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Elements
INTRODUCTION
Belts, ropes, chains, and other similar
elastic or flexible machine elements are
used in conveying systems and in the
transmission of power over
comparatively long distances.
In often happens that these elements
can be used as a replacement for gears,
shafts, bearings, and other relatively
rigid power transmission devices.
Flexible mechanical elements
Chapter outline
1. Belts
2.Flat and round belt drives
3.Flat metal belts
4.V belts
5.Timing belts
Belt
Belt
Belts are the cheapest utility for power
transmission between shafts that may not be
parallel.
They run smoothly and with little noise, and
cushion motor and bearings against load
changes, albeit with less strength than gears
or chains. However, improvements in belt
engineering allow use of belts in systems that
only formerly allowed chains or gears.
Belt
Belt drive, moreover, is simple, inexpensive, and
does not require parallel shafts.
It helps protect the car from overload, and
damping it from noise and vibration.
Load fluctuations are shock-absorbed (cushioned).
They need no lubrication and minimal maintenance.
They have high efficiency (90-98%, usually 95%),
high tolerance for misalignment, and are
inexpensive if the shafts are far apart.
Clutch action is activated by releasing belt tension.
Advantages
Cheap
Allows misalignment (parallel shafts)
Protects from overload
Absorbs noise and vibrations
Cushion load fluctuations
Needs little maintenance
High efficiency (90-98%, usually 95%),
Disadvantages
Speed ratio is not constant (slip & stretch)
Heat accumulation
Speed limited 2000 m/min,
Power limited - 700 kW
Endless belts needs special attention to install
Belt
Belt types
Flat-belt geometry
Open belt
Dd
D = + 2 sin 1
2C
Dd
d = 2 sin 1
2C
[
L = 4C 2 ( D d ) 2 ]
1/ 2 1
+ ( D D + d d )
2
Crossed belt
Dd
= + 2 sin 1
2C
[
L = 4C ( D + d )
2
]
2 1/ 2 1
+ ( D + d )
2
dS = ( mrd ) r 2 = mr 2 2 d = mV 2 d = Fc d
V = belt speed , m = the belt mass
d d
Fr = ( F + dF ) 2 F 2 + dN + dS = 0 => dN = Fd dS
Ft = fdN F + ( F + dF ) = 0
dF = fdN = fFd fdS
= fFd fmr 2 2 d
dF
fF = fmr 2 2
d
F = A exp( f ) + mr 2 2 => A = F2 mr 2 2 => A = cons tan t , = starts at loose side
F = ( F2 mr 2 2 ) exp( f ) + mr 2 2
F = = F1 = ( F2 mr 2 2 ) exp( f ) + mr 2 2
the belting equation
F1 mr 2 2 F1 Fc
= = exp( f ) => F = mr
2 2
F2 mr F2 Fc
2 2 c
exp( f ) 1
F1 F2 = ( F1 Fc ) => V = dn m / sec
exp( f )
V 2
Fc =
g
Fi = initial tension
Fc = hoop tension due to centrifugal force
F = tension due to the transmitted torque
T
D = diameter of the pulley
H = ( F1 F2 )V
H = the transmitted power
The difference between F1 and F2
is related to the pulley torque.
Subtracting
adding
Dividing
If Fi equals zero, then T equals zero: no initial
tension, no torque transmitted.
(1) provided,
(2) Sustained
(3) in the proper amount
(4) Maintained by routine inspection.
( F1 ) a = bFa C p C v
b = belt width, mm
Fa = manufacturers
allowed tension, N/mm
Cp = pulley correction
factor
Cv = velocity correction
factor
(F1)a = allowable largest
tension, N
(
(450 150)
d = 2 sin
1
2(2400)
= 3.0165rad
b) Estimate the allowable F1, F2, Fi and allowable power
Ha.
( F1 ) a = bFa C p C v
(F1)a=the allowable
largest belt tension
( F1 ) a = bFa C p Cv
= (0.15)(18000)(0.70)(1.0)
= 1890 N
c) Estimate the factor of safety. Is it satisfactory?
(450 150)
d = 2 sin 1
2(2400)
= 3.0165rad
f<f=>0.314<0.8
f=0.8 no danger of
slipping
Belt tension scheme
where;
d = dip, m
L = center-to-center
distance, m
= weight per foot of the
belt, N/m
Fi = initial tension, N.
A decision set for a flat belt
Where
E= Youngs modulus
T = belt thickness The largest tensile
v = Poissons ratio stress is
D= pulley diameter
b = bending stress
The smallest tensile
stress is
Table: Belt Life for Stainless Steel Friction
Drives
Steps for the selection of a metal
flat belt
1. Find exp(f) from 5. F2 =F1a F = ab F
geometry and friction
2. Find endurance strength; 6. Fi
for 301,
302 stainless steel. 7. bmin =
Np is the number of belt
passes.
8. Choose
3. Allowable tension
4. F= 9. Check frictional
development f :
Example 17-3
A friction-drive stainless Solution
steel metal belt runs over a) Select the belt if the torque
two 100-mm metal pulleys is to be 3.4 N.m
(f = 0.35). The belt From step 1, = d =
thickness is to 0.08 mm. For therefore exp(0.35)=1
a life exceeding 1000000
belt passes with smooth From step 2,
torque (Ks = 1),
a) Select the belt if the torque From step 3, 4, 5, and 6
is to be 3.4 N.m
b) Find the initial tension Fi.
Example 17-3
exp( f ) = exp(0.35 ) = 3
( S f )106 = 97702(106 ) 0.407 = 353MPa
193(10 9 )(0.08)(10 3 ) 3
2T 2(3.4) F1a = 353(10 )
6
(0.08)(10
F = = = 68 Nm (1 0.285 )(0.1)
2
D 0 .1
F1a = 14796b = 14796(0.019) = 281N
Et
F1a = S f tb = ab F2 = F1a F = 281 68 = 213 N
(1 v 2
) D
F1a + F2 281 + 213
193(109 )(0.08)(10 3 ) 3 Fi = = = 247 N
F1a = 353(106 ) (0.08)(10 )b 2 2
(1 0.285 )(0.1)
2
[ ]
F1a = 353(106 ) 168049849 = 14796bN
1 F
f ' = ln 1 = ln
F2 213
1 281
= 0.0882
a = 14796b
f ' < f => 0.0882 < 0.35(ok )
F exp( f ) 68 3
bmin = =
a exp( f ) 1 14796 3 1
bmin = 0.0069m = 6.9mm
b = 12.7 mm
b = (19mm)
V Belts
Note that:
1. To specify a V belt, give the belt-section letter, followed by the
inside circumference in inches. For example, C60 is a C-
section belt having an inside circumference of 60 in.
2. Calculations involving the belt length are usually based on the pitch
length. For any given belt section, the pitch length is obtained by
adding a quantity to the inside circumference. For example, a C60
belt has a pitch length of 62.9 in.
3. The groove angle of a sheave is made somewhat smaller than the
belt-section angle. This causes the belt to wedge itself into the
groove, thus increasing friction.
4. The optimum working speed of the V-belt should be between 5000
ft/min and 1000 ft/min.
center-to-center distance(C):
should not be greater than 3 times the sum of the sheave diameters(D
+d) and no less than the diameter of the larger sheave(D).
1) OIL RESISTANT
V-BELTS are resistant to damage from influence of mineral
oil, splash and fatty components. This property provides
longer belt life.
2) HEAT RESISTANT
To prevent aging and decomposition of the belts in high
temperature, V-BELTS have obtained heat resistant
properties.
3) ANTI STATIC
V-BELTS are of electrical conductivity which prevents the
builtup o static electricity. This property is of greatest
importance when working with inflammable materials.
Dd
D = + 2 sin 1
2C
Timing belts
Timing belts
Solutions:
Solutions:
Existing friction
#3. A 60-hp four-cylinder internal combustion engine is used to drive a brick-
making machine under a schedule of two shifts per day. The drive consists of
two 26-in sheaves spaced about 12 ft apart, with a sheave speed of 400
rev/min. Select a V-belt arrangement. Find the factor of safety, and estimate the
life in passes and hours.
Hnom = 60 hp, n = 400 rev/min, Ks = 1.4, d = D = 26 in on 12 ft
Given data: centers.
Design task: specify V-belt and number of strands (belts).
Tentative decision: Use
Inside D360 belts.
circumference
Pitch length Lp = 360 + 3.3 = 363.3 in Quantity to be added from table
Table 17-12: Htab = 16.94 hp by interpolation b/n 2000 and 3000 ft/min
Number of belts, Nb
Nb = 5