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Abstract How the equalization technique on Multiple standards and stimulate a comparison between his quality
Carrier Modulation works ? This tutorial aims to present and deficiency. These differences are results of ATSC
the basic equalization technique applied in multicarrier standard uses the modulation in the time domain and the
systems. The multicarrier system includes a cyclic prefix
and reference sub carriers in the transmitted signal to other ones use the modulation in the frequency domain.
protect it against the multipath channels. First, the cyclic However, the wireless communication have the big
prefix prevents the intersymbol interference, while the problem, the multipath distortion, that limits the per-
duration of cyclic prefix will be greater than the delay formance in a tragic way. The SCM lets to adaptive
of multipaths present in the channel. However, yet there equalizer in the receiver the job of mitigating the mul-
are the intrasymbol interference and its consequence is the
corruption of the amplitude and phase of each sub carrier tipath effect. Thus, the ATSC employs the Decision
of transmitted signal. This happens because the signal in- Feedback Equalizer (DFE), an adaptive digital filter in
terferes itself and this combination produces modifications time domain that eliminates the multipath of channel. It
in the amplitude and phase of received signal. To mitigate is known that the convolution in time domain between
these effects, some reference sub carriers are transmitted impulse response of channel and equalizer must be the
with the role of estimating the multipath channel behavior.
The interpolation technique used here for the channel result in the impulse function. The impulse response
estimation is the linear interpolation. Therefore, having of equalizer can be found using algorithms with or
the estimated behavior of the channel, the equalization can without training sequence (the last one is known by
be performed by several equalizers composed by a single Blind Equalization). These equalizers are complex, their
tap at each frequency of the received signal. The focus of implementation is based on digital filter with larger
the paper is to show the generation of transmitted signal,
how we can include the reference sub carriers and the number of coefficients (taps) and weighed algorithms for
cyclic prefix, the effect of multipath channel in the received coefficients update. The MCM modulation protects the
channel and the equalization procedure. signal before the transmission using the cyclic prefix in
Index Terms multiple carrier modulation, equalization, time domain and pilots carriers in the frequency domain.
orthogonal frequency multiplex division, digital transmis- The cyclic prefix avoids the interference of one OFDM
sion. symbols in the OFDM adjacents symbols,i.e., the inter
symbols interference. However, still it will exist the
intra symbol interference. This last interference will be
1. INTRODUCTION resolved using the pilots carriers. Instead of one large
At this time, using the modulation criterion, the sys- equalizer, it will be necessary many equalizers with just
tems for broadcasting of digital television can be separate one tap by carrier. In this paper, we present the MCM
in two mayor groups: single carrier modulation (SCM) modulation and demodulation in section 2. In section
and multiple carrier modulation (MCM). As example 3 is presented the cyclic prefix and the channel model.
of first group we have the american system, known by The inter symbol interference and intra symbol one is
ATSC (Advanced Television System Committe). In the discussed in section 4 and 5, respectively. The simulation
last group, we have the European System, DVB (Digital is presented in section 6, that is performance designed
Video Broadcasting), and the Japan System, ISDB-T a multicarrier systems and using graphics, curves and
(Integrated Service Digital Broadcasting). The China is few simply equations. All the simulation was made on
studying other five systems, employing SCM, MCM MatLab Simulator. Finally, the conclusions are listed
and a combination of MCM and SS technique (Spread- in section 7. The authors wait with this tutorial help
Spectrum). The 802.11a standard also uses the OFDM the curious about the basics about the mitigation of the
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex). The ATSC effects of multipath channels in multicarrier signals.
standard uses the 8 VSB (Vestigial Side Band with 8
level). The European and Japan standard use the OFDM 2. OFDM MODEM
with 2k or 8k carriers. The choose so different in the The wireless channel is responsible for main inter-
physic layer result in a natural concurrency among the ferences and noise of telecommunications system. The
noise is mitigated increase of signal-noise ratio, coding will be low. In the MCM, the data rate will diminish,
or choosing the most robust modulation. However, the but to acceptable values.
multipath distortion transforms a channel plane in a The MCM modulation can be transformed into a
frequency selective channel, with high inter symbol frequency selective channel in plane channel although
interference. In SCM modulation, the channel equalizer the decrease of bandwidth of each sub channel. It is
is employed to eliminate the multipath, although a digital made increase the symbol time duration. Of course, the
filter at symbol rate. In the SCM modulation, the symbol characteristics of signal (symbol duration) and channel
occupies all the bandwidth destined for signal, Figure 1 (time dispersion), will say whether the channel is or
[1]. not selective in frequency. Note that each SCM symbol
occurs in short time, TSCM .occupying all bandwidth.
In MCM modulation, each symbol will be occured
in TM CM = 4TSCM ,where each carrier occupies a
fraction of total bandwidth. How much bigger it will be
the number of sub carriers, bigger will be the symbol
duration and less will be the bandwidth of each sub
carrier. The basic modulator scheme is presented in
Figure 2 ( in practice, the IFFT is used) [2] [3]. This
Fig. 1. Frequency x time for SCM and MCM.
scheme shows N modulators in quadrature, where each
Since that the symbol rate is high, the symbol duration carrier is modulated using a complex number. The real
will be little, and any multipath will provoke an inter part modulates the in-phase component and the imagi-
symbol interference. In the MCM modulation, instead nary part modulates the quadrature component. Using
of transmitting the symbol in serial mode, the idea is different constellation, we can modify the data rate.
to transmit the symbol in parallel mode. The symbols The N outputs modulators are summed to produce the
in MCM modulation are transmitted in N sub carri- OFDM symbol. The constellation for each carrier can be
ers, where the bandwidth of each carrier is the total different, e. g., in data carrier are used QPSK, 16 QAM
bandwidth of signal divided by N. The result is that or 64 QAM and BPSK in pilots carrier. Before presenting
each symbol MCM is bigger than the SCM symbol by the equalization technique, it is necessary to design the
N factor. Now, it is possible to add a guard time on the system for simulation. The system will be developed in
transmitted signal. In the SCM it is impossible to add base band. Consider the following characteristic:
an guard time because it is necessary a guard time with Number of carriers: 8.
duration equivalent of many data symbols, the data rate Duration of SCM symbol: 1ms.
TABLE I
T RANSMITTED , RECEIVED AND EQUALIZED SYMBOLS .