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: . .
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INDIANA
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
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^u
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ETYMA LATINA
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BY THE SAME AUTHOR.
ETYMA GRAECA:
An Etymological Lexicon of Classical Greek.
RIVINGTONS, LONDON
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ETYM A LATIN A
AN ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON OF
CLASSICAL LAT/N
e^
RIVINGTONS
WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON
MDCCCXC
0-
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46SI1
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PKEFACE
In Lewis and Short's '
Latin Dictionary ' (1880) the etymo-
logical both fragmentary and uncritical
element is a :
where I could.
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PREFACE
1
Among some words sometimes spelt with a sti
these I reckon
Codes Februa Liburna Pege Surena Triones Venetus
initial, Oiris :
which I have nothing new to offer. On the other hand I have includ
in my work the words ligustrum polluceo puniceus quirito venerw,
being derivatives of Proper Names but successfully concealing th<
real character.
2
I need hardly apologise for omitting the conjectural Mr thyius, tl
misreading matta^ and the ghost-words liroe nico the proper reading
'
' :
—
are Cic. Fin. 2. 23 (from Lucilius) hirsizon (whatever that may cor
ceal), Propert. 4. 7. 49 Ohio, Ov. Fast. 6. 674 lata, Plaut. Poen. 13
collyrae, Plaut. True. 624-625 viceris . . . vicerim. —I have omitted als
Adverbs and Conjunctions of which the sole peculiarity lies in thi
termination (such being sufficiently explained by Stolz .or Victoi
Henry) and loanwords from the Greek of which the originals arc
;
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PREFACE
I. *
inherited ' words, having cognates in other Indoceltic
languages : about 1130.
II. 'manufactured* words, derivatives or compounds of
the words in class I. about 930. :
,
So much for the scope of the work : next for details of
its arrangement. The sign t preceding a '
head-word ' (i.e.
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viii PREFACE
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PREFACE ix
has just been given and that one or more English cognates
follow. A Latin or Greek word quoted simply for the sake
of its form untranslated.
is left When a word is the same —
(as to both form and meaning) in two related languages, I
write it only once e.g. " Zd. Sk. ma~ measure " shows that
:
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x PREFACE
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PREFACE XI
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Xll PREFACE
pituita quantus scrinium sudiculum
placeo quidem seria sumo
placusia quoque serperastra suspicio
plaustrum radius sileo tabula
ploro ramus siler taeter
ploxenum renideo sin tamen
pluteus repudium sincerus tantus
polio reus sirempse tardus
poUex rima sirpe territorium
polluceo rivus sisymbrium testa
populor robur sobrius titillo
porrigo rorarii sodalis turgeo
portorium rudis Adj. soleo uligo
praefica rudus sollemnis ulva
praestigiae ruo 1 solvo urtica
prior ruscum specus titer
privus ruta spiro vaco
proinde rutilus sponda varius
promo sacer stilus vehemens
proprius saeculum stimulus venor
protelum . salaputium stipula venter
prox saltern strages verrunco
pudeo saltus strigilis vidulus
pulcher sapa stringo 1 vilis
pulmentum sartago stuprum villa
puppis savium suavium vito
quadra scapulae subtemen vitricus.
I have
as far as possible avoided the use of strange
symbols. In words given (in small capitals) as from the
'
Ursprache,' the sonant liquids are denoted by a dot
'
'
(the sign k-v, see equus, denotes that the k and the v are
distinct elements), the distinction of 'fixt' and 'labialisable'
velars being left to be gathered from a comparison of the
cognate forms or from the notes in Part II. —In Old Umbrian
I write d, not d or r ; in Lithuanian ie, not e ; in Old Sla-
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PREFACE xiii
(1) Zend ae
= German ai, ao = German au c = Eng. c&, 5 = Eng. :
stronger aspiration than 5). The Unguals (or cerebrals ') \ d '
'
'
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xiv PREFACE
E. K. WHARTON.
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NOTE ON HIDDEN QUANTITIES
It seems that certain combinations of consonants in Latin
lengthened the preceding vowel, others shortened it, others
(which is most perplexing of all) sometimes lengthened
sometimes shortened it, probably in different dialects and, ;
spellings of i u as
ou ei
(£) the usage of Plautus and Terence, who before Mute + Liquid
allow a vowel to be long only when it was long by nature :
(y) the marks given in Inscriptions (' Inscrr.'), the I carved taller
than usual, the other long vowels accented
(8) the Greek transcription of Latin words (* Gk.'), I u = et ou, e 6 =
i\ a:
(e) the evidence of the Eomance languages (' Rom. '), which repre-
sent 1 vl by iu but I ti by e o, and e 6 by close e o (pronounced i.e.
with the tongue convex) but 6 6 by open e o (pronounced with
the tongue flat).
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xvi NOTE ON HIDDEN QUANTITIES
and Kom. Insula, Inscrr. Inferos. Yet one dialect must hsn
allowed the natural quantity, Gk. CSnstantinus (1st century a.d
ctinsul (6th century, beside CdnstaiUinus /), Priscian m&nsi, Ron:
consilium ctinficio Infans.
(0) nqv in and Rom.), ngv apparently in pingui
qulnqice (Inscrr. Gk.
(Rom., Grober 'Grundriss der Romanischen Philologie/ p. 50
note). Yet not in one dialect, Rom. prqplnquus lingua Unguis.
(y) gn (according to Priscian), Inscrr. dlgnus slgnum. Yet not ii
one dialect, Gk. cVgnitus, Gramm. and Rom. dlgnus, Rom. lignum
—
plgnus pugnus slgnum. Apparently also gm (Marx p. 2), Inscrr
and Rom. pigmentum, Gk. segmen.
(8) ct from g + t (Seelmann pp. 78, 90), Inscrr. lectus ('bed ') lictor
Rom. ludor. Yet not in one dialect, Gk. and Rom. Uctus. S( —
x from g + s (Seelmann pp. 78-79, 91) seems to have had s
lengthening effect, Inscrr. maximus, Inscrr. and Gk. vexillum.
(y) Before Mute + Liquid a vowel is generally short, and hence ebrius
n&trix (Plautus) show in the Romance languages a short root-
vowel.
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NOTE ON HIDDEN QUANTITIES xvii
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ABBEEVIATIONS
Aen. Aeneid. NHG. New High German.
Aeol. Aeolic. NUmbr. New Umbrian.
Aesch. Aeschylus. OE. Old English.
Ags. Anglosaxon. OHG. Old High German.
anal. analogy. Olr. Old Irish.
Ar. Aristophanes. onomatop. onomatopoeic.
Arab. Arabic. ONor. Old Norse.
Arm. Armenian. OPers. Old Persian.
BB. Bezzenberger's Beitrage. opp. as opposed to.
cf. compare. orig. originally.
Dimin, Diminutive. Osc. Oscan.
Diosc- Dioscorides. OSlav. Old Slavonic.
Dor. Doric. OUmbr. Old Umbrian.
E. English. OW. Old Welsh.
EM. Etymologioum Magnum. Part. Participle.
Etrusc. Etruscan. Pers. Persian.
etym. etymology. Plut. Plutarch.
fr. connected with. Polyb. Polybius.
Fr. French. pop. popular.
Geo. Georgics. praeced. preceding word.
Got. Gothic. Pru88. Prussian.
Heb. Hebrew. Aedupl. Reduplication.
Hes. Hesiod. Horn. Roman.
Hesych. Hesychius. Sab. Sabine.
Horn. Homer. sc. scilicet.
Instrum. Instrumental. Schol. Scholiast.
Interj. Interjection. sec. according to.
Ion. Ionic. Sicil. Sicilian.
Ir. Irish. Sk. Sanskrit.
Ital. Italian. sq. following word.
Lett. Lettish. Subst. Substantive.
Lit. Lithuanian. syll. syllable.
Loc. Locative. term. termination.
Metath. Metathesis. Umbr* Umbrian.
MHG. Middle High German. Vb. Verb.
Mir. Middle Irish. W. Welsh.
Neut. Neuter. Zd. Zend,
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ABBREVIATIONS xix
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SELECT LIST OF AUTHORITIES
(The numeral above the line indicates the number of the edition.
sq. here denotes and following years '.)
*
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SELECT LIST OF A UTHORITIES xxi
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xxii SELECT LIST OF A UTHORITIES
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CONTENTS
PAGE
Preface v
Note on Hidden Quantities xv
Abbreviations xviii
Select List of Authorities xx
Introduction xxv
Pabt I.
Etymological Lexicon 1
Pabt n.
Comparative Etymology 119
Latin 119
(Genesis of Latin Letters) 128
Umbrian 132
Oscaji 132
Greek 133
Irish 135
Welsh 138
Gothic 139
Old Norse 140
Anglosaxon . '
141
Old High German 142
Lithuanian 144
Lettish 145
Prussian 145
Old Slavonic !46
Armenian 147
Zend 149
Sanskrit lfil
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INTRODUCTION
The languages spoken by the nations of Europe, with
isolated exceptions (the ancient Etruscans, the modern
Basques of north Spain, the Magyars, Turks, Esthonians,
Livonians, Ugrians, Finns, and Lapps), and of Asia from
the Caucasus to Ceylon, resemble each other sufficiently
to justify the supposition that they all descend from one
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xxvi INTRODUCTION
(1) Teutonic:
. Gothic, preserved in Ulfilas' translation of the New Testament,
4th century of our era.
Old Norse or Icelandic, with literature from the 12th century.
Anglosaxon or Old English, from the 7th to the 13th century.
Old High German, with glosses from the 8th century Middle do., ;
end) in Latin.
Osco-Sabellian, inscriptions from about 200 B.C.
(4) Greek, from Homer (b.c 800?).
(5) Balto-Slavic or Lithu-Slavic
Lithuanian, with literature from the 16th century.
Lettish, from the 16th century.
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INTRODUCTION xxvii
(7) Arian:
Zend or Old Bactrian, the language of the Avesta, the oldest parts
of which are said to date from 1000 B.C.
Old Persian, the language of the Behistun inscriptions, about 500
B.C.
Sanskrit, said to date from 1000 B.C., and divided into two periods,
Vedic and Classical Sanskrit, the latter from about 400 B.C.
The earliest Indian inscriptions date from about 250 B.C.
Liquids m, n, l, b. Semivowels J, v.
: — :
Explosives
Labial p, b, ph, bh.
Dental t, d, th, dh.
Palatal k,g, kh, gh.—Velar kv, gv, khv, ghv.
Sibilants : s, z.
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xxviii INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION xxix
balbus stloppus Verbs lalld pappd (both infantile), scred, and see
:
bibo Interjections a o, hahae hau hex heja heu hui, eheu eho ohe,
:
em en, bat, fu ft, *va (spelt vah or vaha), atat tat tatae, pro prox, st,
hews.
(2) from sounds of animals: dog see baubor, sheep bald; chicken
cuckoo cuculus, hoopoe upupa, owl bubo strix tU, raven crocio,
pipd,
(3) from inanimate sounds: strepo strldo tlnio tintind, tax tuxtax (these
two expressing the sound of blows).
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xxx INTRODUCTION
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INTROD UCTION
So in terminations
(1) vowel long or short Nom. aMes aries paries, Gen. abtetis &c.
:
(3) vowel omitted e between consonants, aes ansa far, and see amnis
:
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xxxii INTRODUCTION
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INTRODUCTION xxxiii
(2) i cinis : ri deer, ti tussis vcstis rite and see dos nox, si see miser,
tri puter. Double : fi + li bubile monile, a+ ri laquear palear,
nt + ri venter : treble 1 + ta + ti simultds, es + ta + ti tern-
pestds.
Most -i- stems in Latin are formed from -o- stems, levis piscis,
and see similis in mo subllmis vermis, no acclinis amnis collis
:
(3) r : or soror, ter (tr) frater mdter pater, tor nomencldtor. Double
m + 5r rumor.
(4) bh caelebs.
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xxxiv INTRODUCTION
(5) t caput, amies dives limes seges stipes, and see ingens locuples : 6t
nepos : nt cliens dens frequcns repens rudens, fons sons. Double :
(6) d lapis pccus, and after long vowel palus heres merces custos.
(8) s far is anser, os odor honos and see tellus, os (es) genus opus
:
treble fl +
to + I frigutio.
e moneo : double, mo + e umeo, no + e polled, do + e gaudeo splendeo,
kvo + e marceo.
a amd ma clamd, na
: destind lancind muginor, la felt vdpuld mold
stipulor, ra blaterd fiagrd igjwrd lamberd macero migro penetro tolcrt
vibrd ta confuto mactd nutd putt temptt hortor luctor meditor, da
:
mandd kva fried peccd sa vex6. With two consonants tra intrC
: :
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ETYMA LATINA
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XX)C|///
CURAE SECUNDAE.
almus must go with ad (cf. wpo<rrjicov fitting,' frdm *
*p6s '
to ').
e- castor cf. fj Interj., ed-£-pol cf. If. So eccere = *e-cere, O Ceres '. '
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
a ante-consonantal form of sq.
ab from: for *ap (from *apo, see aperio): orig. used in compounds
before a Media, e.g. abdicd, then became the prevalent form.
tabacus board *&&okos, by-form of f&0a£.
:
tacalanthis goldfinch aKaXavOls, fr. *aic<l\r) thorn (see acuo), from its
:
habitat.
accerso summon = : *ad-cer-to from *cero = cedo, with -so on anal, of
arcesso.
accipiter hawk = : *acup6ter y
cf. aKmrirtis swift-flying (epithet of hawk
in Hes. Op. 210), Sk. acupdtvan- fr. ocior •+ peto go '. : *
ac-clinis leaning cf K\fvw turn k\1vt\ couch, and (with I) Ags. hlinian
: .
lean E. klI-, see clivus, cf. kli- Zd. cri- go Sk. cri- resort, klei- Lit.
:
szlieti lean.
acer maple akes-, cf. Hesych. tf/ecur-Tos, OHG. ahor-n.
:
acer sharp (E. eager vinegar) fr. 6c4or, with * pretonic a ; see alacer. : '
acerbus sharp : = *acri-bus from *acru-, Lit. asztrus OSlav. ostrti fr. :
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
acervus heap : = *acri-vus fr. acer-bus, '
pointed \
acetum vinegar (NHG. cssig from *aUcum, Metathesis) ; Part. Neut. of
aceo am sour, fr. sq.
acies edge: ak- iucls point, Ags. ecg edge E., E. egg Verb, cf. Ik- W.
awch edge fr. acuo. :
acinus berry
tacipenser aquipensis sturgeon cf. +iuciciirfi<rios for *&Kpiirfiv<rios Gau- : :
taclys javelin
taconitum monkshood : &k6vitov :
acr-edula thrush (for the term. cf. flcedtda monedula qvarqvMula, nlte-
dula, alcldo) :
ad- up (in adimo adsurgo dscendo attollo) : = *ed- (with pretonic a), Sk.
dd.hi> see af erga iterum.
adeo so far ' up from that,* praeced.
: + ed Abl. of is ; see af.
adeps fat : adip- (quasi fr. adipiscor acquire) for fallp- from &\ti<pa.
ad-miniculum vine-stake manus.
:
'
handle,' fr.
ad-iilor fawn on: *ad-udio (cf. assentor beside assentio) pay attention
to, from audio.
ad-ultero pollute mix with something else,' :
'
fr. alter.
aedis dwelling: 'where the fire is kept up,' fr. cdf0« burn, Mir. aed
fire, Ags. ad pyre E. cowhouse (cf. ONor. eld-hus 'fire-house,' i.e.
hall or parlour).
aeger sick (E. malinger) 'shaking,' aig- Sk. : ej- stir?
Hardly for *aesger fr. alirxpts ill-favored.
faegis shield: alyls (either 'of goatskin,' fr. aX£ goat, or 'of oak,' see
aesculus).
faelinos dirge faXKivos, Heb. ai woe lanu to us.
:
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
a bundle
aes copper ais- short form of ajes-, see aMneus.
:
aevum time (E. age) cf. (1) aivos Got. aivs E. ever (see Kluge on
:
immer) aye either or no; (2) aivon alwv age; (3) aives- Olr. ais
(= *aives-tu-), Loc. aid (= *aipt(ri) always. Orig. 'continuance,'
see aequus.
af from (used before consonants) : dialectic for *ab edh'- see ad-, '
up
from',
af-fatim enough: 'to weariness,' ad + *fatis, seefatigd.
ager field ayp6s, Got. akrs E. acre
: acorn, Sk. djras plain :
' place to
move in,' fr. ago.
agnus lamb agvnos, OSlav. ague by-form agvnos, ajiv6s (for *a$v6s) ?
: ;
aka to drive Ags. acan to ache E., Arm. acem I bring, Zd. az- drive
Sk. aj-.
ah a (cf. oh o, prohpro) Interj. 2, MHG. o!- E. ah, Lit. d, Sk. a. :
see trans.
aheneus aeneus of copper = *aes-neus from ajes-, Got. aiz copper :
Ags. dr brass E. ore, Zd. ayahh iron Sk. dyas, see aes.
tai Interj. at, cf. Ir. e, MHG. ei, Lit. at, and ai Zd. ai Sk. dv\.
:
ajo say = *ag-jo, cf. adagio proverb, agh- Olr. ai a saying (Stokes,
:
alacer lively :
• sharp,' ad + *acer ok- cf. 5k- deer.
alapa blow : ad + apiscor reach,
albus white (E. auburn daub) albh- a\<p6s white leprosy, OHG. elbiz :
hardly from Teutonic, OHG. alacra little auk (Graff) ONor. alka
aukE.
alces elk: iUjcij (Pausanias), cf. elk- Ags. eolh ONor. elgr E., lk- Sk.
teas antelope, lak- OSlav. lost elk.
ilea gaming :
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
alga seaweed
alged am cold: &\yos pain (as ftyiov 'more horrible' is fr. fiyos
'chill').
alius other : alj- &k\os, Olr. aile, Got. aljis E. else, Arm. ail.
allex hallex thumb : aZZw* Fest. , i.e. *ad-lus from ad, * additional ' finger,
allium alium garlick: cf. alum wild garlic Plin. 19. 116, if its a is
long:
almus propitious (a religious term) = *admus, cf. NUmbr. arsmor :
alnus alder = *elsn6s, Lit. clksnis (for *elsnis), els- cf. elis- OHG.
:
aid nourish al- &/-oAtos insatiate, Olr. not-a?7 alit te, Got. alan grow,
:
amarus bitter om-, Mir. om raw (so Ags. siir sour goes with
: ' '
OSlav. syru 'raw'), Sk. am-las sour; cf. 5m-, ujx6s raw, Arm. hum,
Sk. dmds.
tambactus vassal (Got. andbahts servant, spelt quasi from and towards,
see ante: Eng. ambassador) Gaulish (Fest.), cf. W. amaeth husband- :
man :
*
sent around,' fr. sq. + ago.
ambi- around : ambh£ d/i<f>f, cf. (1) MBHf Olr. imme, Ags. ymb E.
e?7iber-d&ys MHG. um ; (2) ABHf OSlav. obi-, Zd. aibi over Sk. aiAi
around ; (3) bhi (?) Got. bi by E.
ambo both : ambho &n<pu>, cf. (1) abhO" Lit. abit OSlav. oba ; (2) bh<5
(?) Got. bai baj'6ths E., and u-bh<5 Zd. uba Sk. ubhd: fr. praeced.
fambrosia ambrosia : fafifipoa-ia, cf. Arab, 'amber ambergris (E. E.
amber) Zenker 639 b.
tambubaja flute-player : Adj. fr. *ambuba pipe, Arab, embube Zenker
99 c.
ambulo walk :
' move both feet,' fr. *amb-lus Adj. from *amb~ by-form
(properly before vowel) of ambi-.
amb-uro scorch ambi- + urd : : wrongly divided am-buro, whence com-
burd and b&stum.
amellus starwort Gaulish for *ampellos loved by bees,' fr. *ampis bee
:
•
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
amentum amm- adm- arm- thong : ad, *
attachment '.
ames pole of bird-net
amita aunt (E.): ama onomatopoeic, cf. amma Hesych. bfifids mother,
ONor. amma grandmother, Assyrian ummi mother; with parti-
cipial ending quasi fr. amd.
amnis river : = *abnis abh-n-, cf.abh-en- Mir. abann (E. Avon), and
ambh- Gaulish ambe rivo, Sk. dmbhas water,
amd love choose,' fr. emd take.
:
'
a/ivffffa) I tear.
tamygdalum almond (E.) *&fitySaKov, fafivySfan, Semitic. :
ancile oval shield = *am-clde cut around,' am- (see amplus) + caedo?
:
*
f
ancilla handmand Dimin. of *ancula, cf. Fest. anculd serve: ^ ^ /?
:
fancora anchor (E.) Hytcvpa, cf. kyic&v arm ('bent ') ending on anal. : :
of remora hindrance ? *
'
Fest.) ?
anfr-actus winding Osc. amfr- around (formed from amb-, see ambuU, :
as super from *sup, sub cf. Fest. ambr-ices bars, fr. jacio) + ago -fr- : :
anguis snake NGvf-, Lit. angis, cf. ngv- OHG. unc snake.
:
Hardly add Olr. eao-ung eel (Stokes, Celtic Declension, p. 29) quasi
fen-snake '.
'
angulus corner: OSlav. oglU, cf. (without the nasal) Sk. dgram
point.
anhelus panting : = *anllus {h from hal6) Adj. (cf crOd-Slis) from an-, sq. .
Digitized by VjOOQlC s
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
anima air, animus soul: &v€/jlos wind, Olr. anim air, from an- Got.
us-anan expire, OSlav. vonja odor, Zd. amika face Sk. an- breathe.
annus anus year = *asnos, asn- cf. ason- Got. asans harvest E. earn,
:
anser goose = *hansis, Mir. geis swan, Lit. zysis goose OSlav. gasl
:
(with g- from Teutonic), cf (1) ghans- Ags. gos, Sk. haiisas, ghans- .
Not add Arm. sag goose quasi = *gas as soon make dog the Clas- :
Locative fr. antes fani opposite, cf. Got. and towards E. and answer
:
tclope, Lit. ant on, and ijfTi Sk. dnti opposite, NTf Got. und to E.
unto, nt- Olr. #an forehead.
ante-cello excel :
' rise before,' *cel-no, see celsus.
ante-mna (for the ending cf. la-mna) antenna (quasi fr. ten-do) sail-
yard: ante.) 'against' the mast, cf. Atvtemnae 'opposite' the junction
tantrum cave &vrpov from an- anima, cf. Plin. 2. 208 quae spiracula
: :
anulus ring anus tcucrfaios (in two senses) Olr. dnne ring. :
hvvis.
E. of off after awkward ebb evening, from apo faro, Zd. apa Sk. dpa
away, + er- raise, see orior.
apex top ' point of junction,'
: fr. apiscor.
aqua acua water (E. ewer sewer) Got. ahva Ags. l-ge (= : *e£-ja, ed-
from au-, av-, ahv-) island E. i-s-land ey-ot Angles-ey.
"\
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
aquila eagle (E. : the *dark' bird) aquilo north wind ('dark' with
storm) aquilus dark = *aquudus *ak-vo-dos, cf. Osc. Akudunniad
:
arbos tree abdh-, Lit. ardai frame made of bars OSlav. ras-ta
:
areo am dry
argentum silver (Olr. arget): bgento- cf. bgeto- Osc. aragetud Abl.,
and bgeto- Arm. arcath, Zd. erezata 'white,' from bg- apy6s white :
ipyvpos silver, cf. ebg- W. eira snow, Got. un-airkns unholy, Sk.
drjunas white drjunam silver arj- shine.
targilla (quasi Adj., so. terra) white clay: ZpyiWos &pyl\os, fr. praeced.
arguo prove (' make clear ') argiitus clear fr. argentum. :
aries ram : *erie't- t cf. Lit. tras lamb OSlav. jarina wool,
arista awn:
hardly = *osi8td burr6s arrow, from the shape,t
annus shoulder: bm<5s, Got. arms arm E., OSlav. rame, shoulder^ Zd.
arema arm Sk. Irmds cf. bm^s, Pruss. irmo, Arm. arm-ukn elbow.
;
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
aro plough : cf. &p6w, W. ar tilth, Got. arjan to plough OE. ear Verb,
Lit. drti OSlav. orati, Arm. ar&r a plough,
arquatus jaundiced: 'yellow as the rainbow,' arquus = areas.
farrabo pledge (E. earnest Subst.) •YtypafMv, Heb. trabhon. :
ars skill |Tf-, Sk. ftis attack, cf. OHG. art nature
: going,' see orior. ;
*
artus Adj. close (also spelt arctus quasi fr. arced), Subst joint ar- :
ap-ap-l(TK(c fit.
Zenker 36 b)
asper (asper late, Diomedes Keil 1. 431) rough = *abs-per unattrac- :
ast but = *ads-te, i.e. *ad-s from ad (see abs) + ti Loc. fr. to, see turn,
:
1
thereto \
tastrum star : torpor, see stella.
tastu city f&orv : : .
astus craft / ^
at ad but: hr-ip, Got. ath th^n, Olr. a#fc- back (= *ati-), Lit. a*- OSlav.
ottifrom, Sk. a* further (= H to + *a*).
atat attat Interj. cf. (with short vowels) hrrarai, ONor. cUatata, Lit. a*.
:
ater black: NUmbr. adro ji&ava: odh-b<5-, cf. Lit. jtidas, and ondh-ba,
see umbra.
tatrium hall Etruscan (Varro).:
atroz fierce fr. *atriis (cf. ferbx fr. ferus), od-r<58 fr. odium.
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
audio hear: by-form (see condio) of *audo from *au-dus *aus-dus Adj.,
fr. aur-is + term. -do-.
au-fero take away : Pruss. aw- away (see clepo) OSlav. u-, Sk. dva.
auged augv- Olr. 6g entire, Got. aukan multiply E. eke
increase :
Verb n-iefc-name y-ean, Lit. dugu I grow, Arm. oil strength, Zd.
aojahh Sk. ojas : see owe?i.
augur auger soothsayer :
* authority,' fr. praeced.
taula court : av\4\
taura breeze, gleam Aen. 6, 204 (E. soar) atipa breeze :
auris ear: = *ousis. Lit. ausis, cf. oZs (= *o&r-as), Olr. o, Got. auso
Ags. eare E., OSlav. uho: orifice,' cf. ds. '
aur-dra (an Adj. -ending) dawn: ous-, cf. Ags. eds-t east E., Lit. ausz-ra
dawn OSlav. u-tro (i.e. *us-t-ro), and us- Zd. ushanh Sk. ush : fr. Urd,
*when the sun begins to burn '.
Not add (1) aVpiov to-morrow: (2) afas ijdts dawn, i.e. *h-f<i>-s (cf.
Hesych. &&u> early), fr. tf-(f)7j-/u blow, from the morning
breeze.
aurum drum gold (E. oriel m-flamme oriole): Pruss. ausis Lit. duksas:
ausculto listen (E. scout) fr. *auscula Dimin. of aur-is (as caecultd :
1
am dim-sighted fr. *caeculus). '
tauster south wind *aZa rpos fr. alos dry, see sudus. :
,
aut or OUmbr. ute fr. aZ again, Got. au-k also E. efo? Adverb, + *te,
: :
see as*.
avena oats: * rustic' for *avina = *ovis-na t cf. Lit. aveiz-d OSlav. ovls-Xi:
4
eaten by sheep,' fr. ovis ?
aveo haveo for,' bita ( = hf-iu) perceive, Olr. conn-oi
desire : * watch
qui servat, OSlav. w-mii mind, Sk. av- favor.
avis bird (E. ostrich) = *ovi-s cf otoWs ( = bfi-uv6s). : i .
Digitized by VjOOQlC
io ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
axilla armpit (Mir. ochsal): sq., cf. W. echel axle, OHG. ahsala
shoulder E. axle. ,
axis assis axle (E. ashlar): Lit. aszis OSlav. ost: aks-, tf|«j/, OHG.
alisa, Sk. dkshas.
tbabae Interj. : &a&ai, Lit. ftafoi, cf. Lat. babulus fool, Sk. bababa
crackling.
baca bacca berry (E. fay-tree) = *bat-ca, Cyprian frdna mulberries BB.:
15.93?
tbaccar Celtic valerian: iftdiacapis, Lydian (Schol. Aesch. Pers. 41
Avttiv fxvpov).
baculum staff : cf. fidic-Tpov, Hesych. fidicnis strong :
*
supporter,' see
imbecillus.
bajulus porter (E. bail) *bagiolus = *baciohis fr. praeced. (see pulejum).
:
tbalanus acorn frdXavos, GV£- cf. Lit. gile, Arm. ka\in, and gvel-
:
OSlav. ieladl •
dropt,' gvl- $d\Xu throw, gvel- OHG. quellan
:
""onomatopoeic.
^ baliolus brown (of an African, Plaut. Poen. 1301) : Dimin. of badhis,
see variu8.
Not fr. fia\i6s dappled,
tbalneum balineum bath: fraKaveiov : 'dropping, vapor-bath,' see
balanus.
bald bleat fr. *bdla Adj. Fern, from *bd cry of sheep E. baa.
:
So Varro's belt bleat fr. *bela Adj. Fern, from bee (i.e. be, firj) cry of
tbalsamum balm (E.) : ffidtoafiov (for the A see palma*), Heb. besem.
tbalteus belt (Ags. E. belt) : Etruscan (Varro).
tbarathrum pit : fidpadpov, fr. vord.
barba beard (W. barf) : dialectic for *farba, bhardh-, Ags. beard E.,
OSlav. brada t
cf. Lit. barz-dk.
tbarbarus foreign (E. brave): pdp&apos, brb- Lit. birbiii I buzz, cf.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON n
_+barrus elephant = *barus, Babylonian biru (Sayce).
:
bed gladden
•fberyllus beryl (E. brilliant) : -\-frfipvk\os (Arab, billur crystal Zenker
208 b), Sk. vaicluryas catseye.
bes bessis two-thirds : = *du-essis, duo + assis, see as (' unit ').
bibo drink (E. beverage imbrue) : onomatopoeic for *pibo, Olr. ibid
drink ye, Sk. pibami I drink.
bi-fariam in two parts :
bilis gall
bimus two years old = *bi-hlmus two winters old (cf. Got. tvalib-
:
vintru8 twelve years old,' E. twinter beast two years old '), fr. bis
' *
+ x«*A"« winter (see hiems), with which go also x^f^P05 g°a* ('year-
ling '), Mir. gamuin yearling calf, ONor. yymbr yearling lamb Scotch
gimmer.
bi-pennis bi-pinnis two-edged (E. pimpernel) : OLat. pennus sharp Isid.
Orig. 11. 1. 46
bis duis (Fest.) twice : = *dvis, Ms, MHG. zuris, Sk. dvis, Zd. bi~ two-,
fr. duo.
tbito beto baetd go Osc. battels thou comest, gvait- cf. Olr. to-blth
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC
12 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
Lit. bldke.
^tblennus dolt 0\ew6s driveling, cf. &K4vva mucus.
:
tblitum orach frxirov = *fi\lroy fr. fi4\i honey (see mel), cf. NHG.
: :
+boo bovo roar: &oda> (*fiopdw) gvov- gvou- Lit. gauju I howl, t
cf. gvu-
Sk. gu- be heard,
tboreas north wind faptas, Thracian for *<t>op4ds ventus ferens fr.
:
'
'
gvou-, &ovs, Olr. bo, Ags. cu cow E., Lett, gows OSlav. govedo ox,
Arm. kov cow, Zd. gaus ox Sk. gaus.
bracae braccae breeches Gaulish (Diodorus Siculus), from Teutonic, :
* Ags. brdc E.
tbracchium brachium arm (W. braich, E. brace &c. branch) = *brac- :
chlum from *&pdicxiov for *fipdxioy (as frp6icxos for &p6xos), by-form of
Ppaxtov fr. flpaxvs (see brevis), shorter than the leg.
:
'
'
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 13
^ bufo toad : cf. Low Lat. buffs,re (E. buffer buffet &c. pop puff) to in-
flate (as (pva-aXos toad fr. Qvtrdu blow)
tbulbus onion &o\&6s : :
bulla bubble, knob (E. bill boil Vb. bull 2 &c.) : dialectic for *folia fr.
follis.
biiris ploughbeam : = *gvd-ris cf . gvo- yvrjs ?
bustum tomb see ambUrd. :
tbuxus box (E. E. blunder-&wss booze bushel bust) : */8tJ|os for "tirv^os :
cacumen top fr. *cacuo fit, praeced. (cf. apex top fr. apo fasten).
:
cada-ver (cf. papa-ver, term, -ves) corpse : fr. *cad6 by-form of sq. (cf.
caecus cecus blind koik<5s koikvWco gape about, Olr. : caech one-eyed,
cf.KofKOS Got. haihs.
caedo cut (E. chisel excise scissors) kvaidh-, cf. skvaidh- Got. skaidan :
caenum dirt
tcaepe cepe onion (E. chive, NHG. zunebel) : quasi Adj. Neut. (like
turpe) for *caepium, **^irioi/, cf. Hesych. Kama (Plur.) garlic, fr. ktjitos
Digitized by VjOOQlC
i 4 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
caestus gauntlet
tcaetra cetra shield Spanish, Hesych. ko.itpia.. :
caled glow (E. caldron caudle chafe nonchalant scald) : kei/-, of. K£- Lit.
grow warm,
szilti
callum hard skin (E. gall Vb.) kvlnom, cf. kvlnos Sk. kiims. :
calo summon Kf-, cf kl- Kdkeu call, kel- k4\o/j.cu, kol- OHG. hcti&n
: .
tcamera vault (E. chamber comrade) \icafuipa, : cf. Zd. kameredha skull
('arched').
fcaminus furnace (E. chimney): k&iuvos: 'stone hearth,' cf. Ags. hamor
hammer E. (orig. of flint), and (with a) OSlav. kamenl stone.
^ tcammarus lobster: ficdnnapos, fKopapis, ONor. fhumarr: praeced.,
'
like a stone ' ?
campus field (E. camp &c. scamp shamble) cf. kap- ktjitos garden, Ags. :
cancelli lattice (E. chancel chancery) : cancrl Fest.: 'like a crab's claws,'
sq., see career.
cancer crab (E. canker) : Dissim. for *carcer, cf. KapK-ivos (Sk. karkin).
canded shine : = *cend46, cf. ac-cend6 fire, kvbnd- Sk. cand shine.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 15
canis dog (E. canary kennel') : K-voNfs, cf. k-von- Sk. cvdn-, k-von k<W
(for *Kf6v, *k6v v from oblique cases), Arm. hen, Zd. cpa?t- short
: :
form KUNfs Lit. szunis, cf. kun- KtW Ace, Olr. cow Gen. (Nom. cu:
E. cmo), Sk. ctffi- (and kun-to*s Got. hunds E. hound*!).
tcanistmm basket fKikvitrrpov, fr. sq., made of reeds
:
*
'.
cand sing (E. cant &c.) Olr. canaid canit, Got. hana cock E. hen.
:
in Egypt) ?
fcantharus tankard (E.) Kdvdapos, praeced., like a beetle inverted '.
:
'
caper goat (E. cab caper 1 caprice) icdirpos boar, : Ags. hafer goat: 'strong-
scented ? '
capid take (Olr. cacht capta, E. cable casket catch cater chase regatta
window-sash scaffold) = *cepio, kvep-, cf. kvop- Got. hafts joined,
:
kvep- cepi Perf., kvop- xtfonj handle, and kvomp- Lett, kampt seize.
Hardly add Got. hafjan raise E. heave behove on account of the ,
meaning.
capis bowl capacious,' praeced.
:
*
caput head (E. achieve cabbage cad cadastre cape 2 cattle chattel chief cor-
poral &c.) kvap- Ags. hafela Sk. kapdlam pot, skull.
:
t
Carian (Pollux).
carbd charcoal : k§b-6n-, cf. corbis, ' carried in a basket ' (Ar. Ach. 333
\dpxos charcoal-burner's basket).
career enclosure (Sicil. ndpnapov) grating,' see cancelli. :
'
cardo pivot: k^d-on, cf. kbd- cor, 'heart, centre,' kerd- OSlav. sreda
middle.
a
1 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
carduus thistle (E. card Vb.) kvhd-, shaking,' cf. *<fy>3d£ a dance, Sk. :
*
carex rush
caries decay : = *cadies fr. cado.
carina hull (E. careen) :
carpo pluck (E. car'pet scarce) kvrp-, cf. kvrp- Kapw6s fruit, Sk. krpdnas :
cassis hunting-net
tcassis helmet Etrusc. (Isid.). :
+ Xcrrrifii.
catena chain (E. E. chignon): 'capturing,' kbt-, cf. rent- Got. fra-
hinthan seize.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 17
catulus whelp
tcatus sharp (Mir. cath wise) Sabine (Varr. L. L. 7. 46) of. Zd. fa- : :
cut Sk. ca- sharpen, see cos. (Ablant a or catus may = *cot6s.) : ;
cauda tail (E. coward cue) cf. skaud- Got. skauts hem of a garment :
caulae passages, caulis stalk (E. cole kail) ieav\6s, Lit. kdulas bone :
(< hollow').
caupo copo huckster : foreign ?
Got. kaupon to traffic (Lit. kupczius merchant OSlav. kupicl) E.
chaffer chapman cheap cope Vb. keep go rather with Got. kaupatjan
strike (so. a bargain).
, caurus N. W. wind Lit. szidure N. wind. :
cavus hollow (E. cage cajole gabion gaol): = *covos, ko?\os (= *k6/:i\os)
Hesych. k6oi cavities.
-ce Demonstrative Mir. : ce this, Got. -h (in thauA yet E. though),
Arm. s this.
cedo give thou : *ce-do, praeced. (cf . Osc. ce-bn-ust venerit) + root of
do-num.
cedo go
tcedrus cedar (E.): fie&pos, cf. Sk. kadaras mimosa (late: borrowed
from Gk. ?).
celeber frequented *quele-bri- see colo. :
i
celer quick kvbl- cf k4\tjs racehorse iceKeto urge, Zd. car- go Sk. car-
: .
move.
c
cella storeroom covered place,' see sq.
:
celo hide kbl-, cf . kel- Mir. celim I hide, kl- Got. huljan to cover
:
celsus high Part, of * cello raise (-sus for -tus from Perf. *celsi), rc\\a>
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC
iS ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
cena caena caesna (Fest.) coena dinner (E.): NUmbr. sesna Ace. ;
=
*caers-na t see silicemium, kairs-na :
cento patchwork event-, cf. kvont- Sk. kanthd, kvot- OHG. hadara,
:
rag.
centum 100: kmt(5m, k-Kar6v, Olr. cU y
Got. hund E. hundred, Lit.
szimtas OSlav. s#fo, Zd. catem Sk. ? ato.
tcepolendrum a spice : Ktjxos garden (see campus) +?
cera wax (Ir. ceir) K-qp6s : :
tcerasus cherry-tree (E. cherry, OHG. kirsd whence Lit. czeresna OSlav.
creSinja) : \iccpaff6s :
ciras; also kers- ONor. hjarsi crown of the head, krs- Arm. sar
(= *sars) top, and krs- k6p<ti\ temple, Sk. cirshdm head.
cerno separate: kver-, Mir. cert right ('decided'), cf. skver- Ags.
sceran cut E. shear &c, skvr- Lit. skirti to separate.
Not = *crind, Kpivw decide (see crlbrum), or Perf. would be *crlvi.
cernuus headlong: kvern- skull, Got. hvaimei concave (cf. E. ; ' '
skull beside ONor. skdl bowl), Ktpvos dish, ONor. hverna pan.
cerritus crazed kvers-, cf. kvrs- tytcdpcrios slantwise, skvers- Lit.
:
Kt)p6s wax.
cervix neck: == *crivlx fr. kreivos bent, Lit. kretwas OSlav. krivU
(cf. OSlav. vratti neck fr. vratiti to turn),
cervus stag: kvervos W. carw, cf. kvorva Lit. kdrue cow OSlav.
krava :
*
horned, ' fr. icep-as horn.
tcestrosphendone an engine : *Ke<rrpo<r<pevb6vr) i fr. Ke<rrpa bolt + <r<j>€v-
$6vr\ sling,
ceu whether *queu = qui-ve (as seu = si-ve), qui (Abl. of qui) + -ve.
:
tchara horse-radish
tcharta paper (E. card cartridge) tx<fpT7js, Egyptian (see papyrus). :
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 19
ciconia (for the term. cf. Favonius) stork sq., from : its reputed affec-
tion for its parents.
cicur tame : *cecur, kvekv-, cf. Horn. *-e'*w gentle.
ciciita hemlock (W. cegid cecys, whence OE. kex): praeced., domes-
ticated, grown in gardens,' from a Vb. *cicuo.
cieo cid move (E. cite) : cf. kIw go, Corn, ce go thou Zeuss 586 a.
cimex bug :
cingo gird (E. shingles) = *cungvo from *congvo, cf. k6/a&os band. :
cis within cf. -ki (in ovkI not TcoWdtci often), Got. hi-na this Ags. E.
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC
20 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
clamo shout (E. claim) : fr. Subst. *cldma (ci. fa-ma), k£-, see cal6.
clandestinus secret: = *clandestrinus (see mediastlnus) fr. *clandester
formed (on anal, of equester pedester) from *clande=clam (as quamde =
quam : so clade Miiller on Fest. p. 47 = *cld i.e. cla-m).
clangd clang (E.) : kvlangv- K\ayyft Subst., cf. kvlagv- Lit. klageti
cackle.
clarus bright (E. clear claret)
classis division : = *clad-tis cutting, fr. clddSs ?
claudo clodo cliidd shut (OHG. sliozan from excludere) : *claudus Adj.,
fr. clavis + term. -do-.
claudus lame : klau-, cf. Sk. cro-nds, + term. -do-.
clava club
clavis key : K\ri(F)is :
clemens mild
clepo steal : Got. hlifan E. shop-fo/ter, Pruss. bu-klipts hidden, cf.
jcAeirrw steal.
cliens client : Part, of clued, ' obedient \
clipeus clupeus shield — *clopeus cf. clepo, * cover,' OSlav. ipo-klopU lid.
:
cf. klu- cluo cleanse and klu-d- k\6(co wash, Got. hlutrs clean.
clued am reputed: klxj- k\6w hear, Zd. Sk. cm-, see inclutus; cf. kleu-
K\c(f)os glory, Olr. clu rumour, Got. hliu-ma hearing E. lumbering,
OSlav. sluti be famous, Sk. crdvas sound, and klou-s- OW. clusteu
ears Zeuss 285 b, Ags. hlystan listen E., Lit. klauspti (with k- from
Teutonic) OSlav. sluhU hearing, klu-s- Sk. crush- hear.
clunis haunch : = *clounis, *k\ovvls k\6vls (cf . fiovvos /xSvos) os sacrum,
W. clun hip, ONor. hlaunn haunch, Lit. szlaunis hip, Zd. craoni Sk.
cronis.
clurinus apish dura ape :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 21
tcolaphus cuff (E. copse, Fr. coup blow couper cut) kSkoQos, cf. Ko\dirrw :
peck:
tcoliphia colyphia loin-pieces Plur. from icwxfyiov ham Phrynichus p. :
kvolnus Gk)t. hallus rock: Nom. kvolSn, whence ko\<ov6s hill: 'rise,'
fr. celsus.
colostra Westings
coluber colober snake (E. culverin) :
'
turning, ' cf. *6\os axis, fr. cold.
dive :
4
ducking its head ' (cf. E. dove fr. dive).
columen top 4
turning '-point (cf vertex top fr. verto), see cold coluber.
: .
colurnus (1) of hazel (Serv.) Metath. for *corul-nus fr. coralus corylus. :
colus distaff
not revolving,
'
' fr. cold celer t as the distaff was held stationary,
tcoma hair kSjult) : :
tcdjiri village).
como arrangeput together,' from *com (see comix).
:
*
*co-imo from emo take would give *coemo, cf coetus beside coitus in . :
compesco confine : *pdsco fix = *pac-sco fr. padscor y cf. Plin. dispesco
separate,
compilo rob
compitum cross-road pets go '. :
'
con- with (before any cons, hutp, 6, m) : Olr. con- ; = *com, cum.
tconcha shell : K6yx*ii see congius.
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22 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
tconchis lentils: *conchus, K6y\os dialectic for *ic6yicos, cf. Sk. kankus
millet.
concinnus neat : • harmonious, *
= *concen-nus from con-cino sound to-
gether.
*
concipilo finish off (Plaut. uses in the same sense * offatim conficiam
and '
offatim concipilabo ') : dialectic for *concumul6 or *concubI6 fr.
cumulus.
condalium (in Plaut. prob. trisyllabic) ring: fr. f*condus, Hesych.
k6v$os knob, Sk. kandas lump.
condicio agreement dik- cf deik- died, fix : .
'
'.
from *pinsio sancio beside pistum sanctum from pinso *sanco), see -do.
confuto check *futus Part. fr. dhu- ONor. dyja shake, Sk. dhu-.
:
congruo meet: *fall in with,' from *grud fall, Lit. griuti fall down,
gvrO- cf. gvrou- gravis.
coniveo connived cog^niveo wink from *nigveoi see nlctd. :
conor attempt
conquinisco cower: from *qua-n-isco (ci. fruniscor beside fruor), *qua-no t
Perf. conquexi and Part, quactum driven together Isid. Orig. 20. 2.
35 are from the fuller kvak- KaTa-irrcucdv crouching, cf. kvak-
irri\<T<r<o crouch.
considero inspect
hardly (1) fr. consido am in session, from sidd, as 'look at' seems the
orig. meaning : (2)
'
look at something bright,' svid- cf. svid- Lit.
s-widiis shining,
consilium assembly fr. sedeo. :
consulo deliberate :
*
sit together, ' praeced.
contamino blend : fr.*tagmen touching, tango.
cdntio (cdntio late, Diomedes, Keil 1. 433) meeting :=*coventio dialectic
form (see curia) for conventio.
contumax insolent, contumelia insult turned swell (with pride). :
hardly add (1) ONor. Mnn knob, on account of the vowel (2) Sk. :
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON. 23
convexus vaulted : *vaxus Part, (for the term* see celsus) of *vac5 bend,
see vacilld.
convlcium outcry : fr. vicus, meeting in the street '.—Also spelt
'
convi-
Hum as tho' fr. vita, ' meeting of guests '.
tcophinus basket fic6<l>ivos : :
coquo cook (E. E. coke cockney kitchen apricot biscuit) = *quequ6 kvekv- :
y
treicwv ripe, kvokv- W. pobi bake blending of the forms kvep- Lit. :
keph I bake and pekv- »eV(ra I cook, OSlav. peka, Zd. Sk. pox- cook.
cor heart cord- = krd-, Kaptla KpaSi-q, Olr. cride, Lit. szirdis OSlav.
:
sr&dlce srldlce, Sk. hfd, cf. kerd- Kepdea wiles (' intelligence '), Mir.
cerd art, Got. hairto heart E., Arm. sirt, Zd. zarad- (in zaraz-dditi
devotion), see cardd.
tcoralium coral *K<opd\iov Dor. for ticovpd\iov
: :
corbita hoy (E. corvette) praeced., carrying a basket : « full of stones ' to
serve as an anchor (cW).
tcordax a dance *(fy>5d£, see carduus.
:
corium hide (E. cuirass quarry 2 scourge) = *querium, kver-, cf. Sk. :
airman.
comix crow fr. *corna (see coxendix), korn- cf. korn- Hesych.
: K6pa<pos
a bird Nom. koron (see collis), whence KopAvri crow.
:
icdpvos trumpet (Hesych.), Got. haurn horn E., cf. krn-gvo- Sk.
cfngam, see crambe.
cornus cornel krn-, Kpdveta.
:
corpus body (E. corps corpse) kvbp- npaxlSes midriff, Zd. kehrp body :
Sk. krp form, cf. kvrep- irpevco appear, Ags. hrif womb E. midriff.
cortex bark (E. cork) = *quertex cut off (cf. E. bark fr. break),
: %
'
'
kvert- Lit. kertii I strike, cf. kvort- OSlav. krattiM, short, Zd. karet-
cut Sk. kart-y and kvrent- Ags. hrendan cut down (Skeat) E. rend.
cortina curtina caldron: fr. curtus* 'cut down,' not tall like the am-
phora, cf. Lucr. 4. 1026 dolia curta. .
cor-uscus scor-iscus (Probi Appendix, Keil 4. 198 ; for the term. cf.
labrusca mollUscus marisca vopiscus) waving
corvus raven (Mir. crU E. cormorant) kor- K6p-a£ ; : :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
24 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
cos flint : ko-tis cf. ko-nos Sk. canas grindstone, ca sharpen, see cat us.
costa rib (E. accost coast costermongei cutlet) cf. OSlav. kostX bone ? :
tcottana cdtona coctana small figs t^Tovo, Syrian (Plin. 13. : 51),
Heb. qlton little.
cotti-die cdti-die (cf. Oatull. 68. 141 cotUjana MSS. Mart. 11. 1. 2 :
crabro hornet = *crds-rdn, kbs- cf. krs- Lit. szirszen- (Nom. szirszu)
:
crapula intoxication
not fr. KpaiirdXrj.
eras to-morrow = *crdss from crassum close (i.e. near '), sq. ?
:
l
'
*
crassus thick (E. grease) matted,' = *crat-t6s kvSt- cf. kvebt- Olr.
:
'
Got. hardus hard E., Sk. kathinas hard katas wickerwork kart- spin, sq.
cratis wickerwork (E. grate grill) Kv&rf- cartilagd gristle ('meshed'), :
cf. kvrt- icdpraXos basket uparfo strong, Got. haurds door (orig. of
cretim I believe, Sk. crdd-dha- *put the heart to,' from believe;
kred- kerd- under cor, + -d6. A word of the Ursprache, and so
cf.
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 25
crepida slipper
not from Kprjiris military boot, see sq.
crepido foundation
not from Kprpris basement
crepo rattle = *crequ6 kvrekv- Kp4icco make a noise by striking,
:
t
creta chalk (Olr. ere clay E. crayon) sifted,' critics Part, of cerno.
; :
4
cruor blood: = *cr®8~6r, cf. Mir. crW. 'curdled, thick' (as opp. water),
fr. crUs-ta.
eras leg from knee to ankle: 'hard' (as opp. the thigh), fr. sq., cf.
instrument of torture) ?
cubitum elbow (Sicil. nifrnov) kvub- bent,' Got. hups hip E. E. hoop:
*
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26 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
? cucus cuckoo (Plaut. Persa 173 Ritschl, from Gruter MSS. cujus) ; :
fr. cucHlus.
'
cudo strike: fr. *cUdu8 Adj., kvou- cf. *olri grass (= *»of-^, struck
by the sithe), Ags. hea-van hew E. E. hay hoe, Lit. kauti fight OSlav.
kovati strike.
culcita pillow (W. cylched, E. quilt cushion counterpane): * rounded,*
kvxjlkv- Lit. kulkd ball, cf. kvulkv- Sk. kUrcds cushion.
culex gnat (Ir. cuU) wheeling in its flight, fr. cold celer.
:
*
'
*
culina colina kitchen (E. kiln) fr. cold, quod ibi colebant :
'
ignem
(Varr.).
culleus culeus : cf . cdleus scrotum : fr. caulae,
l
having a mouth '.
culmus stalk : klmos K&Kafxos, cf. kolmos Ags. healm E. haulm, OSlav.
slama.
culpa colpa fault (E. culprit) :
kutys purse. .
..,-.'".•
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 27
cupa tub (E. coop cup cupola coif cuff goblet kibe OSlav. kupa cup) ;
kvup- Sk. k&pas pit, cf. kvup- kv*(Wov cup, Ags. hyfi hive E.
cupid desire (E. covet) kvop- cf. kvbp- capiS, try to take
: (see i
'
am6).
cuppes ciipes dainty greedy/ kvop- long form of praeced., cf Lucr.
:
'
.
tree.
cur quor why : = *quod Abl. of qui .
cura care (E. proctor proxy scour sure) : = *coisa t Pselignian coisatens
curaverunt, kvois-, cf. kvis- t€-ti(<t)-i7c&s sorrowing.
curculio weevil *curculus thin, kvrk- cf. kvork- Zd. karec- be thin
:
conventu.
curro run (E. corridor corsair): = *quorso kvrs- MHG. hurren move- i
quickly E. hurrah.
curtus mutilated (E. curtail, OHG. kwrz short): krt6s icaprSs sliced,
Part. ker- Kclpw cut, Mir. cert small, Got. hairus sword.
fr.
cutis skin kut- 4y-Kvri close ('on the skin ';, cf. kuti- Ags. hyd hide E.
:
tcybaea transport *icv&ala Adj. Fern. fr. *Kifa by-form of Ktufa, see
:
cymba.
tcycnus cygnus swan (E. cygnet): kvkvos: kukv- Sk. cukrds bright,
white.
tcymba cumba boat (E. coomb): icv^ri boat, cup, cf. khvumbh- Zd.
khumba pot Sk. kumbhds.
tcymbalum cymbal (E* chime) : KVfxfraXov :
*
cup-shaped,' fr. praeced.
tcytisus clover : \K{nuro s
Digitized by VjOOQlC
28 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
de-fendd repel (E. fend fender) 'beat off,' cf. of-fendd strike against :
de-frutum (Plaut.) must boiled down: bhboutom Ags. bread bread E.,
cf. BHRtfroM Thracian fyvrov beer, Parts, fr. bhreu- Ags. breovaii
5&<J>a| porker tic\<pfo womb, cf . gvolbh- Got. kalbo calf E. Zd. garewa ,
dens tooth: dnt- Olr. del, Got. tunthm E. E. tusk, Zd. dahtan Sk
ddntas, cf, dont- Lit. dan&s and- with copulative prefix 6-5ot5s: Part.
(with reduced root) of edo,
densus thick : = * dent-tils Part. fr. dnt-, cf. Zaavs — Sgr-fa.
/ depso knead :
5fy«, cf. desp- OHG. zispan tread on ; from debh- MQu
knead,
desidero long for
hardly (1) 'miss from the session,' fr. stdo: (2) 'fail to see,' see
considerd.
de-stino make fast : from * stand *sta~no
y
set, sta- <rrdtris standing, Mir.
scssed (= Got. sta-n-dan stand E., and sta- st6.
*si-sta-tu-), cf.
deterior worse (for term, cf exterior interior) degenerate, * detents . : ' '
from de.
deus god (E. deuce) : = *d&ous, divus.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 29
dexter right : Comparative form, cf. ^tr€p6s, from deks- t^rfs; Olr.
dess, Got. taihs-va, cf. de*ksinos Lit. destine right hand OSlav. deslnti
right, Zd. dashina Sk. ddkshinas.
tdiaeta diet (E.) : 8f-aira maintenance, fr. ttd through + atwfiai take,
Osc. aeteis partis.
tdica lawsuit Stay, : fr. sq.
dicax witty, dicio command, dicis (Gen.) form, died consecrate : dik-
Zd. dig- show Sk. die- point, cf. sq.
dico deico say (E. dight ditty) deik- feUvvfu show, Got. %&-teihaji pro-:
dies dies day (E. journey sojourn) die- cf. dje- Sk. dydus sky, day, see :
di-ligo love from *lego care for, cf. intel-lego neg-lego (all three with
:
be, cf. Serv. Aen. 3. 235 Sabini et Umbri, quae nos mala, dira
appellant.
dis- (Got. dis-tairan burst) di- apart : lost cases fr. duo, '
in two, ' cf
Got. ftrw-standan to separate.
discipulus pupil : = *disci-blus Adj. (see duplus) fr. sq.
disco learn = *dic-8co fr. dico, ' have pointed out to me \
:
tdiscus quoit (E. dish dais desk) Mcricos, = *8f*c-(TKos fr. tiice'iv throw. :
di-stinguo divide :
* strike asunder,' see stinguo.
tdithyrambus hymn to Bacchus: irMpapfros (for term, see iambus
triumphus) :
diurnus by day: fr. *dius day, Olr. die (= *di-jos), cf. dies, with term.
of nocturnus by night, ytJicrwp.
dives rich godlike, blest,' fr. dims.
:
'
dlvus deivos dius god divum sky (as home of the gods) deiv- Lit. :
diewas god, Sk. devds, cf. div- Stos divine, Mir. dia god, ONor. tivi
Ags. Tives-d&g Tuesday E.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
3o ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
-do enclitic (in endo quando, and see idoneiis) : do to, Ags. to E., cf. r>o
Olr. do, OSlav. do, see d6nec.
do give (E. dado dice) = *da-6, : cf. 5<{-vo* gift, Ann. ta-m I give, r>A-
weak form of do- ddnum.
-do put (in cre-dd) for -deo -dS5 (by analogy of abdo &c.), dhe- rl$ri/uLi t
:
Got. gb-dSds action E. deed, Lit. d2mi I place OSlav. dej'g,, Zd. (ia- put
Sk. dha-, cf. dho- floyufc heap, Got. doms judgment E. doom deem Ags.
ddn do E.
But abdd addd condo dido edo indo obdd perdd reddo subdo vendd are
from Adjs. *ab-dus &c, cf. condus one who lays up from con-. *
'
doceo teach
dodrans three-fourths = *doquadrans from *dd by-form of de (see non
:
sixths = de + sextans,
doled suffer : am beaten,'
fr. dold.
*
dolium jar
dolo pike, studding-sail (triangular, like the head of a pike Polyb. :
f$6\av, while Plut.'s 86\<ov stiletto is fr. 86\os) sq., striking (of.
*
' :
'
'
domo tame (E. daunt) dom- W. dofi, Got. g&,-tamjan E., Sk. dam-
:
control, cf. dm- tiapdfa, Olr. io-daimim I suffer (' am tamed ').
domus house SSfios, Olr. dom, OSlav. domU, Zd. dema Sk. damds, cf. dm-
:
Arm. tun house ( = *tm-an) fr. S^ua build, Got. timrjan E. timber.
:
donee donique (on anal, of neque beside nee) donicum till do- to (see :
* *
druim %
dubius doubtful (E. doubt) fr. *dubus (cf. medius-merus), Pest. dubat
:
duc5 douco draw (E. douche redoubt Bubdue) : = *deuco, deuk- Got.
tiuhan E. fo?0 Jw# tie toil toy tuck Vb. wanton ftouch, cf . duk- <te
leader, Hesych. $atit<r<rc<r6cu be dragged.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 31
-dum now (in dudum nondum) : Ace. Neut., cf. -dam -de -do
dum while : Ace. Neut, from do, see -do.
dumus dumetum dummetum thicket *dusm-, cf. Fest. dusmo :
dumoso
duo duo (Ausonius) two (E. dozen): duvo, OUmbr. tuva (Neut.),
W(f) w OSlav. dtiva, cf. duvo Ho, dvo Got. tvai E. E. twig &c, Zd.
»
ebrius drunk : e (see ex) * very ' + *brius drunk (see so-brius) :
ebulum danewort
tebur ivory (E.) : cf. Egyptian db (Pierret), and perhaps Sk. ibhas
elephant.
e-castor O Castor : *e Interj., cf. t *.
ecce lo : et + -ce. —In comedy also declined (on anal of ille ipse iste),
short for *
Castor and
e Castor ed e Pol-,' Pollux.
edd eat : l&», Mir. esur Put., Got. itan E. E. fret ort, Sk. ad-, see
Ssca.
ejero refuse : formed for S-j&rd on anal, of pej'erd quasi = per-jUrd, see
Digitized by VjOOQlC
32 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
em hem Interj.
e-mined project mun- see prdmunturium, cf. k-n$v<a ward off.
:
emo buy (E. ransom redeem) orig. «take' (Fest.), as in adimo <fcc, :
Mir. fo-emaim I take, cf. m- &/i<£w collect, Lit. imti take OSlav. yeti.
Hence adimo coemo dirimo eximo interlmo perimo redimd, Pert, ademl
&c, and *surimo (see sirempsc) but not comd demo promo sumo, ;
ed go (E. issue) : = *ej6, ei- el/u, Lit. etti to go OSlav. iti, Sk. ay, cf. i-
Got. iddja I went, Ags. gan go (=*ga-i-n; see co~) E., Zd. Sk. i-.
epulae feast
e-quidem indeed e- pronominal element, cf. 4-kuvos he ?
:
equus horse e*k-vos, Olr. ech, Got. aihva- (in aihva-tundi bush, quasi
:
horse's tooth ') Ags. eoh, Zd. acpa- Sk. dcvas, cf. ok-vos Lit. aszwa
'
mare.
TWiros Xkkos horse can hardly be connected.
erga opposite, ergo because of = *edga *edgo, edh- up see ad- + Adj.- :
ending -gvo.
ericius (from an Adj. *Srucus) er hedgehog (E. tvrehin) = *her> Hesych. :
xhp-
erro wander (E. arrant err) : = *ers6, cf. Got. airman mislead OHG.
irrdn err.
eruca colewort (E. rocket 3) :
' like a hedgehog curled up,' er see ericius.
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 33
eras herus master: = *esus, Zd. anhus; 'proprietor,' es- see sum, cf.
arvum?
esca food : =
ed- Got. uz-eta crib, Lit. 'edmi I eat OSlav. jadl
*ed-sca,
food, Sk. ddyas edible,of. ed- edo.
teuax Interj. : *e2a| from evoi, sq. (cf. ir<frra£ from into™).
teuhoe evoe Interj. : tv(f)o?.
teurus S. E. wind: efyos: = *e&r-pos fr. iird, 'scorching'?
ex e (on anal, of de) out of (E. strange) : i£, Olr. ess-, Zd. ash- very
= ek ec-fero carry out, 4k out of, Lit. isz (cf. eg OSlav. izU), + s (cf.
abs- os-).
examen exag-men swarm = : ex + agmen train (fr. ago).
texanclo draw out : i^avrKew, fr. &vr\os hold of a ship.
texcetra snake :
ex-ploro search out: 'strike out,' fr. plodo (as excutio examine fr. quatio
shake).
ex-sul ex-sol (Cassiodorus, Keil 7. 152) exile : fr. sedeo, see consul.
exta internal organs = *enxta btkvsto- Lit. inkstas kidney. Hardly
: —
add ONor. eista testiculus, OSlav. isto, from oisto- (or oikvsto-).
ex-torris banished trs- cf. ters- terreo.
:
ex-uo doff : = *exuvo from *avo clothe, NUmbr. exi-ovihimu let him
assume, Lit. aUti put on shoes, see induo subucula.
faba haba bean (W. ffden) bhab- (or bhabh-) Pruss. babo OSlav. bobil. :
faber smith (E. forge frigate) 'adapter,' dhabh- Got. gs,-daban happen :
fades shape, facio make (E. feat fetish franion surfeit) dhe-k- Olr. :
denim I do, cf. dhS-k- ie^Ka I placed from dhe- Arm. dnem I place, :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
34 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
fagus beech <pny6s oak (see on frdxinus), Ags. bece beech E. E. buck-
:
wheat.
tfala tower Etrusc, cf. Etrusc. falandum sky (Fest.), high
: «
falld deceive (E. fail falter fault) = *fahio, dhvl- Mir. dall blind, cf. :
dhvol- 6o\(p6s turbid 0o\6s mud, Got. dvals dull E. E. dolt Ags.
dvelian mislead.
Not = *falvo, bhalv- <f>av\os slight (= *<p6xpos) Got. balvfan to y
families: 'dweller' in the house (oikIttis), bham- cf. bham- Osc. faamat
he dwells.
fanum temple :
' sacred,' = *fds-num fr. fas.
far spelt: farr- bhar-s-, Ir. bar bread, OSlav. brdslno food, see farina.
Hardly add Ags. bere barley E. E. bam.
farcid cram (E. farce forceme&t) : bhekv- Olr. bare multitude (Stokes
Remarks), ct bhrkv- fortis, <pp&crcr<a fence, bhrekv- seefrcquens.
tfarfarus farferus coltsfoot : Sabine, cf . the river-name Farfarus or
Fabaris : nascitur secundum fluvios Plin. 24. 135.
farina flour : = *faris-na i cf. Got. barizcins of barley, bhar-es- cf.
bhar-s- far.
far! to speak bha- : <fmfil I speak, Olr. ad&o I forbid, OSlav. bajati to
converse.
fas religion
fascino bewitch : fZafficalrca (for *<pa<ricodv<a : Thracian, see boreds ?)
*
bind,' fr. sq.
fascis bundle bhask- (pdo-KuXos wallet.
:
taedet).
fateor own :
' open the mouth,' fet- seefessus, sq.
fatigo fetlgd (Probus, Keil 4. 212) tire ('cause to gape '), fatisco gape
fr. *fetis gaping, fessw.
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 35
fauces pharynx
not fr. Sk. bhukasf opening.
faveo favour: 'give life to,' = *foved, bhou- cf. bhO -fui.
favilla emberd 'glowing,' = */ovllla dhoghv- cf. dhoghv- Sk. ni-d
:
felix fertile : 'nourishing,' fr. *fela breast, 6r;A^, dhE-l- cf. dhe-l- Mir.
del, OHG. tila, sq.
fello felo suck : dhe-l- 6r)\vs female, Lit. dele leech, Sk. dhdrtis suck-
ling: from dhe- 0rj<rdai suck, OSlav. detg infant, Arm. diem I suck,
Zd. da- suck Sk. dhd- t
cf. dhe- Olr. dith suxit, dho- Got. (£addjan
suckle.
femina woman (Ags. faemne maiden; E. female) : 'giving suck,' dhe-,
see praeced.
femur femen thigh
tfenestra festra window
feralis funereal solemn,' fr. fer-iae.
:
' -
of seferre, to rush.
feriae holydays (E. fair Subst.) : = *fesia£ i ci.fes-tus.
ferio strike bher- ONor. berja,
: cf. bhor- Lit. barii I scold OSlav. borja
I fight.
ferme nearly is. fere + Adj. -ending -mo-.
;
fermentum yeast: 'causing movement,' fr. sq., cf. Ags. beorina and
BHOR-MO- E. barm.
fero bear, move: <p4pw bear, Olr. bcrid fert, Got. bairan E. E. barrow'2 ,
OSlav. bera I take, Arm. berem I bear, Zd. bar- bear Sk. bhar-.
ferrum iron (E. farrier)
not (1) Heb. barzel: (2) cf. Ags. bras brass E., ONor. brasa harden by
fire E. brazier.
fertum ferctum cake Part. Neut. of *fergo bake,' bhergv- cf. bhrgv-
:
'
Digitized by VjOOQlC
36 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
ferns wild (E. fierce)
not gh-v-eb- <^p dtp beast, Lit. zimeris OSlav. zverl.
cf.
festino hasten
festuca fistuca stalk see fistula :
f icedula (for the term, see acredula) f icella becafico : fr. sq.
prickly. ^
filius son: = *fulius tribesman, <pv\ov tribe, from bhu-, seeful.
Rather than = *felius suckling fr. felld, cf. Lit. pirm-c^Zys firstborn
(of animals).
filix felix fern
f Hum thread, thickness (Munro Lucr. 2. 341 : E. profile) : = *fislum.
Lit. gysla sinew, see fibra.
fimbriae fringe (E.) = *finsriae ghvins- cf. ghvis- praeced. :
bid- split Sk. bhid-, and bheid- <p(i$o/Aai spare (' take a bit of '), Got.
beitan bite E. E. butt Vb.
fingd mould (E. faint feint) cf. dhigh- Sk. dih- smear, dheigh- t€?xoj :
fiscus basket
fistuca rammer fr. fastis. :
fistula pipe (E. fester) fr. festuca : (cf. avena stalk, pipe).
flaccus flap-eared (E. flange flank flunkey) : = *fldcus, bhlk<5s (j>o\k6s
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 37
flavus yellow (E. flavour) ghvi.-vos : of. fulvus gilvus, ghvl- xAewp<fe,
ghvel- Lit. gelsti grow yellow.
flecto bend (E. flinch)
flemina congestion of blood = *flet-mina, bhlet- : cf. bhlot- Got. Moth
blood E. fr. sq., flowing '.
:
'
bla-th. Got. blo-ma E. bloom Ags. blo-van to smell E. blow Vb. 2 and ,
fluo flow (E.floss-silk, flotilla but not flovi) = *flugvo, bhlugv- olv6- ; :
fodio dig: bhodh- 06dpos trench (with j8, for ir, from jSa^tJs?), Lit.
badau I prick OSlav. boda, cf. bhedh- W. bedd grave, Lit. bedu
I dig.
foedus fidus (Enn.) fedus Subst. treaty: = *foidos, Beefidus.
foedus fedus Adj. foul = *foes-dus tr.fus-Gus,fois-. :
Zd. garema- hot Sk. gharmds heat, cf. ghver-mo- dep^6s hot, Arm.
jerm, ghvb-m- Pruss. gorme heat from ghvor- Lit. gdras steam ;
OSlav. goreti burn, Sk. ghar-, cf. ghver- dtpofxai grow warm.
fore to be about to be short for fore esse,' to be out, abroad, beyond,
:
*
potis). —
From fore, taken as Inf., was formed forem Subj.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
38 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
foris door (E. foreign forest foreclose forfeit) : dhvb-is OSlav. dviri, cf.
dhub- 06pa, Olr. doros, Got. daur E., Lit. diirys, Arm. durn, dhvor-
Zd. dvara ; and dub- Sk. (far-, dvob- Sk. ^i^r.
forma shape
not cf. Sk. dhariman balance, formf, from dhar- hold.
formica furmica ant :
fornix oven, fornix arch (' vaulted like an oven) seefumus. ' :
ford bore bhb- <pdpos plough, Ags. borian bore E., cf. bheb- Zd.
: bar-
bore.
fors chance : forti- BHBTf- Ags. ge-byrd fate, cf. (for the form) Got. ga-
baurths birth E., Sk. bhrtis maintenance :
* what comes,' it.fero.
fortassis fortasse perhaps :
'
you would affirm ' (hence in Plaut. and
Ter. with Inf.), 2 Sing. Perf. Subj. of *fort6 {=firm6, 'affirm,') fr. sq.
fortis forctis strong (E. force fort) : ic. fortius horctus good (Fest.), bhbkv-
to*s <ppaKr6s fortified, fr. fardo.
forum market-place dhvob- : Lit. dwdras court OSlav. dvorfi, Zd. dvara
palace : 'place with doors,' see foris.
fonts gangway : fr. fero (as via fr. veho).
fovea pit ghevia x^/7 )"* no^ e
: «
fragrd fraglo flagro (Ellis Catull. p. 344 sq.) smell: = fiagrd, smell
being brought out by burning (the 2 first spellings to differentiate the
meaning).
tframea spear German (Tac.) :
brothar E., Lit. broterelis (Dimin.) OSlav. bratrU, Arm. cXbair, Zd.
bratar- Sk. bhrcitar.
fraus hurt BHBOUDf- cf. bhbeud- Ags. breotan break E. brittle.
:
cf. ghvrom- Mir. yromma satire, Got. gramjan provoke, OSlav. gromti.
thunder.
frendo crush, gnash the teeth : ghrendh- Ags. grindan grind E.
frenum fraenum bit (E. refrain Vb.)
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 39
fretum strait
fretus relying on borne up by,' Part, otfero (as cretus of cemo).
:
'
fried rub (E. fray Vb.) fr. *fri-cus Adj. fr. frit. :
frigo roast (E. fritter fry) = *frUgo Qpvyoo, cf. bhrug- Ir. bruighim I
:
f
fumus smoke: Lit. dtimas OSlav. dymU, Sk. dhumds, from dhu- Obw
rush.
funda sling: sq., 'striking'.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
4o ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
fundd pour, scatter (E. foison funnel refuse) bhund- of. bheud- fudl :
with ir- from irvdfi-fip), Olr. bond (E. bounds bourn 1 ), cf. bhud- Ags.
botm E. by-form bhudh- trvO/jL-nu, Zd. 6wwa Sk. budhnds.
:
fungor perform cf bhug- Sk. bhuj enjoy, bhoug- Arm. boic food,
: .
Polyb. fy euros ghais- x^i*) 05 shepherd's staff, Olr. gai spear, Ags.
:
galbinus green
t galea helmet (orig. of weasel-skin, II. 10. 335 icnticr) kwctj) : ya\€ri
weasel.
gallus cock : =/gal-nus, gal-n- ONor. kalla call E.
ganeum underground room (Fest.)
gannio yelp
not =
*gangnio fr. *gang~nus Adj., gvangv- OSlav. gagnati to murmur,
gvagv- MHG. kach loud laughter this would only become *gagwid.
cf.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 41
gauded rejoice (E. E. gaud jewel joy) : = *gdvidco (of. gavisus Part.) fr.
Adj. *cfdvidu8 fr. *gd-vus, ga- yri-Oca, cf. GA- ya-ioov (Part.).
tgaulus pail fy av\6s cf. Sk. gold\ jug
: : ?
gemd groan (Ital. gcmere trickle) 'am sated, oppressed,' gvem- ycfico :
genu, knee gnu cf go"nu y6rv, gDnu Sk. jctnu, gon- Arm. cunr and
: . ;
gnu yvv-ireTos fallen on the knees, Zd. zhnu knee Sk. jnu, gneu Got.
kniu E.
genuinus grinder genu- yhvs jaw, Got. kinnus cheek E. chin, cf. Sk.
:
gibbus hump = *gubbus *gilbus gvub- (or gvubh-) cf. gvumb- (or
:
glaber smooth ghvladh- OHG. glat smooth, bright, gay Ags. glad gay
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC
42 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
gliscd spread : gli- of. gu- Zd. zri- extend, gloi- Sk. jrdyas extent.
globus ball
glomus glomus ball bound together,' cf Ags. clam band.
:
*
.
gloria fame : = *glosia, OSlav. glasU voice, making a noise ' in the
world '.
glubo peel: gleubh- Ags. cleofan split E. cleave, cf. glubh- ykhpw
carve.
gluten glutinum glue (E.) : glutus tenacious, gvloi- y\oid glue ykoi6s
oil, Ags. claeg clay E., NHG. klei slime, OSlav. glenti mucus.
swallow (E. glut glutton)
g"lutio gluttio :
gradus step = *gred As ghvredh- Olr. ingrennat they follow, Got. grids
:
/
grno- cf. grno- Got. kaurn E. corn churn kernel, Lit. Utirnis pea
OSlav. zrUno grain 'ripe,' grno*- Sk. jlrnds worn out, fr. ger- yepw
:
old man, OSlav. zreti grow ripe, Sk. jar- grow old.
gratus pleasant (E. agree) ghr-to*s cf. ghr-tos see hortor. :
cf. globus ball, company), gvreg- cf. gvrg- gurges, ydpy-apa plenty,
grunnio (dialectic, cf. mannus) grundio grunt (E. gurnard) grund- :
griis crane gvru- Arm. krunk, cf. gverv- Lit. girwe, gver5v- OSlav.
:
%eravl; also gvron- Ags. crane E., gvorn- Lit. garnys stork, gvern-
ycparos crane, Gaulish tri-garanus with 3 cranes W. garan crane,
shank.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 43
tguberno steer (E. govern) *yvPepvdw Kvfepvdco (see gobius), cf. Sk.
:
ktlbaras pole {so E. helm fr. haulm), and Lit. kumbryti steer.
gula throat (E. gullet gully) gl- Ags. ceole, cf. gel- Olr. gelid he :
consumes.
Not gvel- Arm. klanem I devour, gvol- Sk. </aZas throat.
gumia gourmet (Span, gomia) 'full,' NUmbr. gomia gravidas, gvom- cf.
:
gvem- gemo.
gurges whirlpool (E. gorge gorgeous gargoyle gtirgle) round,' see grcx, :
l
cf. OHG. querca throat (E. carcanct), and gvrg- Olr. brdge neck.
gurgulio gullet: gvrg-l- OHG. querechela ( = *quur-i-chulja), cf. gvrg-r-
yapyape&p, fr. praeced.
gurgulio 2 weevil: pop. etym. (quasi fr. praeced., 'quoniam paene
nihil est nisi guttur ' Varr. ap. Serv. Geo. 1. 186), for curculio.
gurgustium hut fr. *gurgus Neut. pit, cf. gvorg- y6pyvpa dungeon,
:
gusto taste (E. ragout) gus- Olr. to-gu I choose, Ags. cyssan to kiss
:
E., Zd. zush- to love Sk. jush- enjoy, cf. geus- ye6(<r)a) give to taste,
Got. Jciusan approve E. choose, gous- Got. kausjan to taste.
gutta drop (E. gout gutter), guttus giitus flask: *guta, dialectic for
*huta Part. Fern. fr. gheu- x«(f)« pour, ghu- Sk. hu- pour into the
fire, see under fundo.
tgypsum white lime : fyfyos, cf. Pers. gibs gypsum Zenker 348 c.
habeo hold (Got. haban have E. E. behave havoc hawk E. able binnacle :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
44 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
tharpe falchion : Upm) sickle, srp- OSlav. srUpU, cf. srp- sarpo.
harundd arundo reed
haru-spex aru-spex hari-spex (£r. speeid) diviner: 'inspecting entrails,'
ghr- x°?-H gut (E. cord), cf. ghb- Sk. hirct vein, ghor-no- ONor.
garnir guts Ags. gearn yarn E., Lit. zdrna gut.
hasta spear ghazdha cf. Got. gazds goad OHG. gart E. yard 2 gird at
:
hebes blunt
hedera edera ivy tenacious, ghved- cf ghvend- prehendo ?
:
'
' .
hei ei Interj.
helluo heluo glutton : foreign ?
helvella pot-herb :
'
green food,' fr. helvtcs, see gilvus.
themicillus (reading doubtful) mule : *fi/j.iicikkos, fipi- see semi- + kIWos
ass.
herba grass fr. <t>ty&a feed, ctforbea food (Fest.),
: Qopfrfi fodder.
hercisco ercisco divide an inheritance
heres eres haeres heir (E.)
hardly cf. x^pwa-ro/ guardians, fr. xvp^ am bereaved,
heri yesterday ghjes- x9* s Sk. hyds, cf. Got. grwfra-dagis to-morrow
: >
heu Interj.
heus Interj.
hibernus wintry : = *hibrinus *himrinus, cf. *himerinus xttpc-pt-vrfs,
from gheim- x € */* a winter, see hiems.
thibiscus marsh-mallow fiftifficos (Dioscorides) :
thibrida offspring of a sow and wild boar (Plin. 8. 213) : cf. Hesych.
i&pl-KctXos pig
hie hie this : =
*hi-ce (shortened on anal, of is) *h-o-i-ce from -o- c£ Sk.
a- this, Demonstr. cf. 65-f, Got. theX-ei as, + -ce.
+ -i-
hiems hiemps winter: ghiem- Mir. gam (for *giam on anal, of sam
summer), cf. ghi6m- x i ^ v snow a l so ghim- Sfo-xwos troublesome, ;
Zd. zima winter Sk. himds, and gheim- x^A"1 Lit. ziema OSlav. zima, '
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON , 45
hid gape = *hh6 (cf. hl-sco) ghei- OHG. glen, OSlav. zijati, of. ghoi-n-
:
hirnea jug :
hirsutus shaggy fr. *hirsus Subst. (as versutus fr. versus Subst.), =
:
hirtus shaggy
hirudd leech
hirundo swallow : = *hedHndtn as x €Kl v = *x € ^
v (with \ for 5 cf. ^^
'0\vt€vs = 'Otiuffffets, with l for v cf. X for in Lesbian fyos = fyos) ? :
hispidus rough
thistrid actor (term, from lud-io) i Etrusc. hister (Liv.).
hodie to-day = *odie, Sk. adya, see hie and dies.
:
holus olus folus (Fest.) vegetables: ghl- cf. ghel- helus, Lit. MmTt
plant zelti grow OSlav. zelije vegetables 'green,' OSlav. zelenil green f :
&c. ;also ghmon hemo, ghmon- Got. guman- E. groom, ghmn- see
gemirii, ghman- Lit. bndnes men fellow, see geminl. :
'
'
honos dignity
hardly fr. onus, 'responsibility' (Varr.).
thdra ora hour (E.) : 8>pa season, job- OSlav. jara spring, Zd. yare
year, cf. jer- Got. jer E.
hordeum ordeum fordeum barley : = *horsdeum ghvrz-d- cf. ghverz-d-
OHG. and ghvrs- Arm. gari (= *garsi).
gerstd,
Hardly add Kpid4\ quasi = *XP 1 ^ *XP €<r *X*P<rH' W
hdria oria fishing-smack : ' fr. ora shore
coasting-vessel,'
hornus this year's : = *ornus *orinus *osinus from *osus year, NUmbr.
ose Gen.
horreo bristle (E. ordure) : — *horseo ghrs- cf. ghors- Sk. harsh-.
horreum barn = *horseum bhrs- : cf. bhars- far, Fest. farreum.
hortor urge : fr. *hortils causing delight, x^P^^y Parts, fr. horior urge
(Enn.), x a ^Pw rejoice, ghr- cf. gher- OUmbr. heris thou wilt, Got.
gairnjan desire E. yearn, Sk. har- be gratified, see grdtus.
hortus ortus garden (E. ortolan) xtpros straw-yard, Olr. gort : field.
Hardly add Got. gard house (ghortos) E. yard i-garden.
hospes guest (E. host 1 ) : hospit- cf. *hospt~, hostis :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
46 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
hostis fostis (Fest.) stranger (E. host 2 = army): Got. gasts guest E.,
OSlav. ghvospt- cf. hospes
gostl : :
hue hoc hither from *ho (cf. horsum : = *hd-vorsum, Mo thither, isto),
see hie.
hui Interj.
humanus human = *homd-nus ghomn-n6s : (see germdnus) cf. ghomn-
under homo.
humus umus ground: ghom- Zd. zem earth, ghSm- x®& v (= *X^m)> °f«
thydrus watersnake fifyos, ud-r- cf. Ags. oter otter E., Zd. udra Sk.
:
ideo for that reason : = *ed-eo 'and for that reason,' et (see edepol) + Abl.
of is.
idoneus proper fr. *ido here, i- see is + -*rfo see -do, with Adj. -ending:
:
'
on the spot '.
tidus eidiis middle of month: Sab., Etrusc. itus (Varr. L L. 6. 28),
the Etrusc. alphabet having no d.
igitur then = *jigitur *jiigitur it is added,' Aoristic form of jungitur
:
'
ilia entrails, flanks (as enclosing them E. jade a stone) = *hilia fr. : :
filum.
ilicd illico on the spot = *i-luco from *7 Loc. of is + loco. :
ille (i.e. *ulle) olle (Fest.) ollus (Varr., quasi Noun) he = *ollo (a pure :
hardly = *on-lo from on- Lit. ans that OSlav. onU he, Sk. and- this.
imago emago copy, imitor imitate select,' fr. emo take. :
'
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 47
into (= *iv-s).
in- Negative N-, ay- a-, Mir. an-, Got. un- E., Arm. an-, Zd. Sk. an-
:
crutds heard, cf. klut6s Ags. Mud loud E., Parts, fr. clued.
in-coho in-choo in-coo begin (verbum sacrorum Serv., see Key)
hardly put the pole of the plough into the yoke, fr. cohum hole in
'
'
'
(Fest.).
in-columis in-colomis safe also columis (see in-anis) = *colu~mus : :
industria industry indu + *strila fr. struo, heaping up,' cf. in-struo
:
*
inferos below: = *infrus (cf. infra Adv.) for *ins-rus from *ins, see
imus : dialectic for *imbrus.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
48 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
in-festus unsafe : *
un-pleasant,' in- +festus merry, cf. festivus agree-
able.
infit begins : dialectic for *indit mdh- cf. medh- medius, interposes *
'
?•
in-quino pollute : fr. *queno *cono (cf. inquilinus fr. cold), cf. Fest. cunio
KIZKKCC :
instar image :
'
weight,' formed (like laquear from laqueare) from instare
insula island (E. isle ; but for island see aqua) Dimin. of *insa »s- :
inter between : n-ter Olr. etar, Zd. antare Sk. antdr, cf. en in,
inter-pres agent (orig. a commercial term) : inter-pret- fr. pretium.
tintibus intubus endive (E., imv&ov Geoponica 12. 1) : = *hindubus,
Semitic, Arab, hindibd Zenker 943 b, fr. Hind India.
intro enter: fr. *intrus Adj., cf. inter.
Sk. -tas.
ipse himself : = *ipso (see ille) *i-pti-so fr. i-s + -pte + *so he, see sic.
ira anger : = hlra (for the meaning cf. x<*Ao * DUe anger),
>
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 49
jaceo lie (E. agistment gist joists) Intrans. form (see paved) of sq. :
jacio throw (E. jet 1 jetty jotsam jut pargeted) jekv- cf. jekv- jeci :
Perf., jokv- ONor. jaga move to and fro E. yacht Yankee OHG.
jagon hunt.
jam now at this time, je cpa-fe on the ground xaA"*C€ ftfywf* at (i.e.
:
*
' >
jaundice.
jejunus fasting :
'
bound (cf. Got. fastan QvKdrrciv, vrio-Tefciv, Eng. fast
'
'
bound '- and. fast '
abstinence '), = *jl-ju-nus Redupl. from ju- cf. ju-
Zd. Sk. yu- bind,
jento (with e from next form) jejento (Redupl.) janto breakfast eat :
jocus jest (E. jeopardy juggle) jokv- cf. jokv- Lit. jfikas ridicule, :
jekv- l^ik pastime (•jeicf-Tirf) thrown out,' fr. jacio (as ffK<farra> : *
juba mane
jubar daystar crested with light, fr. praeced.
;
' '
jubeo order: ju- short form of jv-jus 2 (cf. OLat. joubeo), + dhe- see
-do Perf. jtcssljousl from *judeo.
;
jiigis ever-flowing :
4
continuous, connected,' see praeced.
jugum yoke (W. iau): Cvy6v, Got. juk E., OSlav. igo, Sk. yugdm, jugv-
cf. jungv- Lit. jiingas, tr.jungo.
j Omentum carriage, beast of burden : = *juvimentum, fr. *hivo,
juvd.
4
Digitized by VjOOQlC
5o ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
juncus rush (E. jonquil junk* junket)', 'twig' (as in Plin. 26. 72), =
*junicus, cf. jUniculus old vine-branch (Plin. 17. 182), see juni-perus
not fr. juvenis, if only because this is not used of plants (see
hyacinthus).
jungd join (E.) : jungv- Lit. jungiu I yoke, see jugum, cf. jugv- Zd.
Sk. yuj- join,
juniperus juniper (E. gin) twig-bearing,' fr. j&n-cus + pario. :
*
jus 1 broth (E. juice) Lit. jtisze, Sk. yusas, cf. ( v-pr) (= *( vc-fiy) leaven,
:
juxta near (E. adjust jostle) fr. *juxtus Part, of *juxo join, jeugv- (see :
jUgerum) + 8.
labes fall, stain ('failure,' cf. casus fall, disaster) : fr. labor.
labium labrum lip (Ir. lab) lab- (quasi fr. lambo) for leb- Ags. lippe E., :
labrum tub lab- cf lab- Aafielv seize (cf NHG. fassen seize, contain) ?
: . .
labrusca wild vine: fr. labrum edge, 'growing at the edges of vineyards'.
tlabyrinthus maze iha&vpivQos, Egyptian (Jablonski Opuscula
: 1. 250).
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 51
lacus vat, tank (E. lake, Mir. loch lake) \<Lkkos pit. :
tlaena mantle pop. etym. (quasi fr. lana) for *claena, x* a '"a
: '-
which
= *xA<£/u-ja fr. xA.a/ti5s, chlamys,
laetus glad
laevus left : \cu{f)6s, OSlav. levil.
tlaganum cake : xdyavov, ir. \ayap6s thin, see langueo.
tlagena lagoena flagon : = *laguna *\ayvn) cf. f\dywos, an AeoL form
f
lam- Ags. lam lame E. E. lam Vb., OSlav. lomti slough lomiti break.
lambero tear lick up,' fr. sq.
:
*
lambo lick (E. toiprey) lamb- cf. lab- OHG. : la fan, OSlav. lobUzil
kiss also lap- Kdirrco I lick, Arm. laphem.
;
lamina lammina lamna plate (E. omelette) : fr. la-tus Adj. + participial
ending.
lana wool vln- W. gwlan (E. flannel), Sk. urna, cf. vln- vellus.
:
tlancea spear (E. launch) Spanish (Varr. ap. Gell. 15. 30 fin.)
:
lancino tear: 'divide into pieces, weigh out,' fr. lanx scale of a balance.
langued faint slangv- Kayydfa slacken, cf. slagv- \ayap6s thin, Mir.
:
lag weak (E. lag), Ags. side slow E. slack &c. slake slouch and slegv- ;
\4iyu) cease,
tlanlsta trainer (Cic.) = fdanlsta moneylender (Plaut.), iaveia-r^s a
: :
lappa burr
laquear panel fr. lacUna. :
laqueus noose (E. lace lasso latchet) fr. lacio draw, see lacto. :
Sk. dirghds, cf. dlghvos Got. tulgus steadfast, Lit. \lgas long OSlav.
dlugu.
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52 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
later brick
latex liquid : latic-, cf. Mir. laith ale.
Hardly cf. \dray€S drops.
tlatro mercenary (E. larceny) *\6.rp<av by-form of f\drpis servant from : :
tlaurus baytree = *daurus, *$avpos *$dpf:os tree, Olr. daur oak, drvo-
:
cf. dru- Zd. dru wood Sk. dries log, dru- $pvs oak, dreu- Jey-
tipe(f)ov tree, Got. triu E. E. tar; also derv- Lit. derwa pine-wood
OSlav. drevo tree, doru Hpv beam doru Zd. dduru log Sk. a%ru.
laus praise laudi- : :
lavo wash (E. laundry lava lavender) = *lovo, lov- Kovw, Gaul, lautro :
balneo, Ags. leak lye E., Ags. leddor lather E., Arm. loganam I bathe.
laxus loose (E. lazy lease leash) : = *lag-sus Part, (see celsus) from slagv-
see langueo.
tlebes kettle : \4p-qs :
lectus bed (E. litter) : = *leg~tus leghv- \4x os Mttrpov, \c£cu to lay, Olr.
lige bed, Got. ligan lie E. E. lay ledge log low frely, OSlav. legnati, cf.
lemures ghosts
lenis soft : Lett, leni, see lentus.
lend
lens lentil lent- fr. lentus, * soothing (Plin. 18. 123 aequanimitatem
: '
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 53
W. Hew, OHG. lewo (whence Lit. lidwas OSlav. Uvfi), may go with E.
low Vb.
lepor charm
lepus hare (Sicil. \€iropis Varr. L. L. 5. 101 ; E. leveret):
lessum (Ace.) wailing
letum death Part. Neut. from le- deled, see lated.
:
levis light (E. carnival leaven lever levy) : leghv- Arm. arag quick, Sk.
raghus light, cf. lenghv- Lit. leng~wus, Zd. revj- be light Sk. langh-
leap, leghv- Got. leihts light E., lghv- i-\a%os small l\a<pp6s light,
OSlav. UyUkii, loghv- (?) Mir. laiget smallness.
levis laevis smooth : = *llvis *llvus AeI(/: )os :
' beaten,' see lived (cf. E.
smooth fr. smith).
lex law (Osc. ligud Abl.): 'laid down/ leghv- cf. leghv- lectus, loghv-
Ags. lay 10 E.
liber inner bark
liber leiber free (E. deliver livery) : = *luber *leuber, Osc. luvfreis Gen.,
l-\€v0€pos (dialectic for *4\e6<l>cpos) :
'
doing as one likes,' leubh-
cf sq.
.
libet lubet it pleases lubh- Sk. lubh- be lustful, cf. lubh- Lit. lubptis
:
to love oneself, leubh- Got. Hubs dear E. love lief believe ffuilough
leave Subst. Zeman livelong.
libo take a little of = *lub6 taste, : fr. praeced. (as Got. kausjan taste fr.
libum cake :
*
taste, ' fr. lib 6.
lien ljen (Plaut., see Key) spleen: = *spljen (no Lat. word begins with
spl" y see isplendeo), <nrA.(j)^ :
not related to spelgh- Mir. selg, OSlav. slezena splgh- Zd. fpereza t
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54 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
ligula shoe-latchet : fr. praeced.
ligustrum privet : fr. Ligus Ligurian (as E. lovage from Lat. Ligusticum
Ligurian).
tlilium lily : *\el\iov 1
dissirailated ^Kelpiov : = *\i\\iov (with €t from
Hom.'s \(ipi6tis delicate), cf. Pers. Idle tulip Zenker 789 c.
limus 1 Subst. mud: = * litmus loimos Ags. lam loam E., cf. leimos
Ags. llm lime E.
limus 2 Subst. apron: sq., with a purple stripe across* the bottom *
(Serv.).
limus Adj. sidelong : = *lix-mos likv-s- see obllquus.
linea string (E. line) linum. : fr.
lingo linguo (Priscian, as though fr. sq.) lick lingh- cf. ligh- Ags. :
liccian (= *lic-jan) E., Sk. lih-, ligh- Olr. ligim I lick, leigh- Aefx«»
Lit. HeZiu OSlav. lizati lick, Arm. lizum I lick, and loigh- Got. bi-
laigon lick.
lingua dingua tongue: dnghva Olr. tenge (with t from Teut.), Got.
tuggo E.
lino smear =
*le-no le- cf. le- lev'i Perf.
:
linqud leave linkv- cf likv- Arm. Ikhanem I leave, Sk. ric~ leave, likv
: .
Lit. lykius remainder, leikv- Aefow I leave, Olr. leicci sinit, Got.
leihvan lend E. E. loan, Lit. liekii I leave, and loikv- OSlav. otu-
lekU remainder.
But for Got. dA-lifnoAi see lippus.
linter lunter tub, boat: lunt- cf. lut- ONor. Mdr flour-bin ('trough')?
linteum cloth lint- cf. lit- \?ra
:
linum flax (Got. lein linen E. E. Zmseed linnet) lis-nom \lvov (Lit. linai :
OSlav. Unit: for *\ivvov *\l(rvov), ONor. lesni head-gear, cf. lis-no-
\Iy-otrrdofiai watch nets, lis-n-ion Olr. leinc shirt.
lippus blear-eyed : =
*lipus sticky with rheum, lip- cf. lip- \liros fat, *
'
Got. dA-lifnan remain ('stick') E. leave eleven. Lit. lipti to stick OSlav.
Upeti, Sk. lip- smear.
liquo liquefy vlikv- Olr. fliuch wet.
:
lira ridge (E. delirious) : lis A Lit. Ifise garden-bed, cf. loisa OSlav. leha,
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 55
loquor speak ' put in order, place my words,' fr. locus, Varr. L. L. 6. 56
:
lucerna lamp : lukv- a.wpi-XvKrj twilight, Zd. Sk. rue- shine, see lux.
lucrum gain :
* pay,' fr. luo.
liigeo mourn: leug- \evya\eos wretched, cf. lug- \vyp6s sad: 'broken,*
Lit. Iti&au I break, Sk. ruj- break.
lumbricus worm (W. llymriad sand-eel)
lumbus loin (E.): londh-, cf. lendh- Ags. lenden, OSlav. ledvija loins.
lumen loumen light (E. limn loom Vb.) = *loux-men, see sq. :
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56 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
luscinia nightingale
luscus one-eyed: Mir. lose blind, lame = luxus Adj., see luxus. :
lustro illuminate = *luxtr6 loukv-s- see l&na, cf. lukv-s Zd. rukJish-
:
lutum weld
lux light leukv- \cvk6s white Ae<W« see, Got. liuhatfi light E., OSlav.
:
luily cf. loukv- Olr. loche thunderbolt, Lit. laukas bald-faced, lukv-
see lucema.
luxus extravagance derangement,' fr. luxus Adj. dislocated, = *loxos,
:
'
tmaccis a spice (E. mace) : cf . imacir an Indian spice Plin. 12. 32,
Diosc. ifi6.K€p.
iov-maig auget, Got. magan be able E. may &c. maw, OSlav. mogq,
am able.
maco maul
mactd 1 mactadh slaughter E. matador) praeced.
sacrifice (Ir. ; :
Hardly '
honour of a god,' sq.
offer in
mactd 2 honour, macte good luck mak- yMKp6s long, Zd. mac great, :
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 57
malva mallow (E. E. mauve) mal-va cf. Lucian ,uaA/3a£ (= */«U/ -a|), :
:
cf.
MAL- fiaXdxv :
E. mamma, cf. mama OHG. muomd, Lit. mdma OSlav. mama, Pers.
mama Zenker 802 a, mam- mamilla breast, W. mam mother.
mancus maimed (E. mangle Vb. mullion) 'tamed,' *manicus fr. mantis :
tmannus cob: = *mandus (see grunnio), Basque mando mule (Van Eys).
mand flow
tmantele napkin, mantelum mantle (E.) :
'
cloth,' Spanish mantum cloak
(Isid. Orig. 19. 24. 15).
manubiae booty : fr. sq. + the same term, as dubius.
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58 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
manus hand (E. maintain manage manner) mn- cf. mn- Ags. mund. :
ker 838 c)
hardly cf. Sk. manjari.f
margd edge: mBg- Got. marka E. mark marches fmarquis t marquee,
cf mrog- Mir. mruig boundary.
.
marisca fig :
'
big,' fr. mas.
tmarmor (term, after aequ-or) marble : pdpfiapos, cf. fiappaipw shine,
Kedupl. of mar- Sk. mdrlcis ray.
marra hoe :
kmarsp-, cf. Kpddir^ov border of a cloak (in which the purse was
kept: so iicavMs t/*av5«J»7 from kmand-, •[kIvSos ffilv$a£ from fanind-):
Pers. (as fxavthq is).
mas male (E. E. mallard marry) : mas- :
tmassa lump ndfa cake, = */xdy-]a mag- fid^ffw knead (dialectic for
v»
:
for d, from fader father, see paler) E. (with th, for d from the -er, }
see pater and cf. Ags. veder = E. weather), Lit. moterd woman OSlav.
mater- mother, Arm. mair, Zd. maJtar- Sk. mdtdr-.
materia stuff (E. Madeira) ready for use,' mat- see maturus.
:
4
medeor heal stand in the middle, stop the disease,' see merus.
:
*
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 59
meditor consider : lUto/uu think on, Olr. mess judgment : 'measure,' cf.
Grot, midjis E., OSlav. mezda n4<rov, Arm. ml) fi4o-ov, Zd. maidhya Sk.
mejo = *mijo *mig-j6 migh- b-fiix4oo, Ags. mice/an, cf. moigh- Arm. m«s
:
(E. metheylin), Ags. m^w E., Lit. medius honey OSlav. medti, Zd.
madhu Sk. mddhu mead.
Not mel- fi4\i honey, Mir. mil, Got. milith E. mildew, Arm. meAr.
traeles maeles marten: dialectic for males (Caper, Keil 7. 110) i.e.
*mades *mazdes Ags. meard OHG. marder E. fmarten (Lat. martes in
Martial 10. 37. 18 is a figment).
melior better = *medior fr. merus, moderate,' a \n6rr\s.
:
'
mens mentis mind mnt£- Got. ga,-munds memory Ags. mynde thought
:
mensis month me-n-s- Dor. pfe Ion. pels {yA\v from the oblique cases),
:
Olr. mis Gen. ml Nom. OSlav. meseci, Arm. amis, cf. me-n-es- Lit. ,
menesis, me-n- Got. m¬hs Ags. monad E. month (and the words for
moon, fiiivri, Got. m&na Ags. mdna E., and the Lit. and OSlav. words),
me-s- Zd. maohh- Sk. mds, from me- measure meta.
mensus measuring : = *7nent-ttis, mnt- cf. mens, 'thinking over',
tmenta mint (E.) : *fi4v$a ifiivOa
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60 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
mentio mention thinking,' fr. mens. :
*
suus his).
tmephitis exhalation *jj.f<f>7ris : :
merda dung: 'pungent,' smeed- cf. smrd- Lit. smirdeti to stink, see
mordeo.
merenda lunch :
*
portion,' fr. sq.
mereo earn (E. turmeric) : fr. *merio (see jaceo paved) pay, = * medio see
meditor, ' measure out to \
mergae pitchfork fr. sq., dipping :
'
' into the corn,
mergo dip, mergus diver medgv- : Sk. madgus a water-fowl majj- (the
final j = gv palatilised before original e) sink, cf. modgv- Lit. mazgdti
wash.
meridies noon : formed from men-die Loc. of merus + dies.
tmerops bee-eater fiepo\\/ formed from fie pones men,
: :
* humane ' (geni-
tores suos reconditos pascens Plin. 10. 99).
merula medula (Isid. Orig. 12. 7. 69) blackbird (E. merlin) :
merx wares (E. market) : merkv- cf. mrkv- fidfyirrw seize, Hesych. pp&pai
Ppd£ai Inf.
-met self : Abl. -ending, cf -smet Sk. -smat (see tarn). .
miles soldier
milium millet (E.) : mel- cf. fiehivn
hardly 'honey-fruit' (mel frugum Plin. 22. 131), fr. mel, and fnKivi\ fr.
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 61
OSlav. mlnij\ cf. min- Mir. min little pressed down,' fr. minae. :
*
minud diminish (E. minnow minuet) ixivvQw press down,' fr. minae.
: :
*
misceo mix (E. meddle medley pellraeZZ) mi(k)-sk- Mir. mescaim I mix, :
OHG. miscan mix E. E. mash mess, from mik- Lit. BU-miszti get mixt,
Sk. micrds mixt, cf mik-s- Sk. miksh- mix. A word of the Ursprache,
. —
and so without compensatory lengthening of the -i-.
miser wretched (E. miser) mus- fiva-os defilement. :
mitto send (E. mass 2 mess-room message) = *smlto (cf. Fest. cosmittere :
committere)
mitulus mutulus mussel (E. niche)
modus measure (Olr. mod mode E. model modem mould Vb.) mod- cf. ; :
med- meditor.
tmoechus fioixts, fr. V«*X» = mingo.
:
moenia walls
moles mass (E. mole*) fia\os struggle? :
Lit. malii I grind, Arm. malem I pound, cf. mel- Olr. melim I grind,
OSlav. melja, Sk. mar- crush.
monedula (for term, see acr-edula) daw :
* bird of omen,' fr. sq.
moned warn (E. mint money summon) : mon- Ags. manian exhort, cf.
men- meminx.
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62 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
monile necklace: mon- pdvvos (dialectic for *fi6wos) 1 Olr. muin, Ags.
mene, OSlav. monisto :
* worn on the neck,' cf. OHG. mana mane E.
Sk. mdnya neck.
mons mountain (E. E. m&wnot) mont!- cf. mntI- Ags. mund protection :
E. mound refuge :
*
'.
madrH wise, cf. mendh- pcvO'fipr) thought, mndh- fiadc?y learn, Got.
mundon consider, modh- Zd. mad- know (Spiegel).
mora delay (E. demur) : mb- cf. mb- Olr. marait they stay, see
morus.
morbus disease : mR-bhos cf. m$-bhos Olr. marb mortuum, fr. rnorior
+ -BHO- (see acerbus).
morded muse Vb. muzzle) smrd- cf. smerd- afxtpdaXeos
bite (E. morsel :
terrible, OHG.
smerzan feel pain E. smart Vb., see merda.
moretum salad fr. *moreo I pound, cf. *moro whence mortdrium.
:
morior die (E. murrain) mb- fiapatyw destroy, Lit. mirti die, cf. meb- :
OSlav. mreti, Arm. meranim I die, Zd. Sk. mar- die, and mor- Ags.
mearian weaken E. mar moor Vb. marline nightmare \moraine, Lit.
marhiti cause to die.
mdrdsus peevish stickling for etiquette,' fr. mos.
:
*
mors death MRTf- Lit. mirtis OSlav. sH-mriUl, Sk. mrtis, cf. mrt- Got.
:
tmdrus foolish : fi<ap6s : mor- cf. mb- Sk. murds, and mb- mora (as E.
dull fr. dwell), ' halting '.
mucus muccus mucus: moukv- Lit. maUkti let slide, cf. mukv- atro-
fji^a-a-w wipe the nose fi^a ( = *hvktjo.) phlegm (E. match), Olr. ?nucc
pig, Zd. Sk. muc- release, from smukv- Hesych. <rfivicT-fip nose a-fx^tcv
a fish (cf. sq.).
mugilis mullet slimy,' mougv- by-form of moukv-, praeced.
:
*
miiginor (sec. Nonius) murmur (E. curmudgeon miching): fr. sq., cf.
NUmbr. mugatu let him speak.
mugid bellow : moug- cf. mug- nvfa groan, OHG. ii-muccazan mutter,
mulced stroke, mulco beat melk- Sk. marc- touch. :
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 63
mulged milk mlg- : OSlav. vilUza I milk, cf. melg- d-^eAyw, Mir.
Subst., Got. miluks Subst. E., Lit. rrtilzu I milk.
mulier woman: 'giving suck,' mud- 116(00 suck, Mir. muimmc nurse
(= *mud-mia).
mullus mullet (E.) cf. (with U) pvWos a-fivWa a fish.
:
munis obliging, munus service moi-n- Olr. maini gifts, Got. g&-mains :
common E. mean 1 Adj., Lit. malnas exchange; from moi-, see mutd.
tmuraena murena lamprey fxtpaiva, smur- afivpos eel :
murex purple-fish : fr. mils sea-mussel, as /u»5a£ purple-fish fr. fids sea-
mussel.
muria brine : fifoos slime, cf moud- Lit. mdudau I bathe ?
mud- .
OSlav. mysl, Arm. ??mkn, Sk. mush thievish,' cf. Sk. mush- steal ? :
'
musca fly (E. mosquito musket): mus- fiv?a (—*fiv<r-ja) i Lit. muse\ cf.
OSlav. muha :
'
mush- steal, see praeced.
greedy,' Sk.
muscus moss : mus- Ags. mos E. E. mushroom. Lit. mHisas mould, cf.
Got. maithms gift, Lett, meetot to exchange from moi-, see munus.
;
mutd mutto Subst. : moit-, cf. Lucil. ap. Non. p. 15 Mulier Moetlnus,
MHG. meidem stallion. (Mart, 's miito7iiatus a popular corruption.)
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64 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
mutus dumb: mut- Olr. moeth tender, cf. mut- Hesych. fivrrjs fivrr6s
dumb : *
subdued,' cf. mutilus, and see mitis.
tnablium naulium harp : *vdp\iov *vat\iov fr. fvd&\a vav\a, Heb. nebhel
flute.
naevus mole
nam for, -nam Enclitic = *nam *na-me (see tarn), from no-, see -ne -num.
:
nanciscor obtain : carry off,' nenk- l-veyiccTv bring, cf nek- Mir. coein-
* .
nacar potui, Lit. neszti carry OSlav. nesti, Zd. Sk. nac- attain,
tnanus dwarf vavos father,' a euphemism, nan- cf. nan- W. min
: :
'
hardly fr. ydpKV numbness Plin. 21. 128, quasi * narcotic '.
tnausea seasickness (E. noise) : *pav<rla Ion. form of vavria, fr. vavrys
sailor, sq.
navis ship (MHG. nawe, E. nave of a church) nav- nau- vavs, Olr. naxu :
ne- not Olr. ni, Got. ni E. E. nay no naught, Lit. OSlav. ne, Zd. na Sk.
:
nd, ne 1
cf. .
2
-ne Enclitic (in denique pone superne) see -nam -num, : cf. ne" .
ve^os cloud, W. nef sky, OSlav. nebo, Sk. ndbhas mist, cf. nbh- Arm.
am& cloud.
nebul 6 worthless fellow: fr. praeced., * Child of the Mist,' obscure
skulking.
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 6s
need kill nek- vckvs corpse, Zd. nac- disappear Sk. nac- be
: lost, cf. nk-
Olr. ec death.
tnectar nectar : fvcierap :
neo spin ne- j/etw, Got. nethla needle E., OHG. ndwan sew.
:
Not add sne- Zd. end- stretch, cf. sno- Olr. snathe thread, Got. snorjo
basket, for sn- would remain in Gothic.
tnepa crab, scorpion African (Fest.). :
nepos grandson (E. nephevj) nepot- Zd. : napdt- Sk. ndpdt-> cf. nepot-
reVoSes children Odyss. 4. 404 (with 5 from *j/^iroSes footless), Olr.
niath nephew's, Zd. napat- grandson, see sq. So nepos spendthrift,
opposite of patruus uncle, the model of severity: not Etrusc. (as
Fest.).
neptis granddaughter (E. niece) nept£- a-i/c\j/i6s cousin (from *vtya for :
nldor vapor
not cf. Kvitrn fat, smell of fat, quasi *yy\9-j'n from ghnidh-.
nidus nest nizd^s Mir. net, Ags. nest E., Arm. nist situation, Sk. nldcls
:
nest.
Hardly fr. Sk. ni- down + zd- cf. sed- sedeo.
niger black : negbo-, Fest. negritu grief ('gloom ')
5
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66 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
nihilum nilum nihil nil nothing nl not, see nl, + Adj. -ending -ulo-. :
—
Ovid has nihil through a popular connection with hihim.
nimbus storm numbh- "So^^j) Nymph ( spirit '), cf nubh- nubes.
:
4
.
nimis exceedingly, too much (cf the two senses of &yav) = *numesum . :
see nix.
nisi nesei (E. Schneider 95. 5) unless : = Fest. nesl without, ne- + si.
snow, cf. snoighv- Got. snaivs snow E., Lit. snaigyti to snow OSlav.
snegU snow.
no swim (E. alley andiron) SNA- vda flow, Mir. sndim I swim, Zd. gna- :
non not: = nonne (used as Interrog.) i.e. *no-ne y from no- by-form (see
dodrans) of Tie, + -ne.
Not connected with noenum, which — ne-\- oinom unum.
nonus 9th = *novin-us from *novcn, see novem.
:
norma square = *nonma fr. nona ninth, shaped like L,' the 9th letter
:
*
nos we no- v& Dual, OSlav. na Ace. Dual, Zd. nolo Ace. Plur. (Spiegel),
:
znatiknow, Zd. zJind- (Spiegel) Sk. jnd-, cf. gne- Ags. cnavan recognise
E. know and gna- agnitus, gn- ingens, gn- navus.
;
ndster our: nos, Sk. nas us, cf. ns fyt/aes we (= *nff-fics), Got. uns us
E. E. our, Sk. cw-m^n, see nos.
nota mark rubbing,' gvnot- cf gvnet- nited.
:
*
.
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 67
novem 9 (E. noon) : nevm (-m for -n from the ordinal nevm-mos, see
decern) for nevn (see nonus) lv~via (' up to 9, 4v Aeol. and Dor. for 4s), '
Olr. noi n-, Got. niun E., Pruss. newints 9th Lit. dcwyni 9 OSlav,
from the words for 10), Arm. inn (= *e-ncn), Zd.
deveti (both with de-
w#van- Sk. ?kim the new number after 2 quaternions, fr. novus ?
:
'
'
noverca stepmother: = *nov-ri-ca fr. sq. with double Adj. -ending, cf.
vit-ri-cus.
novus new neVos : v4(f)os, Olr. nice, Lit. nawas OSlav. Zd. nova
novii,
Sk. ndvas, cf. nev-jos Ags. weove E., nev-i- Got. niujis, nevo-r- Arm.
nor.
nox night nokvt- vi*£, Mir. nocht, Got. watas E., Zd. nakhturu noctur-
:
nal, cf. NOKVTf- noctium Gen. Plur., Lit. naktis night OSlav. noUl, Sk.
naktis.
noxa imprisonment, injury : nogh- cf. negh- necto, ' bonds '.
bride.
nudius ago : nu vvv now, Got. nu E., OSlav. ny-ne, Zd. nu Sk. ?itf, cf.
nxj Lit. nit, Sk. ?ii£ ; + diu- by-form (see diurnus) of die- dies.
nudus naked = *nodus : *ndvi-dus nogv- Lit. nilgas, cf n<5gvo-to- Mir. .
nockt, Got. naqatJis E., nogv-n<5- Zd. maghna (m- a mistake for n~) Sk.
nundinum nondinum noundinum 8th day fr. novem + din- day, : Olr.
tre~denus 3 days, OSlav. dlnl day, Sk. dinam, cf. din- Got. sin-teins
daily (see semper).
nuntius nountios messenger : = *noventios fr. *novens Part, of *noveo
1
am new,' fr. novus.
nuper lately, nuperus fresh = *novi-perus fr. novus + part. :
ob around (sec. Fest. and Serv.), before: Osc. op apud: = *6pi, <wn-cr0ev
behind, Lit. api- around, Zd. aipi Sk. dpi by.
tobba ubba obua (i.e. obva) cup for libation to the dead : cf . Etrusc. uf-
lea (Bugge B. B. 10. 111).
ob-liquus slanting leikv- cf likv- licinus (Serv. Geo. 3. 55) with up-
: .
tobsono (quasi fr. ob) cater otywvfa, fr. fyov meat, c^w boil, «Vcw prepare :
occo harrow: = *6c6 okv- cf. okv'- W. og Subst., MHG. ege Lit. aketi f
Vb.
oc-cul5 hide *celo, see celd. :
octavus 8th = *octov-os from oktou Got. ahtau 8, Sk. aslitdti, by-form
:
of octo.
octingenti 800 : for *octo-centi, sq. + centum ; with -in- from septingenti
octo 8 : oktA, Olr. ocht, Ags. eahta E., Lit. asztu-nl OSlav. os(t)-ml,
Arm. uth, Zd. asta Sk. ashtd, see octavus.
oculus eye (E. antler inveigle) okv- 6o-<rc Dual (= *6k-jc) 6fi/xa ( = *tMr-juo), :
Lit. akis OSlav. oko, Arm. akn Zd. ak- see (Spiegel). y
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 69
tolivum oil (whence *olevum oleum, and from this W. olew, Got. alev E.,
Lit. aliejus OSlav. olej) i\ai{f)ov (unaccented ai becoming i as in :
omittd give up : = *6mitto (6- as in Plaut. Trin. 712 nihil ego in oculto)
*obs-mUto.
omnis all (E. bus) : = *op-nis ' comprehensive ' (see cunctus), fr. ob
' around '.
onus honus burden
tonyx onyx : tc>vu|, Egyptian, cf . Coptic ankoki ring-finger (Peyron).
op-acus (for term. cf. mer-dcus) shady :
' covered,' fr. ob '
around '.
carry).
ops power circumstance,' fr. ob around ?
:
' '
'
Digitized by VjOOQlC
7o ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
opus work (E. inure manoeuvre manure, use (Subst.) in law) : <5p- Sk.
dpas, cf. op- OHG. uoba festival, Sk. dpas a religious work.
6ra extremity, rope-end, coast (E. ullage) :
orbis circle
orbus bereft orbh- 6(xpav6s, Mir.
: orbe inheritance (of an orphan), Got.
arbi, Arm. orb orphan.
Hardly add Sk. arbhds small.
drca jar :
torchas an olive bpx&s (Nicander) fr. fy>x ts testis, from its shape.
: :
toryza rice tu-pufo, cf. io-piytfo Adj., vrind- vrid-, OPers., from Sk.
:
assis &c. from as) ost- 6<tt4ov, Zd. acta Sk. asthdn- refuse, not eaten,' :
'
fr. Sk. as- throw (cf. E. pluck, heart, liver, and lights of an animal, *
ostium austium door (E. usher) 'opening,' aus-t- OSlav. usta mouth, :
*b<rrpovv (cf. for the termination hedychrum = yMxpovv and see remul-
cum) contracted form of forpcov, praeced.
otium rest aut- Got. auths deserted Ags. edde empty, easy OE. eath
:
Lit. awis OSlav. ovlca, Sk. dvis, cf. Got. avethi flock Ags. eavu ewe E.
OVO exult : = *ev6 ev- eu- eldfa shout cvai evo7 Interj.
ovum egg: o-vom d)(f)6v cf. o-v-eom &{f)tov tipcov; also oi- &iov $6v,
OSlav. aje.
paciscor agree pek- Zd. pac- bind, see pecu, cf pok- Got. fahan seize
: .
faginon rejoice fagrs fit E. fain fair Adj. fadge, and pok- Sk. pacas
knot.
tpaean hymn : firaiaiv, see paeon.
tpaedico : fr. *paed-icus (formed after am-ica) Adj. of *paes, va?s boy.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 71
praeced.
tpaliurus Christ's-thorn va\lovpos :
palleo am pale (E. pale Adj. pall Vb. appal) dialectic for *palveo fr. :
*palvus Adj., Ags. fealu yellow E. fallow, Lit. palwas OSlav. plavH
white,
pallium Greek cloak
palma 1 palm of hand pl-ma Olr. lam hand, cf. pl-ma ira\dfiri palm of
:
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72 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
panis bread (E. appanage company pannier pantry) fr. *pdnus, Messapian :
pannus cloth (E. pane panel jxiwn 1 penny) = pdnus see pdnicum, icrjvos :
thread on the bobbin, pan- cf. pan- Got. fana cloth E. fgon-fanon
vane fond fun, OSlav. ponjava.^
tpantex paunch (E., NHG. panzer coat of mail)
tpanthera panther iirfoQrip : :
tpapas tutor: vairds vdinras father, onomatop., see pappus, cf. Late
Lat. papa bishop (E. pope), E. papa.
papaver poppy (E.): fr. *papd swell (for term, see cadaver), papula,
1
with globular capsules '.
papilio (for term. cf. pumilio fr. pumilus dwarf) butterfly (E. pavilion)
beetle, grandfather of the grove,' Plin. 11. 97, t€tti£ grasshopper fr.
'
pappo papo eat fr. papa food Varro (E. pap * pamper), onomatop.
:
par equal (E. apparel pair peer umpire) pari- fr. pars, sharing '. :
'
parcus sparing cf. spar- Ags. spar E. spare, see parum parvus.
:
pared parreo obey: 'seem, appear (cf. ap-pdreo), offer oneself,' — *parsed,
NUmbr. parsest will be seemly, pe-s- irop<ralv<i> offer, cf pr- part. .
parid bring forth per'- Lit. pcr'eti to brood, cf por- ir6pis calf, Ags. fear
: .
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 73
\os), seefascis.
pa-sco feed (E. pastern pester) pa- Zd. Sk. pa- protect. :
passer sparrow
passus step (E. pace pass) = *pat-tus, pat- vdros path, Zd. pathan Sk.:
pateo am open (E. pail): pet'- ircrdyvv/jLi stretch, OW. etem flounce
Zeuss 2 148 b, cf. pot- Ags.ftidm fathom E., Zd. pathana broad,
pater father (E. patois pattern) pat^b pate- irar^p Nom. varp6s Gen. :
Olr. athir, Got. fadar E., Arm. 7wti>, Zd. patar- pitar- Sk. pitdr-.
patina dish (irardrn E. pan) fr. pateo, as ir4raxvov saucer fr. it«t<£i/-
; :
1/Vfll.
patro bring to pass fr. pater, act as father,' i.e., as head of a legation,
:
'
pater patratus (' the father who acts as such,' from *patror Middle).
paucus few pau- pav- Got. favai E.
:
(cf. E. hay fr. hew), Lit. piauti cut, bite, Sk. paviram spear.
In Tola strike, Boeotian wfjco (cf. Boeotian k4\ for kclI), the ai is
original, not for avi.
tpavo peacock (E.) fraS>s (for the p- seepalma 2 ), cf. Arab, tails Zenker
:
593 a.
pax peace (E. E. pay) arrangement,' pak- cf. pag- pdgina.
:
'
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74 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
pecto comb pek- *r«c«, Lit. peszti pluck, cf pok- Ags. feax (i.e. *feah-s)
: .
Not cf Sk. pakshds wing, side of the body, which would give *pexus
.
fief Zd. pac u cattle Sk. pdcus appropriated,' fr. paeiscor (as E. :
'
pejero swear falsely: 'make worse, alter, violate,' fr. pejes- properly
stem of oblique cases of sq. (cf. majes-tds beside major).
pejor worse = *pec-jor fr. peccd.
:
pellis hide (E. peel 1 &c. pillion plaid ; W. pilen rind) : pel-n- ircMa
pail (orig. of leather), Got. filleins of leather E. fell 2 .
pello strike (E. pelt pursy push) : = *pel-no, pel-, vfoas near.
tpelta target : firforn, Thracian (Hdt. 7. 75).
pelvis peluis (Nonius 543) pelluis (Velius Longus, Keil. 7. 65) basin :
=
*pelovis, Sk. pdlavl vessel.
pendeo hang (E. penthouBe), pendo weigh (E. avoirdupois pansy poise
spend; NHG. speise food = Lat. expensa) :
' swing,' cf. spend- Sk.
spand- quiver.
penes with (properly proclitic before a consonant, penes me, te, vos,
quern, or it would become *penis), penitus (for term, see in-tus) in-
wardly, penetro (cf intrd beside intus) enter fr. penus in the sense
. :
of closet,' Fest. penus locus in aede Vestae intimus {penes Loc. like
*
cues).
penna) wing (E. pen Subst. pennon) = *pet-na from pet- vcrofiau fly, :
l
Mir. etc wing, Ags. feder E. feather, Sk. pdt-tram go,' see peto. ;
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 75
perinde equally = *perim Abl. (see inde) fr. per- around,' + -de.
: '
perna ham (E. prawn) persna irrepvri heel, cf. persn7 - Got. fairzna,
:
tpero boot *trfipuv 'of leather,' fr. wfjpa leather pouch, see pera.
: i
pod- vo$6s Gen. foot, Lit. pddas sole, Arm. otn foot, Zd. Sk. pad-, and
pod- Dor. irtfo, Got. fotus E. E. fetter, Zd. pad- Sk. pad-.
pessimus worst dialectic for *peximus pek-, see pejor pecco.
:
f
pessulus pexulus pestulus (Caper, Keil. 7. Ill) bolt = *ped-tlus : fr. pes y
1
foot ' of the door (see assula).
pessum down = : *persum, Plaut. Pers. 737 Persa me pessum (i.e. *per-
sum) dedit
pestis plague
hardly cf. irijpa woe quasi *irrjff-fia; or Fest.'s pesestds plague.
tpetaurum trapeze v4ravpov perch, fr. veronal fly, see penna.
:
peto fall on pet- go,' ev-ircr'fis easy, Zd. pat- fall, run, Sk. pat-
:
*
fall,
fly, see penna, cf pt- vt-irrco fall (with l from piirrw ?).
.
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76 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
tpetoritum petorritum four-wheeled carriage : Gaulish (Quint.), from
petor W. pedwar four, see guattuor, + bit- Olr. rith course, see ritus.
tphaecasium shoe : ffaiicdo'tov, Qaiicds : Egyptian (as worn by Egyptian
priests).
tphalanx host, phalangae (formed from Ace. <p4\ayya) rollers <pd\ay£ :
battle-array, log (* bar,' and so line '), for *<$>4\y$ bbxng-, cf. bhlg- «
pilo ram down, pilatus dense Aen. 12. 121 cf spil- Lett. spilet squeeze, : .
OHG. fesa hush, OSlav. plhati strike, Zd. pish- rub Sk. pish- crush,
pinus fir (E. pinnace)
tpiper pepper (E.) = *pipere *irlircpi (cf. Sk. pippalt) fveircpi.
:
pipilo chirp, pipulum outcry: fr. plpo chirp (OHG. /Ifa fife E.), pip-
onomatop., Ags. pipe pipe E. (W. pib) E. peep 1 fpibroch ipigeon fpimp
ipivot, Lit. pypti to pipe, cf. pipp- irnnri(u chirp, Sk. pippaka a bird.
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 77
tpistris pistrix (both quasi pounding,' fr. pinso) pristis pristix sea- *
monster : ^irpiffrts :
pltuita slime (E. pip 1 in fowls) formed (like Substs. dtra noxia satura :
from Adjs. dints &c.) from Adj. *pltuttus (for term. cf. fortu-ltus gratu-
ities) *putus fr. puteo.
pius plus holy (E. pity)
pix pitch (E. E. pay 2 a ship) pikv- iri<r<ra, Lit. pihis OSlav. plklti, Arm. :
fphiH.
tplacenta cake: formed quasi ir.placens, for *placunta, vKaicovs: 'flat,*
plak- x\<£| plain, Lit. plasztaka hand-breadth.
placed please (E. plea plead) stroke (cf. mulceo
muled) plokv- Lit. :
l
' ,
pl&kti strike.
placo appease plokv- cf praeced. : .
plaga net, region orig. rope Serv. Aen. 4. 131, hence net of cords
:
*
'
*
'
cord ')
of the foot : = *plont& plont-, cf plot- Zd. frath- spread Sk. pratJi-, .
PLOT-tf- Lit. platits broad, plot-no"- Arm. lain, plt-tj- *Aarfc, Zd. perethu
Sk. prthils, plt-no*- Olr. lethan.
tplanus cheat tt\<Ivos, tt\6.vt) wandering.
:
planus flat (E. plain plan) Lit. pldnas thin, from pla- : Lit. pUti beat
out.
tplatalea spoonbill : *v\ardk4a Fern, of Adj. *ir\ara\4os fr. vKaris, see
planta.
plaudo beat
tplaustrum plostrum wagon = *plaux-trum, see ploxenum. :
plebes people
not cf. v\rj0os multitude, Dor. fr\ados.
plecto plait plek- w\4ku, cf. plok- Got. flahta plaiting E. flax, Sk.
:
pracnas basket.
plector am punished
plenus full: ple-n<5- Mir. lin number, from ple-^?Zco fill (Fest.), w\€-'ios
full, Arm. li, Sk. pra- fill, cf. pel- Zd. Sk. par-, pl-n<5- polled.
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78 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
2
plied fold (E. plait plight ply &c. plot splay supple) : = *plec6, see
plecto.
pldro cry out : = *plaudd fr. plaudo, ' beat ' the breast.
fploxenumploxemum wagon-box: Gaulish (Quint. ),kvlaug-s-, kvlaug-
= Celt, plog-, whence OHG. fphluog plough E., Lit. \pliugas.
pluit rains (E. plover) = *pluv-it cf. pluv-ius rainy, *plovit, Fest. per-
:
plovo leak, plev- ' flow, float,' n\4if)a> sail, cf. plov- v^iflos voyage,
OHG. flatcen wash, Lit. plduti OSlav. pluti flow, sail, and plu- Olr.
luam yacht, Sk. plu- float pru- flow,
pluma feather: means for floating,' plu- ' cf. praeced.— Not pleugh-,
Ags.fleogan fly E. E. f/Zi'buster ffuglem&n.
fplumbum lead (E. plump Vb. plunge pump) : mlumb- cf. mlub- ffi6\v-
j38oj fj.6\ifios.
tpodium wall round the arena: 'foot' (i.e. lowest part) of the amphi-
theatre, *6Ziov little foot, see pes.
tpoena punishment (E. pain pine Vb. punch 2 repine) : *oirt\ fine, kvoi-na
OSlav. cena price, Zd. kaena punishment, from kvoi- cf. kvi- riu
value, kvi- Sk. ci- observe.
tpoeta maker, poet *irorir'i\s dialectic for irotr/r^s, as iroew for iroUu
:
make,
tpolenta pulenta pearl-barley (a Greek preparation, Plin. 18. 72, 84)
formed (quasi fr. pollen) from *vdKvvri\ Part. Fern, of iraXvvw sprinkle.
polio polish rub,' cf spod- <riro1>4<i> beat, see pudet.
: ' .
OSlav. plunti, Zd. perena, cf pl-n<5- noWol many, Olr. Ian full, Sk. .
pondus weight (E. pound 1 ) Mir. onn stone, pond cf. pend- pendo. :
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 79
pond put (E. post 2 provost'., but pose Subst. and compose &c. are from
pausa) : = *posno *po-sind, po (see post) + sino.
pons bridge: 'passage,' pdnti- cf. OSlav. pati way (see saeta), Sk. pdn-
than- road.
tponto punt (E. E. pontoon) : Gaulish (Caes. B. C. 3. 29).
1
knee- wheel '), see populus,
populor ravage enring,' fr. sq. :
'
populus people (E.) Umbr. puplum Ace. : : dialectic for *quoclus, kvo-
kvlos 'ring' of people, k6k\os circle, cf. kvekvlos Ags. hveohl (Skeat)
wheel E., Zd. cakhra Sk. cakrds.
populus poplar (E.)
por- forth pb-, ndpa beside.
:
porcus pig (E. pork &c. porcelain porpoise) : v6pKos y Mir. orc Ags. fearh f
'
head in the slang dialect, cf Moretum 74 capiti nomen debentia
' .
porra.
porrd forward : Abl. Neut. of *por-rus Adj. from por-.
porrum leek : pbsom vpdo-ov.
porta gate :
'
passage,' Fern. Part, from pr-, see portd.
porticus colonnade (E. porch) : fr. portus ' passage '.
sq.
portus harbour (' passage ' to land), house (which one enters) : pr-t'-
Ags. "Et.ford, Zd. hu-peretu with a good ford, see portd.
pd-sca pu-sca vinegar fr. po-t6 + term, of e-sca. :
posed ask = *porc-sco prk-sk- OHG. forscon, Arm. karths enquiry, cf.
:
*po-s, i.e. po after (Quint.), irtJ-^oros last, Lit. pa~ under OSlav. po
about, + -s (see abs).
postis doorpost (E. post 1 ) : Sk. pastya dwelling: 'strong,' cf. Got. fastan
hold fast E. fast.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
8o ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
postulo demand = : *p6scitul6 f r. *poseitus Part, of posed (as ustuU f r.
ustus).
potis able (E. power puissant) potis *6(ris husband, Lit. pats (from
:
pedis), Zd. paiti lord Sk. pdtis, cf. p6t- mfTj/ta lady, Got. bmth-faths
bridegroom, pot'- Ags. fadian arrange E./arf.
poto drink, potus drunk (E. pot porridge) po- Wirowa have drunk, Sk. :
pa- drink.
prae before Loc. of *prd (as Romae of *Moma), see pro-.
:
praeco crier = *praevico fr. prae + iwcd (cf calcitro epulo erro incubo
: .
praefica hired mourner = *pracfiga : (see pertica) fr. prae + jingo, simu-
*
lating '
grief.
praemium profit : = *prae-imium 'what one takes before others,' fr.
prae + emo*
praeputium : = *prae-poutium fr. prae + pavio, cf. Lit. ap-^'aw-klas.
praes surety : = *prae-vis, OLat. praevides Plur. ,from prae + vas.
praestigiae praestrigiae tricks (E. prestige) :
'
enchantment, glamour,'
fr. prae + strlga witch, see strlx.
stall stale still stool, cf. stel- <rr4xx<a place, Lit. steliuti order, stl-
stolidus.
prandium lunch
pratum meadow (E. prairie) : = partum acquired, prt6- Part. fr.
par 6.
pravus crooked: '
perverted,' pb-v6s, cf. PR-^or-, and wapa-palvo) trans-
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 81
primus first (E. •prim primrose privet) Paelignian prismu Abl., from
:
privignus stepson: 'born before the second marriage,' fr. sq. (in the
orig. sense of * before ') + gn- see gigno.
privus single * put in front, selected,' Dissim. for *prir-vus *pris-vus,
:
see primus.
pro- Prefix: irp6 before, Olr. ro- Prefix, Got. fra~ Prefix, Lit. pra-
Prefix OSlav. pro before, Zd. fra- Sk. prd-.
pr5 before (E. purlieu) OSlav. pra- long form of praeced. :
y
procul far = *proculum Neut. Dimin. fr. *procus forward, fr. pro-.
:
promo bring out fr. promus cellarer, pro + Adj.-ending (see emd d&mo).
:
pro-mulgo publish: 'cause to swell forth,' m^g- Lett, milst swell Lit.
milhnas giant, see multus.
promunturium promontorium (quasi fr. mons) headland : fr. pro-mineo
jut out, mun-, see emitted.
prope near (E. approach reproach) pro- : + -pe.
pro-perus quick fr. parti, ready '. :
*
pro-pi tius favourable fr. peto in the orig. meaning of 'go '. :
primus.
pro-sapia race
prosper prosperous = *pr5'8pSr (-e- shortened Sefore final r), prd +
:
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82 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
pruina rime Dissim. for *prurina *prusina, pbeus- Got. frius frost E.
:
pruna live coal = *prus-na preus- cf. prus- Sk. plush- burn,
:
10. 117.
tpsythia psithia a vine : tyteios tyl6ios a vine
-pte self pt- : rl-irrc why, cf . pot- Lit. pats self, see potis.
pubes adult
publicus poblicus poublicos public = *poubdico8, Umbr. pupdike Dat. :
fr. sq.
pulex flea (E. puce)= *p6lcx fr. *&\os see sq., young \
:
*
Not pul- cf pul- Sk. pulakas a kind of grain, verminf (2) cf.
(1) . :
tyvXXa flea, or Ags. fleah E., or Lit. blusa OSlav. bl&ha, or Arm.
lu.
pullus Subst. foal, chicken (E. pool 2 poultry polecat pulley Punch) = :
*pul-nus pl- Got. fula foal E. E. filly, cf. pol- ira>\os young animal,
pullus Adj. dark: pl-n<5s cf. pel-no's *c\\6s dusky, Cyprian ti\p6s
(Hesych.).
pulmentum relish : « affecting ' the appetite, see pellax, PL- ct pel-
pelU.
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 83
pulmo lung :
' beating, pumping,' ir.pellopulsd ; pop. etym. for *plumo pleu"-
mon icXetfxnv, cf. pleu-tji- Lit. plaucziai lungs OSlav. pluttaiung: 'float-
ing,' fr. pluit (as Ags. lunge fr. lungre light, and E. lights — lungs).
pulpa solid flesh: * tangible,' plkv- cf. p%kv- palpo.
pulpitum stage
puis pottage (E. poultice pulse 2) polti- cf. p<5lto- v6\ros. :
tpuppis stern = *pupis (quasi fr. sq., the boy's i.e. the steersman's
:
*
'
*
place ') for *epopis, *&r«irfe fr. fjrarjr^ lookout-place.
pupus boy (E. puppet puppy):.
tpurpura purple ficopftpa: Phoenician? :
purus clean (E. spurge) pU- Sk. pu- cleanse, cf. pu- putus Adj. :
pus matter pu-s pustula blister, ct pu-s *6(<r)os matter ; from pu-, cf.
:
puteo stink: fr. *putus Part, from pu- iru0» make to rot, Mir. &r
mould, ONor. Jui rottenness Got. fats rotten E. foul. Lit. puti rot,
Zd. pu- stink, cf pui- Sk. puy-. .
putus Subst. boy: * young,' put- Lit. putptis chick OSlav. p&ta bird, Zd.
puthra son Sk. putrds.
putus Adj. pure Part, from pu- trritov winnowing-fan, OHG. fowen sift,
:
cf pu- purus.
.
tpyga: iru-y^:
tpyramis pyramid : irvpa/xis wheaten cake, pyramid (from its shape), fr.
wheat.
irvpds
tpytisso spit out : irvrlfa, Dissim. for *wrvrifa spjTj- see spud.
quadra square (E. E. quarry 1 squad squadron) : for *quat-ra (with d from
quadra-), cf. triquetrus, kvad-, 'pointed' (i.e. at each corner), Ags.
hvat keen E. whet.
quadringenti 400 : for *quadru-centi i sq. + centum, on anal, of septingentl
(see octingenti).
Digitized by VjOOQlC
84 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
quadru- four- (E. carillon quarantine) : for *quetrti- (with d from some
Celtic dialect, cf. the Belgic town-name Quadri-burgium?), Zd. cathru-,
kvetvb- see quattuor.
quaero seek (E. query) kvais- : :
see talis,
quam turn correlative of tantum (see tardus), cf. Verg. Geo. 4. 101
nee tantum dulcia quantum et liquida.
quartus fourth (E. quart) = *ctvar-tos kvtvS- ct kvtvb- (ir)rpd-ir€(a :
quatio shake (E. cask casque fracas quash rescue) kvat- irarct<r<ra> strike. :
rcffffapcs (= *Kf erfopts), kvetver Olr. cethir, Lit. ketweri OSlav. let-
veril Zd. cathware-, kvetv6r Got. fidvor Ags. fedver E., Zd. cathwaro
Sk. catvftras, kv(tv)or Arm. thSor-kh..
-que -que (Attius) and -kvo -kve fr. qui cf -kve ri, Zd. Sk. ca and : , .
t
ONor. hvaesa hiss E. wheeze weasand whizz whistle, K-vos- Mir. cai
lamentation.
qui who : r= *quo-i (for term, see hie) NUmbr. poei Osc. pui, kvo- vov
where, W. pvjy who, Got. hvas E., Lit. kas quis 1 , 2 OSlav. kova quando .
quies rest (E. coy decoy quit quite) = *qui-es Kvf- OSlav. po-&tf to :
rest.
quin but that : = *qui-num, qui Abl. of quis + -num.
qufni 5 : for *quinc-ni fr. sq., on anal, of bini 2 = *bis-ni.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 85
quinque 5 = *quinque, cf. Olr. coic (kve~ becoming ko-), kvenkve (with
:
kv- from the word for 4) for pe'nkve ireVre, Got. Jimf (-/ by assimila-
tion) E., Lit. penki OSlav. petl (for *penk-ti), Arm. king, Zd. pancan-
Sk.pdnca.
quippe certainly = *qui-pe, qui Abl. of quis + -pe.
:
quirito wail (E. cry) fr. Quirts, demand the rights of a Roman
: '
citizen '.
quia 1 who Interrog. : kvi- rls, Olr. da, OSlav. clto Neut., Zd. cis Sk.
kim Neut. (with k, for c, from kds, see qui), cf. kvo- qui.
quis 2 anyone: NUmbr. pis, rls, OSlav. clto Neut., Zd. md-cis ne quis
Sk. ne quis, fr. praeced.
ntti-kis
scab on ilex Plin. 16. 32, KoffKvKpdria shreds of leather fr. *Ko<rictWo*
tear, kvoskv- cf kveskv- kcvkIov tow. .
rana frog
rancens putrid (E. rankle but for rank Adj. see rego) ;
ra-rus thin : fi-, cf. b- Lit. Irti to separate ; by-form be- see rete.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
86 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
recipero recupero regain (E. recover) fr. *recus, see praeced., : + par6,
cf.Varr. se quiete reciperare * recruit '.
reci-procus returning demanded back,' :
*
fr. *recus % see recens> -+- procd,
see proedx.
red- back (whence reccidi repperl reppuU rettuli Perfs., redducd rellatum
relligio relliquiae, reded &c.) = *re-du *re-do (see indu), from re- + -do. :
rego direct (E. escort rule source surge) : 'stretch,' cf. regio tract, reg-
6-p4yo> stretch, cf.rog- Got. ui-rakfan lift up E. reach rich right rank
Adj., rg- Mir. rigim I stretch, Zd. erezu straight Sk. rj- direct,
stretch, attain, RG- Zd. arez- be straight, see rex.
relligio religid religion : = ^red-ligidy fr. red- + *legd care, see diligd.
remeligo hinderer : = *re-mealgo fr. re- + Sk. mad- linger wand- (see
mandra) ?
tremulcum tow-rope : formed as tho' from re-> for *rHmulcum^ pOfiov\-
kovv Part. Neut. of fiv/xovKictw tow, pv^a tow-rope + €*.*» drag.
fr.
re-nideo smile fr. nUdus show the teeth,' cf. Catull. 39. 1 quod can-
:
f
•
reor reckon (E. arraign rate reason) = *rBor, Ri-, cf. ra- ratio reckon- :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 87
restis rope
rete net Lit.
: retis sieve, bS- see rams.
reus disputant = *revus *rivus (see deus divus) — rivalis (for the termi-
:
rigd moisten
rima crack running along,' bi- see ritus.
:
*
ONor. rifa to tear E. reef rift rifle Subst. rive, cf. rip- 4-pinvri cliff,
triscus chest tfil<ricos, Phrygian (Donatus on Ter. Eun. 754).
:
ritus ceremony: * course,' bi- b-pivw stir, cf. bi- Olr. rith course (see
petorritum), Got. rinnan run E.
rivalis rivinus rival : biv- see rev*, cf. biv- OSlav. rivinti.
rivus brook = *ru-vus *rur-vus fr. rud 1
: .
roblgo riibigo rust 'red,' boudh- see rufus, cf. budh- Lit. rudls, budh-
:
robur strength: Mir. rUad: boudh- see rufus, 'red' as the sign of
* freshness,' cf
rudis Adj. So robur oak, from its buds and young
.
rodo gnaw: b5d- cf. bod- Ags. rat rat E., see radius rado.
rogo ask bog- cf. beg- rego, try to attain '.
:
'
ros dew (E. rosemary) bos- cf bos- Lit. rasa OSlav. rosa, Sk. rasas sap. : .
trosa rose (E. E. coppe?-ew) dialectic for *rossa, Osc. (cf. Verg. Geo. 4. :
119 rosaria Paesti, Paestum in Lucania where Oscan was spoken) for
*rodia (cf. Sabine Clausus for Claudius), *pob*la Adj. Fern. fr. -\p6Zov,
*Fp6$ov, cf. Arab, werd Zenker 930 b.
Digitized by VjOOQlC r
88 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
rota wheel (E. barouche rile roll roue" round) bot- Olr. roth, OHG. rod, :
ruber red (E. rouge ruby) budh-b- i.pvBpts, OSlav. rMrti, cf. budh-b-
:
ructd rbugv- i-ptiyoftai, cf. bugv- Lit. rugiu OSlav. rygaja, rugv- Ags.
:
rudis Adj. raw: 'red,' and so applied to earth, metal, meat (cf. E. bran-
new 'fire-new,' fresh and bright), budh- see ruber.
rudo roar: bud- Zd. Sk. rud- weep, bud- OSlav. rydati, beud- Ags.
redtan, cf. boud- Lit. raudd wailing.
rudus broken stones fresh,' cf. rudis Adj. : '
rufus red (E. roan): dialectic for * rubus, robus, NUmbr. rofu rubros,
boudh- Mir. ruad, Got. rauds E. E. ruddy, cf. budh- Lit. rudas, see
ruber.
ruga wrinkle
rumen throat
rumex spear, sorrel (' with hastate leaves ')
rumis breast
rumor (for term. cf. clamor) talk: bu- at-piofiai howl, Ags. runian,' cf.
beu- OSlav. ruii, bu- Lit. rujd rutting, Sk. ru- cry.
rumpd break (E. rout route rote rut) bump- cf. bup- rupes, Lit. rupeti to :
trouble, bup- Lit. rupas rough, Sk. rup~ break, beup- Ags. bereofan
be broken off E. bereave rove rob ruff rubbish rubble gruff.
runa dart
runcina plane (j>vK&rn) fr. sq., twigs being compared to hairs.
:
runco deprive of hair (Pers. 4. 36), weed out Sk. lunc- tear. :
ruo 2 fall, rush *ruo Dissim. for *ruro *ruso, bous- see rorarii hence
; :
ruo 2 demolish Sk. ru- break to pieces, cf. beu- Got. riurs corruptible
:
ruo 4 dig up bu- OSlav. ryti dig, cf. bou- Lit. rduti dig up hence ruta
: :
4
minerals eruo 2 subruo 2
' .
rus country (E. roistering) bu-s Mir. roe plain, cf. bu-m- Got. rums :
room E.
ruscum rustum butcher's broom (E. rush Subst.) used in the country :
*
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 89
russus rusus red (E. russet) : = *rud-tus, cf. budh- rudis Adj.
triita rue (E.) : j>vr4\ :
''
curative,' Part. Fern, from fiuofiai cure Hdt. 4.
187 fin.
(cf. Ov. perenne Abl.) of *saepis Adj. fr. sq., ' crammed, fenced in
(see cunctus).
saepes sepes hedge (E. transept) : ' enclosure,' dialectic for *saeques
saikv- OSlav. sektt sheepfold.
saeta seta bristle (E. satin seton) :
'
bound together ' to make a brush or
/
line, 8AI-t - Ags. sad noose, Lit. saitai prison ('place of binding')
OSlav. sell noose, Zd. haetu- bridge, road ('connecting') Sk. situs
binding, from sai- see saeculum.
saevus sevus fierce
sagax acute: 'pointing out the way,' sag- Olr. saigim I visit, Got.
sakan contend (' point out the adversary) E. sake, cf. sag- sagio. '
sal salt (E. salad s<-cellar) sal- &\s Masc, Olr. salann, Lit. salunka :
salt-box OSlav. soli salt, Arm. a\, cf. sal-do- Got. E. salt.
tsalaco braggart <rdk&K<t>v fr. <xd\os tossing, see solum.
: ;
saliva (for term, cf ging-iva) Mir. saile Gaulish (as first in Catullus) ?
. : :
for fidpadpov), Mir. sail, cf. salk- Ags. sealh E. sallov) Subst.
salsus salted: Part, of sallo (as falsus of /alio) I salt, = * sal-no fr. sal.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
9o ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
saltern at least :
' swiftly, without difficulty/ fr. saltus leaping, solid, +
M see autem.
saltus woodland: 'running-ground' for cattle (see ager), Zd. har- go
Sk. sar- run.
tsalum sea : <rd\os tossing, sval- Ags. svellan swell E. E. swallow Subst.
salus safety saint- = *salUvi-t- fr. *sal-ilvu8 = sq.
:
521 a.
tsandapila bier
tsandiz sandfz vermilion: f<rdv$iZ (rck50|, Lydian (Lydus de Magis-
tratibus 3. 64).
sanguis sanguen blood sangvbt cf. sagvn- hyviov (for *h&viov) bowl to
:
sapa must dialectic for *saqua, Lit. sakai resin OSlav. sokti, juice.
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 91
scaeva omen: 'seen on the left,' scaevus left, <riecu6s (for *<rKaif6s),
ONor. skeika to swerve (for the second -k- see on vivus).
scaiae steps : = *scddae skvad- cf . skvand- scando.
tscalmus thole : 0*0X^5 :
* pointed stick,' cf. <tku\os stake and (nccC\A«
I hoe.
scalpo carve : sklp-, cf. sklp- sculpo.
tscammonea scammony: to-Kawavla, coming from Mysia (Diosc. 4.
168).
scamnum stool (E. shambles): = *scab-num 'support,' skvabh- Lit. skaba
horseshoe OSlav. skoba buckle, cf. skvambh- Zd. ckemb- to prop Sk.
skambh-.
scando climb (E. scan): 'jump up,' skvand- <rKav$4\ri6pov springe (E.
slander), Olr. ro-sescaind he leapt forth, Sk. skand- leap, see scaiae.
tscapha boat <tk&$t\ trough * scraped out, hollowed,' fr. scabo.
: ;
scamnum.
scapus yarn-beam :
' supporter,' skvap- (ncrjirrpov staff (ncfiirro/xat support
myself, by-form of skvabh- scamnum.
tscarus wrasse <ricdpos fr. aicalpu skip.
: ;
scelus crime: 'debt, requiring expiation,' skvel- cf. skvol- Got. skal
I must E. shall, skvl- Lit. skllti become indebted.
scheda sheet of paper (<rxfty, 12th century a.d., so scheda cannot be
borrowed from it E. sketch) pop. etym. (quasi fr. rx&ios common)
: :
scintilla spark (E. stencil tinsel) : fr. *scintHils Part, of *scino shine, skin-
cf. skin- Got. skeinan shine E.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
92 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
screo hawk = *screjd skrei- cf. skbi- OHG. scrlan cry, skbi- Mir. scret
:
scrobis ditch (E. screw) dug out,' skvrobh- Lett, shrabt scrape. :
'
scutum oblong leather shield (E. escutcheon squire) cf. o-kvtos hide, :
se Ace. himself: sve (see me), cf. sve t, Gk)t. si-k E. basfc busk, OSlav.
sg, see suus.
se- apart :
'
by oneself,' Abl. fr. praeced.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 93
sebum sevum tallow = *saebum saib- Ags. sap red antimony E. soap
:
E. sithe sedge fhassock, cf. sokv'- Ags. saga saw E., sekv- OSlav. seka
I cut.
seed 3 follow Aen. 10. 407, Hor. Epp. 1. 16. 42 : fr. sequor.
secta path (E. sept suit suite) fr. praeced. :
Enn.'s Prep, secus 'by,' Sk. sded with, is fr. sequor: from it come
altrinsecus extrinsecus intrinsecus,
sed set without (Fest.), but : = *sed, OLat. se-dum, see se- and
-dum.
sedeo sit (E. assize hostage see Subst. siege size surcease) : sed- c5os seat
eCofiai sit,Got. sitan E. E. seat set fseize, OSlav. sedlo saddle, Zd. had-
sit Sk. sad-, cf. sod- (?) Mir. saidim I settle, see sldo.
sed-itio discord fr. *se-du (see in-du), see sS-, + eo.
:
sedo settle sed- Olr. sid peace, Lit. sedHi sit, cf. sed- seded.
:
sella sedda (Terentius Scaurus, Keil 7. 13) seat = *seda, see sedo. :
semel once Oscan (see famulus) for *semul *semulum Adj. Ace. Neut.
:
Olr. sll (E. shillelagh). Got. saian sow Ags. saed seed E., Lit. seti sow:
'throw,' cf. trifii (= *<rl-<rri-ni) send.
semi- half: ijju-, Sk. sami-, cf. sem- OW. hanther Zeuss 2 149 b, Ags. sam
E. saw^-blind.
semis half -as: from *semissis = *sem(i)-issis *sem(i)-e8sis (cf. quitiquessis
five asses), fr. praeced. + as.
semita footpath (E. sentinel) : fr. semi-, * half the width of the road '.
semper always sen- Got. : sinteind, Arm. hanapaz, Sk. santit, + -per : '
as
of old,' fr. senex.
sempiternus eternal : for *semper-nus fr. praeced., on anal, of aeviternus
(fr. aevitds).
senex old (E. sir sirrah surly) : sen- wos, Olr. sen, Got. sineigs E. fsene-
schal, Lit. sinas, Arm. hin, Zd. hana- Sk. sdnas.
senticetum thorn-brake : fr. *sentex formed from sentis on anal, oifrutex
ilex.
Digitized by G'OOglC
94 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
sept£ kxrdy Olr. secht n- Got. sibun E., Arm. evthn, Zd. haptan- Sk.
s
see E. ('follow with the eyes'), Lit. sekti follow, Zd. hoc- Sk. sac-
accompany.
serenus dry, serescd Lucr. 1. 306 get dry
seria jar ' heavy,' sq.
:
serius grave sveb- OHG. swari heavy Got. svers honorable, ct sveb-
:
sero 1 sow: ses- W. haidd barley (= *hei-ja *hes-ja), Zd. hahya corn Sk.
sasydm, cf. Plin. 18. 141 secale (' rye ') Taurini sub Alpibus sasiam (so
Stokes conj. for asiam: hence Span./eja) vocant. Perf. sevz from se- —
semen, Part, satus from 8E-.
sero 2 join (E. concert seraglio) : seb- tlpoa (= *€p-j«), cf. ser- Lit. seris
thread,
serperastra splints ^for term, see mediastinus) : fr. *serperv& Adj. of sq.
serpo creep Spra, Sk. sarp-.
:
as though direct fr. praeced. (cf. salm-acidus sour from Hkm brine,
with s- from sat),
serra saw
serum whey seb-, cf. sob- 6p6s Sk. sdrasas juicy,
:
t
servo keep
servus slave (E. serf) fr. praeced. * protege '. : ,
Assyrian samassammu.
sescenaris of 600 pounds' weight (Graevius) Liv. 41. 15 bovis fr. sescenJi :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOtOGICAL LEXICON 95
severus serious :
* fixt,' Lit. segii I fasten.
sex 6 (E. siesta) sees Got. saihs E., Sk. shdsh, cf. (1) sjeks OSlav.
:
hstl, (2) 8VEKS c|, Lit. szcszi (unless these two are from seks), Olr.
s5 W. chwech, (3) vers ^, Arm. wtffo, uks Pruss. uschis sixth, (4)
KV8VBKS Zd. khshvash 6.
si sei if : proclitic form of *svai Osc. *ral, ol : from svo- Got. smsoE.?
Hardly add cl if, which rather = Lit. jei.
similis alike: from *stimulus som-l6s d/xa\6s level, som- 6/x6s in common,
Got. soma same E., cf. sm- o- together &-^ia with, Got. sums some
E. E. game-some, Arm. ham- together, Zd. Kama like Sk. samds, and
bom- OSlav. samu ipse, see semel simul.
simltu at once (for term. seepituUa) sm-, see simul. :
simplex simplus simple (for terms, see duplex) sem-, see semel. :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
96 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
tsinapis mustard (MHG. sen/) : *<rlya*vs Dor. for t<rlt>Tnrvs, cf. (o-)vawv :
singultus sobbing fr. *singulio Vb., sing- cf. sig- Ags. sican sigh E. ?
:
sinister left (for term. cf. magister minister): sen- senex, * elder' (a
euphemism like ev&vyixos '
well-named, left, ' and Ags. vinster left fr.
Sk. van- to desire).
sino leave (E. site)
hardly cf. ONor. svina subside (of a swelling) svi- cf svi- Ags. svima .
sirempse (Plaut. Amph. 73) siremps (for loss of -e see instar) : = *sur-
em-p'Se Inf. Perf. of *8urim6 take up, Fest. suremit Perf., from sus +
emo ; so that siremps lex esto quasi = '.let an assumption be law, as
though,' &c.
tsirpe (see caepe) silphium : for *sirpium, *<rlp<piov by-form of i<ri\<piov
sisto stop : formed from Inf. sistere = *si-st&-re Bedupl. of sta- see st6 y
cf. iffrdvai place (= *<rt-<TT<i-voi).
Plur., svesb- Lit. sesers sister's, and (with -t- from the words for
*
brother') svestb- Olr. sethar, Got. svistar sister E., Pruss. swestro
OSlav. sestra cf. svesob- soror.
y
sobrius sober free from drunkenness,' 86- by-form (see dddrans) of s8~,
: '
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 97
shoe.
socer father-in-law svekur- €Kvp6s, Lit. szesziiiras, Zd. qacura Sk. g v&-
:
(-k-, for -s-, from Teutonic?), cf. svekron- Got. svaihra, see socer.
sodalis fellow :
'
going ' with one, see solum.
sodes pray = : *saudes t si audes ' if you are inclined,' cf. Aen. 2. 347
audere in praelia.
sol sun saul- W. haul, Lit. sduU> cf sauel- Got.
: . sauil, from sauel-
ijfKios (= *<raf4\ios).
tsoldurii vassels : Gaulish, t<rtA<foov/>o< (Athenaeus).
solea slipper for going in,' see solum (as ipfyLs
:
'
fr. &alvw go).
soled am accustomed go my way,' see solum. : '
solidus firm (E. soda solder soldier) sl-, cf. sl- salvus. :
sollemnis sollennis (quasi fr. annus) appointed coming when the : '
Sk. sdrvas.
solor comfort make to go,' sod- cf. sod- sq. ?
:
'
solum ground for going on,' sod- 684s way, OSlav. hoditi walk,
:
'
~
{
solus alone (E. sullen) by oneself,' from so- (see sobrius). :
solvo loose (E. assail) let go, fr. *sol-vus Adj. from sod- see solum.:
'
'
somnus sleep svop-nos Lit. sdpnas Zd. hvafna- Sk. svdpnas, cf. svep-
: y
nos Ags. sve/n dream, sup-nos fhrvos sleep, OSlav. sUnti, Arm. khun,
sup-nos Mir. suan fr. sopor.
. ;
sons guilty sonti- cf. snti- OHG. sundea sin Ags. syn E.
:
sonus sound (E. E. sonnet Olr. son word) sven- Olr. senim Ags. svin ; :
t
sopor sleep: svep- Ags. svefan put to sleep E. softy Zd. qap- to sleep Sk.
svap't cf. sup- OSlav. s&pati, see somnus.
tsoracum hamper : <rtibpaicos
sorbum sorvum (Plin.) service-berry (E.) : srv-, cf. srov- f>ovs sumach
po(f)id pomegranate, Sk. sravdf a plant.
7
Digitized by VjOOQlC
98 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
sordes dirt: svbd- fyffa, cf. svobd- Got. svarts black E. swarthy, see
suasum.
sorex saurex (Plaut. Poen. 1313 Goetz) shrew-mouse : saub- cf . sur-
6pa| (Nicander).
soror sister : svesob Olr. siur, Arm. khoir, cf . svbsob- Zd. qa&har- Sk.
svdsar-, see sobrinus.
sors lot (E. sorcery) 8RTf- Olr. aneftA row, fr. *«ro 2 'connected'.
: ,
tspado: <nri9ctfv:
sparged scatter
tspartum esparto-grass: 'used in making ropes,' fr. mrdprow trirdpros:
rope, spbt- see sporta, spobt- Lit. spartas band, cf.
tsparus spear: Gaulish? cf. Ags. sp#r E. spar (W.par), and speb- Ags.
sper E.
tspatha broadsword <rw<i$n broad blade, Ags. E. spade.
:
tspy, Arm. spasem I await, Zd. cpac- look Sk. spa? - perceive, cf. spok-
SKOP- (TKOirew.
specus cave: 'refuge,' spek- skep- (cf. praeced.) o-Kfiras shelter,
tspelaeum cave <rirf\\aiov : :
speb- NHG. sperren struggle E. spar Vb., cf. spb- oW/w, Lit. spirU
kick, Sk. sphur- jerk. •
spes hope : go on,' Lit. sp'Sti have leisure OSlav. speti advance,
spe- '
Sk. sphd- grow fat (' advance '), cf. spo- Ags. spovan succeed E. speed.
tsphaera ball <r<pcupa: :
spiro breathe : emit breath, = * spurt fr. *spu-rus Adj. fr. spud.
' '
spissus thick = *spid-tus Part., spid- Hesych. <nritiv6s close Horn.. <r*t-
:
5^s broad,
tsplen milt ffvKfri see ^*»
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 99
spolium spoil
1
-fsponda side of a bedstead: 'place of preliminary libation before
getting into bed, (nrovd-f) libation, see spondeo.
*t*spondalium hymn : fr. *sponddlis Adj. of *sponda libation, o-wovti-fi, see
sq.
spondeo promise (E. spouse) : spond-of. spend- <rtr4vtiu> offer.
-f-spongia sponge : <riroyyid, fr. fa^yyos, see fungus.
sponte freely
sporta basket : * plaited,' spbt-, see spartum.
spuma foam : fr. sq.
spu5 spit (E. scupper) : spju- tttiJw, W. ffum a puff, Arm. thukh saliva,
cf. spiv- Got. speivan spit E. spue, spjeu- Lit. spiduti OSlav. pljuti,
and stju- stiv- Sk. shthlv-.
spurcus dirty spbk-, cf. spobk- Sk. spare- touch,
:
stb- Olr. srethi substernendum, Ags. E. storm, stb- stravl Perf. stra-
tus Part., ffrp&vvvfjLi <rrop4yyvfii ffrSpvvfju; also STBEV- Ags. streovian
strew E., stbou- Got. straujan Ags. strea straw E., stbo- Lit. strdja
stall.
sternud sneeze: psteb-n- Arm. phrngal, cf. pstb-n- irrdpyvfiat : fr. sq.,
'
make a noise with the nose \
stertd snore : psteb-, cf pstb- Olr. srenim. .
stilla drop (E. still Subst.), stilicidium (fr. cado) dropping: *stila=*stlr-la
fr. stiria.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
stips gift
stipula stalk : = *stupula (whence the forms in the Bomance languages,
and W. sq/l stubble, OHG. stupfila E.) * stub-la stub- (or stubh-)
OSlav. sttiblo stiblo stalk.
stipulor bargain :
* take earnest-money,' fr. stips.
stiria drop
stirps stock
stiva plough-handle :
' tail,' stiv- cf. stiv- OHG. stiuz haunch,
stlatarius stlattarius deceitful: fr. stldta stlatta pirate vessel (not 'broad/
as Fest., quasi fr. latus Adj.)
stloppus scloppus slap onomatop. :
sto stand (E. stage stanchion stanza) sta- uttij/u set, Lit. stdti tread :
OSlav. stati stand, Zd. ctd- Sk. stha-, cf. stai- OHG. stan E. stay stow
stithy, and see destind.
stolidus dull : stlo-do- cf. stl-do- Ags. stolt rash E. stout :
'
set,' see
praestol&r.
storea mat spread out,' stb- cf. steb- sterno.
:
'
praeced. +
ag- co-agulum bond, see ago.
stramen straw stb-mn (rrpv/ia bed : strewn,' see sterno. ;
'
cf. sq.
strenuus brisk: stben- arprjvos health, cf. stbn- Ags. styrn stern (Adj.)
E., Pruss. sturnawiskan earnest.
strepo make a noise onomatop. :
tstrigilis scraper quasi- Adj. for *strigila *stregida from Ace. of *arpeyU
: ,
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 101
tiipati throb,
stuppa stiipa stipa tow (E. stuff) a-rivrj compressed,' see stip6. : :
*
suadeo recommend: 'cause to please,' svId- Ags. svete sweet E., cf.
svand- avdduw please, Olr. sant desire, Zd. qand- be merry (Spiegel),
svad- Sk. svad- sweeten, sud- Got. siUs pleasant, see suavis.
suasum dark colour = *stcarsum *svard-tum Part. Neut. from svbd-,
:
suavis sweet (E. assuage) = *sudd-vis, ytivs, Sk. svadus, see suadeo.
:
bdsium.
sub under (E. sudden suzerain) : = *sup (see ob) *s-upo there-under,' '
from so see sic + u*po foro, Olr. f-o, Got. uf E. eaves often, Zd. upa to
Sk. upa.
suber cork-tree :
'
with wrinkled bark,' crv<pap old skin
sub-lestus slight: from las- Got. lasivsvreak E. less, OSlav. loH cheap,
+ Part. -ending.
tsublica stake : Volscian (Fest.) : = *sub-liga (seepertica) fr. ligti.
sub-Hmis high :
'
obliquely up,' fr. Zimus Adj.
tsubo : *<rv$doo, fr. Hesych. crv&as lewd
sub-oles sob-oles (dialectic, cf. Cato jogalis for jugalis) offspring : see
adolesco 2 .
subtemen subtegmen woof : fr. tego, ' covering ' the warp,
subtilis fine : = *sub-telis fr. tela, '
suited for weaving '.
subiicula shirt : fr. *sub-uo put under from *avo, see exuo.
'
'
subulcus swineherd : from su- see sus, with term, from bubulcus.
Digitized by VjOOQlC jT
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
sucus succus juice (E. sewer) sukv- OHG. tugan sack, cf. sunkv- 1A%.
:
sugillo beat black and blue Dimin. of sq. draw blood '. : ,
'
sug5 suck: sugv- Mir. sugim Ags. sucan E. E. soak; by-form of sukv-
t
see sucus.
sulcus furrow s£kos Ags. sulh plough, cf. solkos 6\k6s furrow.
:
sum am formed from Plur. sumus, for *em es-mi tl/xi, Olr. amy Got.
:
im E., Lit. esmi OSlav. jesmi, Arm. em, Zd. ahmi Sk. dsmi, es- cf.
esse Inf.
summus highest: = *sup-mus from sub ('upward,' see super) , cf. Sk.
upamds.
sumo take: fr. *sumics Adj. 'taking up,' sus + Adj. -ending (see emo
demd).
Slid sew = *suo sj&- Ka-<r<rva stitch, Got. siujan sew E. E. seam, Lit.
:
( = *f-w-ar), Got. w/ar E. E. orlop, Zd. upairi Sk. updri: fr. «m&, 'more
sup-inus backward from *sup see sub 'up,' cf. fa-nos backward,
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 103
surdus deaf
sus up (in susque deque up and down, suscipio suscito suspends sustined
sustuli ; also su-, surgd = *sU-rigdt su-splcid, sU-splcio, su-splro ; and
see sirempse) : NUmbr. surur also
cf .
sus pig (E. sail Vb.) sti- fe, W. hw-oh sow
: (not E. hog), OHG. su E.,
cf. su- Zd. hu pig.
su-spicio suspicion fr. sus : + spica, * pricking,' cf. spik- sU-spicor sus-
pect, sUspectus suspected.
susurrus hum = *su-sUr-us Redupl. of sTJr-, cf. sur- Lit. surma, sver-
:
suus (from *suvus) sovos his: sevos, lifys, Lit. sdwa, Arm. iur («
*sev-r), cf. svo- see suesco si.
tabes wasting
tabula board = *teb-l&, tebh- cf stebh- Sk. stabh- to prop, stembh-
: .
taeda pitch-pine
taedet irks
ttaenia fillet: rawia, fr. *rcuv6s Adj., = *Tav-]6s from tn- see tendd (as
(polvios fr. <poiv6s, = *<pov-]6s).
talea staff (E. tailor &c. detail intaglio tally) OSlav. : talij young branch,
ttalentum talent r&Kavrov weight,' see tollo.
: :
'
talis such : fr. * talus Adj. of *ta thus, case-form from to- see tarn, and
see qualis.
talpa mole
talus ankle (E. talon) : = *tax-lus, see taxillus.
tarn so : = *tam tame i.e. *td-sme from td- (see talis and ito), TO-
(Fest.)
r<f this, Got. thata that E., Ags. E. the Ags. *A«s this E., Lit. tas> Zd.
to- Sk. to'- ; + a case-ending -smo, cf. OUmbr. pu-sme to whom, Got.
tha-mma to him, see -met.
tamen yet: 'in spite of all,' Ace. of *tamen (Neut.) contempt, tm-n
from tm-, tm- temiv5.cf.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
io 4 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
tango touch (E. taste task tax but for touch see died) tang- cf. tag- ; :
Tcraydv seizing.
tantus so great formed from tan-turn only (taken as Adj. Neut.) i.e.
:
'
'
tidiris :
tardus slow (E. tarry) : * smitten, crippled,' cf. Sk. tad- beat.
tarmes woodworm
ttarpesslta banker : *rapir€(irq* rpaireCfays, fr. r/wkrefa table.
tat tatae Interj. : cf. toto?, E. tut, see atdt.
ttaurus bull : ravpos (OSlav. turti), = *rdpfos, Gaulish tarvos Olr. tarb.
tax sound of blows: onomatop., cf. E. thwack.
taxillus die (E. tassel) :
ttechna techina trick : rixvn art : tegh- Ags. thicgan touch, cf . tengh-
Ags. E. thing.
tego cover : tegv- rtyos roof, Olr. teg house, Ags. theccan to cover E.
thatch fdeck tight taut ; cf . stegv- vriyw shelter, Sk. sthag- cover,
tegula tile (E.) : tegv- cf. praeced., and stegv- Lit. stkgiu I cover,
tela web (E. toilet toils) : = *tex-la fr. texo.
tellus earth : = *tel-os (for term. cf. ald-6s i)-6s) tel- 'flat,' cf. tel- Ags.
thelu board, Sk. talas level ground, and tl- OSlav. tllo pavement.
telum spear Mir. tal axe : : = *tex-Um fr. texo, '
shaped '.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 105
tenuis thin TN-tJ- raw- long-, Sk. tawds thin, cf. ra- rava6s long, Olr.
:
terminus termen limit ter-mn repfia, Sk. tarmanf : point, from ter-
Zd. tar- go over Sk. tar- pass.
tero rub (E. try) = *trio (cf. trivT Perf. tritus Part.), tru- rpiw weary
:
(for the meanings cf. E. tire Vb. fr. tear Vb.), cf. trou- Ags. thredvian
threaten E. throe.
terra earth (E. terrace terrier tureen turmeric) = Hera ter- Osc. teer[um], :
Olr. tir.
terreo frighten = *terseo ters-, cf. trs- Mir. tarrach timid, Zd. tarec-
:
ttesca tesqua deserts (an augural term) : Sabine (Schol. Hor. Epp. 1.
14. 19)
ttessera die (' square-sided ') reo-o-apa 4, see quattuor. :
testa brick (E. Ust tester) = texta Part. Fern, from tcxo, :
'
shaped '.
OHG. dehsen to shape, OSlav. tesati cut, Zd. takhsh- hew (Spiegel) Sk.
taksh- fashion, cf. tokth- Lit. taszyti hew.
tthalamus bower: fed\afxos, Egyptian (Isid. Orig. 15. 3. 6).
ttheca case: d^xy, cf. €0r}Ka I placed, see Jacid.
•fthesaurus thensaurus treasure (E.) fd-qcavpos *B-nv<ravp6s :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
io6 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
tingo tinguo wet (E. stain taint Tent) tungv- Mir. tummim I dip (== :
endure Scotch thole, Sk. tul- lift, cf. tl- r6kfm daring.
tomentum stuffing : tvom-n- o-a/xa body,
tondeo shave
hardly cf t«V5» gnaw
. : meaning too different.
tono thunder: ton-, cf. tn- Ags. thunian, Sk. tan- roar: * continue,' fr.
Undo.
tonsa oar: '
bough stript of leaves,' Part. Fern, of tondeo, cf. Fest. ton-
silla stake,
tonsillae (quasi fr. praeced.) tossillae tosillae tussillae tusillae toxillae
tonsils : Fest. toles tumor in faucibus
tox-, cf.
scape-painting, *r6*ia fr. t6icos place, ' making the most of a space '.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 1.07
ttornus lathe (E. attorney tornado tour twrri) r6pvos boring,' tor-, of. : :
*
ter- rcpcrpou gimlet reipv weary, OSlav. treti rub, Sk. tdrunas tender,
Tf- Olr. tarathar gimlet.
torpeo am stiff (E. sturdy) trp-, Lit. tirpti stifEen. :
torqueo turn (E. tart Subst. torch tortoise trousers truss trousseau) trkv- :
&rpaicros spindle, of. torkv- OSlav. traffic bandage, Sk. tarkus spindle.
torreo burn (E. toast) = *torseo trs- Got. thaursjan to thirst E. E.:
thrush 2 Arm. tharanim I wither, of. trs- Olr. tart thirst, ters- r4p-
,
tdtus so great from to- see tarn + a term, -to- (see quotus).
:
totus tottus whole (E. teetotum) fr. *to Abl. of to- see tarn (and see :
sibus 1. 19).
traho draw (E. portray trace &c. train tret) : = *traho trd-veho from trans-
+ veho.
trama woof :
* across ' the warp, = *trans-ma from trans.
frames crossway : = *trans-m-es from trans.
franquillus calm
trans across (E. trance trespass) : NUmbr. traf trahaf (=*tra,s), W. trach
beyond (= *trass *trans).
fransenna network praeced., with same term, as antenna.
:
tremo shake (E. turmoil) tre-m- rpefiu, cf. tr-m- Lit. trimti, tre-m-s- :
tres 3 = *trei-es trei- rpels, Got. threis E., Arm. e-re-kh, Sk. trdyas, cU
:
fribus trebus tribe: OUmbr. trefi Abl., Mir. treb: 'division,' cf. praeced.
tricae tricks (E. intrigue but not trick) ; :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
108 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
tri-pudium a dance :
* striking thrice,' tri- see ter + (s)pod- seepudet.
tri-quetrus triangular: = *tri-qued~rus 'with 3 points,' see quadra.
tristis bitter : Ags. thrlste bold
trit-avus strit-avus (Fest.) ancestor in the sixth degree :
Dionysos
ttrochlea troclea pulley = *trochilia, rpoxt\(a, fr. rp4x<* run. :
trua ladle (E. trowel) tvr- cf. tvor- roptivri, ONor. thvara stirring-stick,
:
tueor watch
tugurium tigurium tegurium (quasi fr. tego) hut foreign, cf attegia ? : .
tum then = *to-me (for term, see tarn), to- t6-t€, cf. Ags. th-on E., see
:
(am.
turned swejl tum- Sk. tumras strong, cf. tum- see tuber.
:
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 109
tundo beat (E. 'puree) tund- Mir. tond wave, cf. tud- Sk. tud- push
:
turba uproar (Fr. trap too much E. troop trouble) tvurb- rvp&ri dis- ; :
turdus thrush: turzd- cf. truzd- Ags. E. ^ros^le, and strozd- Lit.
strdzdas, cf Bohemian drozd (Miklosich with dr- from OSlav., see note).
. :
tturris tower (E., Ags. torr rock, NHG. thurm tower, W. twr) : frvppt?
rvpcris :
ttiiticus public : Campanian (Liv. 23. 35. 13), from teuto- Osc. tovto
people, Got. thiuda (and Lat. Teutones, E. Dutch), Olr. tuath, Lett.
tauta.
tutus safe : Part, from tu- OSlav. tyti grow fat, cf. tu- Zd. Sk. tu- be
strong.
tuxtax sound of blows : Redupl. of tax, cf. E. thwick-thwack.
ttympanum typanum drum (E. timbrel)-, rvfiirauou rxmavov, tump- tup-
rvvroo beat, see stuped.
ftypus figure rfaos, see praeced.:
iiber Adj. rich, Subst. breast : oddap udder (for *'vdap, to avoid a double
aspiration), Ags. uder E., Sk. udhar-. cf. Lit. udr&ti get milk.
ubi where (for term, see necubi) u- Relative, cf. vo- 8s who. :
Digitized by VjOOQlC S
no ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
ulna elbow : olen- wA^Vij, cf. oln- Sk. anis axle-pin ; also olen- Got.
aleina cubit (mis- written for *alina), oln- Olr. uille Ace. Plur. elbow,
Ags. eln E. eZ-bow ell.
tulpicum leek: Punic (Columella 11. 3).
-ultra ills beyond ud out, cf. ud- tUerus.:
ul-ula screech-owl: ul- $\<Lu> bark. Lit. uUti to halloo, cf. ulueus
screech-owl (Servius), Sk. ulukas, and ul- ONor. yla howl,
ululd howl (E. E. hurly-burly) : Redupl. of ul- praeced., cf. 6\o\t(u
( = uluUti shout.
*v\-v\'v(u>), Lit.
iilva sedge ud see ultra, growing out in the marsh, not in the field,
:
'
'
Mlr. imbliu, nobh-el- Ags. nafela E., nobh-£- Sk. nabhllamf from ;
umbra shade (E. sombre umber umbrage umbrella) ondh-, Sk. andhds :
blind, cf ndh- Zd. afidao, see ater and nodh- Hesych. wB6s dark, see
. ;
nothus.
umeo hiimed am moist : fr. *uvimus Adj., see uvidus.
umerus humerus shoulder : omesob, cf. o*msos NUmbr. onse Abl., Grot.
ams, Arm. us, Sk. dmsas, and <5m- &/jlos.
um-quam ever : um- from *u-me (for term, see tarn), u- see ubi.
uncia one-twelfth (Sicil. ovyicla, also oyicla quasi fr. fryieos mass ; E. inch
ounce) : = *unicia fr. unicus single, see unus. ^ "
uncus hook : = *vuncus vonk- fry/cos. Lit. wgszas.
unda water *vunda vond- Lit. %oand&, cf.
(E. sound Vb. surround) : =
vod- Got. wato Ags. voter E., Ags. vat wet E., OSlav. voda water, ved-
Arm. get river; also und- Lit. undll water, ud- OUmbr. utur, w8«p
(Gen. vtiaros), ud- Mir. u-sce (E. whisky), Sk. Man-, cf. Zd. ud- flow
Sk. ud- to wet.
un-de whence from *um Abl. (see inde) of u- see ubi.
:
ungo ungud smear ongv- OHG. anco butter, Sk. anj- anoint, cf ngv-
: .
upupa hoopoe (Fr. huppe E.) : op-op- tiroty (for *8iroty ; formed quasi fr.
Mm-ns on-looker, Aesch. fragm. 291) Hesych. kwa<p6s, from its cry
op or ap.
= *vurbs vordh- OPers. vardana; 'concretion,'
urbs city: fr. Zd. vared-
promote Sk. vardh- grow.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
uterus womb ud-ro- Sk. uddram, from ud out (i.e. beyond the
: * '
stomach, cf extremus furthest off from ex out) Got. ut E., Sk. ud,
.
i
'
vacca cow (E. bachelor'})'. = *vet-cci (for term. cf. juven-ca), vet- Sk.
vat-s-d8 calf, see vitulus.
vaccinium whortleberry: fr. *vaccinus Adj. of praeced., 'eaten by cows',
vacillo stagger : Dim. of *vac6 vakv- Ags. vah crooked E. woo, Sk.
vakrds : also vaccilld stagger, from *vaccd *vacd vakv-.
vaco voco am empty am :
' open to an offer,' vok- Arm. vasn on account
of, cf. vek- kit&v willing, Zd. vac- be willing Sk. vac- be eager.
vadd rush : vadh-, cf . sq.
vadum ford: 'passage,* vadh- Mir. fonnadh travelling, Ags. vadan go
E. wade waddle.
-vae Interj. (oval) : Got. vai Ags. va woe Subst. E. E. wail well&way,
Lett, wax Interj.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ii2 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
weak.
van vaha Interj. = *va (see aha). :
valeo am strong: gval- £<&€ oh that ('mayst thou be able'), Lit. gaUti
be able.
valgus awry = *volgus volgv- Ags. vealcan roll E. walk fgalop, Sk-
:
vallum palisade (Ags. veal rampart E. wall), vallus stake for a palisade:
= *valno- * enclosing,' cf Mir. fal hedge.
: .
valva door : = *volvci fr. volvo, ' revolving ' on its hinges.
vannus fan (E., OHG. wanna)
vanus empty (E. vaunt)
vapor steam
vappa flat wine = *vapa, *vapus Adj. fr. praeced. (see comis), that has-
:
'
dialectically Varr. badius brown (E. bay Adj. baize), cf. Olr. buide
yellow.
varix dilated vein: 'blotch,' vr- varus pimple, cf. vb- Lit. wiras.
varus crooked
vas surety (E. engage) VEDH-f- cf. &-(f)€0-\os contest, W. gwystl pledge
:
vastus waste (E.) vast- Olr. fas empty, Ags. veste waste,
:
fvates vatius (Caper, Keil 7. 112) : voti- Celtic ovar€is priests (Strabo
4. 4. 4)Olr. faith prophet, cf. Ags. Voden a god E. TFecfoesday, and
Got. vods mad OE. wood Adj. ('inspired,' cf. /xdyris prophet fr. fialvopat
am mad), Rhys, Hibbert Lectures, p. 278.
-ve or -ve rt-(f)4, cf. VE Zd. Sk. va.
:
vescus vestibulum) :
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 113
vend carry vegh- Olr. fen wagon, Got. g&-vigan move E. wag wagon
:
weigh wall-eyed whit wight earwig fvogue. Lit. wezit I carry OSlav.
veza, Zd. vaz- drive Sk. vah- carry, c£. vogh- &x os chariot.
vel or : choose,' Imperat. fr. void (cf. die ducfacfer fr. died &c).
'
and vln- Grot, vulla wool E., Lit. wilnos OSlav. vl&na, Arm. gain
lamb, see lana.
velox swift from *velus (see atrox) *veh-elus fr. veho, carried away '.
:
l
happy.
venio come (E. adventure saunter venue) gvn-jo &alva> ( = *fidy-j») for :
t
ventus wind: vent- Got. vinds E., cf. vent-jo- W. gwynt; from ve-
(with shortening before -nt-) &-(f)i\iu blow, Got. vaian, Lit. wejas
wind OSlav. Zd. Sk. vd-.
vejati blow,
venucula venniicula venicula venuncula a grape for preserving Fern. :
venum vaenum sale ven- OSlav. veniti sell, Arm. gin price, cf. von-
:
virus.
verbenae herbage (E. vervain) = *verbes-nae fr. sq., shoots '. : *
beaten ') = *vorbera vbb- fid&os wand, Lit. wirbas rod OSlav. vrfiba
:
willow.
8
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ii 4 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
verbura word : = *vorbum vrdh- Got. vaurd E., cf. vobdh- Lit. wardas
name.
vereor reverence look to,' = *voreor vor- dpdw see, Got. vars wary E.
:
'
top OSlav. vrUhUj cf. vers- Arm. i-ver up, Sk. vdrshman- height.
verrunco turn out: *rise' (cf. averruncd avert, 'prevent from rising'),
= *vorruncd fr. *vorr-unquu8 Adj. from vrs- praeced. whence also ;
vespa wasp = *vospa vosp- Ags. vdsp E., cf. vops- Ags. vaps, Pruss.
:
vester voster your vos Sk. vas you Enclitic, cf vos vos.
: .
vestigium track
vestis garment (E. travestie) : = *vostis Got. vasti E. \gaiter % from vos-
Got. vasjan clothe E. wear, Zd. varih- Sk. vas-, cf. yes- wvO/u, Arm.
z-oe-num I dress.
Digitized by VjOOQlC
ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 115
E. quoth bequeath.
vetus old: 'full of years,' vet- tros year, Lit. wetuszas old OSlav. vetHhU,
Sk. tri-vat-s-as three years old.
vexillum standard carried,' fr. *vexus Part, of veho.
:
•
vibro shake: vib- OHG. wipph vibration E. whip wipe wimple quip
fgimp, cf. praeced.
viburnum wayfaring- tree : ' quivering,' vib- see vibex.
vicem Ace. change vek-, cf. vek-s- OHG. wehsal
(E. traffic):
change.
viceni 20 = *vlcent-ni, viknt-, see viginti.
:
voiK- oIkos house, Sk. vecas tent, cf. veik- Got. veihs village, vik- Zd.
vie, vik- OSlav. vlsl farm.
video see (E. advise survey view visage vista) vid- fair to : see, W. gwedd
aspect, Got. vitan watch E. tcit &c. twit fguide, Zd. Sk. vid- know, cf.
vid- OSlav. videti see.
vidulus wallet (Fr. valise ?) : v!dh-, cf. vidh- ' bind,' Olr. co-beden con-
nexion, Grot, gprvidan bind E. wallet wattle &c. wad weeds wind Vb.
&c.
viduus bereft (E. void; Qli.fedb widow) = *viduvus *vidovus vidh-ev- :
illOeos ( =
^-pidepos) bachelor, OSlav. vldova widow, Sk. vidhdva, cf
vidh-u- Grot, vid-u-vo E. from vidh- 'separate,' see di-vidd, lo-6/j.6s ;
Digitized by VjOOQlC s
n6 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
villa vella (Varr.)farm: = *vlla *vela cf. vllicus bailiff, * toes-la 'dwelling,*
ves- Got. visan to stay E. was wassail west, Zd. vanh- dwell Sk. vas-,
cf. vos- MIr./oss a staying, Arm. gom I am.
villus shaggy hair (E. velvet) = *vellus from *vollus, vlno-, see vellus.
:
vimen withe vi- vied weave, cf. vi- Sk. w-, and vi-t- see vUis vitta.
:
vincd conquer (E. vanquish) : vinkv-, cf. veikv- Got. veihan fight E.
wight Adj., OSlav. vekfi strength, and vikv- Mir. fichim I fight, Lit.
wikrhs active.
vindico vendico claim (E. vengeatice) declare the price,' see venum :
'
waive waif, cf. vip- W. gwibio wander, Ags. vifel weevil E., Sk. vip-
tremble.
vir man: viro- Qlx.fer, Got. voir ]£. wervroli wo?-ld, cf. viro- Lit. tofrras,
Zd. vira Sk. vlrds hero.
virago heroine acting like a man,' fr. praeced. + ag-, see strdges.
:
'
vired am fresh, green (E. farthingale verjuice) fr. Adj. *virus gvi-ros :
Zd. jira eager, cf gvi-R(5s Sk. jirds lively from gvi- Zd. ji~ live Sk.
. ;
ji- quicken.
virg^a twig (E. verge Subst.) vidga (see mergd), OHG. wise wisp E.
:
virgo maiden
virus poison: visds Us, cf. visom Zd. visha Sk. vishdm: from vis- Sk.
vish- be active ?
vis Subst. strength : vi-s- from vi- U, cf . vietus.
vis Vb. thou wilt : vi- UfMt desire, Sk. vi- enjoy.
Vois in the Dvenos inscription (E. Schneider 19) is too obscure to
compare.
viscum misletoe visk-, cf. viks- ll>6s.
:
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ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON 117
vito avoid :
* feel loth towards, dislike,' fr. *v\tus '
forced ' Part, of vi-,
vis Subst., see invltus,
vit-ri-cus stepfather: * marrying a widow,' fr. *vid-ra widow, see
viduus.
vitrum woad, glass (as of a bluish tint E. varnish : vitriol) : vit-, cf.
voit7 - Ags. vad woad E.
vitta band 'woven,' = *vlta Part. Fern, from vi- see
: vied v'ttis.
vitulor keep holiday (E. fiddle viol): 'enliven myself,' fr. *vltula Dimin.
of vita*
vitulus calf (ira\6s E. veal vellum) yearling,' see vetus, vet- cf. Got.
; :
'
speak.
tvolaema volema warden-pears : Gaulish for « good and large
(Serv.).
void wish : vol- cf. vel- velle Inf., Got. viljan to will E. E. well weal
wild, Lit. wilyti wish OSlav. veleti, Zd. Sk. var- choose.
void fly (E. volley) 'drop,' gvl-, see balanus.
:
volup agreeably
hardly cf. velp- 4\irls hope.
volva vulva integument vlv- Sk. tilvam caul, cf. sq. :
volv5 roll (E. revolt vault) volv- Olr. fulumain rolling W. olwyn :
wheel, Got. &i~valvjan roll away E. loallow, cf. velu- 4\v<r0els rolling.
vomer vomis ploughshare
hardly = *vox-m4s from voghv-s-, cf. vonghv-s- ONor. vangs-ni
(Fritzner), from voghv- Hesych/o^Ws, OHG. waganso, Pruss. v)ag-
nis coulter.
vomd :vom-, cf. vem- i/U« Lit. wemiu vomo, Zd. Sk. vam- vomere, and
t
food, gvro- Ir. broth, gvb- OSlav. grillo throat, gvb- Ptfydaicw devour
&opd food.
vos ye : vo- OSlav. va Dual, Zd. vdo Ace. Plur., see vester.
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S
n8 ETYMOLOGICAL LEXICON
not from (1) ovo- &<rfi cry or ty-yfai pledge, or Umbr. would be *bov$i;
(2) voghv- cf Sk. vagh&t sacrifice, or Perf. would be *wxi.
.
vel-n- vello.
vulpes volpes fox : dialectic for *volques, vlkv- see lupus, beast-names
being confused,
vultur voltur vulture vol-, ci. vel- vello.
:
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
(Letters given in Capitals are those of the Ursprache.)
LATIN.
i remains, see e.g. is pix vir; before j it = tjejUnus, seejent6] unac-
cented before r (from s) it = e miser. Final it = e ante mare, which
often drops (orig. before an initial vowel), ad- amb- ast aut et hie ob
post quot tot utj instar siremps. —
Dialectic compression by omission of
unaccented i (of whatever origin) between consonants, see forceps
sesqui- sinciput, splended j Uncus uncia, 6rn6 usurpd drded, ipse abdomen,
mulficia antestor fasttdium portdrium pdstuU, pond sumo, and below
on v. Contraction i + hi = I bimus, ae + hi = ae praeda.
:
u cutis furd lucerwi. After Lingual it = later v calvor mtlvus pelvis sal-
mis 8ilva, larva Metathesis after dl dulcis. Final it drops mox, see
:
vix red-.
ij written u, later iclued culullus domusfrutex jungd lacruma lubet lunter
:
luo manubiae numerus pugnus pungd supd surpiculus sus- opp. cliens
culillus domidlium frUillus igitur lacrima libet linter lito manibiae
nimis pignus pingo dissipd sirpus sirempse; seefimus ligo miser nimbus
redivivus stipula stringd supercilium lingo and below on the short
sonants. Unaccented before r it = e socer. Dialectically it = o
soboles.
E ego jero sequor ; dialectically it =i cicer cicur filix fistula in milium
nisi niteo pinna plied sileo singuli sinister spicid tribus via vindicd vitu-
lus, see quinque and below on m n. —
Before nasal + g" it = a anguilla
frangd before 1 + any consonant but v it = u mulced ulcus ulmus,
:
jacid sapid, e canded maneo pateo, & amoflagrd, isko nanciscor paciscor
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
and Prepositions ad- af. —Unaccented e (i.e. in any syllable but the
first) before two consonants remains haruspex or (diaiectically, see
above) = i see semis ; it = ii i.e. u famulus
before a single consonant
nuncupo occulo or compitum diligo inquilinus inquino memint
i arbiter
oppido permities, unless preserved by Kecomposition elegans intel- '
'
vescor veto. Initial quo remains by analogy in quot quotus, else = que
(see on b) or qui (see e above) quisquiliae (o canis see below). —
before v = a avis caveo cavus faveo favilla favus gravis lavo pavid,
unaccented u (see above on a) exuo. Pretonic o, unless saved by —
analogy, = a in Noun-stems in & ansa valva 6 valgus (or in these two
:
cogitd.
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COMPARA TIVE ETYMOLOG Y 121
ddnum ndsco potus (to show the length spelt also oh oh proh) dialec- ;
tically it = ii i.e. ufur hue jucundus nudus nutrio praestulor ulna upilio
Pre tonic, un-
iter uva, see septuagintd, or I renldeo slspes (see sospes). —
saved by analogy, it = a deer pldcd.
less
Ifdgus mater suadeo (to show the length spelt also ah ah vah or aha aka
vaha, see trans).
cruor prulna rub 1 ruo 4 e deinde neo reor (see ceu), 6 (from ov) cloaca,
,
a traho.
(2) nt contiofontis ventus (but mSntula nuntius probably earlier forms),
nd vindico (but nundinum prendo).
(3) final m clam, d sed.
r prosper,
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
eu remains in Interjs. Zheu heu heus, else =3 i.e. u ducd gusto lubricus
luged luridus lux nutd pluma prima ructd or I liber.
dlla 5men origa 6s dstium otium plddo pldstrum rodus sodes and see Jons.
Unaccented au = fi i.e. u adulor indiiutiae obtUrd or oe oboedio or e
obSdid.
5u before vowel = *ov iv oct&vus bovis, like bds, is un-Roman.
:
Sonants.
m = em gcminl temno, decern novcm septem i or (see above on e) im simul ;
fulgeo fulica fulvus gula mulgeo multus pulcer pullus (Subst. and Adj.)
sculpo stulius tuli, gurgulid promulgd, angulus cumulus dlscipulus /ice-
dula manipulus saeculum stimulus stipula tabula trdgula, or il similis
concipild ridilus. —
Initial vl dialectically = hi (see below on b) lupus,
(and so GV£-, void) or vul vulpSs vulva.
else vol volpes volva
B = or dormid dorsum forndx foro fors fortis horreum
cor corbis cornu
hortor morn morded morior oiHor por- porrum portioportd portus scortum
sorbed sors sporta storea torped extorris (which before sc for *csc = d
posed) or (see above on o) ur curculid curtus fumus spurcus turpis
,
ursus er (for *ir, see above on u) iterum uterus auger uber. vb dia- —
lectically = rii i.e. ru quadru- trua trux or ri quadri- else = vor vorro ;
(or, after t, uor quattuor) or (when initial) *vur ur urged urtica, later
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 123
Consonants.
m remains, see e.g. mcdius = n before J lanius venio, t centum quantus
:
—
drops multicia. ln from len remains ulna vulnus, else = 11 bulla
callum coll is follis fullo pellis procella pnllus vellus, antecello fallopello
percello polled recello tollo vello ls = 11 collum. :
1 I.e. the vowel is lengthened to make up for the dropping of one or more of the
following consonants :the syllable thus retains its weight though its elements are
reduced m number.
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124 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
J initial jecur jocus juvenis, drops before
i ici6 igitur. Between vowels
it usually drops, see plus, but remains (lengthening the vowel before
it) in Reduplication jejenio jejunus, onomatopoeic words ejuU, and
av becomes au, see above on au) traho, fuligo vita fibula nitor uligo
:
—
umeo, aeauus pra&co praedes. Postconsonantal v remains after Lin-
gual alvus arvum, but dialectically = b gilbus cor bus ferbeo sorbum, or
(as in Oscan) assimilates after 1 mella mollis palled sollus (cf . mlllio
beside mllvus) ; remains (spelt u) after q from k equus, and after s
suadeo-sudvis (but se serius drops before u sudor) is vocal-
si sordes : ;
ised later after n tenuist t quaUuor, d arduus duellum (but, later still,
initial dv = b bellum bis bonus, medial dv = v suavis) drops after f ;
(from dh) fallo foris forum, and in an atonic syllable after d de dis-
dims.—FineA v (after loss of -e) = u ceu (cf. neu sen).
P nepos pater plenus drops initially before t tilia (?) s sabulum (?) st
;
sternuo studeo, and between s and t hostis (in Compounds the s drops,
Fest. vo-pte = vds) or 1 lien. It assimilates before Labials summus
suffio, = m bef . n damnum omnis somnus.
Final p remains, volup ; ab
ob sub were originally used only before Mediae, and the b drops with
compensation before s-p dsper or (from s-m) dmentum. m
B (rare) labium lambo lubricus dialectically = v sevum and perhaps
;
it =p m, concipilo-cumulus stipula-stimulus.
or dialectically
bh initial before vowel = f far fero fungor &c, dialectically h haba Kara
(?) hariolus herba horctum Korreum and perhaps harena hircus (some-
times omitted, ariolus, arena ircus) or b barba battud bulla im-buo:
before Lingual it = f frango frater frlgo de-frulum &c, dialectically b
Digitized by VjOOQlC
COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 125
Digitized by VjOOQlC
126 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
tela temd.
G ego genus regd. This in the accented syllable remains before m agmen
sagmen (?), in the unaccented syllable drops with compensation sub-
temen suffidmen: before initial n it (later) drops narro nascor navus
nlctd nited noseddrops before medial j major. gs = x, which before
:
—
1 drops pdlus.
GH before vowel = h haedus haruspex hasta helvus hiems holus homo horreo
hortor hortus humus (dialectically omitted anser and sometimes aedus
aruspex olus ortus), vehd (dialectically omitted via, and with contrac-
tion bimus) : dialectically f folus fovea, g" gemini gilvus gutta (which
before final a = c, praefica, see below on gv). Before or after con-
sonant it *= g gldrea grdmen grdtus (so before 1 tragula), ango Jingo
lingo mirigd pinguis, which before drops with compensation ajo
j
mejd, and so in the unaccented syllable before n inanis, before t = c
nectd vectis, + s =x vexillum (dropt before Liquid velum, see vena)
dialectically iflavus, infula.
kv (1) as a fixt velar, with no sign of labialisation in any language,
'
'
•
=c callum carpo cicer collis cortex coxa culcita dulcis lucerna lucus
mucus seed vacilld and before consonant crdssus crepo (dialectically
assimilated before t blatta before j it = g pulegium or drops
;
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COMPARA TIVE ETYMOLOG Y 127
rus uva uvidus (with contraction fibula nitor nudus timed), dropping
after u fluo fruor struo (before i from j the v remains, fluvius) (2) :
dialectically f fames fel filum fostis funis (?). Before or after con-
sonant it = g" glaber gradus, indulged-largvs y
which before t = c lectus :
s before vowel salio sequor solum between vowels = r erus furo uro :
quaero auris &c. (ornd from *6sin£\ anser arbor vomer with r from
oblique cases), omitted after r + vowel cruor prior- proprius pruina
7-uo 1 and (before v) prlvus rivus, but later remaining prurio roraril.
Intervocalic s remains in Compounds positus and Reduplication
susurrus, dialectically in nasus, and (perhaps to denote a soft s, Eng.
z) in caesaries cam miser pusus quasillum vdsa, and in the loan-words
asinus bdsium blaesus emeus cisium gaesum laserpicium in causa quaeso :
frosa the s is from ss, in fusus from dt. s remains before v suavis —
(see above on v), and before Tenues spes std scid, dialectically,
dropping initially in parcus pendo pild polio, tabula tegd tergum tibia
titubo tundo turba turdus trltavus, cauda caveo cerno cerrUus coruscus.
It drops before f refert, and, with compensation if required, before m
mica miluus (?) minae mordeo (see sum) dumus primus sumo tarn -met,
n neo nix nurus alnus annus avena cdnus (?) fdnum farina llnum panis
(?) perna pone p6n5 prima venerium verbinae, 1 laM langueo lubricus pila
prelum qualum velum 1 (and so after loss of interconsonantal p lien,
see splendeo, and, later, t lamina-lotus lis locus). Before r initial it
= f fraga frigus, before r medial it dialectically = f infrd, else = b
Digitized by VjOOQlC
128 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
hordeum mdlus nidus pedo pridem sldo sudus turdus. zdh = st custos
hasta.
(I give first the Latin letter, then the various letters (or combinations
of letters) of the Ursprache, or of older Latin, which it may repre-
sent. )
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOG Y 129
acerbus socer.
e =e res, ez before d pedo. — = ed before s esca, ec before s compesco and
ehe mentula prendo, en before s vesica,
dialectically before t setius,
eat before n viceni, er before s testis,. es before 1 velum 1 et before m ,
= e felix diligo, eh before vowel via = u (ti) cZie7w and from o clipem
:
9
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i 3o COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
1 = L lingo, dialectically d lacrima solum by assimilation 2? bulla B
:
men nuncupd mjuncus nte antestor. n- may = gvn- nited, sn- neo : -n —
may = -ne non.
ordeum.
6 = o donum, ou robigo ou fbos, ao do ao nd. = oa cogitd do proles, —
ove nondinae ovi fdrnes, 6-que dodrans by compensation = oc :
momen.
oe = oi foedus Subst., oiz before d foedus Adj. (late) = ae hoedus coena —
or e foetus: = unaccented au oboedio.
-re instar*
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY <* 131
may = lu after d dulcis lu- may = V£- lupus, ur- may = vb- urged.
:
—
u- may = vu- uxor.
u = u fumus, u slupa, eu duco, ou clunis, dialectically o fur 01 cura au
cludo cupd: uz sudus uz crudus. —
= eu (ejo) plus'. = unaccented au
adulor = us before
: m
sumo, ux before nasal lumen luna = uvi :
jumentum uvi fullgo umeo ovi bubulus curia ovi nudus ove nundinae. —
u- may = vu- urina.
x = ks coxa ghs vexillum, kvs exta gvs auxilium ghvs nix, kth texo, —
-x may = -ksu mox.
z = C fzephyrus fzdna.
Any doubled consonant may simply denote that the preceding vowel
was originally long.]
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132 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
UMBEIAN.
(0 = Old Umbrian, the language of the first 4§ of the Eugubine Tables
N = New, of the remaining 2J.)
m —
before s = n N umerus. ns final = f N trans remaining when from ,
nos N fons.
E with Metathesis of e precor rs remains silicemium N pared, before
:
n= s in N cena.
J (Lat. i) lost after 5 (from k) duplex. —v remains voveo.
bh = f tribus.
d medial = & adoleo ar duplex famulus piiblicus, N rs almus ar. —dh =
f N ru/us.
k dropt before s precor ; = ^Ns before e silicemium cena or original
—gh = h
J duplex. between vowels via.
hortar, dropt
kv = p N qui quis —gv veru, medial = p
2
. initial =b arbiter.
s between vowels remains after long vowel hornus vas, =r after short
vowel N sus.
OSCAN.
(Brackets denote that the word is from Roman grammarians, not
epigraphic.)
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 133
GEEEK.
Vowels remain (both u and ft written w) : w dissimilates to see cuculus
uluU ; v initial is aspirated sub super uterus uvidus ; o dialectically = w
folium mola nox post prytanis umbra unguis. Tp6<r0c(ris 1
calix crdssus —
of e before initial double consonant satrapa r ardea remus rica rlpa f
urged (lengthened in a polysyllable to n viduus) of before mingo ; m
n unguis r rego ritus; of a before double consonant stella malus 1 m
delibutus f vas ventus. —
iu/dirrv^is (insertion of a vowel between two
consonants) of 1 largus sinapi tunica, v corymbus sculpo, a palma 1 }
phalanx scribo.
Long vowels remain v initial is aspirated sus, before an aspirate = ov
:
lupus. —
L = \aflavus or oA largus polled sulcus tolerd.
R = ap argentum gravis jecur &c, before consonant also pa cor quartus
turtur &c. — fi = poo ardea sterno vord or op carduus haruspex part.
Liquids remain
m before lingual = j3 blitum brevis ; final = v centum hiems semel, —
ms = vs = w = v membrum, see below on ns.
n before labial =
u corymbus, before guttural = y ancorn longus ango ;
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1 34 COMPARA TIVE ETYMOLOG Y
then becomes s with compensation Dor. fifo Ion. fids see mensis
unoriginal vs (from vr) = s viginti.
B initial suffers rp4<r0*<ris, see above, or (dialectically) aspirates ardea
rdpum.
dhj = <r<r bardus medius kj = <r<r conquinisco duco, and so kvj coquo :
k and g remain :
* Affrication ' (ie. doubling) of k cacd laeus : k +f=*
procdx, k + th = kt texo ursus, k + <r = | axis dexter ex luxus sex.
GH — x - o>ngd &c.
kv (1) as a 4
fixt ' velar = k cancer capio carduus carpo crates crusta cupa
lux scando (by * Affrication kk cuculus), which + <r (from tj or r<r) = £
'
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 135
see bracchium).
khv whether fixt or labialisable = x congius scindo unguis (by Affri-
4
' '
cation '
kx soccus).
IEISH.
= by u-Umlaut = iu liqud.
ei siccus,
u remains by o-Umlaut = o canis fui inclutus <fec, by i-Umlaut = ui
;
frigo mulier.
E accented remains nemus by i-Umlaut = ei decern genus steriHs, by ;
ence remains even when that vowel (or j or v) has dropt.—* Uinlaut' isfound also
in Teutonic (not in Gothic), Armenian, and Zend.
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136 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
bitd.
novas or ua nd.
ou = 6 auris lux, by o-Umlaut = ua cuculus rdbur tuticus. So ou from
ov = 6. and by i-Umlaut oi ovis. 5u = 5 bos. —
au = 6 augeo. So au from av = 6 and by i-Umlaut oi aveo. lu = au —
. ndvis.
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 137
v = f liqud vir &o. after r spelt b ferved taurus, and so after original n
;
aevum dlvus vita &c, before li from l valgus, and after t quattuor d
arduus de s sex somnus soror suadeo. —
vo =u vlvus volvo ; vo = ua and
by i-Umlaut uai venum. f is in — later Irish prefixt to an initial vowel
sub super.
k = c, after vowel = ch decern mox octo &c. equus ; drops with compen-
sation before n facio. —kth = ex, which when
t ursus: ks = ss dexter
compensation sex.
final drops with
G remains gula vosco, after vowel = gh frigo, before t = ch vcgeo.
gh = g an go anser lingo &c, which drops with compensation before n
veho.
kv = c crdssus qucror quinque &c. (when hard spelt cc cacd linqud mucus),
= ch liqud nox sequor.
after vowel
gv = b bos gurges ungd &c, assimilating before n vagus and in later Irish
after m (from n) tinguo dialectically = g lingua margo, which before
;
s remains when initial before vowel simul or liquid ned nix nd when ;
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138 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
WELSH.
iremains fiigd by o-Umlaut it = e video.
;
N = an griis juvencus.
E = la lana.—B, = ri (later ry carduus), with i-Umlaut = ei radix.—
R = ar stercus.
stella.
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 139
K =c did corvua crlspus &c. 5cwr, later after vowel == ch odes trucidd or,
g occd, and so before r socrus ks = ss = ch sex.— G drops be-
after o, :
GOTHIC.
1and u remain, minor luo &c. Breaking of u to au before :
'
' r /oris : u
inserted between 1 and k mulgeo.
E = i edd &c. Breaking to ai before h peril r/ero &c.
:
*
'
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i 4o COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
T = th frater &o. , after barytone vowel = d ante pater votes &c. dropt ;
between b (from p) —
and sonant septcm. st remains stella st6 tundo
&o. d= t decern &c. dh = d gradus &c.
8 remains auHs nix locus &c. drops between barytone vov7el and ; m
8um\ = z after barytone vowel aes ascia farina or barytone vowel -f
—
Liquids remain. J and v remain, jacio vom6.
p = f damnum plus puteo &c. B = p corbis titubd. — —bh = b blaterd ferio.
t = th turtur medially written 4 arbiter &c. d
, = t damnum &c—dh
=d confutd.
-
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 141
ANGLOSAXON.
1remains accllnis &c. by a-Umlaut it = e crispus nidus,
;
carpus fremo sonus techna temo trua veneror (this i, + uv, = eov novus)
or before nasal + another consonant crepdfrendo.
o = a odium &c. = ;
(2) + e corylus unda ungula, (3) final when not nasal unda
urina:
ea by Breaking before h (in x from hs) pecto 1 collum culmus fel
($) '
'
(2) -f e anas caper vapuld, (3) final when not nasal langueo pagus
parens quadra sparus :
i —
remains divus &c. u remains mils &c. by a-UmJaut it = muscus, ;
by i-Umlaut = y cutis.
B = a semi- before n it = o mensis by i-Umlaut it = ae verus.
; ;
remains flos.
1=6 mater &c. by i-Umlaut it = efdgus gramen vastus.
;
ei = I llmus raeda.
01 = a hid llmus by i-Umlaut it = ae gluten.
;
Ai = a.aes &c.
eu = ebfraus &c.
ou = ea defrutum &c. by i-Umlaut it = y clued.
; So ov before con-
sonant = ea caved lavd.
au = ea aurora. So av before consonant = ea avunculus ; au by
j-Umlaut = i aqua
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i 42 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
after n =g crepd.
GV = cv vivus, when final c langued.
ghv as a '
fixt *
velar = g fames fel fremok —khv = g ungula.
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COMPARA TIVE E TYMOLOG Y 1 43
and c alcedd.
1 and u remain.
E = a ned semen serius. o = uo opus ploxenum. — —I = uo rdpum sdnus;
in onomatopoeic words remains ah. M
oi = ei M mutd.—ai = ei M ai. —Ii = a std.
K=h specid &c, after barytone vowel g jacio. —sk remains as sc misced
posed scret : kth = hs texd, and so ks axis saxxim M coxa.
<a =h plaga, later medially written ch flagrd M fulica gurgulid ; after
barytone vowel c gurges mugio.
OH = g echinus hasta.
kv as a fixt velar = h seed &c, also written ch bucina after barytone
* *
;
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144 COMPARA TIVE ETYMOLOG Y
LITHUANIAN.
i remains it is inserted between consonant and vowel to denote that
:
the consonant is pronounced soft (as Germ. lc- in kind opp. kahn),
virus meta lud congrud pavid divus caurus hiems caedd &c.
u remains lengthened by accent to u lynx.
:.
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 145
LETTISH.
PRUSSIAN.
OLD SLAVONIC.
I = I. —u = ii, spelt ft nurus &c. or sometimes I stipula ; so initial
jd =' *ji, i jugum.
e remains in monosyllables it = i ex; initially sometimes a ego and
;
—
with j prefixt aries. ev before vowel = ov novus em en before con- :
—
an before consonant (except j) = a ango angulus anser ad ab = la :
1 = i tres &c. —
u = jfumus &c. fl is dialectically spelt — i suo.
S remains venum &c. initially with j prefixt, when; it =a edo. —en
before s =
c mensis.
= a nomen &c.
a = a jrater &c.
j often prefixt to initial vowel annus aries echinus edo emo sum uva : so
dialectically v anima hydrus.
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 147
p remains pt before
: m
= d septem. bh = b barba. —
T remains inserted between s (from k) and r acerbus
; \ dropt between s
(from k) and m
odd.—tj = st pulmd.
dh = d barba &c. before t it = s arbor. dhj = id medius rdblgd.
;
—
k = s centum &c, through foreign influence k socrus. kth = 3 — texd:
so ks axis dexter sex.
Q — z mulged &o.
gh = z angd &c, through foreign influence g anser grandd. —ghj = 2
echinus.
kv = k cervus &c. ; = c before I quis urceus e poena, = C before e quattuor
or original E cerrltus before t it = S wosc or, after original n, is dropt
—kvj = £ bucina.
;
quinque.
gv = g 04771143 &c. = 2 before I gemd i vivus e
; botanies chelys grus.
ghv = g forceps &c. khv = g unguis*
s remains sarcio ma; arwer &c. ; =h after I alnus pinsd (unless before ti
avena) mUscus nurus verrUca u awris clued jus 1 sudus e /ira, and
fi
AEMENIAN.
The vowel b see novem, nfrater mater
of the original last syllable drops,
pater stella, o soror
monosyllables excepted, canis. Further, in the
:
word in its Armenian form i and u drop except in the last syllable, i
linquo viginti (and so when from b before liquid, gena gula sternuo), u
rUctd ; in the last syllable they remain, i nidus sudor, u bUb6 canis
foris socer samnus spud.
e remains egofero sex dialectically (from Arian influence) it = a argen-
;
before n quinque (hi- senex) r cor 2 (from gh) see echinus = o before ;
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i 48 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
3 =u canis ddnum genii, and so when from compensation odd wmerm ;
before n it = ar vellus.
e = ar argentum armus cerebrum (in these three it might be from r),
hordeum posco ursus ; dialeotically it = af torreo.
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 149
the word) r /rater mater pater or n planta ; when final.it drops after n
(from m) venio. •
d = t decern odium sido &c. or when final th studeo db = : rt sudor.
dh = d -do fellt forte before original j it = medius.
; Jf
8 remains before t sido Stella sterUis and after original nasal umerus
mensis before r it = i soror ; drops before vowel sal septem suus (and
;
see above on prefixt h-) or nasal sum nurus vestis or kh mus, after r
verruca cerebrum hordeum torreo, and when final after an original
—
vowel nurus. pst = ph sternuo studeo spj = th spud : : sv = kh som-
nus soror sudor, or, before vowel + s (from k), sk socer.
zd = st nidus.
ZEND.
1, u, i, u remain.
b remains before a nasal, see tabula tenebrae levis ; elsewhere it = a,
which by i-Umlaut = ai holus medius per- super. It is inserted after
r arbor cortex curculio delphinus forceps torred verto (even when final,
inter), see below on the sonant linguals.
6 before m=e centum domus ego humus elsewhere it = a, which by i-
;
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150 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
final = —
ru quater. % = ar ( + e) largus, and so B armus rego terreo.
j = y.
v remains, but after q (from k) it = p canis equus, after th (from t)
it = a spirant *
w
quattuor. On sv see below.
'
cor. —
Pretonic dv = b bis.
dh = d, omitted before n fundus.
= ghnudus.
ghv before original e = j (and so at end of root, levis later zh, nix) ; ;
—
elsewhere it = gh largus. khv before i = c scindo elsewhere it = kh ;
cymba soccus.
8 =
(1) h before a saeta saltus sedeo &c. (and so at end of root, zona), or
between a and another vowel erus, or between a and sum. m
(2) nh between a and a soror, or when final after ao mensis ndris ango
villa.
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COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY 151
(3) sh after i pinsd u crusta gustd urd, r verves and so orig. perna, kh
(from kv) lustrd sex.
(4) £ before p t k c n lien stella tabula obscurus scindd ned nix nd.
sv = q sagina socer somnus sonus soror sudvis sudor.
SANSKEIT.
i, u, 1, u remain.
e and o alike =a : a remains. But occasionally e and a = i, menda
turtur pater.
b and o alike =a : I remains.
ndvis.
lost posed. —kth = ksh texd ursus : ks = ksh axis coxa dexter misced
mox, final sh sex.
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152 COMPARATIVE ETYMOLOGY
s remains ; but (1) = sh after i pinsd virus (and so drig. gaesum), u clued
costum nurus prUna uro (and so orig. ostium) u mus (and dialectically
after a perna verrUca r fdsttgium verres, and before
lascivus), r horreo
vowel + sh sex (2) =
q before vowel + q socer ; (3) dialectically drops
;
—
before p lien t instlgd. sk before original b = ch posed.
z before d makes the d cerebral and itself drops with compensation
nidus.
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y
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Date
- '
'.
--*
D/
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