Gs ran THU—kKe: aan Reinforced Concrete Structures R. PARK a1 Department Gna of New Zealand T. PAULAY E. C. C. LIBRARYMADRAS | | Received on deter alt A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION JOHN WILEY & SONS [New York» Chichester «Brisbane Toronto» Singapore‘rass32.008 ISBN 0-471-65917-7, Printed in tne United States of Amersn wo 7428156 Preface We nope that the content ana the treatment of the subject of remforeed. concrete structtires inthis book will appeal (o students, teachers, and practt- ‘ing members of the structural engineering profession. ‘The book has grown from two e of Reinforced Concrete Structures (Vol. 1 for extension study seminars conducted for practt- cing structural eng m New Zealand, Those early editions of seminar notes have been considerably extended and updated, Many yearsof experience and design, and in design and researc, have helped to form ideas and to provide background material for the book. ‘The text emphasizes tne basic behavior of remforced concrete elements and th and deformation characteristics up to ultimal \deavors to give the reader a the fundamentals of reinforced concrete, Such a background is esse compiete and proper understanding of buildingcodes and design pr ‘The design engineer may be disappointed that the text does not extend into a range of design charts, tables, and examples. Such information 1s available elsewhere, The main purpose of the text 18 to standing of the background to such applied maten “The current building code of the American Coner 1s one of the most widely accepted remforced concrete codes. Tt adopted by some countries and has strongly unfluenced the code y ‘eason extensive reference s made to the ACT provisions, but ‘comparison with other building codes appears where necessary. The book 18 not heavily code oriented, however. The emphasis is on why certain engmeer~ sng decisions should be made, rather than how they should be executed. It 8 ‘our belief that engineers should be capable of rationally assessing design ‘procedures and should not be blind followers of code provisions. "The strength and serviceability approach to design 1s emphasized through- ‘out the book because we believe that it 1s the most realistie method. ‘The book commences with a discussion of basic design criteria and the about a basic under:concrete st ‘members, torsion are then presented and anchorage. The service load behavior of: then examinee, mn and crack control. This matenal 1ear walls. Because we believe that to ensure a successfi tne common range of si An aspect of the book that forced concrete is the treatment of tne effects of earthquake means of achieving design procedures for seism ant Seismic design 1s assuming more importance the su and an ure mechanisms, are essential if structures capable of surviving major earthquakes are to be designed. Considerations of behavior under ‘We hope that the book will serve as a useful text to teachers syllabus for undergraduate cout hhas been treated in enough cep! students in advanced courses 1 practicing engincers, par to design earthquake-resistant st reference. ‘We would be grateful for any constructive comments or eriticisms t readers may have and for notification of any crrors that they will inevitably detect ‘The authors have received a great deal of assistance, encouragement, and, inspiration from numerous sources. Thanks are due to our many colleagues 1¢ University of Canterbury, particularly to Prof. H. J. Hopkins, sted astrong mterest in concrete at this University, to Dr. A.J. Carr, read part of the manuscript, and to Mrs. Alice Watt. whose patience when ‘many is bOOK a useful reatty appreciated. Also, the dedicated technicians Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Canterbury and four graduate students have carried the major burden of reported, fas well as the photographic and drafting work, and their effo recorded with appreciation. To many professional engineering New Zealand, including O. A. Glogau, G. F. McKenzie, and I. C. Arm- strong of the New Zealand Ministry of Works, and consulting enginesrs ‘AL Andrews, J. F. Hollings, R. J.P. Garden, and K. Williamson, we owe a great deal for constructive comment and discussions. To our many colleagues in North America, including M. P. Collins, R. F. regor, and G. Base, who read o, F. Leonhardt, and H. Risch, we Iso our thanks are due to our own University of Canterbury, m, the American Iron and Steel Institute, the the manuserspt the Cement ana Conerete Asso Fi king couk n achieved without the patience, encouragement, and understanding of our wives. R. Park T. Pautay9% u or g¢ ‘Saris pur adeys ug zz quoMIsouOJUIDY OAS TT 1 €¢ ‘ajazouen Jo oSeqUTUS, ‘og ‘m9zDH0D Jo daaiy TE omnuag ssang fener 112 sian) Vz AALS GNV ALTIONOD AOA SAIASNOLLYTRI NIVULSSSHULS 7 sous1gjoy St Gcanuang walagiG woomieg SdIYsHONUITY 9°p'T 6 UBUaNsIAQ CFT a uifuang ayqzacd gemnfuang a1qepuadaq ert grunduans [rep] THT {oufuang mquDyy Jo waMdoFeAeG TPT Iso AsQuaauas pue MBuINS IV eT Auqiqusouurag pue tnBuang 103 uaIs9q) TT udtsag wuang au purssong Tupjiogy Jo rwaudojareq HOVOWddV NOISIa TH 1 syua}U0D,x Contents 2.2.2 Monotonic Stress Behavior, 37 22.3. Repeated Stress Benavior, 40 224 Reversed Stress Behavior, 40 2.3. References 3. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF THEORY FOR FLEXURAL STRENGTH 3.1 Basie Behavior Assumptions 3.2 Equivalent Rectangular Stress Block 3.3 Conerete Strain at the Flexural Strength 3.4 Nonrectangular Compressed Areas 3.5. Effects of Slow Rates of Loading and of Sustained Load 3.6 Summary of Recommendations for the Determination of the Strength of Sections with Flexure and Axral Load 3.7 References 4 STRENGTH OF MEMBERS WITH FLEXURE Sections Analysis of Singly Remforced Sections, 61 4.1.2 Design of Singly Reinforced Sections, 69 4.1.3 Analysis of Doubly Reraforced Sections, 79, 4.14 Design of Doubly Reinforced Sections, 83 42. Tana 1Sectons 4.2.1 Analysis of and J Sections, 92 4.2.2 Design of Tang J Sections, 95 4.2.3 Effective Width of T Beams, 99 4.3. Sections Having Bars at Various Leveis or Steel | Defined Yield Strengti. Lacking a 4.5 Lateral Instability of Beams 4G References 5. STRENGTH OF MEMBERS WITH FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOAD 5.1. Introduction 52. Amially Loaded Short Columns 5.3 Eccentnically Loaded Short Coumas with Uniaxial Bending 5.3.1 Introduction, 123 45 48 2 56 58 59 ot 61 101 18 13, Contents 34 55 56 63 64 65 66 5.3.2 Analysis of Rectangular Sections with Bars at One or ‘Two Faces, 125 53.3 Design of Rectangular Sections with Bars at One or ‘Two Faces, 135 5.3.4 Rectangular Sections with Bars at Four Faces, 143, 53.5. Sections with Bars in Circuiar Array, 148 5.3.6 Design Charts and Tables, 152 Eceentrically Loaded Short Cotumns with Biaxt 54.1 General Theory, 154 5.4.2 Approximate Methods of Analysis and Design for Biaxial Bending, 158 543. Design Charts, 162 Slender Coiumns Bending 53.1 Behavior of Siender Columns, 172 552 “Exact” Design Approach for Slender Columns, 179 55.3 Approximate Design Approach for Slender Columns ‘The Moment Magnifier Metnod, 180 References. Introduction ‘Moment-Curvature Relationships 62.1 Curvature of a Member, 196 622 Theoretical Moment-Curvature Determination, 199 Duetility of Unconfined Beam Sections 6.3.1 Yield and Ultimate Moment and Curvature, 203 63.2 Code-Specified Duetility Requirements for Beams, 216 Ductility of Unconfined Cotumn Sections Members with Confined Conerete 6.5.1 Effect of Confinng the Conerete, 221 65.2 Compressive Stress Block Parameters for Concrete Confined by Rectangular Hoops, 224 6.5.3 Theoretical Moment-Curvature Curves for Sections with Confined Concrete, 229 Flexural Deformations of Members 154 m 203 207 221 236z6e 6c 06€ 68 e8¢ ug ue I9¢ ose use are ove oe ‘suonmapisueg aise 16 wononponuy 16 JOVYOHONY AXV GNOM 6 SOUDIIITY O18 mg WI UOISIOL —6y UMS [eUOISIOL, $8 UvorsJo] pe aunxa} PaMIQMIOD 1° suoua -so19)Hioy qa LALA SuIvaR UF HOISIO PUT WUE PaUTANIED 9°3 TUDWIDIOJUIDY AeA FuUINboY sIOqUE,Y wOISIOL 'R omroo1oyuioy qany IOWA SUIvOR UI IKONS PUP UOISIO. 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The Nature of Bond Resistance 394 92.6 Confinement, 404 9.2.7 Repeated and Cyclic Reversed Loading, 404 9.3. The Determination of Usable Bond Strength 407 9:4 The Anchorage of Bars 410 9.4.1 Strayght Anchorages for Bars with Tension, 410 9.4.2 Hook Anchorages for Bars with Tensiot 9.4.3 Anchorage for Bars with Compression, 416 9.5 Anchorage Requirements for Flexural Bond an 9.6 418. 2 Splices, 423 9.7 References rr 10. SERVICE LOAD BEHAVIOR 26 426 a7 lysis of Beams Using the Internat Coupie Approach, 429 10.2.4 Analysis of Beams Using the Transformed Section Approach, 436 10.2.5 Design of Beams Using the Alternative (Elastic Theory) Method, 441 10.2.6 Analysis of Short Columns, 450 10.2.7 Shrinkage Stresses, 457 Conte 10.3 Controt of Defiections 461 1g Deflections, 470 10.4 Control of Cracking 76 10.4.1 ‘The Neea for Crack Controt, 476 10.4.2 Causes of Cracking, 477 10.4.3 Mechanism of Flexural Cracking, 479 10.4.4 Control of Flexural Cracks in Design, 490 10.5 References 498 M1 STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF FRAMES 495 496, 496 502 505 ‘Moment Diagram, 505 ‘Moment Diagram Modified for ‘bution, 507 11.43 Limst Desiga, 512 ILS Limit Design Methods sis 1 ACI-ASCE Commuttoe 428 Report, 515 2. Available Limit Design Methods, 518 115.3 General Method for Calculating Required Plastic Hinge Rotations, 521 Calculation of Service Load Moments and Stresses, 529 sign, 544 5 Comments on Li 11.6 Design for Seismic Loadi Basic Concepts, 545 545 ty Requirements, 547 ‘Requirements, 552 story Frames Using Static Collapse Mechanisms,999 Woueos9yutoy Jo esoding SUL, TET £99 uonoaponuy EL 99 SNVILVIAd JO LIV AHL et 099 ssouaFFU FTL 369 ‘sardoung ufixog Jo Aron 4159 ‘STA, Tay perdnoD yun syuotmday 19 “stem 824s pordnoo Jo sotaMueg anstidoNseL 89 *U005>y nse eau xpalg 01 pas sieuy SPU OY, em waar SS SE me ome eo ee oe eo sBaundo 1p if reer TWeAL stays 40) oNDEIAUE PEO] IEEY-WEUIONL YZ TT a 129 "MIU 2004S JOADIULD POSU]S CTI ou 2a eel aa soinBuersoy FuaDHE sey RUS i iSuviooy SucAcH, 19 stem 94 if 8 ry sceg aod tel ov SONI UAW AMOLSKLIMY 40 STIVAN WVIHS. tt 69 “iaarng Jo Bayeioc, pu Sutwonsodos ‘009 ‘souesy Jo Ruypa0ryanust9g 10) URISAg AudedED 19°11 269 ‘SuistaBUooN 2m EEL 665 soonn0cr reiveds fa uonedisig SBxa0g a¥OnbUIE OTL 1969 “BONS, 069 spoaio9 pur sexerE EL 989 sroquayy worsaxduio3 Jo BumreIeC 3H, SET more) 40} aanpacoig annuity BY 69TT ao p86 ‘Saute 2[58C] JO UEIS9C] TSIOS 639 ‘inowaai0yuioy reams] OM YO SUNN YET org, twloedg APO IDV JO vorsMDsIC FO'TT 089 siutog peor pue woddng,jo Bumieraci aq, CEL tia seg “Tuataor0juiay TeeNS PUL TEIN} Jo woNsIUT CH EL Jo UuBisaq oiusiag 103 suorstaoad TeIoadg 9POD IOV LOTT 699 “sbeioyauy 10] SIHINIOT TyEL eo 699 sutvog Jo % ML veT $99 sao10g [oOo Jo 98 1d ee yo pavuing Aigan samen SuwwIELEC 9°11 suseReinforced Concrete Structures‘ur sossaujs om sproj aor4s06 ye JOU) FuLInsuD sdiysuoNLTOr UrENIS Buypyva ¢96T PEE 9s61 UL "sjoiouoa pessoas 4 wou siwaddisip pownow ssans Bupyzon ata puE PALO] faxouod uvodoaney ai Jo aydwexs 247 a10}9q Hea uA recn waned sy pu ‘aunuoo [pe uBtsep unBuans axeeuia 'a te Besa Approssa Additional variables that nave been considered 1n preseribing capacity reduction factors ne consequence of failure the members wi re, :nvolved in are designed to fa Warning of such a fai and large deflect for conerete, allocated a higher g value. The @ value for shear because the concrete contribution to strength 13 the depenaable ength, the overall safety factor for a (4) rength of the section hout axial tension) varies the higner value properly applying For members Provisions ‘The assessment of the performance of the structure at the service toad is an extremely important consideration when members are propot basis of the required strength, compression st ‘ments but lead to high stresses and deformations at the service load. There- ied that deflections at service Joad are within acceptable 1 of eracking 1s also very important for the sake of appeat- ability. Therefore, the crack widths at the service load should for deflections and crack ‘are given in 1.3.3. Duetility Provisions A significant consideration that may have to be added to strength ana service- ismic Joading can be justified only 10 absorb and dissipate energy Dy pos such as longitudinal remforcement contents, anchorage of remforce- ind confinement of compressed concrete, ensuring that al of failure (e. fai wre avoided. The 1971 ACT code"? makes recommend tudinal steel contents that result in ibution of bending moments from igtam. Also, for the first time, the code includes an the elastic moment appendix giving special provisions for seisrate design, 1.4 CONSIDERATIONS OF MEMBER STRENGTH 1.4.1 Development of Member Strength In design itis often necessary to evaluate the possible upper and lower bounds of the likely strength of structural components. 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OM Jo UO! sreap 3009 sw Jo 136d sofeur oy, sinSuans jeusjeIa payloads puw AaMOST {ones paumnsse uo pur wor}oes a Jo sosseUE@ anne aun Burepaud oom {wo paureygo stg soquIoW v Jo UoM}D9s v Jo wBuaNS [pUIOU 40 TIP AH, ‘g wong opr 7'P'T rmenbo enduasis ou) Jo WoreALap ay Ur apeU uANG DALY SU '$90W829I0} IeuoHONUTsUOD Jo asnDEq suOISUOLUP POYLOMS jOABUN aFe e32q]} PUE “son}EA payroads OM) WON, j1OUOD aM JO stHBuaNS om, HBA UT] UOD SUMP IEA Au FeaMYOANS Jo smPEuONS Sexy Up Jo WORE afgissod 24) MONT ‘01 ue HOdur star snp “UB sop onstos Jo aun}eay soared w St apOUE BINITEY JP Jo ouyproae ox, uwunyoo ox Jo uaNS ay B10} ‘urwoq oui Jo muaiys am) doyaaap o1 ajqestsap seme st Spapron¥ 99 03 St seouanbasuoa SEIN aIgissod SIC YK ouNyER] aUINIOD v JF “UIE SMO -nurnto9 ® ui yurof mnjoo-twH2q w ye 2fdumexa x04 ‘pasnst9-2q 03 St ex0F8) OF ‘prexidy user aan 80 "The Deaign Approsch ‘component B necessary to ensure that component B does not fail are Ax 0.9) = 1.44, Eqs. 18a, for component B. i levels of prot 1S REFERENCES Coa of Pract (English trans 2 Stress-Strain Relationships for Concrete and Steel 2.1 CONCRETE 2A.L Uniaxial Stress Behavior is seldom stressed in one direction only al situations the conetete is stressed, imultaneously in a nuinber of directions. Nevertheless, an assumed uniaxial slress condition can be ust ‘many cases, ‘Stress Behavior sagth of concrete 1s usually obtained from cylinders of 2. The cylinders are loaded longi slow strain rate fo reach maximum stress in 2 or 3 minutes. The normal standard cylinder 1s 12 52 mm) diameter ana the 2000 and strength ‘aimed from tests, ito equivalent standard2 StreseStrinRelationstips for Concrete an Stee, | z |_-—_— Conese Kin® (Nor?) % oo0T ‘0002 a0 wr Fig 2, Stesestran curves for concrete cylingersloaed in enixil compression ‘cannot absorb the reiease in strain energy from the testing machine wien the ‘after maximum stress, A stiff testing machine 18 necessary to ty for concrete B; may be taken as™! B= whSBVFi ps f (1 psi = 0.00689 N/mm’), where w is the dens ) of concrete in pounds per cubic for vit? © 1602 kg/m?) ana fy is the compressive cylinder strength in psi. Fai 155 tbyft’, was det iteives the secant modulus at a stress of approximately 0.5f;. For normal weignt concrete E, may be considered tobe 570007, pst oF 4730/F, Nim? cape ofthe stres-stran curve ngth ofthe conerete (se Fig. 22). sed approximation for degre parabola, Forex ye due to Hognestad* 1s shown in Fig. 2.3, savior adopted depends on the limit of useful conerete strain ‘assumed, This aspoc is farther discussed in Chapters 3 ana 6 with regard to taleulations for tae Hexural strength and ultimate deformations of members. ‘The maximum compressive stress reached berf! may differ from the cylinéer strength f because ofthe dilerence in sze sres/avenath 1 ni = 0.00589 svn? ‘oor Genie ooo Cs ro, iene Fis tonship between the stress tcength rao and strain for concrete of diferent sis, f Fig 2. Menied stressstam curve for con al compression1] Z pur woustoads aun Jo onnyiey au} ye ysUTOLE Suypuag aun St py tau ¢ ug e anea Supuag jo suai Sq poyenyers aq ose ue 2% jaureip 8 BuoTe popLoy Pl ‘usta pamndusco ‘soomaap Suypjou au Ka ge AxDPYPU 0} SUBETODGS ‘suawaioads uorsuay Woy Jo San InoIyP 340 Jo 19 9q ue “BUNS asvarout §] poet st ‘urnurxeus au sna ye t00'9 e000 S00 1000 T T T 1 g ‘ane payaso jo oe anne st us Jo ayer Sutseardep v YUM WHA eTeDxpUE(5°Z FF) Supe} Jo sores josmy £q paureygo soaino arog “2auno urEsis-ssans om; Jo adeys :pour asme9 Burpeo} GH191-Buo} sc Buypnor 9269205 9 eaiouco 29 aaa weneseNS FT AE (orn oy wes [eu wind eng poureiao wep 189 SOAS yz aun ‘ona WIENS poounowosd ¥ ssonposd Suppvo} sxrssosdw09 ‘Hoquiata ur 21219009 J s3ygpr ajsnu 2 sasuone eS HOS "6 ‘Strat Strain Relationships for Concrete and Stet y Om L a A toonecfom_ Coren ‘Stes dribton on ocd later foo moh jainly due to the stress dist being nonlinear when fai for the modulus of rupture La RSF pst (22) where fis the cylinger strength in pst (1 psi = 0.00689 N/mm?). For sana feet 7and 13;a lower bound of K = 7.5 jat an increase in compressive strength 1s not is often assumes. accompanied by a propor Concrete 0 be idealized as 2 straight line up to the tensile strength, Within this range the modulus of elastiety in tension may be assumed to be the same as in compres sion. Poisson's Ratio The ratio between the transverse strain and the strain m the direction of ‘uniaxial loading, referred to as Poisson's ratio, is usually found to be range 0.15 to 0.20 for conerete. However, values between 0.10 and 0.30 [No reliable information appears to exist regarding tne ‘oisson’s ratio with the concrete properties, generally lered that Poisson's rat igh compressive stresses the transverse strains increase rapidly, owing. 10 the direction of loading within the specimen, 1S measured in a specimen tested to failure are piotted in ‘most of the loading range the volume of the specimen decreases; but at high stresses near the compressive strength of the specimen, the transverse strains become 60 high that the Volume of the specimen will actually commence to imerease, indicating the breakdown of strength. The failure of a specimen 1n compression is generally accompanted by splitting m the the load and volume increase. \sconeretess subjected to direct and shear stresses tions. Considering the equilibrium of the forcessiotonoo yo ais) Pulses snags our sans tomp Jo axONTMAIOD “Ore ~wloooe asp sossouis Yooutp ou} ‘souLyd yedioutsd op uEUY JOM sou LO) suas sus reooisuauip-omsyeewsS spun staouoo J uifuaNS “6T"BLE sasesn xeesduon een semen te a api, so "wiBuans rencenun ayy wey L9UBIY % £z se Yor se 99 Ae Terxeig 01 poysalgns sjo1ou0o jo uiBuazIs amp Tey papniau0D HLL orc HOSEY PAE “HOPS[ET “s9;ANY q_punos se “Sune pasneD OM Ip om UI sans 1DeNIP Jo SuONENTQUIOD 2tN SIURSeId S'Z aUNBLA “O47 St ssouis yedtourad prin o¢7 pu aureid 2uo ut row sagsans su ‘St 3euR ‘suoTDOz1p uo we sassanis jedioutsd our J! s1n200 zojdunis amp Jo au0 ‘iaxamoy “st ‘jareanooe st Azoow offuts ou ng JO set70atn feuoNUaAtOS 2M7 Jo sMOTROYTPOHK “ss sony xojdui09 jo ena yerauld 40} padloraxap s0q 194 sey ‘oxez are soured asotn wo ‘pois pe ap 9099 0) sArREORNDY MENG SNS20 StreseStrai Relarlonslps for Concrete and Stee ‘The curve indicates that the compressive strength of concrete 18 redueed in the presence of shear stress. This action may, for example, influence the strength of concrete in the compression zone of beams and columns when shear is present. Triaxial Compressive Stress Behavior ‘The strength arid of concrete are greatly increased under conditions of triaxial compression, Richart, Brandizaeg, and Brown®!? found the following relationship for the strength of concrete cylinders loaded axially to failure while subjected to confining fluid pressure Sefer 4M 3) where f:, — axial compressive strength of confines specimen Jf = uniaxial compressive strength of unconfined specimen ‘fe = lateral confining pressure Other tests by Balmer? have gi which range between 4.5 and 7.0 Wi 4.1 found by Ricnart lateral pressures. Figure 2.11 gives the axi values for the lateral stress coeffi ‘an average value of 5.6, rather the al. The hign values for the coefficient occurred a stress-strain curves obtained by Richart et al?1? ‘conducted on concrete cylinders. The cylinders by fluid pressure. For each curve the fluid pressure Sat kina? (ne? | | aor 008 Fig. 2.11. Axi stressstrain curves from axl compresson tess on const yl pressure that confines the concrete and reduces the tendency for cracking and volume increase just prior to failure 2.1.3 Concrete Confinement by Reinforcement In practice, concrete may be confined by transverse reinforcement, commoniy sn the form of eiosely spaced stee spirals or hoops. In this case, at low levels, ress in the conerete, the: enforcement is hardly stressed; hence concrete Is unconfined. te becomes confined when at stresses approaching the uniaxial strength, the transverse strams become very high because of progressive internal cracking and the concrete bears out a the transverse reinforcement, which then applies a confinmng reaction cement provides passive confine shown that confinement by transve considerably improve the stress-strain characte te confined by cireular spirais. Figure 2.12 shows str ined from three sets of concrete cylinders confined by ci spirais tested by Iyengar et al? Each set was for a different unconfined strength of concrete. The increase in strength and ductility with content of ing steel is very significant, Tests have demonstrated that circular spirais confine concrete muc more effectively than rectangular or square hoops, In Fig, 2.13 we have load-stram curves from conerete prisms tested by Bertero and Felippa*” which contamed various amounts of square tes. ‘The effect of the diflerent transverse steel contents on the ductility 1s quite apprectable, but the effect on strength 1s much smaller ‘The reason for the considerable difference between the confinement by circular steel spirals and confinement by rectangular or square steel hoops 15 illustrated in Fig. 2.14. Circular sprais, because of their shape, are in axial hoop tension and provide a continuous confinmg pressure around the umference, which at large transverse strains approximates fluid confine ment, As a rule, however, square hoops can apply only confining reactions near the corners of the hoops because the pressure of the concrete agamst the sides of the hoops tends to bend the sides outwards, as im Fig. 2.14, Therefore a considerable portion of the concrete cross section may be ‘unconfined, Because of internal arching between the corners, the concrete 1s confined effectively only in the corners and the central region of the sectionau ‘adnys sit uoArf :oounourudits ou sey oqquusea sit) bun gy ‘apis don a4) Jo Ssouyuis reamxoy s91eD18 aU Jo pauguos éjearioaye a}as0U09 Jo woz af seg 3S194SUNH TORI] B YPTAA “Sz2UIO 2U] W2dAH bun Suruyuoo Xfaanooye wou seuTe preAiN Mog sdooy om pun st svq dooy au yo ssouyt se Sraiauh 198 fla Jo19UIEIp [Te Jo sxUq asiOASUEL] “p17 BLY Ur pores St s99Yo S14] “IwauISYLOS 9an99YO aYOUF OF SPR} 4T}IUIEIP eq sOBIe] » asnmoag ‘sdoou £0 sdnuns se}nlueyoes jo aseo oun wi sieq asiaasues so wnSuat pouoddnsun 247 1 svg esioxsues) tp Jo Te.aUIeIP om Jo ONL =H “p “eae qpeds ou pue pouguod eq 1OUUED B]az0OD atp Jo auEN}ON 5230] w y0un 1UspIao st 4 aay] st Turowds ayy. pu Steg 19454 siaz9u09 aun Jo Suryose Aq pauyuod st y9s0U09 OWL 'ST'Z “BL UE oI jawouyued aanjooyo 10ur 0} sped] Sutoeds so[paws w 2sM2529 “3109 249191109, ‘1 Jo SUOISUDLUED 94) 0} aaIs asteasuEn ain Jo Tucaeds oun Jo ONE AU “¢ ‘punssoud Sunuytioa 247 01 Ht, saddn un soni sip asnesog ‘foais asuoasuen amp Jo MIBuasIs pyout ay °Z ‘aunssond Bu1uyuoo dssaasten Yat saaqsuen BEY B asne9eq ‘3109 ‘asou09 aif Jo aUENIOA aM] 0} YooTS asYaAsUU fo BUINIOK AY Jo One IAL“ stds 1oIn9.H9 8 Jo asvo M39 1988 99 [1K un Bure seuo sofeur on ‘sojqruwa Aureus Jo uoHoUny & st sutEns Bt ‘2asno urens-ssans amp Jo advys oy, ‘Paqovoudde st 2ya191109 247 Jo UIFUD: Tercerum ou (Hun amo urens-ssou}s ou UO 1099 apaq| soy UeMHaorOFUIEL Supur £q posiesqo u20q sey yAFuaxs fo yuourBouEyUD oUIOS PLE * tur asvauput iuzayudis ¥ asnpoud saop reais Suruywoo exenbs “ssoT—NI9N0N, snmostg (doo auandg (9) 50 prunvaoun Zp son a46nbs Jo 513909 peor ney “ere Ha oot ost Pa ut 6) a ge 8 an wean o_o wo wo too tn se ay 10 z 8 omg pa opas005 20 sapHonEIy UES SS oso Kg pay (4 11) euro weessang “Tre (et) guy 020gYe mentens ster on effiieney of confinement ‘must be placed. provides the 7. The rate of loading, because the stress are time dependent. ‘concrete 1s not confined, and this cover or shell concrete can be expected to have stress-strain characteristics different 25 the cover concrete commences to unconfined strength 1s reached, particularly ifthe content of transverse |, because the presence of a large mumber of transverse bars creates a plane or surface of weakness es spalling, Thus for cover concrete at high Id be rgnored. The cover concrete could be assum confined concrete up to an assumed s ‘Some proposals for the strength and ductility of concrete confined by reinforcement are discussed below. Concrete Confined by Circular Spirals Assuming that the spirals are sufficiently close to apply a near-uniform pressure, the confining pressure may be caleulated from the hoop tension spiral steel, Figure 2.16 shows a free body of half a spirai te f, Teaches a maximum When the rium.of the forces acting on the naif turn of spiral sown in Fig, 2.16 requires. that ayaa, pate os Subing B24 no Ba, 2, we tha te axl compres seg of concrete confined by a spiral is es) Sy Fig. 2.16. Confinement of sonerste oy epiralrinforcementWE SIT LTE ITE "HOU “1dwIVxe 205 245 asvozout up asneo ifm sdoou ZeinBureisaH yeu ADUOpIAD st 2IoHL | ns sepuno att st 3}a12U09 pat yew poumnsse oste st ay ‘vrogesed aaiap-purones & Aq pojuasaudex oe [@) - a hy x 2000 5“? sa wortas SiOfIOy St O38 sodoud {isnowaud ay} jo LL 'sdooy zoyntuyex 18 94) pesodord axzy ‘2a3no payso83ns a1 Jo so seamwaj oun Jo Aurear sour Sq pouyuoa arai9u09 gor HE PUY DY % aU8tens oa pur vjogzred v jo [OS JO 2AzMo ax, "UD}UOD as asTOASTEN eu OF rons w SuIAeU OMT IWSreNS w yA YouEsq, sat paysa8ns 4_.,U970E pus KOY TUDIUOD jaaIs asz9AsIIEI 2% Due 1weypex8 rears ayn uo 1wDpUad: sdoogy snjnSunjooy 4 pousfuory aiosoue.y s1s01 ido uo paseg steaids xemnauto £q pauguoo syarou00 S-SSaN1S posodosd OAD ‘SIOTHO PUL yy 1B 19 TUK “venttaisans osye st jesrds & Aq pouuo aiasou09 Jo Kayan tH 9se91OUT SHI, Peis pu eeu 20jsturoonWiog men s0HS x» ‘Sres-Struin Relationships for Coneret ad Stee Confined found, The assumed maximum stress of f; will be conservat region BC: 0.002 < 6, < 630. = FL ~ 26, ~ 0002)] on where as 2 Foes F baqg 0008 ed 3+ 0.003 ary 2.10) 3) F500 = BPs, where f= concrete cylinder strength im psi (1 pst = 0.00689 N/mm?) p, = Tatio of volume of transverse reinforcement to volume of concrete Core measured to outside of hoops, b” = width of outside of hoops, and s, = spacing of hoops. The parameter Z, efines the slope of the assumed linear falling branch. The slope of the falling branch is specified by the strain when the stress as obtained*** from existing experimental evidence. Equation 2.9 for é4o, takes into aocount the cflect of concrete strength on the slope of the ranch of unconfined high-strength concrete bemg more a lowsstrength concrete, Equation 2.10 for ésqy gives the additional ductility due to rect angular hoops and was derived from the experimental results of three Coverete » investigations.*2" #22: 247 One study??? gave results icluding the effect of strain gradient across the concrete had spalled away by the ‘mum stress. The confined Small allowance for the presence of some cover concrete at high strains. region CD: 6, > eo. f= 02f, “This equation accounts for the ability of concrete to sustain some stresses at very large strains. Figure 2.19 shows the influence of rectangular steel hoops on the stress- strain curve given by Eqs. 2.6 to 2.11 when the concrete cylinder strength 1s, 2 (276M!) cae iinmt ° oe Goce an? OTe Fig 2:19. influence of quantity of hoops on sess and f; = 4000 psi (27.6 Nim #2* curve for concrete wnen yh" = 0S 4000 psi (27.6 N/mm’) and s,/6" = 0.5. Clearly there is great improvement 1m the falling branch behavior for small contents of rectangular Roops, but {ne improvement becomes progressively less significant as more hoops are added. Equations 2.7 to 2.10 were derived from results from specimens with the variables in the following ranges: 5,/b = 0.35t0 20, p, = 0.35t02.4%,and j.‘uBiy sasnma a8e Kprvo wo 18 aS OUT 1B ae JO SULIDI Ur peat quomiao ayy an aseosour ue pue ones iouKo9/sorEN ap wl asearou Uy “UTES oni ur asvainop v 01 spvor wuN}UOD oyeBosFBH Ut svasouT ue azoJIoKN :aised uauieo 2u) UeIA diqeIS 210U KIjwoUOWINION axe sereRasBRy auoysowy 9 0} wows uress doaso ayn 20us) Ur ys ou soyeSAAAD ouOISpUES Jo asn ‘adurexe 204 ‘saeBeu8Fe ap jo sontado.d onsere pur wonds0sqe jwaiagip Jo esneaeq door uo yoy paywuI V aAmy UTD adAd OVeRATTY “seanppt pur ‘ones 1uaw0/iorem Suait0o puv ad&1 tous ‘suonzodord put 2x6) ean jo sunay ut poquasop ag eur eys12109 jo woRSOdWIOD a4, ‘sors eunssans aun Due iuouIuOZIALD 3 ‘eyatouoo ay} Jo uonttsoduros su) uo spuiadop arens dooi> jo apmytuB UN LL oeanaoe aiqeidaooe ut syns94 uBisap yexMIoNANS U past So985115 DEOL sous Jo ans ensn aun Joy sas poyddv puw utesis deoxy uoaiag drys aKOH "7/5088 URIY Seonywa v sons se sossams aatsoudauoa 1 Anseauy J S80 sortoqpA ite pure aug uaamraq it72DUH] au LOI YE qjuoo st souapias Yosuosay“UBYM 100 8 Fp1oy ssonis 217 paprsoid ‘ssans poy op 0} fouortodoud st powod wast 8 reno Butungoo utes desi out ieMn seqvorpu souopise reyuaUNedy ‘mens d2010 1 vonrodoad jours vst yorya ‘Kranooax daos9 # £9 pamoy DIL], 38 YIN. sasearoM sninpour ansele amy asneoaq ures 9 ‘tn ueun 5801 st ureNS nea San St WIENS anseID aUN *padoutar st Pwo} 247 J EM) HK aye1 Buisw2IP te ampw> “sans onsaidoo tee sumisuOD HM AHOUOD 40) IRD eas MEK “OETA ap ea porous peor afer saan pap, wean 1B ye spacoaad dots ou) ‘sjwoaor ouniy oun sy “OZ “BE UE poresisnyy st ssanis ‘antssaiduioa yerxe 1ueIsuo9 JepUN siaioUCD Jo LerREULZO}Op doa19 ay “Of a2ideqp wr pourarexo st daaio 0% onp suoneuuojap pur sassours jo uoneino|¥9 Jo powauy ay “a12s0u09 UE oequus sfejop ose woIsuay ut daax) ‘deais Aq peonpor ose sainyonns Jo queues renUar2I uo ‘aidumRxD s04 “s9se9 ‘uI0s ut TetOyouDg are uaojap daasa yo asnv32q aut 1 aseaxout fenpex8 ¥ s9oBioptmn ssans Fopun 23219109 a ema soveoIpurS'Z aunt syoruog Jo d9919 PTZ ‘axa yorn panaryog 8 inuviso1 £q pauyjuos sransu0, mbar st 310m peyuoumzadys azous yeu Waprae st sd 9099 01 008% aBues 945 ur a104 sa {fewos 97L¢ 91 L-0C) 18d Ooor © OOO ABE oun Ut KpurEUE pas prea meng-seng2 Iatonsivs for Canerte and Stet method. The approach of ACI ¢ described betow. It must x ‘comprenensive al one, since the ‘cant variations from at any time may be C=CKK KR a /Ky e212) The coefficients for Eq. 2.12 are defined below. Uluumate ereep coeficient, C, The value of C, can vary widely. In the ACI Committee 209 review, , was found t6 beim the 235. This average value more exact data for the con an average value of ly an the absence of Time under toad coefficient, K, K= _ 2.13) ORF baa we in days alter application of load 69, 0.78, and 0.90 for t= 1 month, 3 months, 5 years, respectively) Age wher loaded coeffi K, = 12517¢ K, = 113° for steam-cured concrete 2.140) where £, = age of concrete in days when load is first a 1,00, 0.95, 083, and 0.74 for morst-cured concrete loaded at 30, and 90 days, respectively; K, = 1.00, 0:90, 0.82, ana 0.74 for morst-cured concrete (24a) for H > 40% 215) where H = relative numidit {Ky = humidity) n percent 087, 0.73, and 0:60, for < 40, 60, £0, and 100%, relative Conerete 2 Minimum thickness of member coffctnt, Ky Ky = 1.00 for 6 in or tess, and 0.82 for 12 Stump of concrete coefcent. K, K, = 095 for 2 in, 1.00 for 27 in, 1,02 for 3 in, 1.09 for 4 for $ in stump (I in = 25.4 mm) = 254 mm} and 1.16 Fines coefficient, K, K, = 0.95 for 30%, 1.00 for $0%, and 1.05 for 10% fines by weight Air content coefficient, K, K, = 1.00 up to 6%, 109 for 7% and 1.17 for 8% air ‘The cement content need not be taken anto account for concre contents between 470 and 750 Ib/yd? (1 Ib/yd* = 0.593 kg/m). ith cement Example 21 Esumate ‘ean be expected to occur in a 12 in (304 m loaded at age 10 days for a 5-year period at a relative humidity of 60%, The concrete has a stump of 3 in (76 mm), a fines content of 34%, by weg and 1s moist cured. The applied stress is Solution From Eq. 2.12 we have C, = 235 x 09 x 095 x 087 x O91 x 1.02 x 0.96 x 1.00 = 156 Hence the probable creep strain is 1.56 times the mitial elastic strain, 2.1.5 Shrinkage of Concrete When concrete loses moisture by evaporation, it shrinks, Shrinkage strains are independent of the stress conditions inthe concrete. shrinkage strains can cause crac ig the increase in shrinkage kage occurs at a de ins vary greatly, being general 168 as much as 0.0010, Fig. 221, The shrinkage but somesaudtein Ke s0Uj % OL 40] 40"L PUE'%OS 10} G0 Ow 101 980 = /S 4 ‘suataiffaoo sours (uu psz = wt 1) UES 209 6O'T DUB NUE p 105 SOT “UT € IO} TO'T “UE L°Z 30] OOTT "HZ 404 LO = *S “g uatoyjo0o a1azouod fo duns (are ps7 = a 1) wr G20) y8'0 PP sso} 10 ur 9 305 901 = *S " swatsyfonn saquia fo ss Hevo- 08 ="S 10 were) %OR> H> OPIS = HIOO—HT= "Ss ouffn09 Kapuny aan0;o— ta8T2) %oOO1 > H > 08 40} Dut ‘9noge LOA UeUN soe JoreaIs WON paxpIsUOS aeHTTIYS 10] jpedsax ‘Suva ¢ pu '3vek T ‘squow ¢ ‘uo T= 7 40} 860 skep 1 ade woy sfep ut era “oyarouiog paina-ystout 104 sKep 4 a8e Jaye 'g maryjoon aborymnays fo aun, s sapuny -pasn aq 01 919401109 atN 304 BNP EXD asour Jo aouEsae ‘qn tr Kuo pause oq pynous sanrea aBes0A" axoH|, 2191909 pasta “wiva1s 405 £400070 20 aBKOUOD PaIno-IstOUN 10} O§0O0'O JO SaRIEA ‘umour TPE *ZOTO0'0 01 STFOOD 284 st 99 03 purnoy seas "2 ‘matdos 60g SaRITUAIOD [OW aMN UY Slapin KaRA weD “2 jo ante ULL "Sumas affoyunays 21 na “mozoa UDA are squatoya09 aun asau spNgigh2 = Ma ysazun om auowoo [FJ pure ja1ou09 1UAOMNUAA [Te PUR 100 [OV oI SupI0s9y Aue ye urens oFeyui ps spuo} oy ‘suTENS aBeyOHYS J posodosd aty j¢ cd LA-MID aU 1 pasodxa (So8prig ayarouoo 9) sau 40} afaisuodsas Aned st wouswousyd sty “arei0UcD Jo seBueND ou doo ya pue ap HuMeUIDyY SRI “2 “sunags sey oye ao}2% yap poresmies sr94au 9 qwoHXD 3B:U} 9 01 st aBEHUUYS ny skana BeOS KG], “TAY | Seta | por pene serra ea reEo ‘Stress Stria Relationships for Concrete and Stet Air content S.= {or 6%, and 1.03 for 10% aur Cement conten, S,= 02 195 for 564 Tb/yd?, 1.00 for 705 tbyval. and 1.09 yd? = 0.593 kg/m?) Example 2.2 Estimate th, e~ strain that can be expected to occur in 491in (230, wk concrete wall from the age of 7 days during a S-year period at a relative humidity of 60%, The concrete has & stump of 3 in (76 mm), a fines content of 34% by werght, a cement content of 600 tb/yd* (356 kg/m’), an air content of 5% and 1s moist cured for 5 days after Deg placed. Sotution From Eq. 2.16 we have bq, = 0.0008 x 0.98 x 080 x 084 x LOI x 0.78 x 0.99 x 0.96 = 0.000394 22 STEEL REINFORCEMENT 2.2.1 Bar Shape and Sizes Steel reinforcing bars are generally round in cross section, To restrict longitudinal movement of the bars relative to the surrounding concrete, Jugs of protrusions called deformations ate rolled on to the bar surface, Minimum requirements for the deformations (spacing, height,and circum: ferential coverage) have been established by experimental research and are Indicated by stecl specifications. ASTM. specifications?#® require the deformations to have an average spacing not exceeding 0.7 of the i bar diamcter and a height at least 0.04 to 0.05 of the nominal bar diameter; also, they must be present around at least 75% of tne nominal bar perimeter. The deformations are placed so angle to the axis of the bar is not fess than 45° Generally longitudinal ribs are present on the surface of the bar as well Deformed stect bars are produced in sizes ranging from Nos. 3 to 18, ‘here the bar number is based on the number ofeizhths of an nc (fin = 3.18 mm) mnctuded in the nominal diameter of tne bar. The nominal dimensions ‘Stel Renforcement a ofa deformed bar are equivalent fo those ofa plain bar having thesame weight per unit length as the deformed bar. Table 2.1 gives the range of deformed bar sizes produced to ASTM specifications.*2* Table 2.1. Steel Deformed Bar Sizes ‘Nominal Dimensions Unit Weight Diameter ‘Area (kein) im (eum) 0.50) 0.375 (0994 0.500 (1.582) 0.625 ens 2) 4.00 @581) 10 directions at forms of wire reinforcement, areim common use for reinforcmg slabs, shells, and pavements. 2.2.2. Monotonic Stress BehaviorFesnxey ofponp e wey soqyer Joquraut noo Yor “peor ayeuIT|N 12 saquISUH Soos0] sways peseaiu! sonpord yu ‘oidumexa 10} ‘aqusu aaurssossv amt “8') sosvo autos u]“anyva pouoads jonsn St sung ou3 Jo UiUDHS pyoXs yENIDE AML auoW MIBUOAIS PBA payloads ay {usd Due Js De JO axOUrEEP Buoy ae8 aur Jo aftaUooIad ‘SPE "9LZ) 184 SL 30 “D9 ‘OS “Op J0YNIO Jo MBuDN (amoununa) yioeds & aney g-.,SuONvoyIoads W.SV 01 Paonpoud STeq Jo0I8 poULO;SC, uduons-moy wen yyBussis-u84yy Bu ‘ete pK Dewy nt DBA WET ORT 64 ens. ag n neared plank ayy Jo SurE=, Jo BuppIO pjoo oxy “SUNS S| yaiK zoyous on © “urens sojnonzed x 0) Surpuodseasoo ssanis a1n se USNR) K|peI2U8 st Praxk ox ‘neawid pia pouyep-yom v FuLyON] spears 104 “SUNS plaLd 9u1 se Aidums 0} paxsoyar st pue reHIOTeW am Jo onsuaSeIEND INx otf 90 OF Dayapistio sqqensn st ypBuass prors somoT aU, “uauuroads oy Jo waz0y ot DUE ‘wonoas atn jo odeus aun ‘Bumso} Jo paads amy uo spusdap jui0d pjork soddn oun Jo wontsod oy, “Stoanpadsox "sypSuanis prox 19m0] puv soddn amp se 01 onigyesare g pu y ye sossons ayp ase w Yon U] ¢7'Z ‘HW Suimdde adeys wouDsi0juON OE Joy sano eBNISaNS WML “zee tooe rr) (ove | ee ca‘tres Steaia Relationships for Concrete and Steel -uctures in seismic zones should also require that a certain ora given grade of stec! not be exceeded. necessary to idealize the shape of the str ve 1s simplified by idealizing tt as two stranght 2 the upper yield strength and the increase mn stress due to 1st stess-straun curve for stee! assumed by the ACI re strain, which occurs at near-constant stress alter 1c extension at yield, thisassumed curve ‘Very good accuracy. This simplification 1s particularly accurate for steel strain hardens soon alter the underestimate the steel stress at steel sress at 2.25b and 2.25. and tent sary for use of such ide i. These points can be located from stress- stram curves obtained from tests. for the stresses and 2.2.3 Repeated Stress Behavior in curve for a steet specimen toaded either in tension or asimgle loading run, I leased be stress-strain path 1s part loaded again, the specimen Ve, as in Fig. 226, with perhaps a sm: 3g effect. The virgin turve is then closely foliowes, as if unloading had not occurred. Hence the ‘monotonic stress-strain cure gives a good idealization for the envelope ceurve for repeated loading ofthe same sign. 2.24. Reversed Stress Behavior reversed (tension specimen in the yield range, a ted in Fig. 2.270 8 ‘obtained, The figu in Which under reversed a‘nano Faypeoy poss (2) wolesg ct ‘y sang wontenopt atta (wont) souino Ur poplup st (Rez BEA) wIMIBEp pro} pasieaer euL 3 By wT ssaidwoo pure UOISta) 10 Seana SrUO}OUOKL at 20] PasIOAaI 20) BAsND UTBIS-ssex18 OM} SUIEAQO "WEP WIENS-sSo118 Teyuowuadxs jo uoneazssq0 UO pase gq.c"I8 19 OWN. Aq “Sroqwow wo Supeor afi Jo stooge oun Bausepysuoo unui sue odusr axe soAzM9 SuTPLO| pOssOAgy, “uonvuioudde we au noads auf JO 292 '97F:yFy souao9g 93919109 wourguanp sae etea0-9) ghee seojaunssy 0.9 580, 24) “P Hop DANY DUB 4 yRpIM Jo YoRDE 1 sv‘ pure “Ty sxojounesed 4 pauyen aq Kru sons axissaudiuroo axp jo saruodoad watur am q payee ay0U0D aU Ut ua (aoutstso1 Jo yuoUOU tntuTeUE) mASIANS sA9]p SH SoowDE uoKOes au, ‘pasvexDET st VOIRDeS witag eye ywoUTOM Tuypuag oxy se yooIg ssans 2up Jo odeys SuiFavD ox swuaseid Ze amt ‘Burpeoy jo soBaas snotzea re ¥a0I9 ssans autssoxduzoo au Jo-advus ain ayea4pu 1 Bug Jo soasno urexis-ssans om jo odeys om ‘tx noo} WON) DUEISTP 24H 0} feuontiodoad axe erarouo9 passoxduod ay U suENS tf ous "uonDas 2H Jo s01ARYD N31 OM) SsOREE 03 ArUSsOONN st MONduINESE NINO} aL jets Sty PUE [Iwas I Soxe FezMaU OM OTD ISN a}919U09 3 ‘ur sjstxo eu) 880438 opstin Ay ooxa Ats¥aU 19a st uondumsse PII ay “Teo¥8 ou) 40} DA:MO uTENS-SsONs TeNIOe 9) a BumuopIEN ute O} anp enBuETS reUONEPpE am ous oniag w ut Sansos“R') UW aseox9UT UE UDMA, “SIOqUIOUE ay} Jo SUOTIBUUZO}ED aymuITIA aBzeT ‘ea wap pareroosse oq plnoo stip asnesoq Buruopey UIBSIS 02 aN 99 pInoN 1 STPMLION, opnjoUt OF MOT Bumuapsey ures souoy ‘(0577 BE 905) B AqpeunxON “pouyan [fom 2x0 Jao1s 9ui Jo soruodord wens-ssons ay yeq) suvour suonduinsse pUODeS OWL "reoys YB Jo suordar iduunsse ayy, sasodand uBlsap 10) suonsos suvid jo wor luveats painsvous ayy 324 Te Big wou uspiaa st ‘ato jeam.ay 10) Loo Jo suondanssy 952 ‘asic Assumption of Theory for Flxaral Strength concrete were also determined from axially loaded cylinders and were found to be similar to the stress-strain curves for the concrete in the speci For higher strength concrete, however, the maximum stress reached specimens at the flexural strength kf: was slightly less than the ey strength. The tests also determined the concrete strain 6, at the ext compression fiber at the flexur 3. The values found for the stress ck parameters of concrete with sand-gravel aggregates varied with the inder strength f; and are given in Table 3.1. These quantities correspond to the maximum Values of kA, found in each test ‘Table31 Stress Block Parameters atthe Flexural Strength of Rectangular Sections as Found by the PCA Tests on Une confined Specimens*? ft ‘The finding of tae PCA tests—namely, that the stress-stram curve for i compression has a striking similarity to that found from "mens—has been questioned from time to time, For iah, and Winter™* conducted specimens occurred at a 20% higher stress and a for the concentric specimens. The higher strain gradient may also worth, noting that the presence ofa strain gradient delays the appearance of longi inal cracking in the compression zone. 32 EQUIVALENT RECTANGULAR STRESS BLOCK A number of of the actual shay 8 (c.g, Whitney™*} have suggested the replacement concrete compressive stress block by an equivalent Bauivalent Rectangular Stress Block s ‘arog sete = By kafe sol o ok at nul rath s ool Depth w centroid tye ey at For suena 2 | ao ° 00 4005 vlna teen Fig. 35. Properties of concrete compresave stress di reclungularsezuon: comparison of ACI parameters rectangle as a means of simplification. For deriving the flexural strength, only the magnitude (k,k,) and the position (k,) of the concrete compression force need be knowa. The equivalent rectangular stress block achieves this and greatly faci the ACI code,* jes computations. American pract been to replace the actual stress block by the equivaient 3.36), The rectangle has a mean stress of 0.85," and a depth for high-stre due to the less favourable shape of the stress-strain curve of that actual and equivaient ine of action, the valhi le T wy wows oy HISNSUIS TVEAXTT TEL LY NIVWIS AIIWDNOD FE ‘spBuans erar0u Toyem ren 9pUN]AD 10 1 uF synsa3 30, wenn royeo18 awanxe au2 ut painduio> 1uswow 84 painduioo an SOx 9 BUNOD Daw aUINEN,‘OuIN|G KHON LOA ‘Cg SUNBLL § 91929009 LHAUTXPUE POUMSSE aq] Jo onrea OM OV aAnIsTastt A} 16h St urRaq 9192909 paDrOpUTAL v JO wBuaNIS jesNxaY, PoIndTO 94, “sixv jesinou aun 0} Jesor reeroneur Douteys $81 940 wee PEISOUBOH pute “Ary HooTIWIN Aa roded w wos} s1 wostavdtoD vaca Aiqeaoid “payoeas St ures 191w2I8 & SIL "SC BL WT gnc HOON PUP p< ¥Od 51H 4g suoUttands pauyuooun Ho $1591 nar uy puooq pOUrENS Jt ‘901 WY punoy sanfea TenIDe am YM Paxeduioo axe ‘parnmisans yf 205 sone ee uy ‘sans tae TOY Papuacmutooas aun MHA “Ze pu [ “sb wo Fy pure ™y"y Jo sonteA a4, wuss “ampeds 2 30 aryo219 9 eee Ha co 'yso=2 so=% Meo 2% passaiduroo 09 fygaostes #00 TH pur INH SUL “1°¢ S9USTEFN Woy UME) seo yor ‘9'E Fly UE UDA! oe eee joads pouguoouin wo ,.,498NY Aq PUP -. seo = Sy'y g7f580 = 94:f ¥4 =D soaut Kuvu q PounsesuH us0q Sel MINKNCEUE v St LORDS a ‘9q asnur szoyourezed =n s twang remmctg a9 mg RIED ‘aang ems 20} At. J0 swondamssy I, s6 Baste Assumptions of Theory for Flexural Strength ‘The arca under the stress-strain curve and its centroid were determined for various strains, thus establishing the kk, and k values for a range of extreme fiber strains. Then the moment cay for the two steel contents were computed for various strains at the © compared ted according to the ACI code. [At a compressive strain mn the extreme fiber of 0.007, the decrease moment of resistance was less than 1% for p = 0.005 and less than 6 compression, the 1e extreme fiber curvature, it would appear to be reasonable to take @ valuc higher than 0.003. Blume, Newmark, and Corning®® recommend a value of 0,004 for ultimate curvature calculations involving unconfined concrete. 34 NONRECTANGULAR COMPRESSED AREAS: For members in which the comp: area of the concrete section 18 not tress block of rectangular compressed areas hiss because the mean stressand the depth of the jerete at the maximum moment for several typical cross ‘computed by Risch. The curve represents the stress-strain ‘curve for the concrete and the shape of the compressive stress block section, Two mathematically extreme cases of position of the newt ‘were considered. The denote the case of the neutral fiber. The actual case of most members 38 clearly reveals the effect of the fiber strain atthe flexural strength of member. For example, for 2 triangular compression zone, as occurs in bi- of columns, the strain at maximum moment may be twice that is difference oceurs because for the triangular zone the Nonrecangular Compressed Areas 7 ° os|— ooo Ss oa ato conrete ste ole stenath tne extreme compression fiber a major part of the compressed area 1s close f0 the neutral axi vely large extreme fiber st T section the reverse © work by Risch and Stéckl?° has produced stress block para- for nonrectanguiar compressed areas. However, tis evident from this \d from that of Mattock and Kriz?-** that, unless the section is heavily strength of beams with nonrectangular com- accurately using the stress block para- wed for rectangular compressed areas, fernal forces are not affected significant. ‘compressed areas, the use of parameters 1 compressed arcas may not resuit in acceptable accuracy ve forces are larger and the distribution of the concrete compressive stress thas a more significant mnfiuence on the flexural strength of tumn sections subjected to biaxial bending, for example, ‘exact parameters derived from first prinesples mn curve, Hence the parameters derived for rectangular compressed areas will yield suflictent accuracy in the design of beams but should be used with caution for columns having nontectangulat ‘compressed areas.oid gz Jo sysseatuy saan remouO ATE ywouedxg Suusouoy "¥ pus upg, paxIgu,> Jo SHONSWU ve ‘uonauuIso1 ¥ HONS 205 paau. 247 998 01 MONE S111 TO‘O WeUA Joys YORU st uatUZoopUIAL jao;s Jo UIEMS Su} S9uIg “saqUIANH B Jo TONPULIO}p 9 juans TeMxap poweino}e9 ap Jo apnsrudew au 0} oud Uotens [a0Is jo wonsu}so4 SIU, {G uONdunsse 995) RUINS Sew 241 wo LONENMUN Kuk a0eKd "TO'0 02 soquiour ayy Jo UIBuaLIS EAMG, ‘utens ojsuoy uinustxeu! 24) eSONepUBLIWOIe! ‘oldurexo 30,4 “popusuiunosoy us HS ayqusn uunaHtxeAE sensed ur: “a2ypp an feanx9y ax 18 Ureats joors EST) a JOU S20p ,.,2P09 DY aun seaIDUy 18 jaars a ap aydus ¥ 04 Jo 09Y} 241 Joy sour dLI-aa9 an fq juBreNs v Ka pamoItey 2001 JO fordwio Arsnot. jeancxay ou Jo wormapaid ajqeu>” 88 uo 99 O81 Aur ataiouoD aM Wt SS paysariou 2 ‘Asessooau 2q Avar aqgn9 ures ~ ‘syemooe alow! Jo asn ayi ‘sOADK ‘unm suuntoo 405 ‘sare pessouduse sla strb2q, 10} past. 2q vw uoHngHIsIp ssaxys pur ure v9 94249409 9A0O8 OL, “yruer yet oun 1 urewras 0; paraprsuod 2a ‘eu ssons oays ax Suons pjoid oq ye 7oMp WENT ZeysiY suIENS 404 {WIEN 201 X 0Z0)15,01 X 6¢ Jo Atonse Jo snMpow *C00'0 SP uoNe) 9q Aur FoqUoWt 2M) Jo.HI8UONS wanxay su 90 saqy worssouduo9 owannxD aun yw wrens a1azoUeD aU, “pojoordou aq eur ajosou09 jo mBaaNs OSU, *f (tity) 972) 194 ogo Jo ss90x9 UH UNBAN Jo (-aIHY/N 68'9) sd 000 4929 405 $9’ Jo aye v ye AtsnomtTUOD peonpar st puE (; WYN 9'LZ) 18d 9007 > 2/204 s8°0 Wea SY wadop stxe pennaw amy o19 aroun ‘of JP. 982 passaudusoa ndop & pus 2f6g'9 Jo sons wows yitm y8ueI091 ¥ 9a oF uD¥eI 2q Aeul sans ayatoUGD Jo WOUNGLISIP auL 2 ‘uypuog seye auyid urourar Buypuag atoyaq suotzes uel “y Smol[oj Se pozireuruuns aq ous prop por suonses Jo muons otf Jo UoREUTUIMaP an so} pL amnxay pin \duunsse ayy, VOT TIX GNV saNXTLL HUM SNOLIDAS 4O HLONAAIS TAL JO NOLLYNIWWALIG ELL YOK SNOLLVANAWWOO! AO RAVWINS 9 Te 39pun UBis9p 30) £301 stojourvand UuBisap wUnIO9 40) past DAO paueasns #0 9689 347 ‘01 a1qeuoseasun you sit aouIg wo Fupeo] pourrysns Jo souongiu 7 ue J9qy worssaxdutoo ot amp ssoide sous ones urezis NOY JOS401q WWasouder 03 UayE] oq JoUUED sein sons oqissorduiod ou Jo 2424s 9894) sOKOMOH SZ ly UH URE -ssans aun jo adeus 2 Jo eit Bumpror pauressas Jo paw umpooy jo arez 42 uy, “I89) Supe wIO}-HOUS wos, Drug} Asam «MOSM PUP eV 2UN Aq pouodar srorouTesed 390U9 sa 3 vor aanrvisns 40 ONY SNIGVO JO SALVA MOIS JO SIOaATA St {aang reamoL 10 9g J0 suoRdeMSSy aH« Basie Assumptions of Theory for Flexural Strength 2.2 E. Hognstta, W. W, Hanton, and D. McHenry, “Concrete Stress Distribution in Uli- uate Strength Destgn,” Jeurnal ACT, Vol. 52, No. 6, Decent 1958, pp 5-178, 33H, Rusch, "Versuehe aur Fesigkeit der Biegecruckzone,” Bulletin No. 129, Deutscner ‘Stablheton, Be 34 G. M. Starmas, S. P. Shan and G. Winter, “Eifet of Fenural Strain Gradients on Micro-racking and Stess- Strain Behavicur ef Concrete," Journat ACI, Vol 62, No.7, Jay 1868, pp. 805-822. 815926, 318 pp, 39H, Réson, “Researches Toward a General Flerural Theory for Stroctural Concrete,” Journal ACT, Vel 57, No. 1, Fly 1960, pp. 1-28, Dssaswon sn Joumnat ACI, Vel. 57, No.9, "Versuene mur Fesugkett der Biegedruckzone Einfsse der mn No, 207, Deuscner Aasscnuss fr Stabbeton, Berlin, 1969, Design and Constrction of Européen aa Beton Fédération Intenationle cela Précon: Sh transition available from Cement and Concrete Assooution, London, 88 pp.) 4 Strength of Members with Flexure { oads that cause he flexural (bending) -vusidered in this chapter. 4 RECTANGULAR SECTIONS 4.14 Analysis of Singly Reinforced Sections A singly reinforced concrete section when the flexural the section appears in Fig. 4.1. The resultant internal tensi THAS, @n where A, = area of stecl and J, = s is reached at force 1s C= 085 flab 42 where a = depth of the equivalent rectangular stress block ‘b = width of section £1 = compressive cylinder strength of the concrete. The distance between the resultant internal forces, known as the internal lever arm, #8 given by d= 4-050 a3 where d, the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the steel area, is known as the effective depth.Lv = a0°fss0 “soy wos a10j104, IAW ayn Sef asoue’f = “fun, angry worsuey -pr3U passmestp axe (peourreg pur ‘worssaxdod “wos we pl = rl =" arojauowy st oumistsa4 Jo IMoWow aq, 98 Ou JO UI mnxoy OPI uy pm ajqyssod anyrey jeanxay yo soda oy, seouourioD Surystus pue ‘seonpex AIe Una MEAN ee WOHIDDG ramyoy si tou uomseeazouoe posopsn Kens “TP usjenns sug ayn pessojuay# Joa vi. AE A TR’ CU Yea rora=” wore veusunes Soop 28 samo pe soqery jo fue »6 ‘Strength af Members with Fexore We from Eqs. 4.3 and 44 the following equations can be written M, = A, Sfd — 05a) = Asl ~ 059 eh) (465) = onati{ = ase Hh) a (4.66) = b'/,0(t ~ 0580) (463 where p= and om oh Compression Faiture Ifthe steei content of the section is large, the concrete may reach its maximum capacity before the steel yields. In such a case the neutral axis depth increases considerably, causing an increase in the compressive force. This is slightly offset by @ reduction in the lever arm. Again the flexural strength of the section ss reached when the strain mn the extreme compression fiber of the concrete is ly 0.003. The section then fails suddenly in 2 brittle fashion if tne concrete 1s not confined. There may be le warning of tension wing to the 1ow steel stress. f, < fas the steel remains in the el med in terms ofthe neutral axis depth consider he similar triangles ofthe strain diagram of Fig. 4. & de =00034=£ ant 2 = 0003 = an L= 68, = 00034 Or, since a = fe, f- omslit=45, any For equilibrium, C = T, hence from Eqs. 4.1 and 4.2, we have Bud a 085.40 = A,f, = 0.008: EA, Ja? + ad — fd? = 0 49) Rectangular Sections 6s Equation 49 may be solved to find a, and from Eqs. 4.3 and 4.4 we put M, = 085 /ab(d ~ 0.5a) (4.10) Batanced Fo" Ata pactier cconcret™ ‘re steel reaches the yield strength f, and the fiber compression strain of 0.003, simul- imilar triangles of the strain diagram of WE, dae 0.003 ~ ~e, 4 = neutral axis depth for a balanced & = Tose, + 4 i 0.0038, a pose eh where a, = depth of equivatent rectangular stress block for a balanced failure rium, C = T; hence we nave O85 fa, = Af, = pdf, For eq where at ane for a balanced failure 085/205 = 85L 4.13) aa 13) Substituting Eq, 4.12 into Eg, 4.13 ges “fy 0003E, 00035, _ nr DOSE, + F on the general case when p for the section 1s different from p,, the type of that occurs will depend on whether p Figure 43 shows the strain profiles at a sect(W+NA SSE) UE- G1 OL x IE = TLE00 = “d= ¢ (Ur NOY PGE) BE-QL gOT * GFE = (e601 x $0 — S1OT * E60T x ODODE x S80 = "W ancy am orp ba word (extyedou st wonenba 2uf Jo 1003 321110 aq) (aru g42) Ht egor =P onexpen am Jo wonnIos, O= ELIF — MTUT + per X 901 X 62 * £000 ‘oooe * $80 aaey aM g'p ba WOT, i ‘sungo0 agaypey worssaxduson & ‘92059194 1 xo "0 < prpoo = SLO = 81 x S80 — 781 +? ms=¥ 7 (0r- NA 897) UI- QL OT X LET = O1 * 0008 Go pte (Saeko st oooor yaw anv om vo'p “by WoL sano90 aunytey worsua) & ‘230}859%1 | sIxor_ iy + UF ‘o> ze00 = apse 7 Tee00 = Qov'or + Or x 6x C000 0000" ay 90T X 6z * £000 $80 * OODE x S80 and uo am pr'p ba WOR es i sven seen “unre We onrea om (—) paw ‘Gumus 19r5) ae], {UI sp) UH gy JO tHKOD aanaoya we pu 0130 anpun sey woroas zeqnuoor paorommnar APBuIs Y Fp atdunesg otunsse se are saz aut Yet Dub pagwoads st Buons se a STE “sare fqjeaypiuo0s axe suoryenbo amp yemp Sumamnsse “vor sos a resnxay rapt aun ani® oF pres aq Seu suorrenbe wiuans asouy Tet) aI0N ssmnace aunjtey worssordutos v 4d < J uous, sinao0 sunypej uorsust ed > duu °° saxon pur “'g/f > "epue's < ouamn'd <6 gi <2 puw'o > 9 vam 0 wom ‘paw gp She a, poea NU ay, “SIU=IUOD 1918 -uonose 9 Jo Buon ormsy ome soyOrE MENS “Ep BL a soro= meng ya soqaoyy 30 pang %6 ‘Strength of Members with Flecene ‘The curve in Fig, 4 strates the variation 1n the flexural strength with ie example. The curve was determined using, for a range of steel areas well in the tensi ‘arm with mereasing steel content. In the example, the lever arm coefficient) see Eq. 4.3, reduces from 1.00 when the steel area 1s zero to 0.71 at batancedt failure. In the compression failure region the mcrease in moment of resistance with steal area is extremely small because Doth the steel stress and the lever arm decrease with mcrease im steel area m this region. Hence there 1s Fttle additional flexural strength to be gained by an increase m the stecl area apove that for a balanced failure, Rectangust Setlons ° 111 of interest to note that m 1937 Whitney** proposed the following strength equations: if spe peetetina a poe (1 a asst) (45) or D> Py M, = 0.333bd"f, (4.16) where fe = 04s6 2 a7 py = 06 ft (9 Whitney based these equations on a rectangular concrete stress block, cerived by him, identical to that used today. Whitney's tension failure equation (Eq. 4.15)is the same as Eq. 4.6 used today. Whitney found his value for the balanced steet ratio by determming from tests on beams the steet ratio beyond which a further merease 1n steel resulted in no apparent anerease in . issteel ratio, and Whitney's compression failure formula (Eq. 4.16) is this limiting moment of resistance. Although found empirically, Whitney's values for py and M, when p > pz are reason- ably aecurate. Using Eqs. 49, 4,10, and 4.14, it can be shown that for f,in the range 40,000 to 60,000 pst (276 to 414 N/mm?) and "in the range 3000 to £6000 psi (20.7 to 41.4 N/mm?), the exact value for the coefficient in Whitney's expression for 9, (Eg. 4.17) varies between 0.377 and 0.495, and the co- cffcint in Ea, 4:16 for the moment of resistance for a compression failure varies between 0.294 and 0.351 at balanced failure. 4.1.2 Design of Singly Reinforced Sections The use with load factors and capacity reaue- ‘ton factors to ensure structural safety was discussed in Section ‘Compression. because tney occur suddenly, givin warning, and are brittle, Tension failures, however, are preceded by wide cracking of the concrete and have a ductile character. To ensure beams have the desirable characteristics of higher or the concrete strer ite may Occur m a beam that 1s loaded to the60 = 6 £q poutpow ag isnuu anes "py aun 2ouaH jos oust zp 214e“PUNo} © puw d pur peunssag Kew {7 put g 40} Buralos pur © 10 0 204 anjes w Autunsse wosoe oq Kem HBUONS Tomo UoAlB w Dam Tr ageL a ur ‘saoeid yeauisap oh joan a sony EL shoe en (050 ~ vo = fre 29'p “by Jo wi0y Sur -MoT[OF om Jo WoRNIOS w saAH ,., TONNE, pue PIEI2Ay WON OSTE Zp aIqEL 40) yiBuans pork ors ou ysurede ord one 0 105 —-yfSUUE, Due piminvg, Woy SoA “4s pure DCy SH UT “KuoioustI IuoIUOD ir) (re) 5560 w0e0 d yup wuDUIANINDD! a amp jo midep ajqemoyre euntarxeus Sam, ev) 7 St 20} anpen a|guMoyTe UIMUEIXEAL 3K OSTY W areas Jed sto au Ut SOSSami8 CHUA (srr) E+ 009 F__seag 009 "F890 40 isd ur SoSS0006 YI (e6r) S+ ooo i coos “WFaeo0 SOAS (CUM GOT X 0210) 84 ,OT x 6 = "FH ‘L+*aeo0 “geov0 Wf S80 omer ats ajqeaoye wnumneut oxy s10ja!o4 “pL'y ba Kq went 81 “4 aio “dsy9 > J JOYE Os pouBisap ore sureaq peozOTuTES AIBUIS COUN mau oa sgeoyy seo=™d ions o‘Table 4.2. Flexural Strength of a Singty Reiforced Rectangula {00063 (84.8 W/m 000 OL 002.003 004 005.006.007.008 .009 904 4 + Si evo Mylfbe 0040 9050 0060 0070 2.03 0139 0149 0159 0168 0236 0246 0255 0266 0333 03430352 0362 ae i 0829 0838 0448 0457 mi 05230532 0541 0551 | 616 0643 1. R000 THO A ‘0708 0735, or 0198 0825, 0888 815 776 1002 - (300) 400) (09) 1063 a. 1149 1234 1318 1400, 1481 1561 175 1259 1342 1425 1506 1585, 1664 1741 1817 os 2180 2249 2317 2384 2450 2514 2577 2639 2700 2760 ‘2318 2875 231 2386 3040 Wimax + Pmax Gy) os : 1300) |-4g0) 590) 30.000, ~ 40,000 $0,000. 69,000. 76000 60,000 5 situ?) to) fora singly retorcud rectangular sect 2959 2965 2970 2 Fig, 48. Design cu 3013 3019 3024 n * From Reference 4.3 "The A, vaiue does not mciude the effet of o.ory OEE 12018 24 JO} Suratos pue “wornoes 010409 paasoyuios ese porn arssouo> ated atp Jo ommidns jo smjapow oun Sursn « motte at Sunenba S punoy sea KnuEMb sky cH vse ust 232416%f (ogg UU S897 Ou sq SuRBOQ EH 1098 911 ¥oRIO 1 pasinbas ayaisuo> paorojuial vse quousacesui ya on 18 reanxogy pomndurod oy “youIs £30n st 2un Jf asneooq Atess900U St SLL papaoaxe 24 sAaaTe pyn uRoIOFIDY wnuruTE % ayendNS OF a[qEMOseDL osje st I] 1kfourout Sup 09 s2M0] @ 18 uM} WoIssorduI09 v 03 peat Kou pogtoeds weMn IABaDNS JeMOT Jo aisiouco “Aiseyutg auouON ZuIpuoq soudIy eye UBNOMyTE “oI aritig ® 01 peal Pino poytoeds wey A9u8Iy MIBuaNS pore w smu {UY Zhe) 1SC OOS HEU JaIeANB st BUNS pjaxk remo” aun IF UOISsoLdMOD wr =HHLW/N 942) 8 Q90'OP JO wBtans prox Usap w yRtm Faas Jo ureyU09 tv9q PooIOFuI Kuss v aiduse juonjsiaso,, Suisn ur soBuep ¥ st aroun ‘Samn|tNy Horssaxdiw0S oxv 0) “dsz'p se wast W999 soy ™d UBRNOK ‘wisap muons wi suonsas paoiopuias AGUS 30 9718 HOU SIStx> Opa Jo [KP PooB v SMU “DasN aq tte BoTOs Jomo|[oUS Gon e azOF—I0N DUE gLZOO =" UE SHiNsOr UBISOD UONS 871010 = 4 ones feos ¥ soxtnbor uawou SuIpUEG peo! aotAras ns ath ut Fg pure a727mu09 arp 2 /sy9 ¥ Jo powaM uBisop eaneuoHE un &q paadisap uaa y “(ti/N. 922) IS OOOO = “F UE (gun 02) ssd Q0¢ = 2 JwyR “2ouEIsUN J0y asoddng (SOT UorI9ag UI paquosap st LL) ‘Sasson a}qBAOTTE puE Ki0aM ansBje Tutatoaut 2u7 Sus way uemp. porToUF UISop wpduans ou) ‘urse wey. suawaq paosoyuras £yBMns soMO|peuIs YonUE UFIS9p 0} 9[qI0d st 1, ‘paxoouo equate a¢p Jo UorDOBap om ambos papsaoxs J YOK“; 4909 IDV ou ur patsy sonex widap/ueds am ane sraquioui pouonzodosd siqeuosea! 01 2pin8 pos y ‘soa w sonmnbaa wBisap v yons ye Sp 'd ajqeasoqye wanearxeun aun 2g 1H Pasinbas yBIIOD ‘AxBU 0} PauaIsap aq 01 st uoNIDas & J TesaUAs UT aa WB $1 40 1901409 st ye durdyur20 Fears m7 40} v 39019 ssa seINRuMoaI aKn Jo Ydop FunInsaa ou se suon9g tue >, 824 au BuraMUI=I—D “pf UBISaq_“9010) aatssoxd juerinsax ofp Jo ttoneD9} oui sziTenstA 01 au0 sdiay aunps003d 5} 5 STELL, “PaCUIISD st “DEQ — P = pl Stor}D9s Jo UBIs9p au Joy pomour YoLsS-pun ‘SuOND9S 10} suoNNjos YoInb Kjowanxa uIMGO 01 240 2 payioads 103 sizeyo pur s9jqn) Jo ates 2 jand out ss TDW 901 Aq poustiqnd ueeq sey spre uBisap jo 9s anisuouaudwiog iso y so}e Worronpas Syiovdea ou £q poytpows ag isn "yy “uBuans wept yi 10} 242 8.9°p Bly sous teBy “s1npaooxd oxy Zatz0n02 £q purnoy 24 A ‘patunsse std sf -pasn aq 09d jo anrea aun OF eins wom “onyea 7 om or pazinbos aun yy pasaius aq Kou 1euD ay, “¢z'p “DF IOY ste 5s 90D paw dou £4 poysngnd 4 ‘Py anode semBuepas paaope g 888832 § q {ewww 66°9- 1840001) IS0¢09/"W abe we1% ‘Strength of Members with Flecere Example 4.2 A 12 in (0S mm) wide, singly reinforced rectangular sect carry service load bending moments of 0.75 x 10° It kN-m) from dead load and 1.07 x 10° 08 k! live load. Using f', = 3000 psi (20.7 N/mm’) and J, = 60,000 pst G14 N/mm”), design the section for (1) minimum’ depth, Q) an effective depth of 27.4 in (696 mm), and (3) an overall depth of 30 in (762 mm) using a trial-and-error method. Sotution 2 The required strength U as given by Eq. Li is U = LAD + 1.7L, where D and L are the dead and live service load moments, respect. ively. Therefore the flexural strength is to be M,= 14 x 0.75 x 10% + 1.7 x L07 x 10% = 287 x 10°Ib -in (324 KN-m) Minimum depth ‘The depth will be a mimmum if p 1s the maximum allowea. From Eq. 4.19 we have _ 0638 x 3000 x 0.85 87,000 P= Paws = 60000 37,000 + 60,000 ~ 916° From Eq, 4.22b we have 287 x 10° = 09 x 00160 x 12 0.0160 x 60,000 £60,000 ( 4 ~ 0.59 SNE 50.000) a x o00( 0.99 one ‘e - d= 185 in (470mm) + Ap phd = 0.160 x 12 x 18.5 = 3.55 in? (2290 Since 200/ f, = 200/60.000 = 0.0033 200/f,; hence the remforcement area is satisfactory. An arrangement of bars making up this area would be used, 3, Overall depth of 30 in (762 mm) ‘The stee area will be determined by trai and error. Assume 2 in of concrete caver over the bars and one row of No. 8 (25.4 mm dia- ‘metet) bars, giving prelimiary d = 30 — 2 — 0.5 = 27.5in. Assume 4 = 087 (ie, afd = 0.26). From Table 4.1, we find that 0.26 < 0.377 = Gay(ds hence the section 18 not overreinforced. From M, = 4,{,jd with the assumed lever arm substrtuted, the approximate steel arca is 287 x 10° A:= 9 000 x O87 x TTS = 2.22in? ‘This is easily accommodated in one tayer of bars. The a/d resuiting steel area may be calculated using Eq, 4.5: a_ 222 x 60,000 G7 OBS x 3000 « 12 x 273 7 O18 Since this a/d value 1s ess than the assumed vaine of 0.26, the assumed lover arm is smaller than the actual value, and the deter- ‘mined steel content will be less than 0.75p,. The selection of bars may now be made. The use of three No. 8 bars grving 2.35 in? will ‘obviously be more than adequate, Try two No. 7 (22.2 mm diameter) and two No. 6 (19.1 mm dia- ‘meter) bars, giving A, = 2.08 in? (1342 mm?), Then a/d = 2.08 x 0.158/2.22 = 0.148,) = 1 ~ 0.5 x 0.148 = 0.926, and the flexural strength of the section would be M, = 9A, f,jd = 09 x 208 x 60,000 x 0.926 x 27.6 = 287 x 108 Ib-in strength, It may be d Such rounded off values are easily remembered by designers,eects (oz) VEL jos unw ors ce aeeeeacaanietseeeSeepaae ew v=! jot oxo nowrssdace (ed aw fss0 = "2 ‘2yaron09 amy ut woIsodiH09 ‘ssonis a ‘usBuans ppork op. ye 09 10u Kew 40 eu faors worssosd Wo Burpusdagy ‘pouse2s op B SMONS By AUNT “wos pue st miSuans -pomour uBtsap mBuass amp Aa aqqissod foois a1out peap yar x pu uonDds 1 HO pasta porTuH UAISP xdop aanoayo soy eas # JO Ou, duarexo paumnbas (,arut re='¥ os suoqo9g see a paedwion 2q var sg, (gta 9000) uw (uu 9¢9) UF LZ = p soMINboX peo! ao~es out Ie AtsnoduEDiMUS odojanap axe ajasouoo pu. Vy ‘2181DU0D a4 104 (-WHUH/N 7¢'6) 8d OS 18d 000'PZ 24 Pinom sassans a[qumoype a4 paw 6 9q PInom ones renpou 2u) “s1a1oueD pur Joars Jo suaBuans payroads-aaoge am 4od “STII dona Wi DaRUOSOP = yLL-B1E IOV JO Pourat uisap axnvurayTe am} BuIsn pauTEIQO. sumnsoa wai ajdurexo ufisep siyt jo sumsez au) oxzduioo ;POUTERIDIAD oq WED “Y YOIYs Wow © Jo anyea Hupuodsas 309 2un 948 Em 9IqeI oun ‘porEmoree st ?f.pq/"Hy JU Z WOW Tp Ax 10 7p 9Iqe 07 Turs:9}01 49 poyrydiats st aiduaexe ayy jo we ‘yuourour Uufisap atp on ssonpaa saano oy) Jo yoursg Sums om Yor Ye quod aun soy d Jo snits axp 1003 axtreuzaHe Ue sw soAK8 onEIpEN 947 Jo woRNIOS ot) Inq > 4 > QUSUM prea Kuo st samo a4{f, vonD9s poosoyUTOL 98S B 40} d sNsz9A ‘Beans reamoy pus uonDes want so} ones TaN HENOD JO WOREMOTED “Ly TL so oa too wo ox conn) axe ezuoanes @ty owen arse “W Jo word & “Ly ta Ur powen 1} 40} Woseer otf “1003 Jaeus au ‘seme st Udisep ur waye 2q 03 anyea ayy pure ‘s}003 eau Ox SeyTEIDEAb 3H, ‘Suolsuotutp UDA Jo WondDs w 0] (Bare 30) Ones fais ayy auTULAIAP OF eatos aq 0} peu uonenbo o1jeapen w ajdurexa Sui0Za10§ 24) JO Z WON Up Sam SUEY Jo HEHE we0 ‘Strength of Members with Fexire num, we write CHCHC=T .. O85fiar+ ALL = ASL, strain exceeds f/E,. From the similar triangles diagram, we have a, = 000324 - 00034 =f (428) 6, = 00034=£ = 003 t= 4 (429) Seah, it 0032 =f & (430) and ; 430) Wis correct and, by trength 18 given by M= os {a 7 $) + Af a) 43) where a 1s given by Eq. 4.27. When checks by Eqs. 4.30 and 4.31 reveal that the steel is not yielding, the value ofa calculated from Eq. 4.27 where from the strain diagram fon eb, 0037 Ait pg (434) f= 4B, = 0003 Bt of (439) Rectangular Sections a and then Tension and compression flutes can oor in doubly reinforced beams stl avin gly enfored beams Ta teason fares te ension ste yds compression See deamon anne Ere ey nH EAE Practtel beams tne tenion ete wl vayo be jeidingy and very ota the "faim at the evel ofthe compression sees great enough for thats Seid strength ae wall The greater the value of, and the lower he valves of Grand Jp tne more probable eis thatthe compression steel i yeding Rather than develop general equations for all cases {av numerically (ora ist pancipes The enero given ina paper by Mattock, Kriz. and Hognestad.*’ The fo illustrates the numerical approach. Example 43 (645 ‘N/mm?), and f, = flexural strength 5000 pst (34.5 Ni Solution 1. Uf f= 3000 psi (20.7 Nim Assume that all steel is yielding C, = 085 fab = 085 x 3000 x a x 11 = 280500 Ib C= ALS, =i x 40,000 = 40,000 tb T= A.J, = 4 x 40,000 = 160,000 Ib But, + C= 7 __ 160.000 — 40,000 _ 0 18 85,c = a/fy = 428/085 = 5.03 m. diagram (see Fig. 4.8)saivaq so} ‘ouvisut 104 (pomaus ssax1s TuNLOA) poaU USIP saxayqa au Sq potrstsop suleaq yo J poouryeq om) wes JousTy Yon axe poujour uaisap undluenis ayy Aq paworresonfea Md axp asnuD9q UBKSD Wi ose St 2otigiuna90 UE Yong uppe puv Toars worssazdutoo Su1sed Sq poseaiom 2q eu Kyoudeo waurou oy.f, TeDKDyAsH aq Ke “= uist poureigo wiSuans Tesnxay am “pasn st yidap Moyqeys Jo WEA E LEIA “T cuosvat SuIso[fo} 9th Z0) UBISAP ur pasmnbes aq Aur ToS voresordwTO suonnag paalosuioy Arqnog Jo usI=eq F TY +84 wou $89} JP9P Pood ® st ¢ ones yoais aun uaum éqzemnorzEd “woIstON He BuqyRy swPEDg Jo THstseIDEICH ‘sdeqjod ato se donut se suorioes ayp jo Wiens soups s uorssoxduaoo jo 2ouasasd aun ‘2t0yezo44, (tt spe) 18d 9008 = ) UI-GE OL x C67 PUE UIWYN L¢ ted Q00E = 7/204 (a> N OT FU wag aAeu Pio aHAuaTIS Soy ah pus WOISMOD Paz 2APY pInOM [fs suIeIa NHod "wonD2s Om rd ua9q 204 Pel o18 Uorssasduoo un ft YOAOTOYN "UOrsUa) UH He) HoNYA Survoq a1az9u09 poosojuies yo onsuaDeseM B YAU fRIMXI| eH 0 2000 “aayip aay 2PeU Seq Cy ordre UE LI/N 6") #4 OOS OF LUG/NG L102) rsd ggg Woy) MBuaNs ayas0UOD Jo aswasOUT OYA TENT IU OF ISIN, Josuy (10- NATFEE) HT gL OL * 967 = (<= oci096 E+ (bert — Oddog0'SzI = (p- PYo + @s0- PD ="W ynba ‘asojorayn ‘1 = af 020091 =D +79 QLO90'STI = 897 * OSL9P = 2 oy L Ae (stones = sae 57 ) 897 ~ 2 cur 99°77 = P Sat worenbs oneIpENb ay Jo VOHNIOS 0 = 816% — MIST — H 7 oT-2 a1096'rE = 0008 = "9. cov'est = 0008 + OSLO” Lato +0 8 wong ere a0 X 67 x zxeo-? pease Ieee yeti eerie pe ptO00 =, s000= "= anv an oser suena ons wrssadaoo an outs pu weep aus 243 oH poutunoy9p ae Soe» Jo ss0 Wy" 20} BNA [BRINE Siu. Hasoou a8 9 pu "3 30} Kon SORDI0j aay HUW 151 uossuoy a nog) Supa ous oss woresezdazo9 a 320194 gne Fe iswo- EE B 0.0390 as required t 2. Minimum compression steet This design has the maximum possible contribution from the | compressed concrete. Thus the first term within the bracket on the "right-hand side of Eq, 4.49 is the maximum possible, and the condition of Eq. 4.49 applies ing condition of Eq. 449, and assuming steal is yielding, we write that the compres se sls 0 tee p = 0.0278 + 0.75p" 0.003 «29 x 10% 0.003 x 29 x 10° + 40,000 or A= (QO278 x 11 x 20) + 0.754, = 6.12 +0754; ang for A, into Eq, 4.38 gives G12 + 0.754, — 340,000 a= 085 x 3000 x IT = 1426(6.12 — 0.254; Substituting for A, and a mnto Eq. 4.39 gives, 5.34 x 10° = 0.94(6.12 + 0.754; — 43) x 40,000[20 — 0.7136.12 — 0.2: + A,40,000(20 — 2.5)} (Ay? — 329.94; + 1184 = 0 ‘) = 1426(6.12 ~ 0.25 x 3.63) = 7.43 in @ = 783 grain By similar triangles of te strain diagram, we have 8.74 — 25 «= 0.00357 = 0.00214 But f,/E, = 40,000/(29 x 10°) = 0.00138; refore, compressionpus gurgry =" tuowoU Butprog 2annBou tog aed 129 ones ayeturxordde at um sowosT SOT st urBuens reamxay uBisap om yeu sieoAar sIsKfewe sexe] (a1- Ne $65) 1-4) OL x Les = (BOLE * OOOO? * LS'8}60 = V0 =" SOA yomyN 801 = pfs wonvunxosdde oanpssosuoa e pue ut OSL > Pf > 80'LI 51 23104 aarssoidiuoo quRpinsax OM JO WE 1949} a4 2909 woes = sz —0c= PP 10030) srssauduroojo0}8 at Zo} LHZe 38891 at, WEOLI = EBS x S0- 00> >50-P st 20s0y anss0zdoo aja. tp 205 {use s9Aat a1, paorosutaLeK0 Jou st ano 01 past 9q U8 6p’ VoNENbg ‘pownsse se ‘TuIpjald are [9098 OTssaudtHOD pe worst a ti0q Tem sonerpur uresiyp ures oun jo wonedsar ue ‘SE100'0 = G01 x 62VOO'OP St TRA Am JO UTES plow ou, 5 ado 305 Hon 298 sjomouo> poovojaar IgneGl “sy {um oe wuronszh| Reve 7 sons sebum 3m 11 < 000 * $0 _ coo'0H(8Y —1s"3) ‘sep ba issauduros am jo wndap oy, uregs = » Wo} punoy 24 Kru yOOIQ, ssans trp Puc miss ="¥ Juowow Biapuag aatnsod 4044 “T ‘Pash aq [1a uoNnjos yeunNOXde Uy 908 wawour fmpuag sanesou (Z) pue “wourour Sumpuag aatisod (1) 20} nny aiqepuadap au areas 9109 2M 404 (WU/N OL x 7 9L2) wsd goo'or = “f WIM jas SL Sip arden fst39} 942 JO plosjuas ayy Woy > stp ON a Jo 40889] ot Laz 99 Kou PE 249} 3 28000 8 04“ PE 2 wooMIRA soup at 9 a1 PES VO = "Wsiqeuy Sdays 2}Surs & ut paatiap_9q pinoo wor}9s a41 jo mABUENS reanxoy 241 “wAoMy aon 3 Jo Uora8 jo 0} om 24 Usd peo 01 as09 parR29} 8 2 8 Bey UHI aK a) reunxoxdceayy oemaneojqeuostar YM ‘poyrom syeurxosdde ue st aqzimAR ‘suonenb Saeanoow pauuropad 24 avs 8809 1A 700UD 01 KresSA0—U SI 000'0r nagsy2) gwroge = 0000" _ (eomapste) woe = 5 OO toe un“9 Bune90} 500 01 (guna zp¢2) 21 €9'¢ Woy Daswozoul aq Plnous pp a1duexg Jo yred puooes sun Ut o9Is orssardwoo jo vaze ou “Ioexe axou aq 07 ‘ojduirexa 204 “woryesMadas0D ut ‘SEV? 0 £q pasearaut aq pjnous f29is worssasdwod Jo vax arp UeoytUdIs yunowe stp pur p77 /e8'9 Jo so10} ayar9UOD Jo sso1 B suLOLL SIE, “foaIs uuorssauduioa atn £q pasetdip ajazou0s passasdutoo jo ware jews aun uNoAoe OWT 98 1OU OP WwewIAoIOFUIA! VOISsDIKMLOD 304 suotENbs UBISED aH Taxnuoo wonssyap Jo sats yo uted oun wioy afquaojatd st wBisop 1s1y urea a snap 30 ean 62 Strength of Members wth Flerare considerably tess than f,. Therefore, from an examin strain diagram, the depth of the rectangular stress blo be large, and the lever arm of the concrete compressive force will be greater than the lever arm of the steel compressive force. Hence a conservative approximation is jd = d — d' = 17.50 1m, which gives M, = 09(4.48 x 40,000 x 17.5) = 282 x 10° Ib-im G18 KN-m) From exact anaiysis we learn that f', land the design flexural strength is 2.9% great value calculated. 790 psi (88.1 N/mm?) than theapproximate 42 T AND J SECTIONS 42.1 Analysis of T and I Sections Figure 4.10 shows a T-beam section when the flexural strength is reached, ‘The depth to the neutral axis 1s generally small bocause of the iarge flange area, Therefore a tension failure gencrally occurs, and it i8 usually safe to assume in analysis that f, = f,;the validity of this assumption can be checked jater when the neutral axis depth is found. The neutral axis may lie m either the flange or the web. (ese ai Stan Stee Foret ewan mao Fig. 4.0. Remnfarces concrete Theat when the flexural strength exch. The anatysis may be commenced by assuming that ¢ < h neutral aus is im flange) where fy = flange thickness. For c=1, = 085 frab = yf, AS hd o* O85'b 085 ieee (4.50) and 1 Sections ” where p = AJbd and @ = pf,/f. a a1! ast en Ge Ife < hy, the neutral axts lies m the flange as assumed, and M, = A, ffd — 05a) (4.52) When the neutral axis rectangular section of wi cod/p, > hy, the neutral! axis lies in the web. Then the calculated a and ¢ from Eqs. 4.50 and 451 are incorrect. Rewriting the jum equation C = T for neutral axis m the web, we have O8SfiLab, + Hb — 0) = Af, (453) Af, — 085 hb — b,) ee 085/.,, where bs the with ofthe web. The resultant compressive force acts at the centroid of the T-shaped compressed area, which can be divided into the rectangle over the web and two side rectangies in the overhang ofthe flange. Taking moments of these ectangies about the tension steel gives M,= aasyan.(a 3) + 0857 ~ vane : ¥) (ass) where ais given by Ea. 4.53. ‘The strain diagram can be checked to ensure that the tension steel is yielding. The tension steels yielding it a = 0.003 t= L 2, = 0.008, fe (455) If the tension steel is not yielding, f, in Eqs. 4.50 to 4.54 should be repiacea by the following steet stress, found from the strain diagram: J 98, = 0003 A= 8 E, (4.56) and the calculations reworked.seu) s9qea18 Bursa q wipin yo uonD9s © se poutisap 90 es sia th bu Boao sium tus if Tv oaey om Top “ba 01 Suxpoooe ‘ssouyorys oSuey oy) Wem ssar st qndop sexe feTIMOU =u) UDA suonaes / pue.r Jo usIseg ZF ‘uresBeip urens omy Sutsn punoy aq ue j99%8 SI tur ssouis 941 ‘SuoneAbs ayn Ur SUL ur Kg TUNA OMT UOseY 3q uo aBuey am ur 8 worssaidwu0s Kay ‘pounsse Se Spl pro ueur ss2q st uoMm ‘SEzO = CHEST = B/2 “AroaneUIONy) OLX 62 "a +8100 > = OX 6 81000 > Lozwo = OEE = 3 wee % mes ono =" P8000 = eee at ssp"ba wos Burpy ‘}yoors torsua} aq FEU YOY (4 NX O22) H-41 Or (© x 0~ cHoor'eel + G8 * $0 ~ IST * OFT = "W uy am psp by wory wee = S80 a wt PF pw wore FH _ ay ‘00F'Z21 — o00'08T sium 2 gop ba mor 0c = 98 x ODE x S810 = “992/580 ‘1 oor cE = als ~ ze) 000 x se0 = /yl"a — asEEO Pur “qi oN‘! = o00'09 x ¢ = “f"F = L MONT 56 10929 7 pe L (qom ayy ur seq] sie yesinou om pus fy <2 "UL 097 = 9 puw UH 1ZZ = v ‘s10;0q SPOS} "ba Wor ‘fluey oun ur soy] SIxe yexynow ou yUUR DUE Spork j2aIs uorsuaN n acnssy (cur g15) Utz fo ssamgarys abun “Z “pouunsse se Spjotk |sa1$ WoIsu “S1O}RE pr wen sse, st HOTS “BO = CI vy = OLX 6 _'F > = =i 80100 > £02000 = "Conag = ap 80100 = mee four = acey am gc'p be wor, ‘BUIpJOu st Joays worsUOD WU x04) cone (cz * $0 = suo am z5yba 00g poumnsse sv afuey om ut son siev yennou pue — /y > 9 wr= He oe Ze x oooe x S80 ur yz — Se 000e * S80 _ Wee 00'09 X € axe om os ba wos say a) sq, sxe rennau oun yen pu *f =f spa Fors uoruaY ap Yew SUMS (cum 207) my fo ssouyonp abuoyy “1 uonmos (ana gros) ot z = Zu (Z) pore are zor) m1 p = “u (1) {WYN L'02) td ODE = °f PUE {,urU/N pI) Sd OOD'O9 = "fF AIHW/NE 01 X OO) Id JOE 6z = “ar {_UIN SE6T) -UF OO = “F me Sof) WTI =P {wu coc) urg— “9 fourETs) MIZE =a use cones uwaq.J, # Jo THuaNs yemxey Teopt Buy areINOTeD sarduexy amy na sequeyy Jo means 6%% Strength of Members with Flexore doubly reinforced beam, as follows. The tension stee! may be considered be divided into an area A,,, which resiss the compression in the concrete ine overhang ofthe flange, and an.area 4, ~ A,,, which resists the compres mn the concrete over the web. Then, assuming that the tension steel is ing, the equilibrium equations are Ausf, = O85, and (458) ‘The design flexural strength may be written with reference to Eq. 4.54 as M= of - Ant - 3) + ef - *)| (459) where A,, and a are given by Eqs. 4.57 and 4.58 ‘Companson of Eqs. 459 and 4.39 shows that the compressive force in the ‘overnang of the concrete flange is equivaient to an area of compression steel yy at the yield strength at the middepth of the flange. This equivalence 1s illustrated in Fig. 4.11. To ensure a ductile failure with the tension steel yielding, the same lit steel ratio as for a doubly reinforced beam must be eee eg tee ea Lemons and Sections 7 {otal compressive force at balanced failure. Equation 4.49 shows that this requires O03, +f %%, where py = Aylbyd and py = A,sbgd The imaginary atea of compresion steel is aways yielding, hence its stress need not be eneeked, The foregoing approach to docs not result ina section wi section, nowever, because than compression steel Teas also necesary to ebeck that the steel area mn the section is sufficient to ensue thatthe flexural strength ofthe cracked section exceeds the momen requied to creck the section; otherwise the failure is sudden and bite. To prevent sucha failure, ti recommended* that p, shoul be not less Uhan 200/f, where fis psi, or 138/f, where fs n N/mm? units. (4.60) Example 4.7 ‘A T-beam section with b = 30 in (762.mm), b,, = 12 in (305 mm), 4 = 23;in (584 mm), and ft, = 4in (102mm) is to have a design flexural strength of 7 x 10° b-in (790 kN-m). Using f = 3000 psi (20.7 N/mm?) and f, = 60,000 psi (414 N/mm?), calculate the required steel area. Sotution ‘As an approximation, to determine whether the neutral axis, the flange M, Txt laf, ~ OT 21% G00 ~ auving Ah, __ 617 x 60000 Of. 30 23 x 3000 From Eq. 451 we have 4,= = 0.179yum ures aassexdutoa reurpantduoy ays sonpar yorum “Gel se>qs) aBuNy 989 () 00 wo84 ts HEH tr Sms auf ut suonewsojap seays Jo astteseq sins00 ‘ZT Bt UT parEnsME“ssa118 parssaiduioa auelj ur UONRUEA STYL ‘SaNMNaNxS 2q7 WE URUE QIK 31) 12K possouts Kiqdiy cxow Sutag aBuey aun “gam wueag ayy wos aoURISEp YM AIBA ita 28uey ou U'Ssans antssarduoa jeuIpmiBuoy a1 sene9q Kidde SUIS you seop Koay Suspusg ojduns yey) iuapiae stat ‘2Bre st stuvog ou) H29!129 Buroeds au uouay qo% 241 at usuroo.0yuror 24) mH a9x0j sua) 21p BuuDUETE uorssardtuoo jeuIpmsuo} aif) Sunstsox weg amp Jo aduey op se IE | auts 291 jo ued" ‘Suipuiag aanrsod 0} parsofqns st ureoq 919 UIYAA Barun 298 [Lm QUIS aU pu LaveG Om a]inq am sroog urPsq PER quis 31219109 peDLOjUTAZ UIA “ses Suwa JO MPLA ANION ETP « 10999 7 wee -ojqvaoyfowunusracar oxy 880704 st Bare Fors SION, seauo > ee0000 = conven _ 02 Oe Guten jays a]QeMOTT UME 390113 ‘a\quamolye umusrxeut poaox9 10U SOP wasE Fos ax0}AI0H,1 Tez00 < pee00 = @ X ZI x 00009 ovear 000'09 + OF * 6¢ x C000 00009 ) vO1 X62 x C000 FEO * OOOE x $80, ‘09°F ba Sunsn ‘tuowwoo jars ajqemoype WHEL AH ex sco 1e00 = “d ie _uojoeetes st vo ois ZouIauH BOK (aarp) ectc00%0 | | ! se oxa'ea'f mel=yox c= oy pu cuisgo= FOX T= TY owos -wonoas am Jo nuans eanxag twap! ap AYE NA!ED tH) N ‘syanouoo 949 104 “GST 100 Jo aw sive aur. (es (urar coz} ut g Jo sidap eat ‘om Aq, paoxoyinos St (uu EOZ) HI g YAPIA Jo UOKIODS re;NBUTIOON Y sr opdoreg (eo) (50 — Dy + (00 ~ TY = "Ww fq wonrd st qySuans reanxoy oui ‘worssasdtuoo Jo prostuso oun moge sjuowour SurqEi AA AKL “cory ‘ba soyscies weq punoy st9 x0j anyea w yun ¢ pute'Z“t sdaas yoda p ‘poystes St 25" “by IOMOUA HOO -yaeis m7 Joy sauna ureaIs-ssans ayn Hos) “f oF DUE qIOry DUE LI9'p “she WOK Me puW "2 oyRMAIRD 3 40) antea w 98003) “T !saoifo} se ainpasord iweunsnips pue youn v Aq pozsteue aq Kear uoMo0s OL pu on Spy + Sy = aie” utuno ano 9 wunaqaynbo 04 = (ars) eov0 =" pur 2 coo" a= e000 son rduzoo wrens 10,4 rake] omy ul 2q 0} paxapIsHod St ath ‘uorenishyt jo asodind aun 404 adeus rexeU98 14 st 0 BEES zoaos ‘Strength of Members with Fleime First estimate Letc=4in ©. a= Bye = 0.85 x 4 = 3.40 in From Fas, 461a and 4.615 we nave 4 = 0003 5=4 — 003 4 fa = 0003194 — gcnss Reference to the stress-strain curve shows that 3812 Sis = 81,820 ~ F5g5 = 54910 pss 38:12 Sin = 67,620 ~ Gare = 59,150 psi Check equilibrium using Bg. 4.62 Ty = 54910 x 0.88 = 48,300 Ib T= 59,150 x 1.32 = 78,100 Ib C= 085 x 4000 x 3.40 x 8 = 92,500 Ib and CT, — % =-33,900 1b ‘Therefore, equilibrium 1s not satisied because the compressive forces are too large. merease the compressive Lete = Sin a= 425in Then using the equations as before, write f= 00018 = 0.003 Sa = 46,440 psf, = 54,910 psi T, = 4090015 7, = 72,500 15,600 Ib and C=T,- 7, = 2.20016 Sections Having Bars a Various Levels 1s ‘Therefore, the neutral axis deptn 1s slightly too large. ‘Therefore reduce ¢ slightly. Third estimate ‘The first and second estimates show that 4 in <¢ < Sin, interpolate, using the previous residual forces from the eq ‘equations ond oe = 494 in @ = 420in ‘Then using the equations as before, write fq = 0.00186 ey, = 0.00307 fa = 4, Sia = 55.200 pst T, = 7290016 and tisfactory, M, = 41,5008 ~ 0.5 x 420) + 7290010 ~ 0.5 x 4.20) = 820800 Ib-n (92.7 KN-m) A graphical construction can also be used for the determination of the neutral axis depth that gives equilibrium nalance (ee Fig, 4,15e for the section of Example 4.8), In a rectangular section the compression force increases linearly with the inerease of the neutral axis deptn. Hence straight line giving the value for the compressive force range, and a constant force yield stress. The tension force he foregoing thal and Braphical, can be used ‘ean be general Aygs ++» Because lyze any section, Equa lude more groups jumber of possible cases of steel stress, t would notound ufunn ysmoy a UDR SEWN HA EN AN GONE aI PHNAUNAL EL MY ‘sosodind foyutax 0q 0} pauinsse 2g “LU'r ig ur suvedde pouoeas st yxBuons reinxay at 1998 OL NO98 Oy neu Bupung Hl roe OeN A jag ui wo oq 2219009 pas O1'P 1g ul umoUS st SurpuDg FerxeIg YEH UOdes y “BuIpeO| Weonso4 puv yeruoztz0y tog aatzoas eu aunssoud puta o1 pasodx: Suriaseo we9q st uP oidurexs Jo, Turpuag (jesuiowaxssun) rxeIG NPPOI 03 pajafqns seuumeMs av suivag aIaI0UCD acto; SNOLLDAS 4O ONIANH TYIXVIE > [Pers oq yorys 1 urexis aq poaoxa rou Op a8 PIOUS JaUIsep ayn pue ‘SANT ArowZIXD 94 Seu suTENS Toois oun ‘Trews A104 st quuans jernxoy oy Te mndop sixe omenba uawaiynba ou 2 943 IQ Pinos 3 su bo 23131 0} ad st J0 Su2}g0 ammo1g 4 soqwoHA Jo ENS oor18 ‘Strength of Members with Flere Fora given section the flexural strength may be found as follows: rans in thestecl may be found by considermg the similar triangles n diagram of Fig. 4.17: (46a (465) (4.66) ot su a00a(s — 2 (aon where positive stram indicates compre esses and forces then follow from the stress-strai orf Bre him eak 408) The stresses in bars 2, 3, and 4 are found similarly. Then the steel forces are given by Si Ahi 16 = AuaSog (any 3. The resultant compressive force i the concrete and ats position will depend on the shape and area of the equivalent compressive stress block. ‘The four possible shapes are presented in Fig. 4.18. Biaxial Beading of Sections 09 For case 1 we have Ge 88S = OAS f,B.7kek, bh (473) F = 03338 ,k. (4.74) F = 0.3332,k,4 (4.75) YUE; 1030 wxnaien compre restock b>] cose can cue 3 coma Fig 48. Posable shapes of the ares ofthe equatet compressive stress block, ry, expressions may be found for C., ¥ and j for cases 2, 3, and 4, ‘and are given by Mattock, Hognestad.*” 4, For equi tne neutral axis must be such that the ‘sum of the longat CHS, 48,45, +5 =0 476) 5. The moments acting about the axes at the flexural strength may be found by taking the moments of the internal forces about an x- ‘axis (Gay the bottom edge of the section) and a yd hand edge of the section). Then we have son axis (say the teft- Maz = Ct — 9) + (Sy + S2Mh— t) + (Ss + Salty a7) Mu = Clb ~ 3) + ( + S3)b = t,) + (Sp + Sot, (478) ‘The appropriate signs (positive for compression, negative for tension} (ed into Eqs. 4.76 to 4.78 when these expressions are used. biaxial bending moments rocedures are necessary to find¥y aonper souayy “uorssoxdt6s yn 00} “3s0,19KL, arise = "9+ 8s +19 + "9 +79 ator9'se = *o igor ="s atostiz~="s=*s 1 000'0r ~ 1s. Q00'0R— = *Y isd osuiz— = "F=f sd ooo'oy = "S e000 = 7% suonpo- = "=" srooO= "2 i ou0o9 68 suorienbo au Sus Nay “9 = 9307 oy aswarou 2oua}] “Morstay YoU 001 “aIOPUDH, muorag orri~ = "s+ 8st ist 's4'o ” 1 08T'09 = 201 * :L'0 * {S80 * GOOF x stro = "O, soak gp ba pay usr pa eure pa won9g “6r B \ we (wsurgoe) oz i uu gon) ve ead vanes ae _sonoog yo Zapaeg oP ator = "8 qoseie~ =Fs=%s — aioscus =" PUY 94 ZL'y 01 6O'Y sbz WoL, td 000'0P— = "/ 18d O6c'LE— = g01 x 6 x 9stIODO- = “f= *F sd 067'LE = 901 * 6¢ x 9RzIO00 = "Sf soni gp'p ba “220}9:04 “BETO = (601 yor = "af omy 98e000— -(" 4 £0_o1x a a p09 = =(2E_ BAL) svcrovo = (O50 91 eo ba tosg "91'0 = 1381 ‘6rp Bl OF aoMsod six arouse san 2001 = "¥ =F =F = snidap tee yesinow a Duty 04 posn 0g te aanpeo0.K aoanisnpe paw jean y “Uon9e om sMOUT GTP aUndi{ “UMOU Si sixe ennou ama Jo worreasjout att zouey <(y = 4 =") o1@ueLn soTzosos ae jo aims am seu 2po:ou09 Jo vane possudaroo oun “ons ou sivewoun Simpusa renga pu axenbs st uonoos am 21S wounjos ‘efp9 au} 0} joqfered soxe snoge apyuseu jenbo Jo squoWoUL Surpuog peneerq 09s oun Jo wiSuaNIS eINXeY = KW/N 9°42) 84 QoOp Jo MBUANS JopUI[AD v sey 21210009 pout ¥ pur jeors ou, 24) Jo septs ausoelpe a1 03 284 Y>eD JO IP HY, "ONIss ax JO sBUIOD HBA UE Padre 'uq [0018 (2812UUBIP WUT {°8Z) 6 “ON anN0} £9 P2404 sos orenbs (UI pz) UE OF P BY UTDq MAIO Y Gr aduexy sama. aaquayy Jo ROHS onm ‘Strength of Members with Flesore Third estimate Linearly interpol ‘equlibrium equation 0 52,220 Using the equilibrium equations as before, put 44 = 0.001356 = Gy = 0.001110 4 = —0.003575 + fa = 3930p — Soa = fig = ~32N90 psi fag = — 40,000 psi 5,=39300b $= 5, = -32 C, = 6545016 C.+ 8, +8, 485 +S, = 3901b ‘Therefore, the equilibrium balance is satisfactory. From Eqs. 4:74 and 4.75, we have =F = 0333 x O85 x 0.73 x 10 = 207 in From Eqs. 4.77 and 4.78 we have My = My, = 65,450(10 — 2.07) + 39,320 + (—32,190 — 40,0002 = 431,700 1b-an (48.7 KN -m) using the previous residual forces from the k=07+ x01 =073 ine resultant bending moment acting about the diagonal is, JM? + M,,? = s/3 x 431,700 = 610,500) hat the flexural strength of the sect tisevident that the manual solution ofthe general biaxial bending moment ‘equations requires laborious calculations because of the trial and adjust= ‘ment procedure necessary to find the depth and inclination of the neutral axis for given values of M,,.and M,,. However, the equations can be programmed urves, showing combinations of moments M,, and M,, that would cause the flexural strength to be reacted k each comer of the Lateral Intaiity of Beams a3 aol, of M, /(fcbh*) and M,,/(f-b%h). The change of shape of tne curves in Fig. 420 with increasing pis of interest, where p, 1s the total stee] area divided by the concrete area. Asan approximate guide, if M,, and M,, for a given(Sh os) Ce at t)eotrap t= Ww sojgun v SUABY Stag 10) ORS PLE OO} 8 au “OR'p "DA Jo SO}qHIIEA a1 ZO} 3 sour099q {AQ “0197 99 0} Ho3ye} 09 eu pure {yeUUS SaUTOIeq (est) tye a0 cimaty <2hrm6co Ayorewiexoadde st uortptos 1 oun uotu0o raaIs ajqusn wnuurxeUI YRIos suIEVG FuLL9pIst0D ‘aIoJaIOKLE yong 0} yoodsau YH jeaRLID 29 01 A} cuona0s om Jo pyonuso ain anoge puor aun jo uoneottdde Jo mmtod aya jo 2oueisip = "6 ‘urvoq ain Jo wuaj pouieddnsun = j "uonn9s ssou9 staiouo> a4) Jo wrnour Jo TustIOU sejOd TuareAmmbe = urn KBs @ 40} ‘oatigadsoa ‘soxe 401 ivo jeanxoy ou i | te uy noe vooo 1 maa eo leg (ean aun Jo wipe aun st @ ensI00 veg by = cwvog oun Suoye estou msojan 05 = = sonra Soro} sxoudde soonpar ureag soinupjoasaneusti @ 1} TRIO om Sumey pus aioed peot om uo Supuadop ynoKyo00 e = y oxo syenbo au} ‘Suotsuautip uoroes ou) jo suey ut ¢ pur *y “7 BuIssoxdx> fuyBuans s2puNeo DxBs91d09 2) JO Ue ouput KyonseTa Jo snIMpot otf Suissardya ‘4 40) 679 8 ro ht) Han Tah i oy wen (22 ever ~1) EIN ay 1 uresg on eurstud atdonost pus ‘snoauafouroy ‘onseyo Atreou] eu Buronperd “py wowou jeaNK oy FO} ,,UORMIOS TeOISsEIO “suonausse a1qeysaitioo jo ast. ‘2q1 yum suop ag Aruo prnos stey, ‘sreyeurerEd juBA9qex om AyRUENb 0} 930 ‘9pBUH st yduu3}}» OU “BuI5UTAMED porso} 2g pIneD PRO} JEO!ID PaAtzap KL ~jeroou © yori isurede souaprae ysiwewutiodyo qatougnsut st arom) asneDog SHTEOX sOIATYOq s}2ID1O PansOFUIOT JO SOINEA} fz sS2SS2 0} apLU St sdurone un jt xajduioo souiooag wajqord ou jo waujeaN juorAqeUe ou. “popinoad ‘& siwouoduros 01 qurenser jeio1e] arenbope axojeq_ sosnjons 93210009 19 Sump ostre Anus saorrenys 28 1ondu09 ssuyys reunxay Jo snjmpow au) Jo antea ay, “Aquo 207. wos yas0ue9 aMp Jo 118d oy} Uo PaseA 9q plnoe *f 30) LON snovaa a4, "wrarred yusutoM oq tpn 2ouepsoooT x ure=q au) BuoTE Axe ‘Supjows0 st, 304 porunon9e vq 0} suy TuryoRID FesxaY JO 399]}9% jorssoudws09 ur seat O Ductir ur 19g rsmu JoUr8tsap 24 49 aun Jo wo! 1s posnduca 9850} £194 st RaNpUDg Jo am a suse 30 Suge ET s icatieui ume ya aque 30 BBO a16 ‘Strength of Members with Floware By examining available data, Marsnall* found tha jb? was more nearly correct. It should be noted thi span/width rato alone, fb, does not adequately cescribe in beams. When the effects of creep and possible initat outof-strnightness are considered, and notmg that failures by mstability show we realize that the capacity reduction factor used sn cesign with 1¢ larger value for 1. For simply supported or continuous beams, the clear distance between 3 restramts J should be suc ‘ a <0 ant f <250 (4849) 2. For cantilevers having lateral restraints only at the supports, the values should be pe and F< 100 (4840) Irthese! of the beam. M,- will govern the strength “ the approximate vaiue of this is (gs) Ttis suggested that g = 0.5 be taken as the capacity reduction factor. 46 REFERENCES: 25, ordarce wit Strength Desion Method of (3), Amencan Concrete wn pp. Stress Distribution in Uliaun Jo Suypfona puv aye1aU09 ou) Jo uMOpy¥aIq £q paruedwoooe “sIin5 pore we. un sau, “arnj09 op Jo wots dor eu) ur um Joye pu VoNTUDIMEPaS C2 SpE] ULIN}OD Jo Sunswo qwouan aun asteoag puL ‘37 s¥inoxg pue LeYDRY fa “B-e) punoy 99g SEU 1] "BII:DU0D 94 JO WRUONIS ay) saya janis aun Jo upBuans park au; jo wins oUt 8! (PEOT pjet4 aM sv oF passay>s soiteq sdeused) wumjos a}asouos panxoputas ‘popLo 18 aun ax0}0q BUNS su sougwoAddE sorunisni 7S 9undig “miauanis suwnyoo reads owe pay TS Bd auneoeou., oy ones ones A, sens bs A, sewn nos paper ABET soujgras ayasou09 ot) 210}2q tn Ips (21s aun “paswasou 1 peOT AKT NaH Bt spade £229 301 SSOP UUENIOD v JO PLO| OW ‘sassauis 2Iqe HO suuinjoa aye1oue9 paouoyuos jo Arajos ou 889858 04 1102 ‘BU0}Ps91], THAIS aUl1 UT WorsseiduI0D pue aieiouod oxy, UT UoIsUDY eneL, 0} ajqussod uad st 1 "paaoures k/o8swt Jaye] st NOMTAK peo} Envoy e pUE Joows Jo afequaniad afzyi v Juisey uuN|oD B 40, ‘9a 2y2s9U0D up 2onpa2 peo] ApeXe ue Jo BasoUI00 24} PUY 19018 Ou fons W ARM 91919409 Jo SBBMUEIUS pu d221cy SNINN109 LOH CHAYOT ATIVIXY. TS ‘5 1g 298) Jo} a) Ut Ajqes0ua8 Sy ors asreastren aul jaa, q paquoputor ae ‘suoneunojap 40 asneoea reuonrppe szonpoxd uot “ssausopuays 0415 65)‘ub UmoUS AIP [U6] JO aFENUIED OpuEMO UEG OUR JOYE TESOL MOIR aat{O Jo stuMIOD {GoIs FaKOI awWos “ojdumexa UE sy “SexEMbUUWD kq paBE ‘urep sarpying ut ponsosgo uaeq seu se JoUNWOW YEA strURNFOD YaEN pase -uuod sutunjoa rests jo Auionp ayear@ ou, “som3y ow wou) wapiao ured Ss wumnjoo restds v jo Ayqtionp soreai8 aq. ,-Peisouop Aq pons, 9108, uray are suuntoo asau, sunyry 01 PapeOr AjqealTUd00 alam Yee SUITES paouojuta Seuids pure pan jo swat Woy pur yoxa are g's pe gic sau Soypoor wumnyoo web FS SLE poet et wonois pS Mtg un se 'a/"W = 2 Kyotnue909 “4 pror vor auojearnba st "jy justiour Fipuog pux "y peo} jUIxe We Jo worEUTGUIOD at, vuonsnunsuo sonuntios Aq psonport sjttawour oun pue 'squis pu sureaq dq pordde st Zurpeoy yorgaa ur ouKE a4 StTEENIOD Jo SSoupayoors TenIUL 1WAys sup £4 PoduapIAD se “usso1d sKempe IsOWTE ‘st Burpusg wos asnvoaq sonoeid wi Ateres anc00 suuEnoD pepEOT vononpomuy 1°¢'S ‘ONTGNAA TYIXVINA HIM SNIWN109 JAIOHS CAGVOT ATIVIRNINGDON €S et Supa eet qa suo HOH YORE SARIS ‘son seynBuvjoas poowds K}26079 f0 960 24) wsOs} ap ay) UE TUSWHOAOSdUMT WUEDYUBIS w YEN US 24 La S98 20) mous skesje 240 -nfuwnoos wtoxy ute wy 1s 9191909 94) EAN AXE g-stoz0g pur oy Xo ponodar Kaur £q s1s9J, “sends seqnautd jo sumyos swes aun JO VPN Jo %Os & ends jo Kouatsyyo au) “IuawAOURYYD ypuars paysodins ,.,ueu £9 sisey, “sousi9janoM9 at tanoun v Bursidde jo ajgedeo axe ‘oaeys 210 Jo Sucaog (eran asneo Jo siqui0 au) eau aun wHuwoos estiw09q st SI ste 3 7 UapIsilo9 WOU ET wore aunssoid Su1uyuos souetus § 295) UMOYS onby sony ‘suusmoo rei pue pt Jo saan urens-pre eee yo Jo NoseewoD “Es By {p2200 Asso 78m (99703 0 Hap 100 J0 51 {¢°5 Ey) suusnjoo restds Jo 6 ‘210709 pro} 94} spedoxe Sunjeds soype uaA}OD ous Jo Pro} ayeUINTH a4 EU ‘unsua qo ruamasinbas [OY aX eI) soreopUr g's puL G's ‘sby Jo Hosted "Wod "Youtds aun Jo A27eUIEIP aprsyno ax} O) pasnssaUE RATE A100 = *y 9104 9) (-B)fsvo='6 £4 woud anyon aun men 889] 101 96 0170 sosmnbar ..2P00 EDV ays ‘suanyoo reads 10.4 ror TPRY puE oa} sieORY 0 ABOENS aFg. 56.Eecentrcally loaded spiral colamn (¢ = 0 Sh) afer future 05m) Fig. $5. cceatriclly ioaded ted column (© tertile ?* ns Fig. 57. Tis and spiral columns of Olive View Hosp after the 1971 San Fernando cath eae the spiral column is still intact and able to carry load, even though the shell concrete has been shed. be at the yield strength. The assumptions of Se of tne strengtn equations. Bending abot snging) 1s considered in 53.2 Analysis of Rectangular Sections with Bars at One or Two Jess than the overall depth. As with beams, a tension failure or @ compression9 ures oun eu pus muons TV + O50 P— PaPL80 =a soat8 promo onseid ynoqe suauiow SuPqer ‘g°¢ By Jo uuTNjo9 pepLo} spuodsous09 p10 69) (= + so ~ Pa es0 wlsty +'v) ug. e80) = .P'd = (P — PT + s'0 — PMS, Jo promo om 0} s0qy worssaxdar09 uy wouy oouIsIP oy) St P "WAPI UUINIOD BUI st g “NOOIG ssaNs e;nuvi9as twoteatnbs oun Jo widap aun st v"Yao1s worssasduroo Jo vase ‘yoois uorsuay Jo ware yp St “P “ToaIS WoIsuD) a4) UI ssaNs OUT st pratk roars aun st f qaBuans zapuyso aatssasdtoo ararouoo amp St ‘aorsuoy 241 Jo promucs aq wroy)"g peo} ayeuAN|N Jo Kyte uadN9 OMT st 2 DUN ws) (PPI + O50 — Por fsx0 = 2a st J2a1s wotstal axp noge siuouIoN SurfeI wos} pouTEIgo Lorssazdxo aU PLE ws) TV — Ti + wi feeo = “a st s20u0y rewsnut am jo wins au) sos; poureygo worenba vantaqgmba aun mn Suypaog essay oy smo HONS pope AUIS iaoas Yar wou sO} St jesousd peor areun saujeas foais dotsua) amy zayaun uo Turpuadap ‘mnao0 wes omyTeS yu oe tan SEIN <3 wnt fo a vo 4 y wens PHOT Py pew oumNoL MN soy o BENS ouns Stregth of Members with Flexare and Axl Load | ton 2 ! i t | 0.85 fz ! 5 | 4 * Pew nt diagram of Fig 58, we have 0008 le 641) a dG 0.0038, : Gt 0.0038, “ (12) ana 00038, a= he = Fano Pt (513) It should be noted that @ balanced failure is associated with a uniquely: efinca strain profile, Eq. 5. ‘moment at balanced failure, = f,and a, from Eq, 5 ‘A tension failure occurs if that ¢ < ¢, and reference to fores, > j/,..In this case the tension st with f= he smaller column load means rain of Fig. 5.10 snows that there- yields and Eqs. 5.7 to 5.10 apply ‘Recetriclly Loaded Short Columas with Uniaxial Bending ne -Compresion ste owe not Vial 6 < fy ‘must be checked by examining the strain diagram. For the compression steel to yield, itis required that «= 003° ty k 6.15) ing, the value of /, found from the strain diagram is anf 0.003 5.16)ain Jo ste aofeur auo 0} “(qty 922) Yor so udu '84 401 x 67 5 ese ‘ara¥ou0o axes (WUE g0s) UI OZ V Ys otdurexg, 2 {sna aq 01 pasopisuos udaq sox azaus 210204100 ou Yet Ie) 4) 40} Mo|L® 03 36819 Aq [9eIs UorSsaxduI09 ax) 48g sutooiaxo ag ued ape snqy x ‘u29q tou Soy Joors Horssosdu0d a ‘aan 201 JO, 40) anys poreynara9 a aa wong a ier ‘upto eran so sume 0K pepe AES nou oqf amn¥o9g Aide <9 ay my “uonDas 949 0 ames a9 uwgo>arese403 pauejstes pape} moFoz0y ou ye oVUr por Ror ePey pe suena na soy Jo MeIENS oe12 Strength of Members with Fesure and Axial Load I column section (se Fig 5.13). Caleuiate the range of possiblefailure | loads and eccentricities for the ideal section. | Sotution | Batanced failure ‘The tension steel is yielding, f, = f,. Assume that the compression steel is also yielding. From Eq. 5.13 we have 0003 x 29 10% % 29,000 + 0.003 x 29 x 10° From By, 5.7, and noting that because of equal steel area at each face the steel forces cancel out, we put Py = 085 x 3000 x 10.19 x 20 = 519,700 1b (2310 kN) From Eq, 5.10, and noting that since the rennforcement 1s sym- metrical, the plastic eentroid is atthe center ofthe section (therefore a = 75 in), we write Pye, = 519,700 (17.5 — 7.5 ~ 0.5 x 10.19) +4 x 40,000(17.5 ~ 25 ~ 7.5) + (4 x 40,000 x 7.5) = 495 x 108 Ib in (559 KN-m) Also cy = ay/P; = 10.19/085 = 11.99 i. From Eq, 5.15, checking the compression steel stress, we find 4 40,000 _ £7 Bx io * O18 085 x 17.5 = 10.19in 1199 - 25 1199 ‘Therefore compression steel 1s yielding as assumed. ‘The calculated values of P, and Pye, give point B in Fig. 5.13. 4 = 0.003 = 0.00237 > 0.00138 Tension faiture UPL

0.00138IXP UY 20U9f] SuIpeo} jeowawIUsSUN 0} PUL ssoUPayooI9 101 anp yuotoW Surpudg duos o2 perosfgns axe suuutjoo iTe eonowAd Uy soon OW, 30 39 We SUE MIE suoNDDS sINBUEIDoY Jo UTS CES ‘uiuons S11 Youe2 oF uorDes ay esnwD plow yey) AyLIUDD.a puE RO] Jo SuONPUIquIOD afqissod amy SOUS GIG an30d U Oy, “poutwIqo 99 pines aoqy 1unsau shy, ‘¢ P14 ut qaut0d sons sty (x04 0zb1 =) 91 o00'0¢¢— = fq uanid st9— aqsuay auy ‘aarssaidutos wer saute Burpooy awa, ‘€1'S Sta Ur Y yutod sont sig, (N 0965) a1 OOO'OFE'T = 0000 X 8 + OZ * OF x OODE x S8O= "a = "E aawy 2m ‘oars oun Kq poovidsyp arosou09 Jo ware ayy SuusoUal ‘T's “by UK ‘lez 512 Ualiéa winuxeus B soUt0930 (or NE 9ZF) UI gE COT X LEE = SLX OFOOT x & + SL x OD0OF x F + (EEL x $0 ~ OL * EET x O00E * S80 = au 9M OTs “by WoL, veer veer — Ber ur peer = sont 8 30 ‘uonenbo onespenb siqy jo woRNTOS ssdoroor = ows =f ser Sapo erence same OHS POPE HHENAHDIT Sor ~ szu's — 2 =0 Tarp 0008 codtay * » + POz * 000 $8°0 = OoO'0O8 uy 2m 1'¢ by Woy puy 186 00018 = 501 X 65 Sp eqy S00 =F = e¢T v— SL x s¥0 Sead yrs ‘bat oust uk Ou TH Fes ors, ¢¢1's Mla m9 yar0d sone sup 1+ NA 682) UG QO % 95° = SL WOOP X b+ SL x 0596 x + (68 * $0 — ODOT 6F7 X OOOE x S8O= od = "HT ‘neu ain “yiSuasis plat amp o praysur Tf 10) ontea pouoram sxoqe otf SunmAsans “OHS “ba worg et sere — ote "ut 6£7 = B saat wonenba onzspenb sis Jo woNnIOS sd 0596 = 000148 = Isr — 967t + 7 =0 000'0b % » — 000128 * F + POC x ONDE x SBO= 0 meee avy om qSuasis park au jo f 10) anyes pauorwsus aaoge ap Suumnsans L's ba wort sd FRET BOOS 901 * Wee EE 8000 TF ayam ue OM gT'S “by WoIy “f > Tf ‘uorssorduroa os Spo ssn 92:0409 aun Due “y= "F 28nes09 SED IH) OL “ona exo amd o asm an '05 2p Q =" Bay a rs Sa uy 7 wed soa Sra, ery rx pe umour a SHoQMEY 30 SHEN wr6 ‘Strength of Members wth Flexare ané Axial Lond 1s recommended that the eccentricity snot a practical case, an from 0.75 for spi limate load decreases gross area of the col section of Fig. 5.14 can be wntten using P, = GO85f.a0 + ALJ, — AL) Pye = @fORSfiab(d — 0.5a)+ A, f(d ~ at) Fig. SAS Rectangular (one oF ta aoe, scotia Load Sort Columns with Uniaial endig ro Pye = QlO8Sfabld ~ d? — 05a) + A fld— a ~ a") + Aa] (519) ‘Ata balanced failure, f,= f,, and from Eq, 5.13 we have O03E, 5 4 = 5 ooosE, Substituting a = a, from Eq. $20and f, = f, into Eqs. 5.17 and 5.19 gives P, and Pyey. The type of failure then can be determined. Note that the ‘equations assume that the compression steei is yielding (f= f), ana this should be checked. From Eq, 5.15, the compression steel is yielding if = 00032 Ait 5S 6, = 0.003 a > Ez (5.21) itis found that the compression steel is not yielding, the expression f= 08, = 0003 $= bat p, (922) should be substituted for f, in all the terms involving in Eqs. 5.17 to 5.19. I?it as desited to take into account the area of con te displaced by the ‘compression steel, the stress in the compression steel should be reduced by O85. ‘TENSION FAILURE If P, < Py, tension governs (f, = f,) and the depth of the compression block @ may be found from Eq. 5.17 and substituted into Eq. 5.18 to give P= 90. 85h on -om+i-£& “f(- Efem omer) where‘uonenbe seauy, Jo wormfos watuaauod s1 pu wonPumxosddy XO oplouteD 10U S90p UoIssaxdxa vonananoam iim omdurOs uayAA “AIM aunjte} UOTsUN oq AoI9q djqRoyddeur AIsnorago SAL 91'S “ty OF siwadde uonenbe ufisap sKounym 70 101d y “Sump 5 [8e18 uowsasduroo amp ren aunsta 03 paysou> 9g pjnous wessexp UrENS ag a) paysnes 9 isnt donypwoo Suumoyoy amg = 2 920} spsouoo au) 30) 492/90 ant 04st Lis DUODRS 3H "P= sours ‘paninboa $6 2010) os 2Uh 30) Fe SH LDA JO 2th wo uot say oun 'Q = 2 uoyy ou anon Popeor anyea aadosd ays uoeoudle 3 pase st 29 te> 1 somu}Ea00 os 20} SutsRaLe ean ep He ues) = 49 HE Wh PT REECO + (iP — x Hj SUB JO} pune} YY 9q 01 WOHEI $2 Sunkusvo justo MUTE ay] “pas 9q UeD g.gfouMAL Kq A4wouIduTe podojssop uonenba yaSuans 2d = d) yuawoosojtiar reaaNDUMNKS 104 °Z ‘sop 40) wou stsSteue 105 Tryon exou wowsordxa ayy soxeu sc'g “bg Jo tno} otf YM WopIAD se IT ‘ts ‘ba wo punoy 24 keUt ‘wsi94 001810 9 AB v.01 SuIpuOdsa1I00%q SUL ‘61's pue /1'¢“sbg ow ors “ba Banmnsans fq pumey 2q Kets“ Due ty pile or ‘empoog ervem ana sume 04S pape SHEENA, rs) (PV +r — WiROM = "a 1'5-ba wioy azoun Safolt Sai") +1 “a (sts) uy om ‘sorter reps wo ‘S's Bea yo gy aun axnyrey Pauansse ou Wo IutOd ¥ 10.1 StraA08 HOISsauduIOD UAH 9 swwurverdde omy -P ourma9p 0: 2on39q ‘TaRaMoy “U wo q 0000 =f groo0 rs ba wnoy uo, ¢f > "7) sunan08 worssauduion y <"e JT stun va NOmssIHNOD ‘Teo3s wotssarduios oui Kq pooeydsyp ayez0u00 Jo vase a4} juNoOoR OVE some) uonenba sry poyrdans zou soutoseq ¢7's “ba (9 = 4) womieasosUT 91 worssoaduros ou 10 {id = d) yuowaoxoyatas feouoUNUAS Jo 9seD M2 301 ‘Peo ey pur amsata ni saqmogy Jo eae se‘Strcagth of Members with Fevare and Axi Load Eccetrically Loaged Short Colum with Uniaxial Bending wat oo ‘Therefore, compression steel is yielding, f= f,, at balanced fail 1 dy into Eq. $.17, and noting that f, = fy and At = A,, seqion 5:28 Py = 0:40:85 x 4000 x 8.37 * 18) = 358,600 1b (1594 kN) 1. P, = 250,000 Ib < 358,600 Ib; therefore, Py < Ps (Le, tension governs, S= fp Tequn he Also O4f24, = 0.1 x 4000 x 18% = 129,600 Ib < 250,000 Ib, e=07 fon for an eocontrialy loades. rem Fig, 5:16. Whitney's comptesion filure approximation fo Assume that f= J,: From Bq, $.17 we nave forced concrete colum with syrmetric!remforcement, 250,000 = 0.7(0.85 x 4000 x 184) a= S84in Example 52 From Eq. 521 we write He is to be remforced ‘An 18 in (457 mm) square tied column sect a ia tyrmetnsly by pas placed in to opponte face ofthe sx = 0003 54985 * 25 yearn » oooi72 ‘The bars have their centroids at 25 ee ee er gee a i ty of ++ Compression steel is yielding as assumed. ).7 N/mm?). The steel has a modulus of Ps ini Eataio ae ma (aan eB Niamey eat of 3000 fa 49 Nim factor o may be assumed to be 0.7, Dutt 250,000 x 15 = 0.7[0.85 x 4000 x 5:84 x 189 — 292) + A; 50,0009 — 2.5) + 4, 50,0009 — 2.5)} + Apa y= 490in? 5 Ay = 9.80 in? (6323 min?) support the following ul 15 in (81 mm) and (2) 400,000 1b (1780 KN 2. P, = 400,000 Ib > 358,600 Ib; therefore, P, > P, (Le, compression governs, Gos . Eh) 5 mi). eae Also 0.1f,A, 19,600 Ib < 400,000 1b; therefore, » = 0.7. ‘Using the “exact theory”. Sotuton Nowd = 18 — 25 = 1555 in, and Bg. 520 gives From Eqs. 5.17 and 524 we have 0.003 x29 10° 95s x 155 = 837in 400,000 = orfoss % 4000 X 184 + 0.54, x 50,000 4+ = 50,000 + 0.003 « 29 10° Now f/8, = $0,000/29 x 10°) = 0.00172, and from Ea. 521 we ~ 054, x ce 7 | nave aa? oj = 0003 $22 085 25 _ qooa24 > 0.00172 337 ; = S73 7pe a yo pre yao lors) 0 ans ou) uoq “sanvSu ze su 09 212144 (ers) yeU soyeorpur wreaieip wrens ayy ‘uons2s 94) ur 4 seq [210007 B 40g “pEOI aT LYS Big ut UNoUS HONDAS wi joUNWUAS 207 20pISUO) yedwoo ures Jo siuauioumnbar aup Hush yno pauses 3q uno ns Jo SIsKeue et] "uoHDes aY2 ImoUTON: sTeAay S918 snouea 18 3q vu seq aun astieoad tiNdYEp sotUOIaA SISATBUTE PUR URISAD 10} stourenbo Jo wormeats9p am "saouy Te Ww PoInqusisIp s1bq sey HORDES ® LOY AK we Seow nog Ie SiUg WPA SUOMI IRINETEDOY E'S ‘uori9as auf Jo ware ssox8 24) soumn gQ'Q WeYD os0Lr JOU TO; ‘sor you 9q voue faa¥s feUIpnSuO} 2u1 eM} ,. SP) jaais worssordu09 Jo vaxe I >q eur Ax1o1n1H2000 9338) 18 Peo} anissexdaod |fouls © ‘4our # 0} 72 Bursearout wueu) e238 Uuvuans-u31y 1 “sg00;9 axdumex9 20 “antea onst 430} a8to Dood ¥ st au "C900 = "7 AuIsN Anuanbay st pois wnTuans vary YL suoneas wusn} “raxoitou “aunty ) pontnsst uaaa. Seu UTED jato9 soqg 2tt319x9 £000 = "Jo onrea aanesrosuoo sowiey v rm paioquittes oq st sven pat oun sfAo} peo] rene o ates 28s 0} PEK Hoe. on ‘tpaog ence gw suueye dos DRO KERN n.saurer zz's “by wo: Ig ‘Jeu st UorIDes $8030 uURRJOD YoH AqzEIMONLTE sea UBuans-4ay, luio0 azour uonur ¥ 0 Supe} isnooueimuns pastos 34 01 avy PINON GT's PUR {L's “sby 1eM suBOUN “f PR 201 potter oxeu 10u praow loos Horseiduoo aun “ze atcumex 10 «ogg 30 usuans p ed wr pasa us9q poy (-unt/N FE eouessut 04 BuIplaik tou 1901 29q eur seare f2938 JO uot "» 40j worrend9a1qn9 ¥ Jo wor ‘yes pur “ers ‘Urs “tbg oy U9 jo asnwoeq 40} sear ews om Surmraa¥p Jo Aynoyip aun saweorpar 7g idurexy jo Z wag : {cust oz) .ut Oser=""Y pue gm gpg = 'y am ceom iy tt (cea 1916) WE Oc+I = "¥ Soai8 r-bg ont » soy onyea syn ng Ur IL = PORE wos, 0 = Tes — m6L'9TS + .DOL8'6 — 7 =O ceae pee + sq Sune ce Teor + HLM PROT P= esrx anyon “FSO HST — plood'os x "¥S0+ o1gno Buimoyoy our sandy areuney [\s2- aor « (50 — 6 x 81 x Odor x sto }ro=a1 o00'00r aAey om 97'¢ DUE 61's sb WoL BROT TeRy pow omsatg ana szna9yy Jo BOOS om3 Members with Flexare and Axial Lea = {ri ie si an the bar iis then given by fA, where A, 18 the area of bar 1 The equilibrium equations for 2 section with'n bars may be written as Py = O85ftab + Pye = 085/:at a3) eb A.(j- a) (532) 32.due regard must be given to the sign of the stress when ent solution 1s best used for analysis. load of a given section with given 1. Choose a vaiue for the ni axis depth, ¢ ecentlaty Loaded Shot Cohumns with Unis) Beading us in all bars using Eqs. 529 and 5.30. and 532. 1,2, and 3 until the values for P, obtained from Eqs. 5.31 and 5.32 are the same. Note that the level of stress m the compressed reinforcement bars should be reduced by O.85f? if tne area of compressed concrete displaced by the steel sto be accounted for. Example 5.3 ‘Use the general method of sram compatibility ana eaupos rans “6h Ba on iueoduit st ong 6 10 s1oKey sey aq Ur JnO90 uso sureaas ojstia avy Alaa ‘9B.ej ase uonDe $8019 at Jo sMOISUaWIP 21 Dude siTBa poduey ui se ons euus st yadop six aINOU aU HOU ‘sOAaMOF} ‘iB 30} pus semnfueisal tram Joyo sodeys Jo suuanjoo 40} pas 24 Ost ued ‘suoneoo} stxe jesinau snowea 10) 2 "Wi purey Jo suorwUIquIOD OM But “tmuuer2p 4g suseiBerp uonaezorur Funeinoye 10 yonoudde BuI0B910) 4, {ee's ta 995) 8 J80}6 WoIsUDY Up He JOU a¢TBO% fou v ones fuiod asnmey paounyeg ax Ie WeideIp wuoosip dieys aysurs 8 oq OU fa a12M “IOAIMON av axe souls “uorzes uuinjoo au) 305 Ino page, sorda ad aq) Jo wessep uonaezerut ue ‘wonIsod "Ww pue"g Jo suoryeurquioe ain Bent} ff JO Son sudo sonyes 82H, (HU SOR) WH 60'S = OOR"TOG/,OT % 68eL = "al" = 9 DUR (HN OFZ8) UF aT OT 68eL = (8 X OOE'SSH) + Uw * OzrZI) + (0 x Ooc'ze) + ( * 006'T8) + (& x osz'e82) + (66s ~ 106199 = od = "W pay on ges “by wey puy upp resem ws seNH}eD OHS poPEOT SRANDONE. (N11 8000) at 002"106 = O0E'SSI — Ozp'zI — OOT'ZE + OO6'TE + OSz'L8z + O6s'L99 = X 090'IE) — (@ x 0129} ~ (€ x oor'9n) + (Cx Ose) + (S % OstLs) + (Zz x GTI OoOE x s#0) = "a ABH OM ‘SassauIS FpaIs worssesctuo> paonpar om tush pun ‘DAL Woy} SHO;aNOq] OGTI = bE X S80 = 2" = 2 MON, ‘ia10u09 parerdsip omy 10} moyfe 01 18d OS¢z = OOOE x S810 = 1488°0 49 p2onpo: aq pjnous woars sassans Janjs aaseazduson ay | "Sd 090'I€- = 901 x 67 x TLOIO00~ = °F cf loro = 000 (worsuay 8d O1Z9~ = yOr x 62 x FIZO000~ = Mf PCO = = prea ssd oss's1 = ,O1 X 62 x cr90000 = *F 990000 = Yt = vHe000 'sd 00S'€b = oO1 * 6¢ x stOOO= "F ~ $1000 = T— epeog0 1sd.goo'99 =" + " secon = — "Esty 10000 = oD Oa Qe's pur 62's ‘sbq ‘ur ¢] = 9 30g = OX 200000 = 9 7 ON ST's ‘ty UF se 208) passorduso9 ox OLY ¢ 01 1 Se S}ona| 10a 2tn OF 1a}, 907 Tey pur osmoTg iM SHY Jo TIONS wounos. omws ‘Strength of Members with Floeure and Axil Load ‘curves fora shear wall section appear in Fig. 12.12, 53.5 Sections with Bars in Cireatar Array imate load of sections with bars in a circular array can be determined ‘general strain compatibility-equi the following approximate can be used. The Whitney equ since they do not give accurate results when content 1s high, In particular, the equations appiy st pression steel is ye ‘equations for this case be obtained from the equations for bars at two faces by substitutmg as below. ecetrilly Loaded Short Calms with Uniaxial Beating 1 TENSION FAILURE m for tension 054, for for f, and f "into Eqs. 517 and 549, Then 8 a, the design ee ee where d, = diameter of circle through centre of reinforcement, p, = A, Aq = total steel area, = width and depth of section, and m= f.J0.85f" wre was obtained by subst 067d) for 4, into Eq, 5 for Ai, 0.67d, for d ~ d’, and 0. equation becomes Agf, AgSe wee] dy it (h+ 067d, where A, is the gross area of the column, Circular Section, Steet Arrayed in a Cirete (Fig. 5.21) mn, with steel arrayed Whitney suggested th ion for a ewcutar s LURE ess block has a uniform stress of O.85/' distance from the center of the s the centroid of 4 is given by 7 2a) ¥ = 0211h + 0.293( 0.785h — = Assuming that the total stel tension equals the total steel compression, we have Py= 085A or Aaa Pee ~ aR ) 2», + ano o7ish —18601) <0 €0U1 = "¥ anmboy ‘weN08 worssorduiog ‘asojaian (qua 18600) ay2 404 p¢°¢ “by pardepe KOUTA suntv NowsIaK0D “B80 = m pow uno jo spqaureEp = y“taray00 Jo vaxe ss013 = *y ‘wore jaa1s wir = "¥ “4 “juaunarojuir ay} jo J2ite9 9%) wBnoxh au 0 SmaI = "p aoe Eee 4st ee Bia wes) {(sc0 sexo) et (xo ia) fhvasae “a sausos9a "g_40) SurAjos pue uonenbs siyp Oru x BanMINsaNg, taoryenba ufisap 217 (F'psv0 x "v0 + Crseeo + xa = Cpsico + aa sou fons uotsuay ox Jo pronaas seaigy anrssaad ay2 2x9 wwn pee LIS “Svat pu uous vores asmoage au Vp Te BUN UO, ‘ypu uy page ets pI MONDes SEMEN ATS BA “t za poo reey pow amore toque so nS, ost1 with a yield strength of 60,000 psi (414 N/mm?) had boon used mn the example, the Whitney solution would require A = 11.35 in? (7323 mon”), ‘whereas the more exact solution myolving the use of design charts would require 21% more steel, indicating tnat the Whitney solution may ert seriously of the unsafe side when high strength steel is used. of Members with Fexare abd 53.6 Design Charts and Tables Jn practice the design and analysis of column sections can be carried out quickly using design charts and tables. A comprehensive series of charts ana tables has been published by tne ACL*?+#9 siagrams that from whieh the required area of steel can be calc fof known column size, material strengths, and area combinations of ultimate load and moment can be determined. The charts ‘over the design of rectan bars at two oF four faces, th the bars arranged in a circle. 10 60 kst (276 to 414 Njmom), ‘citeie The capacity reduction factor is held constant at the quoted values for all load levels (as was the practice inthe 1963 ACT code); thus the enacts {do not include the merease in the capacity reduction factor (permitted by ACI 318-71) to values up to 09 at low axial load. When using the charts, however, an adjustment can be made to account for this difference. The design ables of the design handbook published in 1973 by the ACTS? are for rectangular ted cofumns with bars on four faces and for square and circular spiral columns with the bars arranged in a ciete. The range of vari ables covered inthe table are f, = 40 to 80 ksi (276 to $52 N/mm: table is for a given type le gives the longitudinal 308 Te a a ie Paw eae sooed ote sotant ton ny 6000 the form of a thin tube rather than number of bars exceeds eight.aratsod) suais oymudoadde 24, s+ t+ (s - 2> == "W mnbe oy jusUZ0U0juIOI 3 JOUIO PUB SL 01 ¢1"p “shy Aq UoA ase pure Bry 998) yooIg sseuns aun yo adeys ax uo spuodop js04 DULL ZL'p © p9'p Sb WON punoy 29 UBD Pars 97 ut s9o10) pure ‘sessans ‘suresis og} ‘uontsod sixe renInou WaAlB 404 “PY Spe 9 pin donoes wunyossaxoues psnso;oA: DENS “EES BL 2 sst gpg ee a sme OHS PEPER AHESENOD?A iq 218 30} posn 2w4 07 zBjuns st Yowoudde 2q Kew wmnugiinbs pu Syjgrredas0s Sannsadson "ye's PUB €¢'s “SALA UI porwasnyTE © wonsas ay1 uo seoro} puk ‘Sasson “sures om pUE 21e"De0} “aurpuaq, \ Yolnoas utinyo9 2}0z9u0D paodoyuian KjfeorsToUNUES y ‘Surpying jo smumnroo sousoo aun Ayeinadso “KisnooueyrmMs sexe sofews wieg nog? Simpuag oF poraolgns sxe suajoo AueC aoHoeAd Up ns sosne wen Sup 0 WURNJOo ay Jo Stee JofeUE 2u0 INoqE SUIpUOG 4 Set) IB] SMA poywaHy suumMIOD s0} ODN aL, A0ay] wD ES ‘ONIGNaE ‘TyIXvEE. HIN SNIVITOD LAOHS G7GVOT ATIVORINGDDA Ys (cau 0149) 201 POT = OF x 0g x — OO 5 poy = Hy one * 50 9 = 80.44 190 = SO ‘nea pauinbas au sopnioat ou ay YEUD PION) “190 = tO puy om ‘sonst pur ‘ereurpiods asa Buukersip zr'¢ ‘ut yutod 243 01 SumAa}oy, eigen aaah seer = Sx uiv0 = eH 0% x 0c x o00E _ Wah epg = SRE O00 Md 000'9ES df asm 24 Suu 27's Bia S9U>qT ‘L0 = OZ9 — 02) = B MON, vonmog 15d g00'09 = vase jeans oun 2 nunon (an9,) ute s1 mq yoe3 Jo 05a JO sh sofas 2u0 01 joadso1 re We paingunsip Avex pars reurpaysSuot aun wave uumajoo por azenbs (cata Roe) Ul Oz V ss aang 07 FE paw sexaty ay StoqUDyY J HEDIS stlg $24, Column section with banat bending 2 the wkimate load ccentialy Loaded Short Columns with Blast Bending, 17 ton of the neutral rams al various angles diagrams for a set of diagrams for all the failure surface). Each f axial load P,, and together produce ing 1s displayed in Fig. 5.11. By varying the (18 possible to obtam a s bendit Fig. S25, Interaction (File bending?" ‘the interact M,, that we ie al a given 2x1 load contour of the interaction surface. Such analysis shows its shape to be different from tnat of an ellipse from a circle in the special case of M,, = M,,}. For the case of Mus = Mays the devzation of the teraction line from a circular line s grea ression for the shape of the 10 derive because the shape varies Wi the materials, the arrangement and content of design charts based on the act th biaxial bending requires consider jon surfaces to cover all possible des ita large number of charts, ceases could not be provided wi(07 Pesodord 22g aAvy SuoISsoudx9 fwor «TEED 3} wons uun}00 "S289 oUOS Ut aA ‘uo OM sKvaye IM syinsaz au UBIOFY 0) BuIpLOo9y “vjonzaU9, Jo 200 lw pasn_usoq Sey pOUTeWH SIL “JouTEO} pape st wuaMeorOsuIes Bu Sq want axe "g peoy peur IN yHe\SUOD 4 Bu}20N HOA & 40) ssozoy quieatnbs Ho} au saIOND uareamnba et 4 140 wonD921p suo FuLMo||e snip “9 KyouUI900 eO] att 30} uISAp o1 a|qASod aq pINOK jo adoys a 1 yowoadde uatsop ojqissod v soyensny|t 1m uonteaydde jo ru10d ® 204 peor ara \ddv jo 10d Xt queisuo9 opun Foxpusg forkeg yes j] MONQUIONUI He SOUS gz's AINE Aonaua00g proxenur, suoroamby fo poniayy, 10] 2 Jo Hav 40} Pouinbas yuswIa920} (quz's “B14 928) z pue | syurod ye paresor “y puv *y 18 om Sq "y courdor am “poYFDUE JoMlouE a :A19S\0D ATaAESSOO¥9 24 KEL UP OPIS OFes OMT a ‘21 pure e, and fis a factor depending on the tevel of axral load and the steel content, tabulated in the code, Methods Based on Approximations for the Shape of the Interaction Surface ‘Various suggestions have been made for the shape of the interaction surface from which, I bending strengths ‘may be cal ‘An expression from the Russian code and dered by Brester* for the strength of a biaxally joaded column 1s at point 2of Fig. 5.27a), and P, = ultimate load when there iso eccent TThis expression has the disadvantage of being more suitable for analysis than for cesign. Brester foun t nate load predicted by Eq, 5.41 was in reasonable agreement wi joads given by theory and by test results, the maximum deviation from “exat retical resulls found being 9% and from test results beng 16%. centrally Loaded Short Columns with oa Bresler*+ has also suggested that the family of interaction lines corre- sponding to the various levels of constant load P, can be approximated by the equation. Meo abd Mare the Unraxsa flexural strengths about the x and v axes for the constant load under consideration. The ‘and n depend on the ‘and were determined experimentally, restated Eq. 5.42 as M,,\e Oath rests (ae +( ni we parameter dictating the ues of fon tie shape of Fig, 529, Values of B were calculated an Ble 19] os 3s 0a Fig. $29. Interaction lines fr colums with biaval bending vice sven in charts for a range of bar arrangements, steei yield strength, rein- forcement index p, j,/ and P,/P, values, These B values, together with the ‘uniaxial values of moment capacity and a diagram such as Fig. 5.29 can be used to determine the biaxial bending capacity of a given column section, ‘Other suggestions for the shape of the mnteraction surface have been madere = 0750, = SEE um = 9 2 Jo wonsaup au pue sixe uorgorp-4 ou ua9%I09 SHUY uonnos 000'09 = ‘f pur poninbor aun puny (war We (NO E118) GL ODDO = "g Atl" 01 st so0R) [fo 30 DAI A1wano szEq 9] Jo J8I0} & YM uuAMIOD pan arenbs (4ILH go, ors ordanecy ‘uonnglnsip ssons sejnBur}o01 Featnbo au} Tutsn wornjos fwanaso=MN {Ij at fon Suppedvs oUOUL 0 vase [BOIS 04 % 5 JO 10129 UIMMERUTB PaTHEIQO CUA g3-<"1OG2M, Aq apeus suonsinojea yaay9 anoy fq poreoipur sea fovanooe POOH sontovdvs qusurow Suipueg reuodeyp au puw peer ow uoanea Suejodsarar Atzeouy Aq pareimo|e> aq uno g arma Kuw i9BdD 1UDUIOU 24 49 9 aie sane a Bunoe yf /0%a no) Wola “Z n= 9 2 Syonas500 {Soyo} se 9x0 2S “By 298) Due “ay ueNtB uBisap oj sHEUD am} asm Of Te's Brg ut seeds, TOY 240 £q pousyignd t29q osTe ox OMT ‘sueye asoua jo ard nowde> w apnyout enprarpur paxaprsuoo k ‘60 01 90 = 8 {um sd 90009 = ‘F '(eww/N 9122) isd OOOH > 2f 40J ame SyseYD oq, Tae jouco possaidiwoo smaTeeIaveu 10 TeMBuEY a Jo soNsua;DesEHD er Suppvog vores wis sume HOHS papHET KNESLNBO, sseadwwoa seaBumo03 1098 aM Jo euOREIp un (ae suuanyoo ud say WON} aALIOp PWOO 2U Past 5, 802M toqaq4 Jo suvyy uSisoq peduroo pure wintsqitinbo jo su suiy wii oY 328 OU ou Lt PaqHTsop ouW sys0¥ WALSAP Xf Jo sequin & aDAF2q TOXETO " Sejdue stiowbA ze pourfoun soxe nog pod Due woNnguIsIp sans aarssandutoo mow atour B Hust Kq sso90Nd sty Jo AoBINOOe ayn paxordun Anime pur Mow “aIgEIAY DOMCUE UBL rwoHIEIT ys0u! 3M 99 01 Steadde pur 1moge Surpusg pare 4a won v 0 sisSje 30 uBisop au9 soy YOIYA TeUOFEAP Inoge BumpLOA srauinrep azenbs 20} syzeuo uBisep Jo saues ¥ paonpoid $04, ~I203M4 amano. ‘p4 uo9 20 suy worsen “oes Sty rds v sanrd sty, “sfoAo} peor jerxe uty 18 OZ O1 ‘stono} peoy ence mor re Q'y 01 renba «= w yim Zps “by UuonDesauuT aU} Jo ast at SpUDLNEIODDE ,.-

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  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Evaluare: 4.5 din 5 stele

  4.5/5 (119)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

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  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Evaluare: 4.5 din 5 stele

  4.5/5 (4609)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

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  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Evaluare: 4.5 din 5 stele

  4.5/5 (789)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

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  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Evaluare: 3.5 din 5 stele

  3.5/5 (2322)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

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  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Evaluare: 3.5 din 5 stele

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

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  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Evaluare: 4.5 din 5 stele

  4.5/5 (2099)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

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  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Evaluare: 4 din 5 stele

  4/5 (3811)
• Little Women

  

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  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Evaluare: 4 din 5 stele

  4/5 (104)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

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  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Evaluare: 4 din 5 stele

  4/5 (4200)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

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  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Evaluare: 4 din 5 stele

  4/5 (1103)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

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  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Evaluare: 4.5 din 5 stele

  4.5/5 (1929)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

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  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carre

  Evaluare: 3.5 din 5 stele

  3.5/5 (104)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

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  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Evaluare: 4 din 5 stele

  4/5 (821)