Multivariate 2014 PDF

Teknik Multivariate: Praktek & Review Journal
Overview Factor Cluster Discriminant Regression SEM Meta-Analysis
Multivariate Analysis
Praktek & Review Jurnal
http://www.mathworks.com/cmsimages/62110_wl_stat_fig11_wl.jpg
Budi Hermana
Program Doktor Ilmu Ekonomi
http://www.biologydirect.com/content/figures/1745-6150-4-13-3-l.jpg http://piboonrungroj.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/hypotheses.png Universitas GUnadarma
Overview Univariate Analysis
https://rcenterportal.msm.edu/node/63
Overview Bivariate Analysis
https://rcenterportal.msm.edu/node/259
Overview
WHY MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS?
Multivariate analysis consists of a collection of

methods that can be used when several
Variable measurements are made
on each individual or object in one or more
samples
Units (research units, sampling units,

or experimental units) or observations
Overview
Selecting a Multivariate Technique

Dependency
dependent (criterion) variables and
independent (predictor) variables are
present
Interdependency
variables are interrelated without
designating some dependent and others
independent
Cooper and Schindler; Business Research Method (8th edition)

Overview
Dependency Techniques
Multiple regression
Discriminant analysis
Multivariate analysis of variance
(MANOVA)
Linear structural relationships (LISREL)
Conjoint analysis
Simalto+Plus

Overview
Interdependency Techniques
Factor analysis
Cluster analysis
Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)

Overview
Y X Apakah X berhubungan
3 1 dengan Y?
5 2
7 3 Regresi: Y = 1 + 2X
9 4 r=1
11 5 Jika:
13 6
15 7 X adalah jumlah burung camar terbang
17 8 di lepas pantai
19 9
21 10
Y adalah jumlah burung camar terbang
di lepas pantai
?
Overview
? Deduksi
Teori
Riset sebelumnya
Hipotesis
Research Gap
Research Question
Verifikasi
Pengukuran
Pengujian
Hipotesis
Formulasi
Data/ Hipotesis
Fakta Hasil/Diskusi
Pemilihan
Alat Uji?
Premis
State of
the Art
Kontribusi
Road
Map
Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis
Sabine Landau and Brian S. Everitt (2004), A Handbook of Statistical

Analyses using SPSS.
Factor Analysis
Principal component analysis is a multivariate

technique for transforming a set of related (correlated)
variables into a set of unrelated (uncorrelated) variables
that account for decreasing proportions of the variation of
the original observations.
Principal components is essentially a method of data

to produce a small
reduction that aims
number of derived variables that can be
used in place of the larger number of original variables to
simplify subsequent analysis of the data

Factor Analysis
Factor analysis, like principal component analysis, is an attempt to

a set of data in terms of a smaller number
explain
of dimensions than one begins with, but the procedures used to
achieve this goal are essentially quite different in the two methods.
If the factor model holds but

the variances of the
specific variables are small,
we would expect both forms
of analysis to give similar
results.
Factor Analysis
Factor analysis (more properly exploratory factor analysis) is

concerned with whether the covariances or correlations between a
set of observed variables can be explained in terms of a smaller
number unobservable constructs known
of
either as latent variables or common factors.
Uji Validitas Konstruk

(Pengujian instrumen/
Kuisener)
Factor Analysis
Application of factor analysis involves

the following two stages:
1 Determining the number of common

factors needed to adequately describe the
correlations between the observed variables,
and estimating how each factor is related to
each observed variable
(i.e., estimating the factor loadings)
2 Trying to simplify the initial solution by the
process known as factor rotation
Factor Analysis
Types of factor analysis
Exploratory Confirmatory
Factor Analysis Factor Analysis
Common factor analysis (CFA)
Principal component analysis (PCA)

Factor Analysis
EFA, traditionally, has been used to

explore the possible underlying
factor structure of a set of
observed variables without
imposing a preconceived structure on
the outcome
CFA allows the researcher to test the

hypothesis that a relationship between
the observed variables and their
underlying latent construct(s) exists
Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis?

Rex Kline (2013) Exploratory and Confi
Diana D. Suhr, Ph.D
rmatory Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis
PCA assumes that the common CFA assumes that there is a

variance (C) becomes maximized and substantial amount of unique
there is no unique variance (A and B) variance as well as reliable common
in each variable. variance.
Hee-Ju Kim (2008)

Factor Analysis
Varians adalah
akar dari
standar devisia
Common Variance yaitu varians yang dibagi dengan varians lainnya;

atau jumlah varians yang dapat diekstrak dengan proses factoring
Unique Variance yaitu varians yang berkaitan dengan variabel tertentu

saja; jenis variabel ini tidak dapat dijelaskan dengan korelasi hingga menjadi
bagian dari variabel lain; namun varians ini masih berkaitan secara unik
dengan satu variabel
Error Variance yaitu varians yang tidak dapat dijelaskan lewat proses
korelasi; jenis varians ini muncul karena proses pengambilan data yang salah;
pengukuran variabel yang tidak tepat, dll
Factor Analysis
Problem formulation
Construction of the Correlation Matrix
Method of Factor Analysis
Determination of Number of Factors
Rotation of Factors
Interpretation of Factors
Calculation of
Factor Scores
Determination of Model Fit

Factor Analysis
Statistics Associated with Factor

Analysis
Bartlett's test of sphericity. Bartlett's test of
sphericity is used to test the hypothesis that the
variables are uncorrelated in the population (i.e.,
the population corr matrix is an identity matrix)
Correlation matrix. A correlation matrix is a lower

triangle matrix showing the simple correlations, r,
between all possible pairs of variables included in
the analysis. The diagonal elements are all 1.
Factor Analysis
Communality. Amount of variance a variable

shares with all the other variables. This is the
proportion of variance explained by the common
factors.
Eigenvalue. Represents the total variance
explained by each factor.
Factor loadings. Correlations between the
variables and the factors.
Factor matrix. A factor matrix contains the factor
loadings of all the variables on all the factors
Factor Analysis
Factor scores. Factor scores are composite scores

estimated for each respondent on the derived factors.
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling
adequacy. Used to examine the appropriateness of factor
analysis. High values (between 0.5 and 1.0) indicate
appropriateness. Values below 0.5 imply not.
Percentage of variance. The percentage of the total
variance attributed to each factor.
Scree plot. A scree plot is a plot of the Eigenvalues against
the number of factors in order of extraction.
Factor Analysis
Praktek Membaca Hasil EFA

1. Pengelompokkan item dan penamaan
faktor
2. Pengujian validitas kontruk pada
kuisener
Factor Analysis
Kemiringan/Slope
yang curam
Scree plot
Cenderung
1 Faktor
3.0
Fact Eigen value % of Cumulat.
or variance %
2.5
1 2.731 45.520 45.520
2 2.218 36.969 82.488
2.0
3 0.442 7.360 89.848
Eigenvalue
4 0.341 5.688 95.536
1.5
5 0.183 3.044 98.580
6 0.085 1.420 100.000
1.0
Faktor yang terbentuk 0.5

0.0
adalah yang nilai
eigenvalue-nya > 1 Cenderung
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 Faktor Component Number
Factor Analysis
Menu Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis
Click pada
untuk melihat
grafik: Scree
plot
Click untuk memasukkan contoh

butir pertanyan (8 item) yang akan
direduksi/dikelompokkan menjadi
beberapa faktor
Factor Analysis
Ada 2 component/factor
yang nilai eigen value-
nya di atas 1
8 item pertanyaan
mengelompok dalam
2 faktor
Factor Analysis Matriks rotasi menunjukan pengelompokkan yang sama.

Matriks ini biasanya digunakan jika ada beberapa butir pada matriks pertama
(component matriks) yang sulit dimasukanan ke faktor satu atau dua karena
nilainya relatif tidak berbeda jauh
Butir 1, 2, 3, 4 Factor 1 Lihat kemiripan

Penamaan
faktor?
substansi pertanyaan
Butir 5, 6, 7, 8 Factor 2 dalam satu faktor
Factor Analysis Factor Analysis untuk uji validitas konstruk

(misal pada kuisener)
Contoh:
Menurut model UTAUT dari Venkantesh (2003), contoh konstruk/variabel
yang digunakan yaitu Performance Expectancy yang diukur dengan 4 butir
pertanyaan dan Effort Expectancy yang diukur dengan 4 pertanyaan.
4 Butir pernyataan untuk variabel 4 Butir pernyataan untuk variabel Effort

Performance Expectancy Expectancy
Factor Analysis
Masukkan 4 butir
pertanyaan untuk satu
variabel (Performance
Expectancy)
Berdasarkan pertimbangan praktis, perhitungan validitas dengan analisis

faktor ini dilakukan per varibel. Jadi, jika ada 3 variabel maka dilakukan
tiga kali perhitungan
Validitas konstruk dilakukan sekaligus dalam Structural Equation Model

yaitu pada measurement model
Factor Analysis
Mengelompok dalam satu faktor, artinya benar 4 pertanyaan tersebut

mengukur satu variabel yang sama yaitu Performance Expectancy
Uji statistik
Factor Analysis Contoh penyajian hasil uji validitas dan reliabilitas

kuisener
Classification
Classification
Cluster Analysis & Discriminant

Classification
Statistical techniques concerned with
classification are essentially of two
types.
Cluster analysis
to uncover groups of observations
from initially unclassified data
Discriminant function analysis

works with data that is already
classified into groups to derive rules
for classifying new (and as
yet unclassified) individuals on the
basis of their observed variable values.

Cluster Analysis
Cluster analysis
1 Distance and similarity measures
Euclidean distance
Euclidean distances are the starting point for many clustering

techniques, but care is needed if the variables are on very
different scales, in which case some form of standardization
will be needed
2 Method of Clustering
Agglomerative hierarchical techniques
k-means clustering
Cluster Analysis
Cluster analysis
Agglomerative hierarchical techniques
clustering techniques that proceed by a

series of steps in which progressively
larger groups are formed by joining
together groups formed earlier in the
process.
more and more individuals are linked
together to form larger and larger clusters
of increasingly dissimilar elements
to determine the stage at which the

solution provides the best description of
the structure in the data, i.e.,
determine the number of
clusters. Sabine Landau and Brian S. Everitt (2004), A Handbook of Statistical
Cluster Analysis
Cluster analysis
Agglomerative Hierarchical Techniques
Dendrogram Nested Clusters
6 5
0.2
4
0.15 3 4
2
5
0.1 2
0.05 1
3 1
0
1 3 2 5 4 6
Dendogram records the

sequences of merges or splits
Cluster Analysis
Contoh pengelompokkan 214 negara berdasarkan jumlah penduduk dan

nilai PDB per kapita (sumber: Data World Bank)
Data distandarisasi terlebih dahulu (dikonversi ke nilai Z pada distribusi

normal)
Cluster Analysis
Nilai Z score (hasil
konversi otomatis)
Menu yang digunakan

Cluster Analysis Sebagian tampilan Dendogram yang menunjukkan

pengelompokka negara berbentuk diagram pohon
Ada berapa klaster/kelompok negara?

Dapat juga dibuat sub klaster!
Nama Klaster?
Contoh:
Lower income, lower-middle income, middle income, dst
Kelompok negara berpenduduk besar dengan
pendapatan tinggi, , negara kecil dengan
pendapatan kecil. dst
Cluster Analysis Cluster analysis
k-means clustering
Method of clustering that produces
a partition of the data into a
particular number of groups set by
the investigator
To minimize the
variability within clusters
and maximize variability
between clusters.

Cluster Analysis
Cluster Analysis
Cluster analysis untuk segmentasi pasar
Survey terhadap 50 konsumen (misal yang memilih beberapa

merek produk elektronik).
Tampilan data editor
Sumber data: Santoso (2014)
Latihan ini hanya menggunakan 3 variabel saja yaitu usia, gaji, dan tingkat
konsumsi. Nilai yang dimasukkan dalam analisis klaster adalah nilai yang
sudah dikonversi ke nilai Z
Cluster Analysis
cluster membership
membuat kolom baru pada
data editor yang
menunjukkan setiap
konsumen (responden)
masuk ke klaster 1 atau 2
Jumlah klaster yang
diinginkan ditetapkan
sebanyak 2 klaster saja
Cluster Analysis
VS
Dengan nilai semula (tanpa standarisasi) Dengan nilai Z (standarisasi)
Nama/deskripsi segmen Usia klaster 1 = Rata-rata + z x standar deviasi

Usia klaster 1 = 30,12 0.6711 x 6,043
Segmen 1 ?
Usia klaster 1 = 26,06
Segmen 2 ? Usia klaster 2 = 30,12 + 1.095 x 6,043

Usia klaster 2 = 36,74 tahun
dst untuk variabel gaji dan tingkat konsumsi
Discriminant
Discriminant Analysis
Discriminant
Discriminant analysis
The eigen value represents the ratio
of the between-group sums of squares to the within-group sum of
squares of the discriminant scores.
The canonical correlation is simply the Pearson correlation

between the discriminant function scores and
group membership coded as 0 and 1.
The lambda coefficient is defined as the proportion of the

total variance in the discriminant scores not explained by differences
among the groups
The Wilks Lambda provides a test for assessing

the null hypothesis that in the population the vectors of means of the
five measurements are the same in the two groups
Discriminant Discriminant analysis

Dependent non-metric? No Inappropriate
Independent variables application of
metric or dichotomous? a statistic
Yes
Ratio of cases to No Inappropriate

independent variables at application of
least 5 to 1? a statistic
Yes
Number of cases in No Inappropriate

smallest group greater application of
than number of a statistic
independent variables?
Yes
Run discriminant analysis, using method for including

variables identified in the research question.
No
Sufficient statistically False
significant functions to
distinguish DV groups?
Yes
Stepwise method of entry

used to include
independent variables?
Yes
No
Entry order of variables
interpreted correctly?
No
False
Yes
Relationships between No
individual IVs and DV groups False
interpreted correctly?
Yes
Cross-validated accuracy is No
25% higher than proportional False
by chance accuracy rate?
Yes
Satisfies preferred ratio of No

cases to IV's of 20 to 1 True with caution
Yes
Satisfies preferred DV group No

minimum size of 20 cases? True with caution
Yes
DV is non-metric level and No

IVs are interval level or True with caution
dichotomous (not ordinal)?
Yes
True
Discriminant
Pembuktian isu gender dalam prilaku penggunaan internet atau

adopsi TIK; analisis kesenjangan digital (digital divide) antar
kelompok masyarakat atau antar wilayah/regional
(Metric/Continous Variable)
Performance Expectancy
Effort Expectancy
Predictor
Internet Self-Efficacy
Jenis Kelamin
Internet Anxiety
Social Influence Kategori dengan 2 kelompok:

Pria dan Wanita
Supporting Condition
Discriminant
Discriminant
2 Kategori (pria & Wanita)
Untuk menampilkan tabel hasil

klasifikasi (melihat ketepatan/ tingkat
prediksi secara deskriptif)
Discriminant
Statistik Uji Struktur Matrix
Fungsi/Persamaan Diskriminan
Urutan variabel berdasarkan

discriminating power dari yang
tertinggi ke yang terendah
Y = -0.131-0.058-0.202+0.162+0.9570.212
y = 1 pria, y = 2 Wanita Internet self-efficacy merupakan prediktor
yang paling besar kontribusinya dalam
membedakan pria dan wanita berdasarkan
prilaku penggunaan internet
Discriminant
Fungsi diskriminant dapat memprediski jenis kelamin

dari responden berdasarkan prilaku penggunaan
internet (yang diukur dengan 6 prediktor) dengan
tingkat akurasi 68,8%
Regression
Regression Analysis
Regression
Regresi Probit dan Logit
Binary Outcome Dependent variable Ya/Tidak

bersifat kategori Menang/Kalah
dengan dua level Bangkrut/Tidak bangkrut
Sehat/Tidak sehat
Demokratis/Otoriter
Sentralisasi/Desentralisasi
y* is unobserved, as the underlying latent
propensity that y=1
Where is the threshold

Regression
Logit vs Probit
The difference between Logistic and Probit
models lies in this assumption about the
distribution of the errors
Standard logistic distribution Normal distribution of errors

of errors
Park (2010) & Moore (2013) Hasilnya cenderung hampir sama

Regression
0+ 1X Logit = log odds
When x changes one unit, the logit (log odds)

changes 1 units
When x changes one unit, the odds changes
e1 units
Contoh
Sekretariat pasca melakukan tes masuk program
pasca berdasarkan tidak parameter yaitu test masuk
berbasis komputer, IPK calon pada saat S1, dan
akreditasi program studi dari calon. Hasil seleksi
adalah diterima atau ditolak.
Logit Regression
Logit Regression
Dummy variable
Logit Regression
Faktor IPK menunjukkan peluang lebih tinggi untuk diterima

dibandingkan hasil test masuk
Log odd (B=0.804)) IPK > log odd Test (0.02)
Exp(B) untuk IPK (2.235) > Exp(B) untuk test (1.002)
Calon dari program studi terakreditasi A lebih tinggi dibandingkan

dengan calon dari program studi tidak terakreditasi (kategori yang
dijadikan referensi/pembanding)
Peluangnya 4,718 kali dibandingkan calon dari program studi tidak terakreditasi
Logit Regression
Output tabel tersebut mirip dengan tabel

klasifikasi hasil analisis diskriminant
Logit regression menjadi teknik alternatif dengan tujuan

analisisnya yang hampir sama dengan analisis diskriminant.
Perbedaannya, semua prediktor pada analisis diskriminant
harus berskala metrik atau kotinyu (skalanya minimal interval)
Regression
Multinomial & Ordinal Regression
Regresi logit bisa diperluas jika variabel respon (dependent
variable) terdiri dari lebih dari 2 tingkat, atau r > 2
r Nominal r Ordinal
Multinomial Logistic Ordered (ordinal) Logistic
Regression Models Regression Models
Multinomial
Contoh Regresi Multinomial
Lulusan SMA yang akan melanjutkan ke perguruan tinggi

mempunyai tiga pilihan program pendidikan tinggi, yaitu
universitas, sekolah tinggi, dan vokasi. Bagaimana
kecenderungan (peluang) pilihan lulusan SMA tersebut
berdasarkan jenis kelamin, status ekonomi orang tua,
status SMA (negeri atau swasta), serta nilai ujian (misal
nilai UN untuk Matematika, IPS, dan IPA).
Y 3 kategori yang bersifat nomonal

(Universitas, Sekolah Tinggi, Vokasi)
Variabel eksogenus (X) terdiri dari 3 variabel yang bersifat

kategorikal (dummy variable) dan 3 skor ujian yang bersifat
kontinyu/Metrik
Multinomial
Contoh Regresi Multinomial
Multinomial
Kategori 2 (Sekolah Tinggi)

Sebagai referensi/pembanding
Multinomial
Exogenous
variable/predictor
yang bersifat Predictor yang
kategorikal (variabel skalanya kontinyu
dummy) ditempatkan
sebagai covariate
Multinomial
Perempuan dan status ekonomi rendah cenderung memilih program

vokasi, dan yang matematikanya lebih baik cenderung memilih
sekolah tinggi dan universitas
Panel Data Analysis

Multivariate untuk Panel Data
Panel data analysis is a method of studying a particular subject within
multiple sites, periodically observed over a defined time frame.
Cross-sectional time-series analysis

Analisis longitudinal (ada unsur waktu) vs cross-sectional ?
Kinerja perusahaan pada sektor manufaktur dalam 5
tahun terakhir
Perbandingan daya saing negara di dunia dalam 3
tahun terakhir (cross-country analysis)
Spatial Cross-sectional unit (perusahaan,

Dua negara, orang, dll)
Dimensi Xij
Temporal Periodic observations (Time Span)
Panel Data Analysis

Multivariate untuk Panel Data
Contoh: sampel perusahaan sebanyak 60 dilihat kinerja keuangannya
selama 3 tahun, misal dengan menggunakan satu dependent variabel dan 4
independent variable
180 data (baris) 60 x 3
Perusahaan Tahun Y X1 X2 X3
Long-Form X4
P1 2011 10 22 32 Data 25
15
P1 2012 25 15 20 Format
25 30
P1 2013 15 10 22 26 32
Perusahaan P2 Y2012 Y2011
Y2011 2013 X1201110X12012 22
X12013 28
. 15
X42013
27
P1 P2 2012 21 19 23 22 18
P2 2013 22 16 19 22 31
P3
P2
P4 . . . . . .
P5 Wide-Format
P6 P60 2011 21 18 29 17 23
. .
P60 . 2012 .
19 . 21 . 22... 17
26
P58
P59 P60 2013 21 23 18 17 31
P60
Yit = a + bX1it + cX2it + dX3it + eX4it
Panel Data Analysis

Model Model Analisis Panel Data
Problems of heteroskedasticity
Constant Coefficient Model Ordinary least squares (pooled) regression
Fixed Effect Model Least Squares Dummy Variable Model

and autocorrelation
Random Effect Model
Error Component Model LIMDEP, STATA,

SAS, EViews
Random Parameter Model
SPSS Tricky
Dynamic Model (SPPS command;
Wide vs Long-Form Format)
Robust Panel Model Analysis Generalized Linear Model
Generalized Estimating
Covariance Structure Model Equation
Robert Yaffee (2003). A Primer for Panel Data Analysis.
SEM
Structural Equation Model

SEM
SEM is a statistical technique for simultaneously

testing and estimating causal relationships
among multiple independent and dependent constructs
(Gefen et al. 2000)
SEM is a statistical technique for testing and estimating
those causal relationships based on statistical data
and qualitative causal assumptions (Urbach
and Ahlemann, 2010)
SEM A Second Generation of Multivariate Analysis
MANOVA. dll
First Generation Cluster Analysis
of Multivariate Factor Analysis
Analysis Discriminant Analysis
Multiple Regression
SEM
Answers a set of interrelated research
questions in a single, systematic, and
Nature
comprehensive analysis
common factor
Supports latent variables underlying factor
Relationships between the Latent

Not directly measured Variable, which has to be derived from
theoretical considerations
Structural model
SEM
Measurement model
Relationship between the empirically

observable indicator variables and
the Latent Variable
SEM
SEM
Measurement Model
~ Analisis faktor Kontribusi (variansi)
dengan indikator PE1 terhadao
menggunakan Latent Variabel PE
SEM
Korelasi antar PE
dengan EE
Koefisien regresi untuk

indikator ISE sebagai
independent variable
terhadap latent variabel
ISE
SEM
Measurement Model & Structural Model
Koefisien regresi untuk Squared multiple

variabel latent sebagai Correlation antara
exogenous variable Performance dengan
ISE dan Effort
~ padanan r2 pada
analisis regresi
konvensional
SEM
Diagrammatic Syntax
Gefen, D., D.W. Straub, & M.C. Boudreau. 2000. Structural Equation Modeling
and Regression: Guidelines For Research Practice.
SEM
Covariance-based structural
1 equation modeling (CBSEM) -
LISREL, AMOS, EQS, SEPATH,
RAMONA
Uses a maximum likelihood (ML)
Two general function to minimize the
difference between the sample
approaches covariance and those
predicted by the theoretical
model
Statistical assumptions
Nature of the fit statistics

Analyses objectives
2 The component-based approach

PLS
Minimizes the variance of all
the dependent variables instead
of explaining the covariation
SEM
Urbach and Ahlemann (2010). Structural Equation Modeling in Information

Systems Research Using Partial Least Squares
Overview
Factor
Cluster
Discriminant
Regression
SEM
Meta-Analysis
SEM
Comparative Analysis between Techniques
SEM
Capabilities by Research Approach
SEM
Framework for applying (PLS) in structural
equation modeling
Urbach and Ahlemann (2010). Structural Equation Modeling in Information

Systems Research Using Partial Least Squares
SEM
Y b, d, f
H1
d
H3 b Z
f
H2 Standardized
Coefficient
X
Persamaan Struktural:
Y = a + bX .. (1)
Z = c + dY (2) Z = c + d Y(a + bX)

Z = c + ad + bd X)
Z = e + f X ...(3)
f pengaruh langsung X ke Z bd pengaruh tidak langsung X

ke Z melalui Y
SEM
Perbandingan Hasil Regresi, LISREL, dan PLS
Regresi LISREL PLS
SEM
Latihan SEM
Regressi
Analysis(SPSS)
& AMOS
SEM
Review Journal
Meta-Analysis
Meta-Analysis
Peta Konsep
Meta-Analysis
Bab 2
Tinjauan Pustaka PETA KONSEP E-BANKING
2.1. Regulasi E-Banking
2.2. Teknologi E-Banking
2.3. Dampak E-Banking Keyword
2.3.Tipe Produk E-Banking
2.4. Kinerja E-Banking

Meta-Analysis E-Banking Quality & Adoption

Research on E-Banking Service Quality:
State of The Art
Hasil Penelusuran kata kunci di Google Scholar
Mr Z (2000) menyatakan bahwa exploratory empirical
analysis, cross-sectional; Spearman rank order
untuk 5 tahun terakhir
correlation (karena variable SDM bersifat non-metrik);
cronbach alpha untuk beberapa variable organisasi dan
Meta-Analysis
Annotated
Terima kasih, Bibliography
selamat membuat proposal,

Mister X (2009) meneliti 273 perusahaan besar, Teori
teknologi informasi dan arsitektur organisasi (disain
organisasi mencakup spesifikasi wewenang pengambilan
Meneliti, dan publikasi
keputusan, system evaluasi kinerja, dan system
kompensasi). Exploratory empirical analysis, cross-
sectional; Spearman rank order correlation (karena
international
variable SDM bersifat non-metrik); cronbach alpha untuk
beberapa variable organisasi.
Menurut Mr T (2010), komputerisasi tidak secara

otomatis meningkatkan produktifitas, tetapi tetapi
merupakan komponen penting dalam system yang lebih Dipilah &
luas mengenai perubahan organisasi yang akan Dipilih
meningkatkan produktifitas; Jadi perubahan organisasi
merupakan bagian integral dari proses komputerisasi;
Kutipan/Premis
Referensi
Alvin C. Rencher. 2002. Methods of Multivariate Analysis (2nd Edition). A John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Publication,
Diana D. Suhr . Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis?. Statistics and Data Analysis, University of
Northern Colorado.
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Teknik Multivariate: Praktek & Review Journal

Overview Factor Cluster Discriminant Regression SEM Meta-Analysis

Overview Univariate Analysis

Overview Bivariate Analysis

WHY MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS?

Multivariate analysis consists of a collection of

Units (research units, sampling units,

Selecting a Multivariate Technique

Cooper and Schindler; Business Research Method (8th edition)

Cooper and Schindler; Business Research Method (8th edition)

Multidimensional Scaling (MDS)

Cooper and Schindler; Business Research Method (8th edition)

Sabine Landau and Brian S. Everitt (2004), A Handbook of Statistical

Principal component analysis is a multivariate

Principal components is essentially a method of data

Sabine Landau and Brian S. Everitt (2004), A Handbook of Statistical

Factor analysis, like principal component analysis, is an attempt to

If the factor model holds but

Factor analysis (more properly exploratory factor analysis) is

Uji Validitas Konstruk

Application of factor analysis involves

1 Determining the number of common

Types of factor analysis

Common factor analysis (CFA)

Principal component analysis (PCA)

EFA, traditionally, has been used to

CFA allows the researcher to test the

Exploratory or Confirmatory Factor Analysis?

PCA assumes that the common CFA assumes that there is a

Hee-Ju Kim (2008)

Common Variance yaitu varians yang dibagi dengan varians lainnya;

Unique Variance yaitu varians yang berkaitan dengan variabel tertentu

Construction of the Correlation Matrix

Method of Factor Analysis

Determination of Number of Factors

Determination of Model Fit

Statistics Associated with Factor

Correlation matrix. A correlation matrix is a lower

Communality. Amount of variance a variable

Factor scores. Factor scores are composite scores

Praktek Membaca Hasil EFA

Faktor yang terbentuk 0.5

Click untuk memasukkan contoh

Factor Analysis Matriks rotasi menunjukan pengelompokkan yang sama.

Butir 1, 2, 3, 4 Factor 1 Lihat kemiripan

Factor Analysis Factor Analysis untuk uji validitas konstruk

4 Butir pernyataan untuk variabel 4 Butir pernyataan untuk variabel Effort

Berdasarkan pertimbangan praktis, perhitungan validitas dengan analisis

Validitas konstruk dilakukan sekaligus dalam Structural Equation Model

Mengelompok dalam satu faktor, artinya benar 4 pertanyaan tersebut

Factor Analysis Contoh penyajian hasil uji validitas dan reliabilitas

Sabine Landau and Brian S. Everitt (2004), A Handbook of Statistical

Discriminant function analysis

Sabine Landau and Brian S. Everitt (2004), A Handbook of Statistical

1 Distance and similarity measures

Euclidean distances are the starting point for many clustering

Agglomerative hierarchical techniques

Agglomerative hierarchical techniques

clustering techniques that proceed by a

to determine the stage at which the

Dendrogram Nested Clusters

Dendogram records the

Contoh pengelompokkan 214 negara berdasarkan jumlah penduduk dan