Ideal solutions Non-ideal solutions

Positive Negative deviation

deviation from from Raoult's law
Raoult's law
1. Obey Raoult's law at 1. Do not obey 1. Do not obey Raoult's law.
every range of Raoult's law.
concentration.

2. neither heat is 2. 2. Exothermic

evolved nor absorbed during Endothermic dissolution; heat is evolved.
dissolution. dissolution; heat is
absorbed.

3. total volume of 3. Volume 3. Volume is

solution is equal to sum of is increased after decreased during dissolution.
volumes of the components dissolution.

4. i.e., 4. 4.

5. 5.
interactions attractive 5. attractive force should
force should be
should be same, i.e., 'A' and be greater
'B' are identical in shape, weaker than and attractive
size and character. than and forces. 'A' and 'B' have
attractive forces. 'A' different shape, size and
and 'B' have character.
different shape, size
and character.
6. Escaping tendency of 'A' 6. 'A' and 'B' escape 6. Escaping tendency of both
and 'B' should be same in easily showing components 'A' and 'B' is
pure liquids and in the higher vapour lowered showing lower
solution. pressure than the vapour pressure than
expected value. expected ideally.
 Ideal solutions Non-ideal solutions
Positive Negative
deviation deviation from
from Raoult's Raoult's law
law

Examples: Examples: Examples:

Dilute solutions; Acetone Acetone + aniline;
+ethanol
benzene + toluene: acetone +
acetone + : chloroform;
n-hexane + n-heptane;
water + ;
methanol;
chlorobenzene + bromobenzene;

water + ethanol;
ethyl bromide + ethyl iodide; chloroform +
toluene; diethyl ether;
n-butyl chloride + n-butyl bromide

; water + HCl;
acetone + acetic acid +
benzene; pyridine;
; chloroform +
benzene
cyclohexane +
ethanol

Graphical representation of ideal and non-ideal solutions:

The below image shows Raoult’s deviation pressure diagram. As shown in the
diagram, there can be two types of non ideal solutions: solutions that show a negative
deviation from ideal solutions and solutions show positive deviation from the ideal
solutions. The negative deviation is caused when solute molecules are more attracted
to each other than they are attracted by the solvent molecules. A positive deviation
occurs when the solute-solvent attractions are higher than the attractions between
similar molecules.