SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

Bachelor of Science (HONS) (Architecture) BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 60903)

Project 1: Case Study of Building Services in DLatour

Prepared By:

CHLOE THE SHU-ERN 0324101

HO JING WEN 0331377
LEE KYLIE 0326655
OLIVIA JONG JING 0331211
ONG VON WAN 0323364
TAN TZE YIH 0331212

TUTOR: AZIM SULAIMAN

Content
1.1 Introduction
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Active Fire Protection
2.3 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS
3.0 Mechanical Ventilation System
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System
3.3 Types of Fan in Mechanical Ventilation Systems
3.4 Types of Filter in Mechanical Ventilation Systems
3.5 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS
4.0 Air Conditioning System
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Principles of Air-Conditioning
4.3 Refrigerant Cycle
4.3 Air Cycle
4.4 Types of Air-Conditioning System
4.5 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS
5.0 Introduction of Lifts
5.1 Importance of Lifts
5.2 Characteristic of Lifts
5.3 USER REQUIREMENTS:
5.4 Components & Installation of Lifts Lift sub-system
5.5 Lift Components
5.6 Requirements
5.7 Types of lifts
5.8 Lift at DLatour Condominium
5.9 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS
Brief
This assignment requires students to select a multi-storey public building of our choice and
conduct a site analysis of the following building systems, then produce a report and video based
on our findings:
i) Fire Protection System
ii) Mechanical Ventilation
iii) Air-conditioning System
iv) Mechanical Transportation System
The building that we have chosen to analyze is DLatour - a condominium located in Bandar
Sunway. With the help of the employee at the building who brought us around and our own
literature review, we were able to produce a report and acquire a deeper understanding about
building systems.
1.1 Introduction of DLatour
D'Latour is an elegant residence located in the vicinity of Bandar Sunway. Developed by DK-MY
Properties, this property is estimated to be completed by early 2016. This development comes
with two SoHo and serviced apartment towers which are 23-storey tall. Both towers offer 629
and 332 units respectively. The development aspires to become the benchmark of residential
living in Bandar Sunway.
The SoHo units in D'Latour comes with a built-up between 897 sf and 1,783 sf. Meanwhile, the
built-up for serviced apartment varies between 724 sf and 883 sf. The SoHo units comes with an
optional fully furnished package in various designs for their 2 or 3 bedroom unit duplex units.
Their fully functional layout design, combined with modern finishing is highly suitable for both
work and everyday living. The double volume living area is convenient when entertaining
guests. They can mingle on the balcony that overlook the scenic Bandar Sunway panorama.
Property Details
Name: DLatour No. of storey: 23
Address: Bandar Sunway, 47500 Petaling No. of units:
Jaya, Selangor
- SoHo: 629
Developer: DK-MY Properties
- Serviced Apartment: 332
Completion Date: 2016
Land Area: 2.75 acres
Type: SoHo and serviced apartment
No. of blocks: 2
2.1 Introduction
Fire protection systems are paramount in ensuring the safety of occupants in a residential
condominium. Not only does these systems prevent fire in the general sense, but they also limit
fire impact and loss of lives, structures and surrounding buildings. Thus, fire protection systems
are to be integrated with code requirements and building by-laws for efficient planning and to
provide utmost safety.
DLatour provides both active and passive fire protection. Both are required to work hand in hand,
because if one fails, the other could stand in to reduce damage.
Terminologies
Active Fire Protection (AFP)
A group of systems that require some amount of action or motion in order to work efficiently in
the event of a fire. Actions may be manually operated, like a fire extinguisher or automatic, like a
sprinkler, but either way they require some amount of action.
Passive Fire Protection (PFP)
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a group of systems that compartmentalize a building through the
use of fire-resistance rated walls/floors. Compartmentalizing the building into smaller sections
helps to slow or prevent the spread of fire/smoke from one room to the next. PFP helps to limit
the amount of damage done to a building and provides its occupants more time for evacuation.
2.2 Active Fire Protection
2.2.1 Research
2.2.1.1 Water-based system
Water has always been the most common substance used to extinguish a fire.
Water is usually readily available, is nontoxic, can be stored at atmospheric
pressure and normal temperatures, takes the heat out of a fire, and is inexpensive.
It is better than any other recognized liquid for fighting the majority of fires.

Water-based system consists of:

1. External fire hydrants
2. Hose reel system
3. Wet riser
4. Automatic sprinkler system
External Fire Hydrants
Literature Review

Standard Malaysian external fire hydrant

Fire hydrant installation consists of a system of pipe work connected directly to the water supply
main to provide water to each and every hydrant outlet and is intended to provide water for the
firemen to fight a fire.

Fire hydrant installation system

- Water is discharged into the fire engine from which it is then pumped and sprayed over
fire.
- Where the water supply is not reliable or adequate, hydrant pumps should be provided to
pressurize the fire mains.
- The pipe network is always under pressure. When operating for fire extinguishing, it will
immediately feed water supply and main hydrant pump will be started automatically.
Hose Reel Systems
Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located strategically
in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire.
The system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow
into the hose that is typically 30 meters away. The system pressure loss will activate the pump
ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of typically a minimum of 10
meter from the nozzle.

There are three main components of the hose reel system.

Hose Reel
System
Hose Hose Hose
Reel Reel Reel
Pumps Tank
Hose Reel
LITERATURE REVIEW
Coverage range of 30 m for each reel
One hose reel for every 800 sq. m space area.
Located along escape routes or beside exit doors or staircases
Minimum discharge by each hose reel 30 l/m & 6 m jet length
The rubber hoses should be comply with PR EN 694 standard & 30 m in length and 25 mm
diameter
Nozzles should be of the jet & spray adjustable type of different diameters but 8 mm is a
recommended size.
Pipework is generally 50 mm diameter and the pipe feed to individual hose not less than 25mm
diameter
Above ground pipework: minimum galvanized steel medium grade (Class B)
Underground pipework: minimum heavy grade (Class C)
Pipe painted with primer & finished with red paint (OR at least elbow & tee must be painted with
red bands)
CASE STUDY

Hose reel with fire extinguisher at Dlatour

Fire hose reels are located at strategic places in buildings to provide a reasonably accessible and
controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing. The length of a fully extended fire hose is 36
meters with a diameter of 19mm (outside diameter).
These appliances are designed to deliver, as a minimum, 0.33L of water per second. A control
nozzle attached to the end of the hose enables the operator to control the direction and flow of
water to the fire. All fire hose reels come with a unique ball valve shut-off device, a plastic or solid
brass hose reel nozzle and mounting bracket.

Hose reel located directly next to fire escape.

Fire escape plan of DLatour.

Hose Reel Pumps
LITERATURE REVIEW

An example of a typical set of hose reel pumps.

Descriptions
Two sets of pumps. One on duty & the other on standby
120 l/m and at least 2 bars in pressure for any four hose reels operating at the same time
Emergency generator/diesel engine adequate for minimum of 1 hr operation
Electrical cabling should be run in galvanised steel conduit
Batteries for diesel engine must be maintenance free type
If total number of hose reel is not more than 4, electrically driven is enough no need to have
an emergency generator/diesel engine.
Should provide with CO2 portable extinguisher
The pumps should be protected from the weather and away from flood area.
CASE STUDY

Hose reel pumps in DLatour. Duty pump and standby pump specifications.
Hose Reel Tank
LITERATURE REVIEW
Descriptions
Tank size based on 2275 litres for the first hose reel & others 1137.5 litres to maximum of 9100
litres for each system
Tank material: pressed steel, fibreglass reinforced polyester (FRP) or concrete.
The tank should be compartmented and water level indicator must be provided
External tank should be painted red OR at least red band of minimum 200 mm should be painted.
The tank will automatically refill from water supply pipe of 50mm diameter and minimum flow
is 150/m
Usually hose reel tanks are separated from domestic water storage tank. However, the two can
be combined to give sum total capacity.
Tap off point of the domestic use must be above the tap off point of for the hose reels so that
minimum fire reserve is always maintained
CASE STUDY

The hose reel tank located at the topmost floor of DLatour provides
water at high gravitational force.
Wet Riser System
LITERATURE REVIEW
Descriptions
A wet riser system is installed for taller buildings in Malaysia for fighting fires. In most places, a
wet riser is mandatory on buildings over 50 to 60 meters high as there is no other way to maintain
pressure at these heights ensuring adequate flow.
It consists of a central water main and outlet valves on each level, known as landing valves.
Wet riser systems are installed as a main vertical shaft usually 100mm in diameter that may be
located inside the building or on an external wall. The landing valves are at specified points on
each floor and an air bleed valve is installed at the highest point of the main line.
The advantage of this is that firefighters dont need to create their own pumping system or use
long hose systems as there is adequate water flow immediately available at each valve.
Wet risers are normally designed to be within firefighting shafts or protected stairways meant as
fire escape routes. The landing valves may be within these stairs, protected lobbies, or other
enclosures where the firefighting crews will have open access. A wet riser system fits the
compartmentalization concept of building design, which involves sealing off building as much as
possible into sections to contain the spread of fire and smoke.
CASE STUDY

Vertical shaft of wet riser in firefighting room. Firefighting room containing wet riser.
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
LITERATURE REVIEW
Descriptions
A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system,
providing adequate pressure and flowrate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire
sprinklers are connected. Although historically only used in factories and large commercial
buildings, systems for homes and small buildings are now available at a cost-effective price. Fire
sprinkler systems are extensively used worldwide, with over 40 million sprinkler heads fitted each
year. In buildings completely protected by fire sprinkler systems, over 96% of fires were controlled
by fire sprinklers alone.

Automatic sprinkler system

components

Sprinkler pump Duty Standby Jockey Sprinkler

room Pump Pump Pump Head

DESCRIPTION
Intent to detect,control, extinguish a fire, and warn the occupants of the occurrence of fire
automatically
System consist of pumps, water tanks, control valve sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches,
pressure switches, pipework & valves
Sprinkler head has a liquid filled in glass bulb that breaks due to heat of the fire & release water
that spray over the fire
TYPE OF SPRINKLERS
Four types of sprinkler system as follows;
(i.) Wet pipe installation Pipeworks always filled with water & ready to discharge once the
sprinkler bulb breaks
(ii.) Dry pipe installation Pipeworks always filled with air under pressure. Air released once the
sprinkler bulb breaks and water filled the pipeworks and discharge at the sprinkler head
(iii.) Pre-action installation Pipeworks always filled with air under pressure. A valves release air and
pipeworks filled with water when fire is detected by smoke or heat detectors. Water is discharged
through the sprinkler head only when the sprinkler bulb breaks
(iv.) Deluge Installation Sprinkler head has no bulb.and water is discharged simultaneously from
all heads when fire is detected and the deluge valve is opened.
CASE STUDY

The sprinkler pump room located at the basement of

DLatour.

Water pressure meters in the sprinkler pump room. Main switches for water pumps in the sprinkler room.

Sprinkler Pump Room

The main controls for the automatic sprinkler system in Dlatour are located in the sprinkler pump
room, whereby it contains pumps, water tanks, control valve sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches,
pressure switches, pipework & valves.
Duty Pump, Standby Pump, Jockey Pump
Duty pump
Ensures continuous water pumping process by generating pressure
Standby pump
Operates when both duty and jockey pump are malfunctioning
Jockey pump
A jockey pump is a small pump connected to a fire sprinkler system in order to maintain a certain
pressure in the sprinkler system, and sized to ensure that if a fire-sprinkler is activated, there will
be a system pressure drop.

Signboard in sprinkler room showing pressures of Duty pump generating pressure to pump water.
different pump.

Jockey pump in the sprinkler room. Sprinkler room containing duty pump, standby pump and jockey pump.
Fire Sprinkler Head Components
In fire sprinkler systems, there are two types of sprinkler heads namely upright sprinkler and
pendent sprinkler.
Upright sprinkler

- Stands atop the pipeline

- Used mostly in warehouses and large structural buildings
- Used mostly in places where obstructions may block water spray
during a fire, and their height allows them to aim water around possible
obstacles

Pendent sprinkler

- Hangs from pipe

- Used mostly in office or homes
- Used in office buildings where obstructions to water spray
are minimal

Automatic sprinkler system at the basement carpark of DLatour. Upright sprinkler used in DLatour.
2.2.1.2 Non-water based system
Literature Review

Non-water
Based System

Carbon Dioxide Dry Chemical

Argonite
System Agents

Carbon dioxide system

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, and chemically inert gas that is both readily available
and electrically non-conductive. It extinguishes fire primarily by lowering the level of oxygen that
supports combustion in a protected area. This mechanism of fire suppression makes CO2
suppression systems highly effective, requiring minimal clean-up, but should be used in normally
unoccupied hazard locations or otherwise avoided by personnel when discharged.
CO2 suppression systems may utilize the gas through a total flooding approach but carbon dioxide
is also the only gaseous agent that may be utilized through local application. Carbon dioxide may
be stored in either high pressure spun steel cylinders (HPCO2 suppression systems) or low pressure
light wall refrigerated tanks (LPCO2 suppression systems).

Carbon dioxide cylinders with extinguishing nozzles.

Dry Chemical Agents
In the event of a fire, the initial outbreak could be smothered by using fire extinguishers. This can
be done to prevent the fire from escalating and possibly completely subside it, provided it is a
small fire outbreak.
Fire extinguishers are designed to tackle specific types of fire. There are six different classes of fire
and several different types of fire extinguishers.
Classes of fire

Class A - fires involving solid

materials such as wood,
paper or textiles.
Class B - fires involving
flammable liquids such as
petrol, diesel or oils.
Class C - fires involving gases.
Class D - fires involving
metals.
Class E - fires involving live electrical apparatus. (Technically Class E doesnt exists
however this is used for convenience here)
Class F - fires involving cooking oils such as in deep-fat fryers.
CASE STUDY
Type of fire extinguisher : Water-based (Red)
Type of fire : Solids (Wood, paper, cloth etc)

Fire extinguisher (Class A) placed directly beside fire escape.

Red colour indicating water-based. Details of fire extinguisher.

2.2.1.3 Fire Detection and Alarm Systems
Literature Review
A fire alarm system has a number of devices working together to detect and warn people through
visual and audio appliances when smoke, fire, carbon monoxide or other emergencies are present.
These alarms may be activated automatically from smoke detectors, and heat detectors or may
also be activated via manual fire alarm activation devices such as manual call points or pull stations.
CASE STUDY
Fire Control Room
The fire control room in DLatour is located at the ground floor near the carpark. In the room,
statuses of fire detection, alarm system, and communication systems are controlled and
supervised thoroughly. It is headed by the head of security, and security guards take shifts to be
on duty in the control room. In the event of a fire outbreak, the digital alarm communication
system will send signals to a nearby fire station immediately.

Fire control room in DLatour. CCTV footages displaying every nook and cranny.

Fire Alarm Control Panel

Literature Review
A Fire Alarm Control Panel (FACP), Fire Alarm Control Unit (FACU), or simply Fire alarm panel is the
controlling component of a fire alarm system. The panel receives information from devices
designed to detect and report fires, monitors their operational integrity and provides for
automatic control of equipment, and transmission of information necessary to prepare the facility
for fire based on a predetermined sequence. The panel may also supply electrical energy to
operate any associated initiating device, notification appliance, control, transmitter, or relay.
There are four basic types of panels: coded panels, conventional panels, addressable panels, and
multiplex systems.
CASE STUDY
In DLatour, the fire alarm control panel is placed in the fire control room so that it could be
controlled easily at all times. The panel continuously monitor the extinguishing systems and would
trigger them in case of danger.

Fire control panel in the security control room.

Manual Call Point

Literature Review
Manual alarm call points are designed for the purpose of raising an alarm manually once
verification of a fire or emergency condition exists, by operating the push button or break glass
the alarm signal can be raised.
CASE STUDY
The manual call point in DLatour is located where the fire extinguisher is, right outside the fire
escape room near the hose reel and wet riser. The call points are mounted at a distance of 1.4m
above ground to ease visibility and accessibility.

Manual call point can be activated by merely breaking the glass.

Firemans Switch
Literature Review
A fireman's switch is a specialized switch that allows firefighters to quickly disconnect power from
high voltage devices that may pose a danger in the event of an emergency. There switches can be
found on the external wall of commercial buildings. They are designed to be easy to spot and are
used by firemen to turn off neon-lighting or other hazardous electrical equipment in case of fire.
CASE STUDY

The firemans switch is installed at the corridor of every level in

DLatour.

Voice Communication System

Literature Review
Voice communication system is a means to allow residents to communicate with the fire control
room in the event of an emergency or a fire outbreak. It is a system that allows voice
communication in either direction between a central control point and a number of other points
throughout a building or building complex, particularly in a fire emergency situation.
CASE STUDY

Intercom handset station at

Main intercom handset in fire control room. emergency staircase.
Manual Pull Station
Literature Review
The Manual Pull Station is a wall-mounted initiating device that is
used in a fire alarm system, and located near emergency exits. When
a user activates the manual pull station, it sends a data message to
the system control panel for processing. When the pull station is
reset, it sends a data message to the control panel, indicating that it
is in a normal condition.

2.2.1.4 Smoke Detector

Literature Review
A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire. Commercial
security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm system, while
household smoke detectors, also known as smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or visual
alarm from the detector itself.
CASE STUDY
DLatour employs ionization smoke detectors to sound the alarm once the detectors detect
charred smoke particles affecting the airflow as they pass through the electrodes.

The ionization smoke detector in DLatour, with an average of 8

on each floor.
Fire Alarm Bell
Literature Review
When fire detection devices such as smoke detectors are triggered, they send off signals to the
alarm bell, whereby it will emit loud sounds to alert the occupants of the building as well as send
signals to the police, fire station and security organizations. There are more than one way to sound
the alarm bell, namely via the control room, manual call point or smoke detectors.
CASE STUDY
In DLatour, the alarm bells are located at namely the fire control room, lift lobbies and fire exits.
On average, there is at least two on every level at the lift lobby.

Fire alarm bell in the fire control room. Two alarm bells at the lift lobby.

2.3 Uniform Building By-Laws 1994

Relevant Clauses
Smoke Detectors
153. (1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors. (2) Liff not opening into a smoke
lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-detectors unless
incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam
causes the door to close within a preset time.
Fire Mode of Operation
155. (1) The fire mode of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel which
may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually.
(2) If mains power is available all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor,
commencing with the fire lifts, without answering a11y car or landing calls, overriding the
emergency stop button inside the car, but not. Any other emergency or safety devices, and park
with doors open.
FIRE ALARMS, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT AND FIRE FIGHTING ACCESS
225. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting extinguishing fire. and
extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with Automatic System for hazardous occupancy.
Portable extinguishers. Sprinkler valves. illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements
as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 meters
from the nearest point of fire brigade access.
(3) Depending on the size and location of the building and the provision of access for fire
appliances, additional fire hydrant shall be provided as may be required by the Fire Authority.
Automatic System for Hazardous Occupancy
226. Where hazardous processes, storage or occupancy are of such character as to require
automatic sprinklers or other automatic extinguishing system, it shall be of a type and standard
appropriate to extinguish fires in the hazardous materials stored or handled or for the safety of
the occupants.
Portable Extinguishers
227. Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and
shall be sited in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar
extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
Sprinkler Valves
228. (I) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and
shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide
immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.
Wet Riser System
231. (1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building.in which the topmost floor is more
than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
(3) Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 millimeters diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested
at a pressure 50% above the working pressure required and not Jess than 14 bars for at least
twenty-four hours.
(4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5 millimeters instantaneous coupling fitted
with a hose of not less: . Than 38.1 millimeters diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle
and a variable fog nozzle.
(5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase which extends from the ground floor level to
the roof and shall be equipped with a three-way 63.5 millimeters outlet above the roof line.
Fire Alarm
237. (1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
Fire Control Centre
238. Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 meters in Command, height shall be provided
with a command and control center located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to
monitor the. Public address, fire brigade communication, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire
detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone connection to the appropriate fire
station bypassing the switchboard.
Water Storage
247. (I) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting systems and installations shall
be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Main water storage tanks within the building other than for hose reel systems shall be located
at ground first or second basement levels. With fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible
to fire appliances.
Markings on Wet Riser, Sprinkler, Other Installations
248. (I) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted
red.
(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguishers shall
be dearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise dearly identified.
3.0 Mechanical Ventilation System
3.1 Introduction
Mechanical Ventilation Systems are mainly utilized in built spaces that lacks
airflow through passive and natural means, such as windows and louvers. The
system circulates fresh air and moisture with mechanical features such as, fans
and vents to improve air quality inside a space. Mechanical ventilation systems
are able to remove pollutants and odor, provide more control to air quality and
moderate internal humidity.
Natural ventilation is generally more preferable than mechanical ventilation in
terms of capital, operational and maintenance costs. However, natural ventilation
may not be feasible under certain circumstances such as, poor local air quality or
the space is too deep within the perimeter. These issues can be avoided with
careful design that includes ventilation as a consideration.
3.2 Types of Mechanical Ventilation System
There are three types of mechanical ventilation systems, namely exhaust
ventilation system, supply ventilation system and balanced ventilation system
3.2.1 Exhaust Ventilation System
Exhaust ventilation system is
also known as mechanical extract
& natural supply. This system
works with building negative
pressure within the space by
musing exhaust fans to extract
the air inside, therefore causing
external air to infiltrate into the
building.
Exhaust systems are generally
cost-friendly and easy to install.
The system typically includes a
central exhaust fan with ducts
connecting to the internal rooms.

The most appropriate climate to utilize exhaust ventilation systems are

cold and arid climates. The issue of the systems is that it draws outside
air that may be moist and contain pollutants which can cause moisture
damage and air pollution.
3.2.2 Supply Ventilation System
Supply ventilation system is
also known as mechanical supply,
natural extract. This system
operates inverse of the exhaust
system, where supply ventilation
system builds positive pressure
within the space causing the air
within to flow out instead.
Similarly to exhaust systems,
supply systems are rather simple
and inexpensive. Also, the system
utilizes a central supply fan that
connects to other rooms through
ducts and brings outside fresh air
inwards so internal air is forced out.
This system is most suitable for hot and mixed climates because it provides
more control of the air that enters the spaces. There is less worry of
pollutants as well because the central supply can be filtered. However, this
system also suffers from moisture brought from outside air than can
damage elements within.
3.2.3 Balanced Ventilation System
Balanced ventilation systems
brings the best of both worlds
with both exhaust and supply
systems. This system does not
change the pressure present in
the space.
This systems are generally more
expensive than the two as they
incorporate both as one. In
balanced ventilation systems,
wwo fans and two duct systems
are used in balanced ventilation
systems. A central exhaust fan and
a central supply fan are connected
to rooms through the respective ducts. And similarly to supply systems,
filter mechanisms may be installed to filter pollutants.
 The system is suitable in all climates as it provides a more dynamic control
over the air quality. But it fails to resolve the problem faced by the others,
the moisture content within the air can still damage the building.
3.3 Types of Fan in Mechanical Ventilation Systems
3.3.1 Cross-flow or Tangential Fans

3.3.2 Propeller Fans

3.3.3 Axial Flow Fan

3.3.4 Centrifugal Fans

3.4 Types of Filter in Mechanical Ventilation Systems
3.4.1 Dry Filters

3.4.2 Viscous Filters

3.4.3 Electrostatic Filters

3.4.4 Activated Carbon Filters

3.4.5 HEPA Filters

3.4.5 HEPA Filters
3.5 Uniform Building By-Laws
Under Uniform Building By-Laws 1984 (UBBL), section 41 mentions usage of mechanical
ventilation system in buildings. Excerpt as follows:
41. (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is
intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural
lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of local authority.
(2) Any application of the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be
considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is
provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure,
such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than
the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into
the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not
functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-Laws shall apply to
buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories,
water closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in
accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the
provisions of these By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall
not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
3.7 Mechanical Ventilation System in DLatour
Mechanical Ventilation Systems are scarce in DLatour as the natural ventilation on site
was above par. Most public spaces were well ventilated with no need for mechanical
systems. Spaces that utilized mechanical ventilation systems are toilets, water pump
rooms, and carpark and lift control room. The mechanical ventilation system used is
exhaust system.
3.7.1 Exhaust Ventilation System
The natural ventilation is the main system used for DLatour, therefore
mechanical systems are less utilized. DLatour mainly uses exhaust ventilation as
the mechanical system. Exhaust ventilation is the most efficient mechanism that
removes odor, pollutants and heat from the inside. Hence, it is used in toilets and
hot rooms such as the lift control room. The exhaust ventilation system is also
used to ventilate the building from smoke in the case of a fire emergency.
3.7.2 Mechanical Features Utilized in DLatour
3.7.2.1 Exhaust Propeller Fan

Exhaust propeller fan observed in lift machine room. Exhaust propeller fan observed in water pump room.

3.7.2.2 Exhaust Axial Flow Fan

Emergency fire exhaust axial flow fan in carpark.

3.7.2.3 Exhaust Ducts

Exhaust duct observed in toilet. Ducting observed in carpark.

4.0 Air Conditioning System

4.1 Introduction
Air conditioning is a process of removing or adding heat into a room by the control of air
flows with mechanical means. The main factors of using air-conditioning system are to achieve
human thermal comfort, to cool down the temperature of rooms filled with heat-producing
devices, to provide conditioned air while improve indoor air quality and to make a more
comfortable interior environment. However, the main function of air-conditioning system in
Malaysia is to cool down the air, in order to achieve human thermal comfort.
What is human thermal comfort? It is a satisfaction feeling of human towards the
surrounding temperature. When the temperature in a room is control in between 22C 27C, it
is known as the thermal comfort temperature.

4.2 Principles of Air-Conditioning

When the object is less heat, the colder it is. Air-cooling is a process of removing or
transferring heat away. When gas is compressed, it will turn into liquid and releasing an amount
of latent heat. Latent heat cannot be sensed by touch or measured with a thermometer. Latent
heat causes an object to change its properties. While the air-conditioning system is the mechanism
that speed up this process through the Refrigerant Cycle and Air Cycle.
4.3 Refrigerant Cycle
A process of removing heat from the air
inside the room and then pumps out the collected
hot air to the outside.
Compressor
Refrigerant vapor is drawn in by evaporator and
pumps throughout the system. The compressor
pressure the refrigerant vapor which absorbed
heat in the evaporator, then change it from liquid
to vapor. The compressor compresses it and
pumps it to the condenser.
Condenser
The high-pressure refrigerant vapor releases heat through the condenser coils as it condenses into
liquid refrigerant, making it easier to vaporize.
Expansion Valve
The metering gadget restricted the flow of fluid refrigerant from the condenser to the evaporator.
As refrigerant goes through the metering gadget, its pressure decreases.
 Evaporator
To provide a heat-absorbing surface while the refrigerant inside is vaporizing, the air blown over
the surface of this pipe is cooled.
4.3 Air Cycle
A process to distribute conditioned
air into the room that needs to be cool down.
Conditioned air is being sent into the room,
while latent heat is then remove when it is
returned back, either through air or water.
Air Handling Unit (AHU)
The mechanism to produce
conditioned air. Refreshing the return air
from the room.
Air Filter
Cleaning the air, reduce the quantity
of dust released into the room.
Blower Fan
To propel the air for distribution and absorption. It is been used in AHU as it can move air
efficiently.
Ductwork and Diffusers
To channel the air from AHU to the particular room. It is usually been installed inside the
suspended ceiling to give the room a tidy look. Diffusers allowed the air to channel into the room
from the ductwork.
4.4 Types of Air-Conditioning System
4.4.1 Room Air-Conditioner
The simplest form of air
conditioner, it is suitable for cooling
a small room. It is installed at the
window opening, while the
installation method is easy and can
be easily removed for storage after
use.
 4.4.2 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System
This type of air conditioner is the most common system can be
seen these day, it was split into two parts: the indoor unit and
the outdoor unit. The indoor unit comprises the cooling coil and
fan which is installed on the wall inside the room, while the
outdoor unit comprises the compressor, condenser and
expansion valve, installed outside of the room.

4.4.3 Centralized Air-Conditioning System

Probably been used in large buildings which required air conditioning for a very
long duration, for example hotels, theaters and shopping malls. Central air
conditioners circulate conditioned air through a system of supply and return ducts.
After the conditioned air circulated throughout the room, it becomes warm air then
return back to the central air conditioner.
4.5 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning
41. (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air conditioning is intended,
the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and
heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of local authority.
(2) Any application of the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be
considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is
provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure,
such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than
the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the
enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning.
(3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-Laws shall apply to
buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
(4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water
closets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with
the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these
By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such
lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors.
4.6 Air-conditioning system in DLatour
The public spaces in DLatour are well
designed to achieve natural ventilation. Some
mechanical ventilation are installed to for fire
safety concern. While air-conditioner system
is only installed in private residential unit,
they are all using the split unit air-
conditioning system. They located the
condenser outside of their room in the
balcony, covered up with a piece of louver for
better exterior preference.
5.0 Introduction of Lifts
A vertical transport equipment that transport people to floors to another floors (levels, deck) of a
building, vessel or other structure. Its generally powered by electric motor that drive by traction
cable and counterweight systems like a hoist or hydraulic pump.

5.1 Importance of Lifts

Lift is a fast development as a lot buildings are design in higher and vertically due to
highland cause and lesser land used. This is very important as it is a basic need for bringing
occupants and user to another level in a building instead of using the stairscase. By using
the lift, the working experience will be efficiency for the office building or large
organization which will reach a comfort needs. It is also a must to have a lift system in a
building which is exceeding 6 storey, it is stated in the UBBL. Lift is also a fire safety
requirement to prevent for fire escape.
5.2 Characteristic of Lifts
Lift installation must be in accordance with the regulation in UBBL. For example, which is
the suitable speed should be around 100 150ft/min. it may result in a nervous breakdown
to the user if it is speeding to fast. Whereas, it may cause lack of function if its too slow.
5.3 USER REQUIREMENTS:
Good System quiet equipment, smooth journey, good condition and safe at every
moment. Waiting time minimum waiting time at any level.
Aesthetics Button panel clear and easily reached at appropriate level. Complete
instruction. Decorative lighting and comfortable.
Movement of door door movement is quiet and fast.
And the characteristic of the lift should also reach the user requirement. The lift should be
working in good system, which it is in a quiet equipment, smooth journey, good condition
and safe at every moment. And the waiting time should be in a minimum waiting time at
any level. The lift should be working in an aesthetics way which the button panel is clear
and can be easily reached at appropriate level with complete instruction. The decorative
lighting must be in a comfortable mode with a quiet and fast door movement.
5.4 Components & Installation of Lifts Lift sub-system

Control Motion
includes motor, gear, engines,
brakes and power supply.
Control System
- to get control the movements of the
lift.
Door Control
contained motor connecting lift car
doors, platforms gates and door safety
devices.
Safety Control
contain the safety gear, speed
controller for the first balance, heat
and lack of power.
5.5 Lift Components
LIFT CAR

Where passengers is transported. It is

constructed with steel attached with steel
frame.
Door and floor panel indicators, button of
request, phone, emergency button, lighting,
ventilation and enough emergency supplies
must be provided.

LIFT SHAFT

The material used may be reinforced concrete, this is to accommodate with the
loading and fire resistance. The size of lift shaft space is determined by the number
of user.
GOVERNOR
Usually placed at the top of lift shaft or
located in room equipped with a lifting beam
for maintenance purposes.
It contains of the electric motor, safety gear,
guard rail, diaphragm motion and gear.

LIFT DOOR

Each lift car is equipped with its own door

with the stated security measure to resist
the movement as long as the door is still
open. For example, the door will close
within a certain time.

GUARD RAIL
Work to keep the car and the
counterweight. Mounted on both sides
of the lift shaft which is attached to the
wheel of the car. A safety device to hold
the lift from crashing down if the rope
break.
COUNTERWEIGHT
Load borne by the generator is balanced
by the counterweight. Connected with a
wire rope of the elevator car. The function of counterweight is to grip the lift car,
reduce the power of generator and also reduce the brake to stop the car lifts.
5.6 Requirement
There are a few requirement for the lift system, first will be the general requirements,
which is the utility, the function must be identified whether for which type of building are
we installing for. And of cause the capacity and number of lifts this is depends on the access
building pattern and building size. We should be considering about the speed of the lifting
working depending on the number of stops, numbers of user and transport cost. The type
of lift will be depending on the size, location and the function.
In the other hand, we should also consider about the physical requirements, the size of lift
shaft will be depending on the lift cargo capacity. And the depth of lift shaft will depends
on the speed of elevator. The area of space in lift will depends on speed of elevators. And
also the mechanical room size will be depending on type and size of the lift equipment.

The other requirement which we need to be consider including the electrical panels and
power outlets. The installation of ventilation fan and lighting in engine room, steps down
and power sockets in the wells lift is required.
5.7 Location & Lift Arrangement
5.7 Types of lifts
ELECTRIC LIFT, it is the most common type of lift used nowadays, it use electric lift cable to
lift the elevator car with the weight and movement is the catalyst action with the traction
with the motor. It is used in most building with is more than 60ft. the motor room on top
of lift shaft will increase the load of building structure.
HANDICAPPED LIFT, it is designed for people with disability, who are unable to use ordinary
crowded lift of fast services. It is mounted on the stair parallel to the ladder.
FIRE LIFT, is required in buildings which exceed more than 60ft. This lift is controlled by a
system back on in emergencies.
HIGH RISE LIFT, the service requirement for high rise building is critical to balance the upper
and lower level services. The concept of zone system and sky lobby can be used. Usually
divided into zones where high level car will not stop or pick passengers at lower level. Zone
which too low will takes passengers down to lower levels such as 5 10 levels below.
ONE SYSTEM ZONE
This system is for building which is not more than 15 levels. Elevators car stops at
every level of the building, this technique are used to save space.
TWO SYSTEM ZONE
This system is for buildings which are between 15-40 levels. The system are brake
into two zone of elevator. The top and bottom elevator will not stop at any lower
zone.
SKY LOBBY ZONE
This system is for buildings which are more than 40 levels. It is group of lift with
high speed moving lift without interruption from the floor to the sky lobby. The
elevator will move with normal velocity at the next level.
5.8 Lift at DLatour Condominium
5.9.1 Type of Lift
Two System Zone
The residence lift in Dlatour Condominium is operated by two system zone lift due to the
height of the building. This is because this system is used for building which is between 15
to 40 levels and DLatour has 27th level. The lift is stop at a certain level and the top and
bottom lift will not stop at any lower zone.

5.8.2 Lift Motor Room

The access to the lift machine rooms are located off a public corridor, but the is fully
enclosed and secured against non-authorised access. DLatours lift machine room is
located on a rooftop penthouse of the. The lift motor room is a well-ventilated space and
it is under a controlled environment to prevent any damage to the equipment. A lifting
beam on the ceiling and a floor hatch is also included so that heavy machinery and parts
can be winched in and out of the room.
The lift motor room in DLatour contains:
Electrical disconnects.
Machine (geared, gearless or drum type).
Machine brake.
Drive motor.
Encoder.
Motor generator set.
Selector.
Counterweight governor.
Rope gripper.
Light fixtures and light control switch.
Fire alarm devices.
 Hoist beam.
HVAC equipment.
Deflector sheaves.

Photos above shows the machineries in the lift motor room

5.8.3 Lift Supervisory Panel
A lift supervisory panel is the machine that can indicate where the various cars are in shafts
(without jimmying the doors open). It the car stops functioning, the signal on the machine
will notify its locations, so that the workers can do tests, perform safety functions when
there is a fire or an emergency. Also, if theres any emergency and uses of the telecom in
the lift, the phone on the supervisory panel will also ring and connect to the machine.

5.8.4 Types of Lifts Door

The lift at DLatour Condominium uses centre opening door. This type of door consists of
two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. One advantage of this type of
door is has high efficiency operation, but the disadvantage is the width of the door cannot
be fully utilized.
5.8.5 Estimated Dimension of DLatour Condominiums Lift

Diagram above shows the plan view of the lift

Diagram above shows the elevations view of the lift

5.9 UNIFORM BUILDING BY-LAWS Lift
[Section 123 - 128]
124. Lift
According to UBBL 2006 clause 124, for all non-residential buildings exceeding 4
storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.
DLatour has lifts going up to 26th floor and connecting to the rooftop through
staircase. There are also lifts to the basement carparks. This shows that the
building has achieved this law in UBBL.

151. Ventilation to lift shaft

Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift
shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09 square metre per lift
located at the top of the shafts. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the
open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required
FRP as for the lift shafts.
[Section 152 - 155]
153. Smoke Detectors for lift lobbies
Besides that, another law that is taken under consideration by DLatour
Condominium is the UBBL 2006 cause 153. All lift lobbies shall be provided with
smoke detectors.

Photos above shown smoke detector located at the ceiling of the lift lobby
154. Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure.
(1) On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the
designated floor, commencing with the fire lifts, without answering any cat or
landing calls and park with doors open.
(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal
operation:
Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all
lifts, this mode of operation need not apply.
References
http://www.spot-coolers.com/basic-principles