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
95
EXP.NO:- 13
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
Date:-
AIM:
To conduct load test on capacitor start single phase induction motor and to draw the
following characteristic curves.
Torque Vs Power Output
Speed Vs Power Output
Line Current Vs Power Output
Torque Vs Power Output
Efficiency Vs Power Output
Slip Vs Power Output
Torque Vs Speed
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
5 Auto transformer 1 (0-270)V/25A 1
PRECAUTION:
There wont be any load at the time of starting of induction motor.
FORMULA USED:
Synchronous Speed Ns = 120f/p rpm
Where,
f = Frequency in Hertz
p = Number of poles
S= S1 ~ S2
Where,
S1, S2 = Spring Balance Readings in kg
T = S x R x 9.81 Nm
Where,
T= Torque in Nm
S = spring balance in Kgs
R = Radius of the brake drum in m
Pout = ( 2x 3.14 x N xT)/60
96
TABULATION:
Speed of Motor N
Load Voltage VL Spring balance
Load Current IL
Output Power
Torque T Nm
Input Power
Wattmeter
reading S in Kg
Efficiency
W1 Watts
reading
Watts
Watts
Cos
S.NO.
Amps
Volts
rpm
S1 S2 S1-S2
kg kg kg
1
MODEL GRAPH:
1. POWER OUTPUT Vs EFFICIENCY 1. TORQUE VS SPEED
2. POWER OUTPUT Vs TORQUE
3. POWER OUTPUT Vs SPEED
4. POWER OUTPUT Vs LINE CURRENT
5. POWER OUTPUT Vs POWERFACTOR
6. POWER OUTPUT Vs % SLIP
Fig: 13.2 Mechanical and Performance characteristics of Three Phase Induction Motor
97
Where,
Pout = Output Power in Watts.
N = Speed in RPM
T = Torque in Nm
% Efficiency = (Pout/Pin)*100
Where,
Pout = Output Power in Watts
Pin = Input Power in Watts
Cos = Pin/ VL x IL
Where,
Cos = Power factor of machine
Pin = W1+W2 Input power in Watts
VL = Line Voltage in Volts
IL = Line Current in Amperes
THEORY:
The single phase squirrel cage rotor is made up of stamping which are keyed directly to
the shaft. The great majority of present Induction motors are manufactured with squirrel cage
rotor, a common practice to employ winding of cast aluminum. In this type of rotor, it may be
noted rotor made parallel to the shaft but they are skewed to serve the following purposes.
To make the rotor run quietly by reducing the magnetic hum.
To reduce the locking tendency of the rotor.
The ordinary squirrel cage motor has the excellent running characteristics, but the starting
torque is very poor. On the other hand, wound rotor induction motor has good starting torque.
But it is unsuitable for many types of services, because the starting rheostat has to be
manipulated while the motor accelerates and the extra cost of the external switch is also
another objection. It has been the aim of designing engineers to combine in one-machine two
characteristics
Good starting torque
Excellent running performance.
To realize it is necessary to have high resistance for the rotor phase during starting period,
and the rotor resistance must be low to obtain excellent running performance.
98
MODEL CALCULATION:
99
PROCEDURE:
The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
By closing the DPST switch, 230 V, 50 Hz, 1Phase supply is given to the Auto
transformer.
At no load, the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance readings s 1 and s2 and
speed are noted and tabulated.
Then the load on the brake drum is increased gradually up to the rated value of load
current and for each value of load, the readings of voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance
s1 and s2 and speed are noted and tabulated.
By using the given formula. Torque, input power, output power, efficiency and power
factor are calculated and required graphs are drawn.
INFERENCES:
RESULT:
100
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
NAME PLATE DETAILS
RATED POWER
RATED CURRENT
FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current RATED VOLTAGE

RATED SPEED
Fig 14.1: Speed control on three-phase slip ring induction motor

101
EXP.NO:- 14 SPEED CONTROL ON THREE-PHASE SLIP RING

Date:-
INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM:
To conduct the load test on three phase slip ring induction motor and draw its
performance characteristics.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of Apparatus Range Type Quantity

1. Ammeter (0-10)A MI 1
2. Voltmeter (0-600)V MI 1
3. Wattmeter (600V,5A) UPF 2
4. Tachometer Digital 1
5. 3- autotransformer 1
6. Rotor Resistance Starter 1
PRECAUTIONS
1. TPST switch is kept open initially.
2. There must be no load when starting the load.
THEORY
1. When we apply mechanical load to the shaft of the motor, it will begin to slow down
and the rotating flux will cut the rotor conductors at a higher and higher rate. The induced
voltage and resulting current in rotor Conductors will increase progressively, producing greater
and greater torque.
2. The motor and mechanical load will soon reach a state of equilibrium when the motor
torque is exactly equal to the load torque. When this state is reached, the speed will cease to
drop anymore and the motor will run at the new speed at a constant rate.
3. The drop in speed of the induction motor on increased load is small. It is because the
rotor impedance is low and a small decrease in speed produces a large rotor current. The
increased rotor current produces a higher torque to meet the increased load on the motor. This is
why induction motors are considered to be constant-speed machines. However, because they
never actually turn at synchronous speed, they are sometimes called asynchronous machines.
104
TABULATION
S.No. Rotor Resistance Speed in RPM
MODEL GRAPH
Fig: 14.2 Speed characteristics of Three Phase Slip Ring Induction Motor
Dr.N.G.P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

105
4. Note that change in load on the induction motor is met through the adjustment of slip. When
load on the motor increases, the slip increases slightly (i.e., motor speed decreases slightly). This
results in greater relative speed between the rotating flux and rotor conductors. Consequently,
rotor current is increased, producing a higher torque to meet the increased load. Reverse
happens should the load on the motor decrease.
5. With increasing load, the increased load currents I'2 are in such a direction so as to decrease
the stator flux (Lenzs law), thereby decreasing the counter e.m.f. in the stator windings. The
decreased counter e.m.f. allows motor stator current (I1) to increase, thereby increasing the
power input to the motor. It may be noted that action of the induction motor in adjusting its
stator or primary current with changes of current in the rotor or secondary is very much similar to
the changes occurring in transformer with changes in load.
SLIP RING ROTOR OR WOUND ROTOR:
In this type of construction, rotor winding is exactly similar to the stator. The rotor carries
a three phase star or delta connected, distributed winding, wound for same number of poles as
that of stator. The rotor construction is laminated and slotted. The slots contain the rotor
winding. The three ends of three phase winding, available after connecting the winding in star or
delta, are permanently connected to the slip rings. The slip rings are mounted on the same shaft.
We have seen that slip slip rings are used to connect external stationary circuit to the internal
rotating circuit. So in this type of rotor, the external resistances can be added with the help of
brushes and slip ring arrangement, in series with each phase of the rotor winding.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
2. 3- induction motor is started with TPST switch. Now the motor is started with the help
of rotor resistance starter. Where the rotor resistance starter is begins from maximum
resistance to minimum resistance.
3. If the pointer of one of the wattmeter readings reverses, interchange the current coil
terminals and take the reading as negative.
4. The no load readings are taken.
5. The motor is loaded step by step till we get the rated current and the readings of the
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeters, spring balance are noted.
6. After note down the reading load is brought to its initial position.
7. Now switch off the AC supply which is given to the motor.
8. From the tabulated reading, the parameters are calculated using the formulae.
9. The performance characteristics are drawn from the calculated and tabulated readings by
the power output in X-axis and the remaining parameter in Y-axis

106

107
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

108
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4 POINT
+ 25A +
A -
STARTER
L1 L2 F A
(0-20)A
MC
350
Se(+)
D
P
S
Se(-)
T + S1 S2
220V
(0-300)V
DC
SUPPLY
S MC V
W -
I
T Sh(+) A(+)
C
H
M #
Sh(-) A(-)
- 25A
Fig 15.1 Load Test on DC Cumulative Compound Motor

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
4 P O IN T
+
STARTER
25A L1 L2 F A
S e(+) S e(-)
+
A -
(0-20)A
MC
350
D
P
S
T + S1 S2
220V
(0-300)V
DC
S U P P LY
S MC V
W -
I
T S h(+) A (+)
C
H
M #
S h(-) A (-)
- 25A
Fig 15.2 Load Test on DC Differential Compound Motor

109
EXP.NO:- 15 LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR (CUMULATIVE

Date:- AND DIFFERENTIAL)
AIM:
To conduct the load test on DC compound motor and draw the characteristic curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO. APPARATUS RANGE TYPE QUANTITY

1 Ammeter (0-20) A MC 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300) V MC 1
3 Rheostat 350 / 1.1A Wire wound 1
4 Tachometer - Digital 1
5 SPST switch - - 1
PRECAUTIONS:
At the time of starting, the motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance
position.
There should be no load on the motor at the time of starting.
FORMULAE USED:
1. Torque (T) = (S1-S2) x R x 9.81 in Newton-meter
Where,
S1, S2 - spring balance readings in Kg
2. Input power (Pi) = VLIL in Watts
Where,
VL- Line voltage in Volts
IL Line current in Amps
3. Output power (Po) = 2NT/60 in Watts
Where,
N- Speed in rpm
T-Torque in Nm
Output power
4. Efficiency ()= X 100 in %
Input power

110
TABULATION:
CUMULATIVE COMPOUND MOTOR:
Armatu Load Input Spring Balance Output
Load Torque
S. re Voltage Power Speed Reading Kg Power Efficiency
Current T
No. Current (VL W N rpm P0 %
IL Amps S1 S2 S1~S2 N-m
Ia Amps Volts Watts Watts
DIFFERENTIAL COMPOUND MOTOR:

Input Spring Balance Output
Load Armature Load Speed
S. Power Reading (Kg) Torque Power Efficiency
Current Current Voltage N
No. W T N-m P0 %
IL Amps Ia Amps VL Volts rpm S1 S2 S1~S2
Watts Watts

111
THEORY:
A DC Compound motor has both shunt and series field coils. Compound motors are of two
types namely cumulative compound and differential compound motors.
Cumulative Compound motor: Cumulative compound motor is one in which the field
windings are connected in such a way that the direction of flow of current is same in both of the
field windings. In this type of motor, the flux due to series field winding strengthens the flux due
to the shunt field winding.
Differential Compound Motor: Differential compound motor is one in which the field
windings are connected in such a way that the direction of flow of current is opposite to each
other in the two field windings. In this type of motor, the flux due to series field winding weakens
the flux due to shunt field winding.
PROCEDURE:
1. Note down the name plate details of the motor.
3. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch and the motor is started using DC 3-point starter.
4. The field rheostat is adjusted to run the motor at rated speed.
5. At no load condition, the input voltage, current, spring balance readings and speed are
noted and enter the value in the table.
6. Increase the load current in steps of 1/4th,1/2 th, 3/4 th, full load and 1 th of the load.
7. Note down the corresponding readings of the voltmeter, ammeter, spring balance readings
and speed and enter the values.
8. Change the series field winding terminals and repeat the above procedure for differential
compound motor in table.

112
MODEL GRAPH:
Efficiency % Speed (RPM) Torque (N-M)
Output Power (Watts)

Fig 15.3: Electrical and Mechanical characteristics

113
MODEL CALCULATION:

114
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

115
VIRTUAL LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS

116
Fig.16.1 Circuit Diagram for Load Test on Alternator

117
EXP.NO:- 16
LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR
Date:-
AIM:
To Study Load Test on Three Phase Alternator.
THEORY:
The most commonly used machine for generation of electrical power for commercial
purpose is the synchronous generator or alternator. An alternator works as a generator when its
rotor carrying the field system is rotated by a prime-mover which in this case is DC shunt motor.
The terminal voltage of an alternator changes with load.
Alternators are by far the most important source of electric energy. Alternators generate
an AC voltage whose frequency depends entirely upon the speed of rotation. The generated
voltage value depends upon the speed, the dc field excitation and the power factor of the load.
As the DC field excitation of an alternator is increased, its speed being held constant, the
magnetic flux, and hence, the output voltage, will also increase in direct proportion to the
current. However, with progressive increases in DC field current, the flux will eventually reach a
high enough value to saturate the iron in the alternator. Saturation in the iron means that there
will be a smaller increase in flux for a given increase in DC field current. Because the generated
voltage is directly related to the magnetic flux intensity, it can be used as a measure of the degree
of saturation.
When an alternator delivering full rated output voltage is suddenly subjected to a short-
circuit, very large currents will initially flow. However, these large short-circuit currents drop off
rapidly to safe values if the short-circuit is maintained. The output voltage of an alternator
depends essentially upon the total flux in the air-gap. At no load this flux is established and
determined exclusively by the DC field excitation.
Under load, however, the air-gap flux is determined by the ampere-turns of the rotor and the
ampere-turns of the stator. The latter may aid or oppose the MMF (magneto motive force) of the
rotor depending upon the power factor of the load. Leading power factors assist the rotor, and
lagging power factors oppose it. Load test of an alternator provides the information about the
efficiency and regulation. It is performed by driving the alternator at its rated speed and increase

118
the field excitation till the armature voltage reaches to its rated value. Increase the load on
alternator terminals during this process alternator armature current will increase, terminal
voltage will vary according to the type of the load. By observing the input and output of an
alternator at each load we can calculate the corresponding efficiency and regulation.
1. Close DPST (double pole single throw) switch connected to the DC shunt motor and apply
voltage in steps till desired speed of the alternator is attained.
2. When desired speed is reached, turn on DC excitation to synchronous generator field

winding so that rated value of terminal voltage of alternator in open circuit condition is
reached.
3. Now DC excitation will be held constant hereafter to test the machine on load, we insert the
resistances from resistive load bank.
4. As we go on inserting resistances, the terminal voltage of 3 phase alternator will reduce and
also the speed.
5. Store this data by clicking Start Storing Data
6. Now again increase the load by closing another load switch.
7. Store this data by clicking Start Storing Data
8. Go on repeating this procedure till all load are connected and data is stored.
9. Now display the data by clicking Show data.

119
Vfa = field voltage of alternator

Ifa = field current of alternator
Vin = input voltage DC motor
Iin = input current of DC motor
Vt = terminal voltage
Vry, Vyb, Vbr = line voltage
10. As load is increased, the DC input to the motor will also be increased to bring back the
speed of alternator to synchronous speed. Due to voltage regulation effect even though
speed is restored drooping characteristics are observed for terminal voltage against line
current of alternator.
11. Remove field excitation of sync alternator with DPST switch.
12. Switch off the resistances from circuit of generator.

120
13) Cut off the supply through DPST (double pole single throw) of the for DC shunt motor after
making all applied quantities zero.
INFERENCES:
RESULT:

121
EXP.NO:- 17 V CURVES AND INVERTED V CURVES OF

Date:- SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AIM:
V Curves and Inverted V curves of Three Phase Synchronous Motor
THEORY:
Electromagnetic devices draw a magnetizing current from the AC source, in order to
establish the working flux. This magnetizing current lags the applied voltage by almost 900. A
synchronous motor is a double-excited machine, its armature winding is energized from an AC
source and its field winding from DC source. When synchronous motor is working at constant
applied voltage, the resultant air gap flux demanded by applied voltage remains constant. This
resultant air gap flux is established by both AAC in armature winding and DC in the field winding.
If the field current is sufficient enough to set up the air-gap flux, as demanded by constant
applied voltage then magnetizing current or lagging reactive VA required from the AC source is
zero and therefore motor operates at unity power factor. This field current, which causes unity
power factor operation of the synchronous motor, is called normal excitation or normal field
current. If the current less than the normal excitation, i.e the motor is under excited, then the
deficiency in flux must be made up by the armature winding m.m.f.
In order to do the needful, the armature winding draws a magnetizing current or lagging
reactive VA from the AC source and as a result of it, the motor operates at a lagging power factor.
In case the field current is made more than its normal excitation, i.e the motor is over-excited,
operates at leading power factor. Fig (1) shows the variation of armature current and power
factor with field current at no load, half load and full load conditions.

122

123
1. The machine under consideration salient pole synchronous motor. The short circuited
aluminum damper bars are put in the rotor to make it self-starting. When 3 phase supply
is applied to the stator of motor, motor will act like induction machine and it will attain
speed slightly less than synchronous speed. This is achieved by switching on the 3 phase
supply with TPST (Triple Pole Single Throw) for synchronous motor.
2. With the help of 3 phase auto-transformer the voltage to be applied to the stator of
synchronous motor is varied smoothly.
3. When motor attends speed near to synchronous speed (generally at rated voltage), turn
field supply on of motor with help of DPST (Double Pole Single Throw) switch and apply
rated voltage in steps. Here onwards the speed of synchronous machine will be constant
as synchronous speed.
Three phase auto transformer

4. Output of motor will drive DC generator which in turn will drive electrical load (resistive
load bank).
Resistive load bank

5. Now depending on excitation for synchronous machine (which can be varied by altering
rheostat arrangement in expt.) given to the synchronous motor, the power factor of
motor will operate on the (over-excitation) leading, (critical) unity or (under-excited)
lagging power factor.
Rheostat
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6. To keep air gap flux constant in synchronous motor reactive power is needed. It is met
by AC supply of synchronous motor depending on its field excitation. Plot the variations
of stator current drawn by the synchronous motor with its field current.
7. Its graph follows shape of V, hence the name V curves. This characteristic of
synchronous machine. Variation of power factor with field current of motor in exactly
reverse fashion, which is called as inverted V curves. The point of least armature current
drawn from stator of Synchronous motor will correspond to unity power factor and both
graphs will have same field current reading.
8. Store this data by clicking Start Storing Data.
9. Go on repeating this procedure till all load are connected and data is stored.
10. Now display the data by clicking Show data.
Where,
Vfa = Field Voltage of Alternator
Ifa = Field Current of Alternator
Vt = Terminal Voltage
Vs = Supply Voltage
Ial = Alternator Current
11. These V curves can be performed on various loads and no load conditions on the
synchronous motors.
12. While switching motor off, in stepwise manner reduce the stator supply to zero, and
switch off TPST (Triple Pole Single Throw) switch. Then in steps cut down field supply for
synchronous motor.
13. Now select one of the graph from available graphs and use Generate graph to plot the
graph.

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INFERENCES:
RESULT:

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VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

127
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR.

1. Define voltage regulation of an alternator.
The total change in terminal voltage of an alternator from no-load to fill load, at
constant speed and field excitation is termed as voltage regulation.
It is usually expressed as a percentage of rated voltage (voltage on full-load).
%Voltage Regulation = X 100
The voltage regulation is positive for lagging and unity p.f loads and negative for leading
power factor load.
2. Name the various methods used to determine voltage regulation.

Three methods are used to determine voltage regulation.
EMF (or) synchronous impedance method
MMF (or) ampere turns method
ZPF (or) Potier triangle method
3. Write down the conditions to be satisfied for synchronization of alternators.

The terminal voltage of the incoming alternator must be same as bus bar voltage. The
frequency of the incoming alternator must be equal to the bus bar frequency. The phase
sequence of the incoming alternator should be same as that of the bus bar.
4. Define the term distribution factor.

The ratio of the phasor sum of the emf induced in the coils distributed in a number of slots
under one pole to the arithmetic sum of the emf induced in all coils concentrated in one slot
under one pole is known as distribution factor (or) breadth factor.
Kd =
Kd =
Where,
Kd= Distributed Factor
(SPP) m = Number of slots / pole / phase
= slot angel
Distribution factor is always less than unity.
5. What are the tests data required for predetermining the voltage regulation of an
alternator by MMF method?
For determining the voltage regulation by MMF method, we need the following test results
i) Open circuit test
ii) Short circuit test

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6. What is known as armature reaction?

The effect of armature flux (Stator flux) on (rotor flux) main flux under loaded
condition is known as armature reaction. The armature flux reacts with the main flux. Due to
this reaction resultant flux in the air gap becomes either less or more than the field flux.
7. What is the significance of having DC field rotating in synchronous machine?

The significance of DC field rotating in synchronous machine is to create main field flux in
the air gap. It is the most efficient construction of an alternator high power application.
8. State factors responsible for a change in synchronous generator terminal voltage

while feeding isolated load.
Reasons for drop in voltage in an alternator are
i) Voltage variation due to the resistance of the armature winding (R a)
ii) Voltage variation due to the leakage reactance of the armature(x e)
iii) Voltage variation due to the armature reaction effect(x a)
9. Why is EMF method called as pessimistic method?

The voltage regulation calculated by EMF method is always higher than the actual value so it
is called pessimistic method.
10. How are the armature windings in alternators different from those used in DC
machines?
Armature of the DC machine is rotor. The output current taken from DC machine is direct
current. The winding may be either lap or wave winding. Armature winding is placed in the
rotor of DC machine. But in AC machine, armature winding is placed in stator. It may be a
short pitched double layer distributed winding. For high power rating machine. It is a start
connected 3 phase winding.
11. List the two types of rotors of synchronous generator. State its features.
Types of rotors of synchronous generator are
i) Salient pole (or) projected pole rotor
ii) Non salient pole (or) smooth cylindrical pole rotor
Salient pole rotor has large diameter and short axial length, it is suitable for low and medium
speed generator.
Smooth cylindrical has small diameter and very long axial length. It is suitable only for high
speed generators.
12. What is the necessity for short chording the armature winding of synchronous
machines?
Short pitching eliminates high frequency harmonics which distort the sinusoidal nature of
emf. Hence waveform of an induced emf is more sinusoidal due to short pitching.

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13. What are the advantages of short pitch winding?

i) The length required for end connections of coils is less.
ii) The inactive length of winding is less.
iii) The conductor requirement is less, hence it is cheaper.
iv) Short pitching eliminates high frequency harmonics.
v) The waveform of an induced emf is more sinusoidal due to short pitching.
14. What is synchronizing torque?

Synchronizing torque Tsy per phase in Nm, when two alternators are connected in parallel is
given by Psy = Tsy.
= . Tsy
Tsy=
Total torque due to 3 phases, Tsy =
15. Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an alternator.
Frequency of induced emf (f) =

Let p be the No of poles and N be speed in rpm.
16. What are the methods by which zero p.f lagging curve can be obtained?
1. Open circuit characteristic (OCC)
2. Short circuit test (SC)
3. Zero power factor test (ZPF)
17. What are squirrel cage windings of alternators? How and why are they used?
Squirrel cage winding is also called as Damper winding. It consisting of squirrel cage bars is
place in the rotor pole face to damp out the hunting effect.
18. state why an alternator with low value of SCR has lower limit of stability.
A lower value of SCR means a greater change in field current to maintain constant terminal
voltage and a lower value of steady state stability limit lesser the SCR, lesser in the size,
weight and cost of the machine.
19. What is the necessity for short chording the armature winding of synchronous
machines?
Short pitching eliminates high frequency harmonics which distort the sinusoidal nature of
emf. Hence waveform of an induced emf is more sinusoidal due to short pitching.

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20. What are the advantages of short pitch winding?

1. The length required for end connections of coils is less.
2. The inactive length of winding is less.
3. The conductor requirement is less, hence it is cheaper.
4. Short pitching eliminates high frequency harmonics.
5. The waveform of an induced emf is more sinusoidal due to short pitching.
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

1. What is synchronizing torque?
Synchronizing torque Tsy per phase in Nm, when two alternators are connected in parallel.
2. Write down the equation for frequency of emf induced in an alternator.
Frequency of induced emf (f) =

Let p be the No of poles and N be speed in rpm.
3. What is the use of damper winding in alternator and in synchronous motor?

It is used to prevent oscillations (Hunting) of the rotor in an Alternator
It is used to create starting torque in synchronous motor
4. Which method gives accurate voltage regulation? Why?

Potier (or) zero power factor method gives accurate voltage regulation.
ZPF takes into consideration of armature resistance, leakage reactance voltage drops and the
effect of armature reaction. So, results obtained are nearer to reality.
5. What do you mean by infinite bus bar?

Power system with large number of alternators connected in parallel is called an infinite bus
bar. The voltage and frequency of an infinite bus does not depend on,
The quantity of real and reactive power drawn from this bus.
Terminal voltage is always constant
Frequency always remains the same
Synchronous impedance (Zs) is very small.
6. Why alternators are rated in KVA not in KW?

Copper loss of machine depends on current (I2R) and core loss depends on voltage and
current, hence total losses depends on volt-ampere and not on power factor. That is why the
rating of alternator is expressed in KVA not in KW.

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7. What is meant by synchronous impedance of an alternator?

Zs =
Synchronous impedance = at same excitation
8. How a DC generator can be converted to an alternator?
By removing the commutator from the rotor the end connections of the rotor winding has to
change to star connection and will be given to slip rings means. It will work as AC generator.
9. Mention the different types of rotors in alternator.

Cylindrical rotor
Salient pole rotor
10.What is the purpose of conducting slip test?

Slip test is used to determine Xd (Direct axis reactance) and Xq (quadrature axis reactance) of
salient pole machines.
We can calculate voltage regulation of the machine by using X d and Xq.
11.What are the effects of armature reaction?

Cross Magnetizing Effect
Demagnetizing Effect
Magnetizing Effect
12.What are synchronous machines?
The machines generating AC EMF are called alternating or synchronous generators.

While the machine accepting input from ac supply to produce mechanical output are
called synchronous motors. Both these machines work at a specific constant speed called
synchronous speed and hence in general called synchronous machines.
13.State the principle of alternator.

When the rotor is rotated by the prime mover, the stator windings or conductors are cut
by the magnetic flux hence an emf is induced in the stator conductors. (Faradays law of
electromagnetic induction).
14.Is EMF method an accurate method?

No, it is not an accurate method because the value of synchronous impedance found is always
more than the original value.
15.Write the emf equation of an alternator.

E = 4.44f TKcKd volts.

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16.Can a DC generator be converted into an alternator? How?

Yes, by providing two collector rings on end of the armature and connecting these two rings to
two points in the armature windings 180 degree apart.
17. What is the other name for EMF and MMF method?
The other name for EMF method is called as Synchronous impedance method and MMF
method is called as Ampere turn method.
EMF method Pessimistic method
MMF method Optimistic method
O.C.C & LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT

GENERATOR. & O.C.C & LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPARATELY EXCITED
DC SHUNT GENERATOR.
1. What is meant by salient pole type rotor?
The rotor poles projecting out from the rotor core of large diameter but small length.
This is used in low and medium speed (engine driven alternator)
2. What is the necessity of damper winding?

Most of the alternators have the pole shoes slotted for receiving copper bars of a grid or
damper winding. They are useful in preventing the hunting in generators and are needed in
synchronous motors to provide the starting torque.
3. What is meant by Two Reaction theory?

The method of analysis of the distributing effects caused by salient pole
construction is called Two Reaction theory.
4. State Two Reaction theory.

The armature mmf can be divided into two components as Component acting along the pole
axis called direct axis (d) Component acting along at right angles to the pole axis called
quadrature axis (q).
5. What is d axis and q axis?

The reluctance offered to the mmf wave is lowest when it is aligned with the field pole
axis. This axis is called direct axis of pole.
The reluctance offered is highest when the mmf wave is oriented at 90 to the field pole
axis which is called quadrature axis.
6. What is meant by magnetizing and cross magnetizing component?

The component along direct axis can be magnetizing and the component acting along the
quadrature axis is called cross magnetizing component.

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7. What is called slip test?

The method used to determine Xd and Xq, the direct and quadrature axis reactances is
called slip test.
8. What is meant by power angle?

The angle between Eo and V is called the power angle.
9. Compare salient pole and Non salient pole rotor.
S.no SALIENT POLE ROTOR NON SALIENT POLE ROTOR

1. Large diameter and small axial length. The diameter of the rotor is reduce,
to reduce the peripheral velocity of
rotor
2. It is employed with hydraulic
turbines or diesel engines. Used in high speed turbine like
steam turbines.
10.What is meant by Auto Transformer?
It is a transformer with one winding only, part of this being common to both primary
and secondary. In this transformer the primary and secondary are not electrically isolated
from each other.

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LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES GENERATOR

1. On what factor does synchronous reactance of an alternator depend?
The synchronous reactance of an alternator is due to both leakage flux as well as armature
reaction
2. The saturated synchronous reactance of an alternator is Less than its unsaturated

synchronous reactance.
3. Mention various problems caused by unbalanced three phase stator currents.
Unbalanced three phase stator currents cause
Vibrations
Heating of rotor
Double frequency currents in the rotor
4. The short circuit characteristic of alternator is always linear
5. Mention the fault in which only positive sequence reactance is present. LLL
6. Negative sequence currents rotate with respect to field winding at Twice of synchronous
speed
7. In which connection Zero sequence current can flow from a transmission line to a
transformer?
Zero sequence current can flow from a transmission line to a transformer if the windings are
Grounded Star/Delta
8. In which fault the positive sequence component of voltage at fault point is zero?
3-Phase fault
9. If Ia1 is the positive sequence current of an alternative and Z 1, Z2 & Z0 are the sequence
impedances of the alternator, the voltage drop produced in L-G fault will be equal to
Ia1 (Z1+Z2+Z0)
10.Which statement is correct for positive, negative and zero sequence impedances Z1 greater
than Z2 greater than Z0

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SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR. (ARMATURE, FIELD CONTROL)
1. Define V and Inverted V curves.
The magnitude of armature current varies with excitation. If graph of armature current
drawn by the motor against field current is plotted then we get V curves.
If the power factor is plotted against field current then the shape of the graph looks like an
inverted V and are called as Inverted v curves.
2. When Synchronous motor is is said to receive 100% excitation?
The value of excitation for which back emf is equal to the applied voltage is known as
100% excitation or when the power factor of the synchronous motor is unity.
Eb=V
3. Define critical excitation.
When the excitation is changed, the power factor changes. The excitation for which the
power factor of the motor is unity is called critical excitation.
4. What do you mean by under excitation and over excitation?
When the excitation is adjusted in such a way that the magnitude of induced emf is less than
the applied voltage the excitation is called under excitation (lagging power factor)
When the excitation is adjusted in such a way that the magnitude of induced emf is greater
than the applied voltage the excitation is called over excitation (leading power factor).
5. What is synchronous capacitor?
When synchronous motor is over excited it takes leading power factor current. This
characteristic is similar to a normal capacitor which always takes leading power factor
current.
Hence over excited synchronous motor operating on no load condition is called as

synchronous condenser or synchronous capacitor. This is the property due to which
synchronous motor is used as a phase advancer or as a power improvement device.
6. What is hunting?
When synchronous motor is on no load, the stator and rotor pole axis coincide with each
other. When motor is loaded, the rotor pole axis falls back with respect to stator.
If the load connected to motor is suddenly changed by a large amount , the rotor tries to
take its new equilibrium position. But due to inertia of rotor, it cannot achieve equilibrium
instantaneously while achieving new position, it passes beyond its final position

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corresponding to new load.

This will produce more torque than demanded. So the load angle is reduced and rotor
swings in other direction.
Such oscillations of the rotor about its new equilibrium position, due to sudden
application or removal of load is called hunting.
7. Mention some application of synchronous motor.
1. Constant speed load service
2. Reciprocating compressor drives
3. Power factor correction
4. Voltage regulation of transmission lines
8. What could be the reasons if a synchronous motor fails to start?
It is usually due to the following reasons
Voltage may be to low

Some faulty connections in auxiliary apparatus
Too much starting load
Open circuit in one phase or short circuit
9. A synchronous motor starts as usual but fails to develop its full torque. What could be due
to?
1. Exciter voltage may be too low
2. Field spool may be reversal
3. There may be either open or short circuit in the field
10. What are the various methods of starting synchronous motor?
1. Pony motor method starting
2. Auto induction starting
3. DC exciter starting
4. Damper winding method of starting
11. What significant characteristic of a synchronous motor is revealed by its V-curves?
The V curves of synchronous motor reveals the fact that its power factor is
controllable by means of its excitation.

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LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER.
1. What is the function of slip rings and brush assembly in three phase induction motor?
Slip rings are used to connect external stationary circuit to the internal
rotating circuit. Hence in induction motor, the external resistances can be
added with the help of brushes and slip ring arrangement in series with each
phase of rotor winding.
2. List the difference between squirrel cage rotor and slip ring rotor
S.no SLIP RING ROTOR SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR

1. Rotor consists of winding similar to the Rotor consists of bars which are
stator winding. short circuited at the ends with
the help of end rings.
2. Resistances can be added externally. External resistances cannot

be added.
3. Define the term slip
Slip of the induction motor is defined as the difference between the synchronous speed
and actual speed of rotor expressed as a fraction of the synchronous speed.
4. How the direction of rotation of three phase induction motor can be reversed?
The direction of rotation of three phase induction motor can be reversed by

interchanging any two terminals of the three phase windings while connecting to the
three phase supply.
5. Under what condition, the slip in an induction motor is zero, one, negative and greater than
one.
Zero: when N = Ns, S=0 which is not possible for an induction motor.
One: when N = 0, S=1. At start motor is at rest and hence its speed N is zero.
Negative: When the rotor is running at a speed above synchronous speed, slip is
negative.
Greater than one: When the motor is rotated in opposite direction to that of rotating
field, slip is greater than 1. When slip is greater than one, the machine works in
breaking mode.

138
6. What are the fundamental characteristics of a rotating magnetic field?
The resultant of three alternating fluxes separated from each other by 120 degree
has constant amplitude of 1.5 m, where m is maximum amplitude of an individual
flux due to any phase.
The resultant always keeps on rotating with certain speed in space, and the speed is
given by Ns = 120f / P
7. What is induction generator?
When run faster than its synchronous speed, an induction motor runs as a generator called
as induction generator. Slip is negative.
8. What are the types of three phase induction motor?
1. Squirrel cage induction motor.
2. Slip ring induction motor
9. Can N = Ns in three phase induction motor?
When rotor starts rotating it tries to catch the speed of rotating magnetic field. If it
catches the speed of rotating magnetic field, the relative motion between rotor and RMF will
vanish. In fact the relative motion is the main cause for the individual emf in the rotor. So
induced emf will vanish and hence there cannot be rotor current and rotor flux which is
essential to produce the torque on the rotor. Eventually motor will stop. The induction motor
never rotates at synchronous speed.

139
O.C & S.C TEST ON A SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
1. Enumerate the possible reasons if a three phase motor fails to start?
1. One or more fuses may be blown
2. Voltage may be too low
3. The starting load may be too heavy
4. Worn bearings due to which the armature may be touching field laminae, thus
introducing excessive friction.
2. What happens if single phasing occurs when the motor is running? And when it is
stationary?
If already running and carrying half load or less, the motor will continue running as a
single phase motor on the remaining single phase supply, without damage because half
loads do not blow normal fuses.
If motor is very heavily loaded, then it will stop under single phasing and since it can
neither restart nor blow out the remaining fuses, the burn out prompt.
A stationary motor will not start with one line broken. In fact due to heavy standstill
current, it is likely to burn out quickly unless immediately disconnected.
3. What is meant by plugging?
Plugging means stopping a motor by instantaneously reversing it till it stops.
4. What are the starters used in three phase induction motor?
1. Primary resistance starter
2. Auto transformer starter
3. Direct on line starter
4. Star Delta starter
5. Rotor resistance starter
5. What are the different methods of speed control of three phase induction motor?
1. Control from stator side:
i) By changing the supply voltage
ii) By changing the supply frequency
iii) By changing the number of poles

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2. Control from Rotor side:
i) Rotor rheostat control
ii) By operating two motors in cascade or concatenation
iii)By injecting an emf in the rotor circuit
6. What is meant by crawling?
Induction motor particularly the squirrel cage type, sometimes exhibit a tendency to run
stably at speeds as low as one seventh of their synchronous speed. This phenomenon is
known as crawling.
7. What is meant by cogging or magnetic locking?
The rotor of a squirrel cage induction motor sometimes refuses to start at all, particularly
when the voltage is low. This happens when the number of stator teeth is equal to the
number of rotor teeth and is due to the magnetic locking between the stator and rotor teeth.
That is why this phenomenon is also called as teeth locking.
8. What are the advantages of skewing?
o It reduces magnetic humming.

o It helps in reducing the locking tendency of the rotor. ie, the tendency of the rotor
teeth to remain under the stator teeth due to the magnetic attraction between the
two.
9. What is jogging?
Jogging means inching a motor ie, make it to move a little at a time by constant starting and
stopping.
10. What are the indications of winding faults in an induction motor?
1. Excessive and unbalanced starting currents
2. Some peculiar noises and
3. Over heating

141
REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY EMF & MMF METHODS.

1. Mention the losses that occur in induction motor.
1. Stator losses
i) Stator core loss
ii) Stator copper loss
2. Rotor Copper loss
3. Mechanical losses
2. What are the no load losses?
The no load losses are the constant losses which include core loss and friction and
windage loss.
3. In which type of induction motor can resistance be introduced in the rotor circuit?
In slip ring induction motor the resistance can be introduced in the rotor circuit.
4. The squirrel cage rotor is also known as short circuited rotor. Why?
In squirrel cage rotor, the copper bars are placed in the slots. These bars are short
circuited at each end with the help of conducting copper ring called end ring. The
entire rotor resistance is very small. Hence this rotor is also called as short circuited
rotor.
5. Why air gap length is minimum in an induction motor?
The air gap length is kept minimum in induction motor
i) To reduce the magnetizing current which is required to set up the flux.
ii) To improve the power factor.
6. Define operating torque, starting torque and breakdown torque. Which of these is the
largest?
Operating Torque: Torque from light load to full load
Starting Torque: Torque at start ie, speed = 0 or slip = 1
Breakdown Torque: Maximum torque that motor can develop.
If loaded beyond this torque the motor will decelerate and come to standstill.
Breakdown torque is the largest among these for normal induction motor.

142
7. Why do induction motor runs at low power factor when lightly loaded?
At no load an induction motor draws large magnetizing current to create flux in the air gap.
This current has very low power factor of the order 0.2 lag. The power is mainly drawn to
provide for core loss. As the motor is loaded, it draws a load component of current with
much higher power factor.
Therefore the power factor of the net current drawn from main increases with load. It rises
to 0.8 - 0.85 at full load. At light load the power factor will be slightly more than that at no
load.
8. Why an induction motor is not operated under conditions of maximum load?
Maximum power output condition corresponds to matching of the load resistance in the
circuit model to the circuit impedance as seen by the load resistance. This condition
corresponds to much larger than the normal operating slip and hence larger current than
the full load value. As copper loss is proportional to square of motor current, the motor
efficiency under condition of maximum power output is well below 50% which is
unacceptable for a power device. Acceptable efficiencies are about 85% or higher.
9. Why an induction motor is called asynchronous motor?
Since the induction motor runs always at a speed lesser than the synchronous speed, it
is called asynchronous motor.
10. Why is the efficiency of a three phase induction motor less than that of a transformer?
In Induction motor, there are mechanical losses due to the rotation of the rotor. Hence
the efficiency of an induction motor is less than that of the transformer.

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LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE CAPACITOR START INDUCTION MOTOR & SPEED CONTROL OF
THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR
1. What is the rating of single phase machines? State its applications.
The rating of the single phase machine is from 1/8 to hp range. They are widely used
for fans, washing machines, refrigerators, blowers, centrifugal pumps etc.
2. How will you change the direction of rotation of a split phase induction motor?
The direction of rotation of a split phase induction motor can be changed by changing
the direction of current either in the starting winding or in the running winding.
3. What type of motor is used for ceiling fans?
Permanent magnet capacitor motor is used for ceiling fans.
4. Why single phase induction motor has low power factor?
The current through the running winding lags behind the supply voltage by a very large
angle. Hence the power factor is low in single phase induction motor.
5. What is the use of shading coil in the shaded pole motor?
The copper shading coil is used to produce rotating magnetic field moving from the
unshaded to shaded portion of the pole. Hence the motor produces a starting torque.
6. Why are centrifugal switches provided on many single phase inductions motor?
The centrifugal switches are provided on many single phase induction motors, because
when the motor is running at 75% of the synchronous speed, the centrifugal switch
connected in the auxiliary winding operates and disconnect the auxiliary winding from the
supply.
7. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor runs too slow?
1. Wrong supply voltage and frequency
2. Overload
3. grounded starting and running windings
4. Short circuited or open winding in field circuit
8. What could be the reasons if a split phase motor fails to start and hums loudly?
It could be due to the starting windings being grounded or burnt out.

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9. What is universal motor?
Universal motor is a series motor of rating less than 1Kw which is designed to operate on
both dc and ac supply. They are widely used for food mixers, vaccum cleaners, hair driers,
electric shavers, portable drills, sewing machines etc.
10. A single phase induction motor is not self-starting. Why?
When a single phase supply is connected across a single phase winding, a pulsating
magnetic field is produced. The force experienced by the upper conductors of the rotor
will be downward and the force experienced by the lower conductors will be directed
upward. The two sets of force will cancel and the rotor will experience no torque. Hence the
rotor will not rotate.
V CURVES AND INVERTED V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR.
1. What is the function of capacitor in a single phase induction motor?
Capacitor is used to improve the power factor of the motor. Due to the capacitor connected
in series with the auxiliary winding, the capacitive circuit draws a leading current which
increases the split phase angle between the two current I m and Ist.
2. Define double field revolving theory.
According to this theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved into two rotating
components which rotates in opposite directions and each having magnitude as half of the
maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.
3. What are the classifications of single phase induction motor based on the method of
starting?
1. Split phase motor
2. Capacitor start motor
3. Capacitor run motor
4. Capacitor start Capacitor run motor
5. Shaded pole motor

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4. What design features are incorporated in a split phase motor to make it starting?
The split phase motor is provided with windings, main winding and auxiliary winding.
These two windings are excited from the same voltage. The currents in the two windings
can be made out of phase by adjustment of the impedance of the auxiliary winding in
relation to the main winding. As a result, the mmf of main winding and mmf of auxiliary
winding constitute an unbalanced field set with 900 electrical space phase relationship.
The two symmetrical components now being unequal the forward rotating field is made
stronger than the backward rotating field, which results in the net production of starting
torque. Thus the two windings with phase difference make the split phase motor self-
starting.
5. What is the advantage of a capacitor start motor over a resistance split phase motor?
In case of capacitor start, it is possible to have the phase angle between the two currents.
Therefore, this type of motor has high starting torque as compared to resistance split phase
motor and used for heavy loads such as compressors, conveyors, pumps, certain machine
tools, refrigerators and air conditioning equipment.
6. In which direction does a shaded pole motor runs?
It runs from the unshaded to the shaded part.
7. Give the function performed by induction motor starter.
1. To improve the starting torque
2. To limit the initial in rush of current during starting conditions, which would otherwise
produce larger line voltage drop affecting equipments connected to the same line.
8. What do you mean by synchronous condenser?
A single machine which is available to convert ac to dc is known as synchronous converter

or rotary converter. A synchronous converter combines the function of a synchronous
motor and a dc generator.
9. What type of motor is used in computer drives and wet grinders?
For computer drives Permanent magnet dc motors
Wet grinders Universal motor
10. What is the difference between the dc motors and single phase induction motor?
An important difference between the two is that the dc motors are self-starting while
single phase induction motors are not self-starting.

146

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EE6365 ELECTRICAL

Dr. NGPIT2017. All rights reserved.

Sl. No Release Regulation Released by Approved by

2 V1.2 AUCB-2008 Mr.J.Sathish Dr. V. Kumar Chinnayan

Version Represented by Date Signature

V3.2 Dr. M. Gopinath / Prof.

Dr. S. Jaganathan /Prof. & Head

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

1. 1A. STUDY OF DC STARTERS ..........5

2. 1B. STUDY OF AC STARTERS ...........15

3. LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR ....21

4. LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR 27

5. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR 33

6. OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SEPERATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR.41

7. LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES GENERATOR .47

8. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR .......... ....53

9. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER ....59

11. REGULATION OF AN ALTERNATOR BY EMF & MMF METHODS ..75

12. V CURVES AND INVERTED V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ..83

14. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR ..95

16. LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND MOTOR ......109

17. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR ..117

18. V CURVES AND INVERTED V CURVES OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR .121

19. VIVA QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS ...127

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

To study the DC motor starters.

Heavy inrush of current at the starting instant may cause.

I. Heavy sparking at the commutator and even flash overs.

IV. Large dip in the supply voltage.

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig: 1.1 Three Point Starter

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

STARTERS FOR DC SHUNT AND COMPOUND MOTORS:

1. THREE POINT STARTER:

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

OVER LOAD RELEASE COIL:

2. FOUR POINT STARTER:

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig: 1.2 Four Point Starter

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

3. SERIES MOTOR STARTER:

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig: 1.3 Two Point Starter

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig: 1.4 Direct On Line Starter

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

To study the AC motor starters.

DIRECT ON LINE STARTER:

i). the size and design of the motor

ii). the kind of application

iii). the location of the motor in the distribution system

AUTO TRANSFORMER STARTER:

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig: 1.5 Auto Transformer Starter

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Fig: 1.6 Star-Delta Starter

Fig: 1.7 Rotor Resistance Starter

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

FUSE RATING: 125% of rated current