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Subtransient current I
Generator Short Circuit Currents
5 and envelope of AC current
0
Ia(t)
Ia T
k 5
4
10 I
15
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
T
k
3
10
Iac T
5 k
Ib(t)
Ib T
k 2 Iac
0
I''
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
T
k 1
10
5
Ic(t)
Ic T
k 0
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
T
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 time [sec]
k
t [sec]T
k
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 3 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 4
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 5 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 6
1
Effect of Network Impedances Small Example System
2
Combine impedances in series and j0.60 j0.368
parallel:
X1 = 0.400+0.200 = 0.600 pu I1 I2
1.0 1.0
XLeq = 1/(1/.302+1/.378)
= 0.1679 pu
X2 = 0.1679 + 0.0667 + 0.1333
= 0.368 pu Circuit diagram (per phase LN)
after network reductions
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 13 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 14
Calculate currents:
X1 = 0.600 pu If = I1 + I2 = 1.67 + 2.72 = 4.39 pu
X2 = 0.368 pu V1 = 1.0 - j 0.400 (-j 1.667)
I1 = 1 / j 0.600 = -j 1.667 pu = 1.0 - 0.667 = 0.333 pu
I2 = 1 / j 0.368 pu = -j 2.72 pu Convert back to amps and volts:
Ibase(HV) = 100 MVA/(1.732115 kV)
j0.60 j0.368 = 502 A
I1 = 1.667 502 A = 837 A
1.0 I1 I2 1.0 I2 = 2.72 502 A = 1365 A
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 15 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 16
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 17 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 18
3
Multimachine Case 8.3%
W G1 36.8 MVA X = 29%
Thevenins Theorem:
Replace network with its equivalent 32% 2%
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 19 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 20
1.736 9.07
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 21 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 22
1/Zth=(1/0.0823)+(1/1.038)+(1/10.81)
0.0823 Zth = 0.0757 per unit
I3 I1 = 1.0 / 10.81 = 0.0925 per unit
1.038
I2 = 1.0 / 1.038 = 0.963 per unit
10.81 I2 I3 = 1.0 / 0.0823 = 12.15 per unit
+
If = 12.15 + 0.0925 + 0.963
1 = 13.21 pu
If
- Ibase = 100 MVA/(1.732115 kV)
= 502 A
(c) AFTER NETWORK REDUCTIONS.
If = 13.21 502 A = 6630 A
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 23 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 24
4
I3 = 12.15 pu
Short-Circuit MVA
Current division: Thevenin equivalents of systems
From W: are sometimes given as short-
12.15 .1309 / .2335 circuit MVA values:
= 6.81 per unit ScMVA = Isc(per unit) (Base MVA)
From L: so Xth = E/Isc = 1/Isc
12.15 .1026 / .2335 or
= 5.34 per unit Xth = (Base MVA)/(ScMVA) per unit
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 25 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 26
Load Currents
Multimachine Study
Neglect load currents for typical
short-circuit studies In practice, there are a large
number of generators and hand
The load currents can be found
calculations are impractical
from a load-flow study and
added to the results of the short- Development of matrix methods
circuit study, if needed is simple as demonstrated next
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 27 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 28
5
Example Bus Impedance Matrix
Nodal analysis: Solve for V in terms of I:
I1 = -j 9.0 V1 + j 4.0 V2 + j 5.0 V3 Then V = Ybus-1 I = Zbus I
I2 = j 4.0 V1 j 7.1 V2 + j 3.0 V3 where Zbus is the bus impedance
0 = j 5.0 V1 + j 3.0 V2 j 8.5 V3 matrix
or I = Ybus V
The bus impedance matrix can
where Ybus is the bus admittance
be computed by inverting the
matrix
bus admittance matrix or by
or nodal admittance matrix
direct formation
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 31 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 32
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 33 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 34
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 35 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 36
6
Short-Circuit Calculations with Zbus Short-Circuit Calculations with Zbus
4
4
V3
3
Remainder of system
3
1
2 V1
1
Fault
0 4 1 pu
3 If 2
1 2
+
1 V0 = 1.0 pu V2 = 0.0 pu
- 1 pu
+
1
-
V2 = -1 pu
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 37 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 38
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 39 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 40
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 41 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 42
7
Circuit Breaker Application Circuit Breakers
Interrupt faults
Circuit Breakers
ANSI Simplified Methods
Momentary Duty and
Ratings SF6 SF6 HV Vacuum Air LV
Generator MV Breaker Breaker
Interrupting Duty and Breaker
Breaker
Ratings Not on same scale
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 43 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 44
BRACKET
Digital Electronic
Electro- Multifunction Relay EXPULSION TUBE
mechanical PORCELAIN
Relay
SUPPORT
Digital Electronic
Relays
OPEN TYPE FUSE CUTOUT
Logic built into most LV breakers LINE TERMINAL
(NOT TO SCALE)
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 45 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 46
Fusible Link
TIN-PLATED BUTTON HEAD
TIN FUSIBLE ELEMENT
LEADER
8
Theory E = prefault voltage (rms)
Sudden 3-phase short circuit on a usually 1.0 pu
generator with external reactance Xe Idc(max)(t) = 2 I" e-t/Ta
ia(t) = 2 Iac(t) cos(t+) - 2 I" e-t/Tacos() Irms(t) = [Iac(t)2 + Idc (t) 2]1/2
Iac(t) = (I"-I')e-t/T"d + (I'-I)e-t/T'd + I
This is rigorous:
I"=E/(X"d+Xe)
Momentary duty is Irms at 0.5 cycle and
I'=E/(X'd+Xe)
interrupting duty is Irms at contact
I=E/(Xd+Xe)
parting time of breaker
T"d=T"do(X"d+Xe)/(Xd+Xe)
Usually use simplified methods, discussed
T'd=T'do(X'd+Xe)/(Xd+Xe)
next
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 49 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 50
Circuit Breakers
Basically, an AC circuit breaker is Sequence of events in AC circuit
switchgear that can breaking:
withstand the momentary short- after relays detect fault and
circuit current energize trip coil,
interrupt the short-circuit current at breaker contacts open,
the current zero following contact
parting arc is established and then
withstand the transient recovery extinguished at a current zero
voltage across its open contacts
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 51 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 52
9
Simplified Methods (ANSI) Simplified Method
Circuit breakers in the US are
Simplified method method uses
rated per ANSI standards, by
Thevenin reactance Xth at the
momentary (or first-cycle or
closing and latching) rating point of the fault, then I =
interrupting rating E/Xth
compute both first cycle and If resistance is significant,
interrupting duties to compare calculate Zth = (Rth2 + Xth2)1/2,
with ratings and I = E/Zth
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 55 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 56
10
First-cycle duty First-cycle duty
Compute I" using the approximates the duty on the
breaker during the first half cycle
appropriate reactances in the
of short-circuit current.
short-circuit study
breaker must be able to close
The first-cycle duty is 1.60 I" and latch, while withstanding the
mechanical forces
compare to breaker momentary
rating
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 61 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 62
11
Interrupting Rating Interrupting Rating
Total current basis (older Symmetrical current basis (new
breakers) breakers)
Interrupting rating based on total Interrupting rating based on
(asymmetrical) current including ac symmetrical current (ac
and dc components. component only)
Symmetrical current basis (new
breakers)
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 67 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 68
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 69 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 70
12
Symmetrical interrupting rating Breaker Ratings
ANSI C37.06 has ratings for HV
If X/R 15, then multiplying breakers with symmetrical
factor is 1.00, breaker has interrupting ratings:
interrupting rating based on rated max voltage
current only rated voltage range factor K
rated short-circuit current
plus other ratings
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 73 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 74
K factor K factor
If K = 1, then interrupting If K > 1, then interrupting
rating = rated short-circuit rating is inversely proportional
current to the operating voltage, up to
a limit of K times the rated
short-circuit current
Breaker has an operating region
with a MVA rating
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 75 7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 76
45
Example IscratedK
40
I [kA]
Vmax = 15 kV, Iscrated = 19 kA,
K=2.27, apply at 13 kV: Iint rated( V ) 35
Vmax/K
kA
kV/13 kV = 21.9 kA
kA
25
13
As V decreases from its
maximum, the interrupting
rating increases up to a
maximum of K rated sc
current at Vmax/K
Note that the close and latch
capability is 1.6 K rated
short-circuit current
7 Symmetrical short circuits Notes on Power System Analysis 79
14