Signals & Systems

11/5/2014

Signal & Systems

ECE220

Signal & Systems
Introduction to course and Signals
Nikesh Bajaj
nikesh.14730@lpu.co.in
Digital Signal Processing
School of Electronics and Communication
Lovely Professional University
Overview
Objective of Subject
Syllabus: overview
Reference books, Papers, Journals
Introduction to subject
Prerequisite Knowledge
Review of Basics
Summary
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Objective of Subject
?
Ba Why do you need
Signals & Systems??
What this subject bring to you?
? What you will be able to do?
? How this will make difference?
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How important is it?

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Syllabus References

UNITs
Basics of Signal and Systems
LTI Systems Text
Frequency Domain Representation Oppenheim, ALAN V, Signals and Systems. Second Edition, PHI Publication,
Fourier Series and Transform ISBN: 978-81-203-1246-3
--------------MTE--------------------------
DTFT and DFT Other Books
Laplace Transform SIGNAL AND SYTEMS, SIMON HAYKIN, JOHN WILEY & SONS

Z- Transform Schaums Outline Signal and System by HWEI P.HSU

System realization & Applications Signal processing and linear systems, B.P. Lathi , oxford university press

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CA Evaluation Prerequisite Knowledge

Assignments Mathematics
1. Test (Assignment based)
Desired
Marks =30
Programing
2. Exercise+ Test MATLAB
Marks 30 Python
3. Test C/C++
Marks =30

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#Refer to Chapter 1 of Oppenheim

Logistic
Course Page
Ba
Material Unit-1: Basics of Signal & Systems
Online Group/Forum
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Updates
QTT
FUN!!! With MATLAB
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Signal??? What is Signal

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Signal 1-Dimensional signal- Audio

Speech and Waveforms

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Example
Ba 2-Dimensional signal -Image
Image
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3-Dimensional signal-Video
Video

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Other Examples Systems

Money in your Pocket What is systems?
Stock Market
Air flow in room
Vision of any object
Many more
Examples

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Introduction
System
Ba Systems: Examples

Examples of systems include :
1. An oscilloscope: takes in a voltage signal, outputs a 2-dimensional image
characteristic of the voltage signal.
2. A computer monitor: inputs voltage pulses from the CPU and outputs a
time varying display.
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3 An accelerating mass : force as a function of time may be looked at as the
input signal, and velocity as a function of time as the output signal.
4 A capacitance: terminal voltage signal may be looked at as the input,
current signal as the output.
Examples of signals include :
1 . A voltage signal: voltage across two points varying as a function of
time.
2 . A force pattern: force varying as a function of 2-dimensional space.
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3 . A photograph: color and intensity as a function of 2-dimensional space.

4 . A video signal: color and intensity as a function of 2-dimensional space
and time.
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#Refer to Chapter 1 of Oppenheim

Examples of mechanical and

electrical systems
You are surely familiar with many of these signals and systems and have probably analyzed them as well, but in
isolation . For instance, you must have studied accelerating masses in a mechanics course (see Fig (a)), and
capacitances in an electrostatic course (see Fig (b)), separately

Signals

Function that depends on some independent

variable

F(t), F(x,y) etc.

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#Refer to Chapter 1 of Oppenheim

Classifications
Continues Discrete
Elementary Signals

Continues: values at every points, independent variable is

continues R e.g. x(t)
Discrete : values at only specific points, independent variable is

discrete Z e.g. x(n)

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Unit Step Signal
Ba Unit Impulse Function
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Exponential Exponential

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Complex-Exponential

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Ba
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Exponential Practical Case of Step and Impuls

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Gate function Signal and transformation

Continues
Discrete

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Ba
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#Refer to Chapter 1 of Oppenheim

Signals
Signals
Signal?
Classification of Signals :Properties
Continues & Discrete
Analog & Digital,
Deterministic & Random & chaotic signal
Periodic & Aperiodic
Energy & Power
Even & Odd
Real & Complex

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Continues and Discrete signals Continues and Discrete signal

Continues Signal
If independed variable of function is continues variable (R, it can take
any value), function (or signals) is called as continues signal
f(t) =sin(2t) (t R) can take any value
Signal can have values for any given instance of time (or variable)
Discrete Signal
If independed variable of function is discrete variable (it can take only
certain value), function (or signals) is called as dicrete signal
f(n) =sin(2n) (n Z) can take only ..-2-10 +1 +2
Signal can have values for only discrete instance of time (or
variable)

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Analog and Digital
Analog
Ba Analog/Digital/Continues/Discrete

If function (Amplitude) have infinite set of values, it is called

Analog signal
f(t) =sin(2t) f(t) R
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Digital
If function (Amplitude) have finite set of values, it is
called Analog signal
If f(n) can have only two values (0, 1) it is binary
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If f(n) can have only three values (0, 1,2) it is ternary

And so on
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Dont be Deterministic and Random

Dont be confused with Deterministic
Analog and Continues and Signal have mathematical model/equation
Values of signal can be computed for any instances
Digital with Discrete f(t) =sin(2t) or f(n) =sin(2n)

Random
Analog signal can be Continues as well as Signal do not have mathematical model/equation
discrete Values of signal can NOT be computed for any instances
Example: speech, noise etc
Similarly a digital signal can be Continues as
Chaotic signals
well as discrete
Roughly: Signal which have mathematical model and equations
but behave like random, called as chaotic .
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Periodicity Periodic Signal

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Ba
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Deductions!!!
-check on http://nikeshbajaj.in/signals-and-systems/ Energy and Power
Deduce following with possible answers as Always/Not Always
+ Periodic/Aperiodic Answers will be different for Continues Time and Discrete
Time Signals So answer separately for Continues and Discrete

Cases Continues Discrete

Periodic + Periodic = ________________ _______________ (+ and -)
Periodic + Aperiodic = ________________ _______________
Aperiodic + Aperiodic = ________________ _______________
Periodic x Periodic = ________________ _______________
Periodic x Aperiodic = ________________ _______________
Aperiodic x Aperiodic = ________________ _______________

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Ref: http://ocw.nctu.edu.tw/

Energy and Power

Energy
Ba 1.
Deductions!!!!
-check on http://nikeshbajaj.in/signals-and-systems/

All Time limited* signals are ALWAYS Energy Signals EXCEPT signals
does not blow up* in between
2. All Time unlimited** signals ALWAYS have Infinite
Energy EXCEPT signal tends to zero when it approaches to infinity
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3. All Periodic Signals have infinite Energy
4. All Periodic Signals are ALWAYS Power signals EXCEPT signal does not
blow up in any period

Power *Time Limited means signal exist from t1 to t2 only (for finite time duration
only) **Time Unbounded mean At least one limit of signal touches to infinity.
Signal exist either from infinity to + infinity, t1 to +infinity or -infinity to t1
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Ref: http://ocw.nctu.edu.tw/

Energy and Power Signal Examples Solve following

Energy Signal
Signal with finite energy E< is called energy signal
It has 0 average power P=0
Power Signal
Signal with infinite Energy E= and finite average
Power P< is called Power Signal
Neither Energy nor Power signal
Signal with infinite energy and Infinite power falls in
this category
E = & P =
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Examples Even and Odd

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Even and Odd
Any signal can be broken into two parts, even and
Ba Real and Complex

odd
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Ref: Lathi

Basic Operation on signal

Shifting : Advancing and Delaying Shifting

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Ref: Lathi

Scaling: Compression and Expansion Scaling

Or Speedup & Slow-downed

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Ref: Lathi

Time reversal
Ba Time Reversal
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Useful Formulas

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