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1
Earlier Lecture
• The Ideal thermodynamic cycle for gas
liquefaction is impractical and hence modified
cycles are proposed.
2
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Earlier Lecture
• The isobaric heat exchange process occurring in
the heat exchanger is used to conserve cold and
J – T expansion device is used for producing
lower temperatures.
3
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Earlier Lecture
• For a Linde – Hampson system following hold
true.
4
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Outline of the Lecture
Topic : Gas Liquefaction and Refrigeration
Systems (contd)
5
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Heat Exchanger
• A heat exchanger is a device in which the cooling
effect from cold fluid is transferred to precool the
hot fluid.
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Heat Exchanger
FluidA, in, hot FluidA, out, cold
A, in, hot
B, out, hot
A, out, cold
B, in, cold
Length, x
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Heat Exchanger
• In order to specify the performance of the heat
exchanger in terms of actual heat exchange
occurring, a term "ε " is defined which is called as
Heat Exchanger Effectiveness.
Mathematically, Qact
• ε =
Qmax
8
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Heat Exchanger Effectiveness
FluidA, in, hot FluidA, out, cold
• The actual heat
exchange is
=Qact m B CPB (TB ,in − TB ,out )
= m ACPA (TA,in − TA,out )
FluidB, out, hot FluidB, in, cold
• The maximum
possible heat
A, in, hot
exchange is
=Qmax P )min (TB ,in − TA,in )
( mC
B, out, hot A, out, cold
Q • Effectiveness is
B, in, cold ε = Qact Q
Length, x
max
9
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Linde – Hampson System
• The isothermal
compression process for
a Linde – Hampson
2 1 system on T – s diagram
is from 1 2.
• The Isenthalpic J – T
expansion is from 3 4.
h=const
3 • The gas and liquid states
are given by g and f.
f g
4
s
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Linde – Hampson System
• If the ε is assumed to be
100%, the isobaric heat
exchange would be
2 1
• 23
1' • g1
f g
4 4'
s
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Linde – Hampson System
• It is clear that the actual
heat exchange is from g
1’, where as the
2 1
maximum possible heat
exchange is from g 1.
1'
s
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Linde – Hampson System
Makeup gas
f
m
QR
m
2 1 1 2
Wc
1'
( m − m )
f
1'
3' 3'
h=const
3
f g g 4'
4 4' f
f
m
s
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Linde – Hampson System
Makeup gas • Consider a control volume for this
f
m
QR system as shown in the figure.
m
1 2
Wc • The quantities entering and
leaving this control volume are as
( m − m )f given below.
1' IN OUT
m @ 2 (m – mf ) @ 1’
3' mf @ f
• Using the 1st Law, we have
g 4'
f
f
m
mh ( m m f ) h1' + m f h f
2 =−
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Linde – Hampson System
Makeup gas • Rearranging the terms, we have
f
m
QR liquid yield y as
m
1 2 m f h1' − h2
= y=
Wc m h1' − h f
( m − m )f • As seen earlier, the effectiveness
1' is
h1' − hg
ε =
3' h1 − hg
ε ( h1 − hg ) + hg
g 4'
f h1' =
f
m
17
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Linde – Hampson System
h1' − h2
y =
h1' − h f
h1' = ε ( h1 − hg ) + hg
( h1 − h2 ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
y=
( h1 − h f ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Linde – Hampson System
( h1 − h2 ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
y=
( h1 − h f ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
• The second term being negative, it should be
minimum to maximize the yield y.
=
( 28.47 + 8.37 ) − (1 − 1)( 28.47 + 199 )
y1 = 0.085
( 28.47 + 406 ) − (1 − 1)( 28.47 + 199 )
y1 = 0.085
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 1
( h1 − h2 ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
y= ε 2 = 0.95
( h1 − h f ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
1 2 f g
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013 1.013
T (K) 300 300 78.8 78.8
h (J/g) 28.47 -8.37 -406 -199
s (J/gK) 0.10 -1.5 -3.9 -1.29
=
( 28.47 + 8.37 ) − (1 − 0.95 )( 28.47 + 199 ) 25.466
y2 = = 0.060
( 28.47 + 406 ) − (1 − 0.95)( 28.47 + 199 ) 423.1
y2 = 0.060
22
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 1
( h1 − h2 ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
y= ε 3 = 0.90
( h1 − h f ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
1 2 f g
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013 1.013
T (K) 300 300 78.8 78.8
h (J/g) 28.47 -8.37 -406 -199
s (J/gK) 0.10 -1.5 -3.9 -1.29
=
( 28.47 + 8.37 ) − (1 − 0.90 )( 28.47 + 199 ) 14.093
y3 = = 0.034
( 28.47 + 406 ) − (1 − 0.90 )( 28.47 + 199 ) 411.7
y3 = 0.034
23
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 1
( h1 − h2 ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
y= ε 4 = 0.85
( h1 − h f ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
1 2 f g
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013 1.013
T (K) 300 300 78.8 78.8
h (J/g) 28.47 -8.37 -406 -199
s (J/gK) 0.10 -1.5 -3.9 -1.29
=
( 28.47 + 8.37 ) − (1 − 0.85 )( 28.47 + 199 ) 2.7195
y4 = = 0.006
( 28.47 + 406 ) − (1 − 0.85)( 28.47 + 199 ) 400.3
y4 = 0.006
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 1
0.12
Working Fluid : Air
ε y
Pressure : 1 bar 200 bar
0.1 Temperature : 300 K 1 1 0.085
Linde – Hampson System
0.04
4 0.85 0.006
0.02
• Plotting the values for
the above conditions,
0
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1
ε we have the trend as
shown.
25
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 1
0.12
Working Fluid : Air
• Joining the points, we
Pressure : 1 bar 200 bar have the trend as shown
Temperature : 300 K
in the figure.
0.1
Linde – Hampson System
0.08
0.02
0
• Furthermore, the
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1 effectiveness should be
ε
more than 85% in order
to have a liquid yield.
26
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Figure of Merit (FOM)
• In the earlier lecture, we have seen that the ideal
cycle is used as a benchmark to compare various
liquefaction systems.
28
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 2
• Ideal Work Requirement
2 1
Wi
− = T1 ( s1 − s f ) − ( h1 − h f )
m
T
1 2 f
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77 f g
h (J/g) 462 430 29 s
s (J/gK) 4.4 2.75 0.42
Wc
−= 300 ( 4.4 − 0.42 ) − ( 462 − 29 ) = 761 J / g
m
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 2
200 1
• Liquid yield T=const
2 1
300
h1 − h2
y=
h −h
1 f
1 2 f 3 h=const
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77 f g
4
h (J/g) 462 430 29 s
s (J/gK) 4.4 2.75 0.42
h1 − h2 462 − 430 32
y=
h −h = = 433 = 0.074
1 f 462 − 29
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 2
200 1
• Work/unit mass of gas T=const
2
compressed 300 1
Wc
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
m
1 2 f 3 h=const
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77 f g
4
h (J/g) 462 430 29 s
s (J/gK) 4.4 2.75 0.42
Wc
−= 300 ( 4.4 − 2.75 ) − ( 462 − 430 ) = 463 J / g
m
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Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 2
200 1
• Work/unit mass of gas T=const
2
liquefied 300 1
Wc y = 0.074
− =
463
m 3 h=const
f g
4
s
Wc Wc 463
− =
− = = 6265.22 J / g
m f ym 0.074
32
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 2
200 1
• Figure of Merit (FOM) T=const
2 1
300
Wc Wi
− =
6265.22 − =
767
m f m f
3 h=const
f g
4
s
Wi
m f =
767
FOM = = 0.1225
Wc 6265.22
m f
33
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 3
• Determine the following for a Linde – Hampson
system with Argon as working fluid when the
system is operated between 1.013 bar (1 atm)
and 202.6 bar (200 atm) at 300 K. The
effectiveness of HX is 100%.
34
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 3
• Ideal Work Requirement
2 1
Wi
− = T1 ( s1 − s f ) − ( h1 − h f )
m
T
1 2 f
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013
T (K) 300 300 87.28 f g
h (J/g) 349 315 60 s
s (J/gK) 3.9 2.7 1.35
Wc
−= 300 ( 3.9 − 1.35 ) − ( 349 − 60 ) = 476 J / g
m
35
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 3
200 1
• Liquid yield T=const
2 1
300
h1 − h2
y=
h −h
1 f
1 2 f 3 h=const
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013
T (K) 300 300 87.28 f g
4
h (J/g) 349 315 60 s
s (J/gK) 3.9 2.7 1.35
h1 − h2 349 − 315 34
y=
h −h = = 289 = 0.1176
1 f 349 − 60
36
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 3
200 1
• Work/unit mass of gas T=const
2
compressed 300 1
Wc
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
m
1 2 f 3 h=const
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013
T (K) 300 300 87.28 f g
4
h (J/g) 349 315 60 s
s (J/gK) 3.9 2.7 1.35
Wc
−= 300 ( 3.9 − 2.7 ) − ( 349 − 315 ) = 326 J / g
m
37
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 3
200 1
• Work/unit mass of gas T=const
2
liquefied 300 1
Wc y = 0.1176
− =
326
m 3 h=const
f g
4
s
Wc Wc 326
− =
− = = 2772.1 J / g
m f ym 0.1176
38
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 3
200 1
• Figure of Merit (FOM) T=const
2 1
300
Wc Wi
− =
2772.1 − =
476.0
m f m f
3 h=const
f g
4
s
Wi
m f =
476.0
FOM = = 0.1717
Wc 2772.1
m f
39
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Performance of L – H System
Fluid Boil. Wc Wc
Pt
y
− − FOM
m m f
N2 77.3 0.074 463 6265.2 0.122
Ar 87.2 0.117 326 2772.1 0.171
Air 78.8 0.081 454 5621.0 0.131
O2 90.1 0.106 405 3804.0 0.167
• The above table is for a Linde – Hampson system
when the pressures are from 1 bar to 200 bar at
300K.
• Liquid yield
• Work/unit mass compressed
• Work/unit mass liquefied
• FOM
41
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 4
• Liquid yield
( h1 − h2 ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
y= ε = 0.90
( h1 − h f ) − (1 − ε ) ( h1 − hg )
1 2 f g
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77 77
h (J/g) 462 430 29 230
s (J/gK) 4.4 2.75 0.42 3.2
=
( 462 − 430 ) − (1 − 0.90 )( 462 − 230 )
y = 0.021
( 462 − 29 ) − (1 − 0.90 )( 462 − 230 )
42
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 4
• Location of h1’ and Additional Work
ε =
h1' − hg h1' = ε ( h1 − hg ) + hg
h1 − hg
1 2 f g
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77 77
h (J/g) 462 430 29 230
s (J/gK) 4.4 2.75 0.42 3.2
h=
1' 0.9 ( 462 − 230 ) + 230 = 438.8 J / g
Wc
− = h1 − h=
1' 462 − 438.8 = 23.2 J / g
m add
43
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 4
• Work/unit mass of gas compressed
Wc
− = T1 ( s1 − s2 ) − ( h1 − h2 )
m
1 2 f g
p (bar) 1.013 202.6 1.013 1.013
T (K) 300 300 77 77
h (J/g) 462 430 29 230
s (J/gK) 4.4 2.75 0.42 3.2
Wc
−= 300 ( 4.4 − 2.75 ) − ( 462 − 430 ) = 463 J / g
m
Wc Wc Wc
− = − +− = 463 + 23.2 = 486.2 J / g
m total m h1 →h1 m add
44
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 4
• Work/unit mass of gas liquefied
Wc y = 0.0215
− =
486.2
m
Wc Wc 486.2
− =
− = = 22613.95 J / g
m f ym 0.0215
• Figure of Merit (FOM)
W W
− c = 22613.95 − i = 761
m f m f
Wi Wc 761
FOM = / = = 0.0336
m f m f 22613.95
45
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Tutorial – 4
%
ε =1 ε = 0.9
change
y 0.074 0.021 71.62
−
Wc 463 486.2 -5.01
m
W
− c 6265.2 22614 -261
m f
0.1225 0.0336 72.57
FOM
47
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Assignment
2. Determine the following for a Linde – Hampson
system with Oxygen as working fluid when the
system is operated between 1.013 bar (1 atm)
and 202.6 bar (200 atm) at 300 K. The
effectiveness of HX is 100%.
48
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Assignment
3. Repeat the Problem 1 and Problem 2 the Linde –
Hampson system when the heat exchanger
effectiveness is 90%. Compare and comment on
the results.
49
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Summary
• A heat exchanger is a device in which the cold is
transferred from cold fluid to hot fluid.
51
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay
Thank You!
52
Prof. M D Atrey, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay