DESERT COOLING

A. Selvaraju
Professor

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PONDICHERRY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
PUDUCHERRY 605 014
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 PRINCIPLE OF REFRIGERATION

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 Earthen pot for cooling water
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 DOMESTIC COOLING

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 Mohammed bah abbas Pot-in-Pot Refrigerator
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 Pot-in-pot refrigerator cooling water
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 Pot-in-pot refrigerator cooling water
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 Pot-in-pot refrigerator cooling water
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 Pot-in-pot refrigerator cooling water
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 COOLING WITH REFRIGERATION
TECHNOLOGY

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 REFRIGERANTS

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 Organic refrigerants

CFCs
HCFCa
HFCs
HCs
Zeotropic mixtures
Azeotropic mixtures

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 CFCs

Trichlorofluoromethane R-11
Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12
Chlorotrifluoromethane R-13
Bromotrifluoromethane R-13B1
Trichlorotrifluoroethane R-113
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane R-114
Chloropentafluoroethane R-115
Methyl chloride R-40

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 HCFCs
Dichlorofluoromethane R-21
Chlorodifluoromethane R-22
Tetrachlorofluoroethane R-121
Trichlorodifluoroethane R-122
Dichlorotrifluoroethane R-123
Dichlorotrifluoroethane R-123a
Dichlorotrifluoroethane R-123b
Chlorotetrafluoroethane R-124
Chlorotetrafluoroethane R-124a
Trichlorofluoroethane R-131
Dichlorodifluoroethane R-132
Dichlorofluoroethane R-141b
Chlorodifluoroethane R-142
Chlorodifluoroethane R-142b
Trifluoroethane R-143a
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 HCFCs
Pentachlorofluoropropane R-231
Tetrachlorodifluoropropane R-232
Trichlorotrifluoropropane R-233
Dichlorotetrafluoropropane R-234
Tetrachlorofluoropropane R-241
Trichlorodifluoropropane R-242
Dichlorotrifluoropropane R-243
Chlorotetrafluoropropane R-244
Trichlorofluoropropane R-251
Dichlorodifluoropropane R-252
Chlorotrifluoropropane R-253
Dichlorofluoropropane R-261
Chlorodifluoropropane R-262
Chlorofluoropropane R-271
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 HFCs

Trifluoromethane R-23
Difluoromethane R-32
Pentafluoroethane R-125
Tetrafluoroethane R-134a
Trifluoroethane R-143
Difluoroethane R-152a
Octafluoropropane R-218
Pentafluoropropane R-245a
Tetrafluoroprop R-1234yf

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 HCs

Propane R-290

Isobutane R-600a
Isopentane R-601

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 ZEOTROPIC MIXTURES
R22+R124+R152a R-401A
R22+R124+R152a R-401B
R22+R125+R290 R-402A
R22+R125+R290 R-402B
R22+R218+R290 R-403B
R125+R143a+R134a R-404A
R32+R125+R134a R-407C
R22+R143+R125 R-408A
R22+R125+R142 R-409A
R32+R125 R-410A
R22+R142b+R218. R-412A

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 AZEOTROPIC MIXTURES

R12+R152a. R-500
R12+R22. R-501
R115+R22. R-502
R134a+R125 R-507
R143+hexafluoroethane R-508B
R22+R218. R-509A

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 Inorganic refrigerants

Water
Ammonia
CO2
SO2
Air
Perflurocarbons (PFC)

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 Work-operated system

Refrigeration
system
Heat-operated system

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 Work-operated system

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 VAPOUR ADSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Valve 2
Condenser

Flat plate collector

Receiver
tank

Valve
3
Expansion device
4
Valve
Evaporator
1

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ADVANTAGES OF A VAPOUR ADSORPTION REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM

The system can be powered by low grade energy such as

solar energy, waste heat etc. and thus dependence on
high-grade energy is eliminated
The system can operate satisfactorily with environmental
friendly working fluids and hence the Montreal Protocol
on depletion of ozone layer at the stratosphere is satisfied
The consumption of low grade energy by the system
does not pose emission of green house gases which leads
to global warming and hence the Kyoto Protocol is
satisfied
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 An adsorption refrigeration system is adaptable to any
capacity when compared the other heat-operated system,
absorption refrigeration system as the latter is not
economically viable in small capacities
An absorption refrigeration system has complexity of
control, whereas operation of an adsorption refrigeration
system is very simple and does not require any
specialized skills for operation and maintenance
An adsorption refrigeration system can be operated at a
source temperature as low as 65o C which is not possible
with other heat-operated systems like absorption
refrigeration system

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 Water Zeolite
Methanol Zeolite
Methanol Activated Charcoal
Methanol Alumina
Methanol Silica gel
Water Silica gel
Ammonia Monolithic carbon/ Activated Charcoal
Butane Charcoal/Monolithic carbon
R134a Activated Charcoal

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 Valve 2
Condenser

Flat plate collector

Receiver
tank

Valve
3
Expansion device
4
Valve
Evaporator
1

Vapour adsorption refrigeration system

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 CLAPEYRON DIAGRAM

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 Ln P
Qc b Heating+Desorption
Pc c

Pe
a d
Qe Cooling+Adsorption

Tads Ts Ts Tmax -1/T

Clapeyron diagram of vapour adsorption refrigeration system

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 THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Governing equations are obtained for the analysis by
applying mass and energy balances across the respective
control volumes.

CALCULATION OF MASS OF REFRIGERANT

The concentration of refrigerant vapour in the adsorbent bed
can be calculated using DubininAstakhov (DA) equation
which is expressed as,
T P n
D ln s
P
X X max e
(1)

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 Thus, the initial concentration is obtained as,
X i r ,iVmax, i (2)

Total mass of refrigerant charged into the adsorbent bed is

given as,
mr ,ch ma X i (3)

The final concentration is obtained as,

X f r ,condVmax, cond (4)

The mass of vapour at the final state which is that of

condenser condition is given as,
mr , f ma X f (5)
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 The mass of refrigerant generated is obtained as,
mr , g mr ,ch mr , f (6)

ESTIMATION OF ENERGY TRANSFER ACROSS SYSTEM

Energy required to generate refrigerant vapour from the

adsorbent during the generation process in the sorption bed
is obtained as ,

Qg ma C pa Ta m r ,ch mr , g C pr Tr mr , g h2 h1 mr , g hih (7)

Energy transferred during the refrigeration process in the

evaporator is expressed as,
Qe mr , g h1 h4 (8)
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 Energy transferred during the phase change process in the
condenser is expressed as,
Qc mr , g h2 h3 (9)
Energy balance during the throttling (isenthalpic) process in
the expansion device is obtained as,

h3 h4 (10)

ESTIMATION OF COP OF THE SYSTEM

The first law coefficient of performance of the system is

computed as,
Qe
COPI
Qg (11)
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 The second law coefficient of performance which is also
known as thermal efficiency of the system is computed as,

COPI
COPII (12)
COPCarnot

Since the adsorption system operates with four external heat

exchanges, namely, Qg, Qc, Qe,and Qa with a common heat
sink, that is, atmosphere, the Carnot efficiency can be
computed as,
Ta
1
T g
COPCarnot (13)
Ta
T 1
e
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 COMPUTING TECHNIQUE

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 A computer code has been developed in FORTRAN 77
using mass and energy balance equations applied to
respective control volume representing components

The code is intended to carry out thermodynamic design

and study on the effect of operating temperatures such as
Tg, Tc, Te, and Ta on system performance

Thermo-physical properties besides chemical properties

of adorbents and adsorbates were computed using data
available in literature.

Outcome of this analytical computation code is

compared with data available in literature for validation.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(Theoretical analysis)

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 0.5

0.4

0.3
COP

0.2 Simulated with code

Literature [15]

0.1
0 5 10 15 20

Evaporator temperature in oC

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 0.5
Theoretical (Te = 278.0 K)

Theoretical (Te = 280.5 K)

0.4
Theoretical (Te = 283.0 K)

0.3
COP

0.2

0.1 Tc=301.05 K

0
340 345 350 355 360 365

Generation temperature, K

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 0.5
Theoretical (Tg = 346 K)

Theoretical (Tg = 349 K)

0.4
Theoretical (Tg = 352 K)

Theoretical (Tg = 356 K)

0.3
COP

0.2

0.1
Tc=301.05 K

0
276 278 280 282 284 286

Evaporator temperature, K

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 EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS

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 Front view of
the laboratory-
scale VAdR
experimental
set-up

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 Left side view of
the laboratory-
scale VAdR
experimental
set-up

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 Rear view of the
laboratory-scale
VAdR
experimental
set-up

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 Right side view
of the
laboratory-scale
VAdR
experimental
set-up

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 SUMMARY

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 Pot-in-Pot refrigerator is a simple system for temporary
preservation of perishable items

Cooling with refrigeration technology could help us for long-

term cooling or refrigeration.

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