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V = VB Stored charge
V = VB Charging capacitor
+Q
+Q
V = VB
V = VB
-Q
-Q
10mA
V = VB R
-Q
Energy stored in capacitor
Electric Energy = Charge x Voltage: W = Q × V
This formula would be true for capacitors, had the
charge between plates been transferred at a constant voltage.
For capacitors, Q = C × V
As the charge Q on the plate increases,
the voltage V increases too (and vice versa).
Suppose the capacitor was charged to the voltage V0:
Q
The stored energy is the area under V0 Q0
the Q – V line. WC =
Q0 2
CV02
Note that, Q0 = C V0:
WC =
WC 2
V0 V
V0 is the voltage on the charged capacitor
Example problem 1
0
of
5
120
Timed response
Commercial capacitors
ε d ⋅ ε0 A
C=
d
20 mF capacitor
Capacitor bank (series-parallel)
Parallel connection of capacitors
C1 C2
V = VB
Q1 = C1 V1
Q2 = C2 V2
Cpar= C1 + C2
Parallel connection of capacitors
C1 C2
V = VB
IT I1 I2
∂V ∂V ∂V ∂V
IT = C1 + C2 = (C1 + C2 ) = C par ;
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t
Cpar= C1 + C2
Series connection of capacitors
V = VB
C1 C2
Q = C1 V1 ; Q = C2 V2 ;
V1 V2
C1
V2 = V1
C2
Capacitors C1 and C2 are connected in series:
the charge Q on C1 and C2 is the same; For each of the capacitors,
From the KVL, VTot= V1 + V2.
0
of
5
120
Timed response
Example problem 3
0
of
5
120
Timed response
Example problem 4
0
of
5
120
Timed response
Transients in R-C circuit
C
d VC
IC = C ×
dt
VB R
VR
IR =
R
Series R-C circuit
The first moment after closing the switch, the voltage across the capacitor = 0;
The capacitor behaves as a short-circuit;
The current at t=0, I0 = VB/R;
After all the transients are over (t Yh) , I = 0
Commutation rule for capacitors
C
Consider a capacitor right before and right
after commutation in an arbitrary circuit.
VB R The capacitor voltage (charge) does not
have to be zero before the commutation.
VC
V+
V_
Commutation event
time
The capacitor voltage does not change after commutation: VC- = VC+
Graphs showing the current and
voltage for a capacitor charging
t
VB −
I (t ) = e RC
R
−
t
VC (t ) = VB × 1 − e RC
Capacitor voltage
τRC = R×C
When t = 3 ×τRC,
VC = 0.95VB ;
Graphs showing the current and
voltage for a capacitor discharging
Capacitor starting voltage is VB
t
VB −
I (t ) = e RC
R
t
−
VC (t ) = VB e RC
τRC = R×C
When t = 3 τRC,
VC = 0.05VB=5% VB
General formula for step response of an arbitrary R-C circuit
C
VS R
R-C circuit
vC = vCF + ( vC 0 − vCF ) e −t /τ
τ = RC
VC0 is the capacitor voltage right after (or right before) the commutation;
VCF is the capacitor voltage long time after all the transient processes are over.
The required time delay between the switch S1 turn-on and triggering
switch S2 must be tt = 3s.
vC = vCF + ( vC 0 − vCF ) e − t / τ
VC0 = 0; VCF = VB; τ = R×C;
The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. 7.25 has been in position
a for a long time. At t = 0 the switch is moved to position b.
What is the vC time dependence at t>0?
vC = vCF + ( vC 0 − vCF ) e − t / τ
vC = 90 −120 e − t / 0.2 V