SAMBALPUR

SESSION : 2017-2018

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

Cement Settling
This project is made under the guidance of
“Central Board of Secondary Education” at
Guru Nanak Public School, Sambalpur, Odisha

Guided By : Submitted By :
Dr. Bhupal Patel MANISHA kUMARI
Dept. of Chemistry Class – XII Science
Guru Nanak Public School Roll No –
 CERTIFICATE

Dr. Bhupal Patel

Department of Chemistry
Guru Nanak Public School

This is to certify that MANISHA kUMARI is

submitting this piece of work titled “Cement

Settling” for the partial fulfillment of Class-XII,

Science, Central Board of Secondary Education

under my supervision and guidance in Guru Nanak

Public School, during the session 2017-2018.

Signature of Guide Signature

of External
Signature of the Prinicpal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
During my short term at Department of

Chemistry Guru Nanak Public School, Sambalpur, I

was associated with a continuous source of

inispiration to me, lot can be said about them for

their invaluable help and support, without which I

would have never accomplished my work. I would

like to thank Dr. Bhupal Patel for extending his

helping hand to create an opportunity for me in

this esteemed institution to undertake such type of

valuable project. I am also very thankful to our

Principal as she was always encouraged us and

forwarded her hands with full co-operation.

 Lastly, I am thankful to all those from whom I

have received direct or indirect help which enabled

me to complete this project file.

Submitted By :
MANISHA
kUMARI
XII Science
Roll No –

INTRODUCTION –
Cement is an essential mixture of calcium silicate
(3CaO, SiO2) & Aluminates (2Cao, Al2O3) which sets to be
a hard mass when treated with water. This
property makes cement capable of joining masses
like bricks, tiles etc. into coherent structure. The
cement has properties of fretting and hardening
under water due to certain physiochemical process
and is therefore called Hydraulic Cement. During
settling of Cement the physical changes taking
place are : formation & crystallization and Chemical
changes are hydration and hydrolysis.
The process of solidification of cement involves
setting and hardening. Setting is stiffening of the
original paste mass into formation. After the
settling, hardening starts due to gradual
crystallization in the mass. The strength developed
by the extent of crystallization. A mixture of
cement, sand, small pieces of stones and water are
known as concrete and sets extremely too hard
structure.

When cement is used for construction purpose, it is

always mixed with sand and a little water to make
a pasty material called Mortar. Cement is used as
a material this reducing the cost of mortar. When
cement is used as a building material it is called
Lime Mortal. Sand in addition to its other functions
increases the adhesive qualities of the building
material.

Effect of quality of sand obtained from different

sources has different qualities. For example sea
and obtained from sea contains some unwanted
salty and retards the setting of cement and is
unsuitable for making mortar. On the other hand
pit sand obtained from pit in the soil and river sand
obtained from river bed considered as excellent for
preparing mortar and concrete.

EFFECT OF TIME ON SETTLING OF CEMENT –

Sand has an important role on the strength

developed by the Cement Mortar. When cement
sand paste in the ratio 1:3 in water is allowed to
dry, the strength obtained of the solid mass keeps
on increasing with increase in the time given for
setting. It nearly acquires that strength in 28 days.
OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT –

In this project we will study the settling of cement

with lime and sand, effect of relational proportion
of their masses, the effect of time and the effect of
qualities of sand on the strength of cement mortar.

EXPERIMENT NO – 1

To study the settling of cement with lime, sand, dry

ash etc. (with respect to volume and strength).

REQUIREMENTS –

1.Prepare the sets of mixture of various

compositions given in Table-1

2.Taking each of the mixture in different beakers,

prepare their paste by adding minimum
quantity of water.

3.Take seven empty match boxed inner case and

mark them 1-7.

4.Transfer water time to time over the paste, so

that they are always moist.
 5.Take out the slabs after 3 days and test for its
strength. Hold a weight of 10 gms in you
hands at tones, height and drop the weight on
slab. See if the slab breaks or not. If it does
not break then take 20 grams of weight and
drop it from the same height. This way keeps
on increasing the weight and note down the
minimum weight required to break the slab.

OBSERVATION :

Settling time allowed – 3 days.

EXPERIMENT NO – 2

To study the settling of cement with lime and sand.

REQUIREMENTS :

Beaker, Glass rod, Weight, 3 empty match boxes,

lime, river sand and cement.

PROCEDURE :

1.Prepare the sets of mixture of various

compositions given in Table-2
2.Take each of the mixture in different beakers,
prepare their paste by adding minimum
quantity of water.

3.Take 3 empty match boxes inner cases and

mark them 1-3

4.Transfer the prepared paste immediately into

matchboxes and compact them by pressing
with hands.

5.Spray water from time to time over the paste,

so that they are always moist.

6.Take out the first slabs after 3 days, second

slab after 5 days and the slab after 7 days and
test for their strength. Hold a weight of 10
grams in your hands at tones, height and drop
the weight on slab. See if the slab breaks or
not. If it does not break then take 20 grams of
weight and drop it from the same height. This
way keeps on increasing weight and note down
the minimum weight required to break the
slab.
 TABLE – 1
Composition Minimum
Sl
Weight
.
Ceme River Lim Dry required to
N
nt Sand e Ash break the slab
o.
(in grams)
1 1 3 0 0 20
2 1 6 0 0 20
3 1 6 0 1 50
4 3 9 0 1 100
5 1 3 1 0 20
6 1 3 2 0 20
7 1 3 0 2 50
OBSERVATION :
TABLE – 2
Composition Minimum
Sl
Weight
.
Ceme River Lim Dry required to
N
nt Sand e Ash break the slab
o.
(in grams)
1 1 6 2 4 10
2 1 6 2 6 20
3 1 6 2 7 50

CONCLUSION :

The setting of slab increases with increase in

setting time.