Llshs.

com Imperialism & World War I: (unit 11)

The U.S. Steps on to the World Stage.

The Big Picture Questions

How did the role of the federal gov. change during world war 1
How did the foreign policy of the US change between 1865 and 1919?

Review of U.S. Foreign Policy: 1789 -1890

Washington: Washington administration came to and napoleon war still going on
Adams: dealing with French and their heart feeling..they are not easy to deal with.
Jefferson: he is going to be the first president to deal with terrorism we hurt yourself with embargo act
Madison:
Monroe and beyond: issue that European colonies wouldnt allow any American policy (British were the
backbone behind it) idea of manifest destiny comes in we quire Florida everybody was acting under the
table we got that with peace with british

3 Factors Fueled American Imperialism:

Industrialization: US like Europe we out strip our markets industrial began to see new market and
sources of new material as wellthey had vast amount of $ but they were fear of inflation so they
invested it
Cultural Superiority: British control the world
Anglo-Saxonism: English people were superior and were destined to dominate the world
american believed that it was their duty to civilized ppl.
The White Mans Burden: ppl thought it was about British Empire but it was really encouraging
Americans to make their own empire
Nationalism: Love or devotion to ones country ...ppl believed that US should expand
Admiral Alfred T. Mahan: he was a professor and wrote a book Influence of Sea Power Upon
History 1660-1783 he said to create a navyto do that:
create a steam power (not a sailing vessel)
To support the Steam power navy the US needed coaling nation
Teter rosvelt was imp. Carry his idea in the white house

Expansion in the Pacific

Hawaii
As early as the 1790s, the Hawaiian Islands were important to the US: weather was good for growing sugar
cane American est. There for sugar
1842 John Tyler: expand Hawaii and told British not to interfere
1882: senate insisted US (cold harbor)
1887: force king of Hawaii to give more power to planters and monarchy
1893: Planters Revolt: king sister comes to power that was reserved planters in Hawaii ...temporary gov.. was
Queen Liliuokalani:
American planters:
President Grover Cleveland:
Annexation:

The Spanish-American War

5 Factors Led to the Spanish American War:

The Cuban Revolution: wanted indp. From Spain US sympathies
US Investment: invest a lot of $ in the sugar money ... Cuban rev. threaten these investment
 Yellow Journalism: printed very cheap newspapertried to be very scandalized (national acquaintance)
Wrote story about Spanish wrote story about concentration camps just to get readers
The de Lme Letter: national insult to US struts up anti-Spanish feeling ..feb15, 1898ship explode and
many were killed
USS Maine:
Teller Amendment: once the war was over US would give Cuba its independence

The U.S. Fights a War on Two Fronts

1st Front: the Pacific: Philippines had been Spanish colonies Dewey sails out of hong kong ..he sails to the
phillipines most of the Spanish ships were wooden and sail power ..dewey waits for US troops to
arrivesomeone :S was the Spanish gorilla
2nd Front: the Caribbean: May 28, 1898 June the 22nd US troops land in Cuba meanwhile in Texas
rosovelt come to meet his friends and form and clubmade up 1 quarter of the cub e
Santiago de Cuba.
1st U.S. Volunteer Regiment:
Theodore Roosevelt second in command.
Battle of San Juan Hill (Kettle Hill).
9th and 10th Negro Calvary:

End of the Spanish American War

The Treaty of Paris of 1898: Spanish surrender on july 1898, shortest declared war in American history the
it end on was..
Ended the war
Cuba greatest its imp.
Cuba gomp
Pay 20 $ mill.
Spanish surrendered on July 25, 1898.
Entire war lasted 113 days.
December 10, 1898:
Provisions:
Impact of Spanish American War:
In 1899 Filipino Uprisings - Aguinaldo. Leads his gurella now against us
Concentration Camps. We sets these camps in cuba to break that resistances
U.S. Army has problems: we adopted spring field we also invented machine gunswe used logical
tactics sig :
1. Made an imeant canalcanal to the ismiss through central America would be necessary ..spanish
American war marks a point from the point to a isolation nation to a world power
Equipment
Tactics.
Isthmian canal:
William Howard Taft

Puerto Rico
Foraker Act (aka Organic Act) April 2, 1900..law could be veto easily ...its also didnt grant they didnt grant
the citizenshiponly Puerto Rico citizen ship
Jones-Shafroth Act (March 2, 1917): conformed US citizen on Puerto Rico it also created the gov which
along the same linethe ordinate of 1789 ... bring US and Puerto rico citizen were alingned just like the US
state but the only difference was they didnt have the state hood.
1952 self-governing commonwealth.

Cuba
US established a military government in Cuba.
 The Teller Amendment (April 19, 1898): US establish Military gov. US would grant them independence
Power vacuum ?!? the germans would fill the space so they didnt wanna leave a power vacuumno germans in
cuba and they try to ease the Cuban
Cuban Constitution: pass the platt amendment
The Platt Amendment (February 1901). Restrict Cuban ability to borrow money
US states have the authority to interfere in Cuban stuff whenever they feel a need to
Cuba cant conduct foreign policy without our permission and cant borrow money either
After all these the US withdraws
U.S. Withdrawl: US withdraws troops in 1802

China
Open Door Policy John Hay.
Boxer Rebellion
The Righteous Harmony Society - Boxers:
The Empress Dowager:
Multinational force:
U.S. issued more Open Door notes.
The Boxer Protocol.

American Influence in Latin America.

Governments: largely dictator shipfew allegories
Economy:
American & European investment:
California Gold Rush:
Isthmian canal:
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850):
Ferdinand de Lesseps (1880)

U.S.S. Oregon
Spanish-American War: sailing for carbien 2 ocean navy that can move from 1 ocean to another easily
Poor communication.
2 ocean navy.
Empire:

Teddy Roosevelt
1900 Election William McKinley/Theodore Roosevelt (TR). Annoyance to republican so they are making vice
president brought imperialism
McKinley assassinated. Sign teaty .. give US the full right to control over central America ppl are going to
lose their assets
TRs Foreign Policy:
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (November 18, 1901): can make an effort to ask for panama to columbia
Congressional debate - Nicaragua or Panama?
Panamanian Revolution.
Hay-Bunau Varilla Treaty (November 18, 1903): control panama ..panama receive 250,000$ every year for
this treaty

Construction Obstacles
Difficult Terrain.
Tropical Diseases. Most difficult obstacle to overcome more men died with yellow fever than guns gorges
..drain ponds and swapsb.c of mosquito bedding..put oil so mosquito wont bite
Completion: took 10 years to build and 400 billion dollars
 The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Venezuela Affair (1902): paid J.P morgan back.
Roosevelt Corollary (1904): US had the right to interfere in latin america countries whose stability was in
question
Dominican Republic (1905): American officials comes in and take over dutiesthats how long it take to pay
back the debt u owe your nation
Intervention:
The 19 Public Bads of Empire:

Dollar Diplomacy
President William Howard Tafts foreign policy: gov. of the Philippines really fat
Sec. of State Knox: rip them of before germans caninvestments almost exceed ..
Investment:
Investment problems:
Ruling elite:
Failure:
Often U.S. military intervention followed investment.
Resentment of U.S. investment and military intervention.

Missionary Diplomacy
AKA Moral Diplomacy: they believe if u spread democracy it would
fighting a domestic thug had the mouse party
President Woodrow Wilson & Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan: deeply religious man..very
idealistic foreign politics doesnt suffer ..wilson against imperialism ..miexico would improve the greates
challenge
Did not rule out the use of military force:
Haiti
Dominican Republic

The Mexican Revolution

Mexico proved to be one of Wilsons greatest challenges.
Porfirio Diaz: dictator of Mxico Mxico resources was owned by foreign began backing all kind of
revolutions ..germans shipping arms to everybody
Mexicos mineral resources:
Francisco Madero:
Victoriano Huerta:
Problems with Missionary Diplomacy arise:

Intervention in Mexico
Wilsons policy toward Huerta:
Tampico & Vera Crus:
Venustiano Carranza:
Pancho Villa:was a herokilled 17 ppl in colombus
The Mexican Expedition (1916 1917): punitive expenditionfought in mexcian American war leading war
troops ...marry general (john j Persian ) lead to expentionary force

World War I:
America Reluctantly Becomes a World Power.

The Roots of World Conflict

4 Factors that lead to World War I: 1815-1914 ...less than a year involve hand full of European 2-3
 Militarism: government was militarism of most of the country fashion trends was a military dress
all these country were alliance
Alliances:.
Imperialism: all these country went to war with each other!
Nationalism: love and devotion toward ones country nationalism cause a lot of the problems

The European Alliance System

Treaty of London 1839 : british agree that they would back up Belgium neutrality
Franco-Prussian War (1870 71) war with France.beat them up so france policy was revenge!
Balkans: Russians and French have Balkans design French and Russian = triple entente
Dual Alliance (later Triple Alliance): Hungary, Austria, Germany and later join by Italy so it becomes triple
alliance
The Triple Entente:
Entente Cordiale (friendly understanding):

Europe Explodes
The Spark That Sets Europe on Fire: black handSerbians are supporting them
From Balkan War to World War: Austria declares war on Serbia august 3rd at germany

Stalemate in Europe
Triple Entente became The Allies: world war 1 and world war 2 triple alliance(central power)
Other problem is technologybetter way to blow somebody heads off
France
Russia
Great Britain
Italy
Etc.
Triple Alliance became The Central Powers:
Germany
Austria-Hungary
The Ottoman Empire
Etc.
All pre-War plans failed:
Military doctrine failed:
New technology:

Weapons of World War I

Artillery: bugger more accurate and shoot faster
The Machine Gun: machine that operates a gunMachines gun the greatest weapon of defense
Trench Warfare:
o Barbed Wire:
o Stalemate:
American equipment was a big improvement, AK 47 is very reliable

How to break the trench warfare stalemate?

Infantrymen going Over the Top British idea...battle of sommebattle of passion down
Flame Throwers: introduce by germans
GAS: used by both side intro by germans problems were winds blow from france to germany so on ur face,
gas used was chlorine ..urine over ur mouth cuz it neutralized chlorine ...later came with charcoal gas slow
army doesnt stop them.
Tanks: solution is tanks ..power, protection and mobility ,French tanks has everything u want to have in the
modern tanks
 Aerial Warfare
Zeppelins: lighter than air gasesbig balloon with metal frame work ..figure out that they can drop bombs with
these things fixed air craft take pictures and can tell what ur enemy is upto
Reconnaissance.
Dogfights
Fighters
Bombers

The War at Sea

britian world largest navy French had the second and german is the 3 rd but 1st and 2nd largest navies were
combine against german
o Submarines: allow the german navy to strike at british they bought the design form American
U.S. Neutrality
Wilson: run for president as a progressive reformer, when war breaks out he ask US to be neutralcant
manufacture enough weapon
American Industry: provide arms and ammunition from US they sell more allies, british and French are out
of $ and US starts loaning them moneyso if they lose the war we dont get $ back german was
accountable for any loss of life,$ and property
German Exclusion Zone: ^^
Lusitania May 1, 1915: war going for 6-7 months british knew US was better they know how to push our
butts ..rossvelt leads the warhe said we should go to war with britian 20s wilson demand an apology abd to
end unristricted warfare
Sussex March 24, 1916: they sink the French passanger ship, German issue Sussex pledge
The Sussex Pledge May 14, 1916:
1. 1. Passanger ship were not be target
2. marching ship wouldnt be target until they are in the war
3. ship wouldnt be sunk until the passage are in it
4. Sussex ledge stop ship sinking
The U.S. Enters the War
The Sussex Pledge:
Election of 1916: outlaw the alcohol low single digit number of ppl vote for him-wilson got lots of vote labor
class vote very tied election
Peace Without Victory: Wilson slogan going to the right thing believed victory was just around the
corner believe that Sussex pledge got them enough time so much blood had been spill neither side is not
even got dicuss
The Zimmerman Note: sents a telegram dilever the Z note to Wilsonnow he had to fight ..march 3 rd
author comes out he said yes I sent that telegram to mexico he could have lied but now US is in war
Reasons the U.S. entered the War:
S = Sussex Pledge
L = Lusitania
U = Unrestricted submarine warfare
T = Ties to Britain
Z = Zimmerman note

The Two Sides

The Allies : BFAIR( Britain, France, America, Italy, Russia)
Central Powers: A-HOG ( Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire(death empire), Germany)

America Goes to War

world must be made safe for democracy-Woodrow Wilson
 The Home Front
Selective Service Act: 30-31 aged between men were selected almost 5 mill men were going for war
farmers do quite well
Local draft boards would decide who would go to war.
Organizing Industry:
War Industries Board:
Unions:
Women:
African-Americans:
Conservation Efforts: under the guidance for Howard hover
Hooverizing: fuel administration was run by taxes goes up during the war, bonds
Victory Gardens:
Fuel Administration:
Financing the War:
Significance: federal gov. roll in the finances and their involvement n society increase

Public Support for the War

Trading with the Enemy Act:
Sedition Act. Prohibited Disloyal speech for US and its allies
Espionage Act. Punished anyone that was found helping the enemy all of this was challenged
Schenck v. U.S. (1919) - clear and present danger.
Committee on Public Information (CPI): Movie actors traveled the nation to rally public support silent films
starts anything that was drived from germany there names were changed
Four-minute men:
The Star Spangled Banner.
Sauerkraut = liberty cabbage
Frankfurters = liberty sausages
Dachshunds = liberty pups
German shepherds = Alsatians
Significance: . Role of the gov in economy and ur personal life gets bigger!!

Yanks in the Trenches

General John J. Pershing & the AEF (June 14, 1917): Russia has a rev.
Bolshevik Revolution (November 1917): communist! pulls Russia out of the war
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918): germany doesnt hold back
German Spring Offensive (March 21, 1918):were not fed properly
Meuse-Argonne Offensive (September 26 November 11, 1918):
Doughboys: American soldiers names ..wars come to an end

The War Comes to an End.

October 1918: the German lines were crumbling.
AEF captures Sedan (Nov. 7, 1918): nov.11 and 11am the fight comes to an end
Armistice:

The Paris Peace Talks

Wilsons 14 Points (January 8, 1918): 14 point that will end war forever
1. No secret diplomacy
2. Freedom of the seas
3. Free trade
4. Arms reductions biggest army blah blah
5. Restruration of national border
 6. Independent pollen
7.
Problems:
The Treaty of Versailles (Jun 28, 1919):

The U.S. Senate and the Treaty

Treaty of Versailles:
Nobel Prize:
Trouble in the Senate:
Harsh terms:
The League of Nations:
Republican Henry Cabot Lodge:
Proposed revision:
Wilson fights for public support:
Committee on Public Relations:
Whistle Stop Tour:
Wilsons Disability:
Senate Vote:

Impact of World War I

U.S. Impact:
Isolationism:.
Xenophobia:
People came to fear foreigners.
Nativism.
Palmer Raids.
Workers gained higher wages.
Americans attained a higher standard of living.
Minorities:
Women:.
Global Impact:
Nationalism:
Arabs and Jews:
Russia:
Germany:
European:
1918 1920 Flu Pandemic:
The world map:
Aftermath:
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