Neurotranmiter tonus 1. Definisi In Alzheimer (lower) Sebuah pesan kimia antara neuron Anxiety and depression (high) dengan target sel seperti sel neuron, sel Lower ACh symptoms: otot, dan sel pada kelenjar. Neurotransmiter di sentesis oleh sel 1. Lack of inhibition neuron dan di simpan di dalam vesicle 2. Down regulation of memory presynaps. 3. Euphoria 4. Antisosial 2. Perjalanan Neurotrasmiter 5. Speaking dissability Adanya impuls yang berasal dari terminal High ACh symptoms: presynaptic Neurotransmiter yg 1. Over-inhibition mengisi vesikel berpindah ke sitoplasma 2. Anxiety and depression dan menyebar ke dalam membran 3. Somatic disfunction terminal presinaptik Lepas kedalam synaptic cleft Membran post sinaptik Dopamine Aktivasi reseptor di dalam ion kanal di Located in CNS and produce in dalam neuro kedua yg meniliki perbedaan substansia nigra. permeabilitas Depolarisasi Potensial Main function : regulate cognitive aksi Impuls listrik function, reward-seeking behaviour Defisit: 3. Based on chemical and molecular 1. Parkinson properties, the major classes of 2. Endocrine disfunction neurotransmitters : 3. Movement disfunction Amino acid : glutamate, glycine 4. Substance abuse Monoamine:dopamine,norepinephrine, High dopamine symptoms: acetylcholine 1. Schizophrenia Peptides : somatostatin, opioids 2. Disorganized thingking Purines : ATP 3. Loose ascociation Others : nitrit ocxide, GABA 4. Tic 5. Stereotypic behaviour 4. Actylcholine (ACh) Norephineprine Main neurotransmitter (not produce in neuron). Higher concentration in locus ceruleus. There are 2 receptors: Others in amygdala, cortex cerebri, Motor end plates of skeletal muscles. hippocampus, and sympathic nerve Sympathethic ganglia. Main function:regulate attention, fight Function: or flight, learning, and memory Symptomps : 2. Tension and worry 3. Anxiety 1. Anxiety 4. Seizure 2. Over anticipate 3. Paranoia Neurotransmitter removal Symptomps: Acethylcoline: 1. Fatigue Rapidly remove from receptor site bya 2. Depression the enzyme acethylcholineesterase, which is hydrolize it Serotonin Acethylcolineesterase inhibit by Function : sleeping regulation, pain succinylcholine (reversible)convulsion and regulation, mood, body temperature, respiratory paralisis agrression. GABA clearance: Symptoms : neurons and glia contain high affinity transporter for GABAconverted into 1. Aggresive succinate by GABA aminotransferase and 2. Psikosis succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase 3. Migraine further in TCA for ATP syntehsis in 4. Sexual disfunction mitochondria. 5. Sleeping disfunction Neuromodulator 6. Cognitive disfunction - merupakan zat selain neurotransmitter 7. OCD yang dikeluarkan dari membran prasinaps 8. Losing appetite ke celah sinaps, mampu memodulasi dan symptom: memodifikasi aktivitas neuron 1. Sedasi pascasinaps 2. Hallucination - Neuromodulator dapat ditemukan bersama dengan neurotransmitter utama Glutamate di sebuah sinaps tunggal - Neuromodulator terdapat di dalam vesikel Main function: memory regulation prasinaps yang berbeda Main neurotransmitter in brain - Pelepasan neuromodulator ke celah sinaps Disfunction in glutamate can caused tidak memberikan efek langsung pada bipolar affective disfuntion and membran pascasinap epilepsy - berperan menguatkan, memperpanjang, Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) menghambat, atau membatasi efek neurotransmitter utama di membrane Main neurotransmitter regulating pascasinapsNeuromodulator bekerja symptoms in psychiatric disfunction melalui sistem messenger kedua yang GABA transport from synaps through biasanya melalui transducer molecular, catabolism by GABA transaminase protein G, dan mengubah respons reseptor terhadap neurotransmitter Symptoms : Contoh:adenosin. 1. Irritability