Mark A.

Gatt - 246551

Determination of unknown molarity of HCl with standardisation.

Experiment notes:

To work out the amount of Na₂CO₃ required to produce 250cm³ of 0.1M

Na₂CO₃ solution, first the molar mass of Na₂CO₃ has to be calculated:

Na₂CO₃ = (23 x 2) + 12 + (3 x 16)

= 46 + 12 + 48
= 106g/mol

To calculate the mass of Na₂CO₃ required:

Mass (g) = Concentration(mol dm¯³) x Volume(dm³) x Molar mass(g/mol)

= 0.1M x (250÷1000) x 106
= 2.65g

Experiment method:

1. Dissolved 2.65g of Na₂CO₃ in 250cm³ distilled water.

2. Filled burette with HCl of a known molarity of 0.2M.
3. Pipetted 10ml of 0.1M Na₂CO₃ solution into a conical flask.
4. Added 2 drops of methyl orange to the Na₂CO₃ solution. Mixed well.
(Methyl orange helps to determine when neutralisation has been
reached by changing in colour from pink into orange.)
5. Started titrating Na₂CO₃ solution with the 0.2M HCl in burette.

Results as follows:

Initial reading (cm³) Final reading (cm³) Amount (cm³)

Experiment 1 0.0 3.9 3.9
Experiment 2 3.9 7.7 3.8
Experiment 3 7.7 11.6 3.9
Average 3.86

The same 0.1M Na₂CO₃ solution is to be titrated using the same experiment
method as above, but this time the HCl is of unknown concentration.

Results as follows:

Initial reading (cm³) Final reading (cm³) Amount (cm³)

Experiment 1 0.0 9.5 9.5
Experiment 2 9.5 19.0 9.5
Experiment 3 19.0 28.5 9.5
Average 9.5
 Mark A. Gatt - 246551

Calculations:

Na₂CO₃(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

1 mole 2moles

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 2 Nalk = 1
Vacid = 9.5cm³ Valk = 10cm³
Macid = ? Malk = 0.1mol dm³

1 x 9.5 x Macid = 2 x 10 x 0.1

Macid = 2 x 10 x 0.1
1 x 9.5

Macid = 0.21mol dm¯³

This molarity for the unknown HCl is incorrect because the experiment
results show that an average of 3.86cm³ of 0.2M HCl was required to
titrate 10cm³ of Na₂CO₃ solution and not 9.5cm³ as the value shown in the
formula above.

Therefore, if a larger amount (9.5cm³) of unknown molarity HCl was used

to titrate the same amount of Na₂CO₃ solution, the molarity of the
unknown HCl has to be less than 0.2mol dm¯³ making this answer incorrect.

This leaves speculation that the Na₂CO₃ solution prepared did not have a
molarity of 0.1mol dm¯³.

After reviewing the formula of the compound used from the manufacturers
label, it seems that the amount of compound used to prepare the 250cm³ of
0.1M Na₂CO₃ solution was not correct as the compound was hydrated and not
anhydrous.

Formula of compound used: Na₂CO₃.10H₂O

Molar mass: 286.14g

Therefore, the compound amount of 2.65g used to prepare the Na₂CO₃

solution at the required molarity of 0.1mol dm¯³ was not enough to yield
the required molarity of 0.1mol dm¯³. The correct amount that had to be
used is calculated as follows:

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol dm¯³) x Volume (dm³) x Molar mass (g/mol)
= 0.1 x (250÷1000) x 286.14
= 7.15g
 Mark A. Gatt - 246551

To recalculate the molar strength of the Na₂CO₃ solution used during the
experiment, the following calculation can be performed using the known
HCl data and results:

Volume HCl x Molarity HCl = Volume Na₂CO₃ x Molarity Na₂CO₃

Moles of HCl Moles of Na₂CO₃

3.86 x 0.2 = 10 x Molarity Na₂CO₃

2 1

3.86 x 0.2 = Molarity Na₂CO₃

2 x 10

Molarity Na₂CO₃ = 0.0386mol dm¯³

Another way of recalculating the molar strength is:

Molar mass of Na₂CO₃.10H₂O = 286.14g

Used Na₂CO₃.10H₂O = 2.65g

2.65g ÷ 286.14g = 9.26x10¯³mol

Concentration = Moles
Volume

= 9.26x10¯³mol
0.250

= 0.03704mol dm¯³

Because this experiment is about determining the unknown molarity of HCl

by standardisation, it is best to use the first calculation to determine
the true molar strength of the Na₂CO₃ solution. With this true molar
strength of the Na₂CO₃ of 0.0386mol dm¯³, the unknown HCl molarity can
now be determined.

Na₂CO₃(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g)

1 mole 2moles

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 2 Nalk = 1
Vacid = 9.5cm³ Valk = 10cm³
Macid = ? Malk = 0.0386mol dm¯³

1 x 9.5 x Macid = 2 x 10 x 0.0386

 Mark A. Gatt - 246551

Macid = 2 x 10 x 0.0386
1 x 9.5

Macid = 0.0812mol dm¯³

Therefore, the molarity of the unknown HCl was 0.0812mol dm¯³

Determination of unknown molarity of sodium hydroxide.

Experiment notes:

An unknown molarity solution of NaOH was titrated with 0.1M HCl so that
the unknown molarity of the NaOH could be determined.

Experiment method:

1. Filled burette with HCl of a known molarity of 0.1M.

2. Pipetted 10ml of unknown molarity NaOH solution into a conical
flask.
3. Added 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to the NaOH solution.
Mixed well. Solution turned pink. (Phenolphthalein indicator helps
to determine when neutralisation has been reached by changing the
solution colour from pink into transparent.)
4. Started titrating the NaOH solution with the 0.1M HCl in burette
until solution became transparent.

Results as follows (for unknown NaOH: A):

Initial reading (cm³) Final reading (cm³) Amount (cm³)

Experiment 1 0.0 8.5 8.5
Experiment 2 8.5 17.0 8.5
Experiment 3 17.0 25.5 8.5
Experiment 4 25.5 34.0 8.5
Average 8.5

Calculations (for unknown NaOH: A):

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)

1 mole 1 mole
 Mark A. Gatt - 246551

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 1 Nalk = 1
Vacid = 8.5cm³ Valk = 10cm³
Macid = 0.1mol dm³ Malk = ?

1 x 8.5 x 0.1 = 1 x 10 x Malk

Malk = 1 x 8.5 x 0.1

1 x 10

Malk = 0.085mol dm¯³

Therefore, unknown NaOH (A) had a molarity of 0.085mol dm¯³

0.1M HCl was used again to titrate another batch of NaOH of unknown
molarity using the same experiment method described in the previous page.

Results as follows (for unknown NaOH: B):

Initial reading (cm³) Final reading (cm³) Amount (cm³)

Experiment 1 0.0 5.2 5.2
Experiment 2 5.2 10.2 5.0
Experiment 3 10.2 15.2 5.0
Experiment 4 15.2 20.3 5.1
Average 5.075

Calculations (for unknown NaOH: B):

NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)

1 mole 1 mole

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 1 Nalk = 1
Vacid = 5.075cm³ Valk = 10cm³
Macid = 0.1mol dm³ Malk = ?

1 x 5.075 x 0.1 = 1 x 10 x Malk

Malk = 1 x 5.075 x 0.1

1 x 10

Malk = 0.005mol dm¯³

Therefore, unknown NaOH (B) had a molarity of 0.005mol dm¯³

 Mark A. Gatt - 246551

Q2. Determine molarity of sulfuric acid if 28.5cm³ of the acid reacts

with 26cm³ of 0.2M potassium hydroxide.

2KOH(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq) K₂SO₄(aq) + H₂O(l)

2 moles 1 mole

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 1 Nalk = 2
Vacid = 28.5cm³ Valk = 26cm³
Macid = ? Malk = 0.2mol dm¯³

2 x 28.5 x Macid = 1 x 26 x 0.2

Macid = 1 x 26 x 0.2
2 x 28.5

Macid = 0.09mol dm¯³

Q3. Determine molarity of calcium hydroxide if 12.5cm³ solution is

required to neutralise 25cm³ of 0.2M sulphuric acid.

Ca(OH)₂(aq) + H₂SO₄(aq) CaSO₄(aq) + 2H₂O(l)

1 moles 1 mole

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 1 Nalk = 1
Vacid = 25cm³ Valk = 12.5cm³
Macid = 0.2mol dm³ Malk = ?

1 x 25 x 0.2 = 1 x 12.5 x Malk

Malk = 1 x 25 x 0.2
1 x 12.5

Malk = 0.4mol dm¯³

Q4. 30cm³ of 2M sodium sulphate reacts with 15cm³ of barium chloride.

What is the molarity of the barium chloride.

Na₂SO₄(aq) + BaCl₂(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO₄(s)

1 mole 1 mole
 Mark A. Gatt - 246551

Volume Na₂SO₄ x Molarity Na₂SO₄ = Volume BaCl₂ x Molarity BaCl₂

Moles of Na₂SO₄ Moles of BaCl₂

30 x 2 = 15 x Molarity BaCl₂
1 1

30 x 2 = Molarity BaCl₂
15

Molarity BaCl₂ = 4mol dm¯³

Q5. Determine the volume of 0.2M sulfuric acid required to neutralise

25cm³ of 0.25M potassium carbonate.

K₂CO₃(s) + H₂SO₄(aq) K₂SO₄(aq) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)

1 mole 1 mole

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 1 Nalk = 1
Vacid = ? Valk = 25cm³
Macid = 0.2mol dm¯³ Malk = 0.25mol dm¯³

1 x Vacid x 0.2 = 1 x 25 x 0.25

Vacid = 1 x 25 x 0.25
1 x 0.2

Vacid = 31.25cm³ of sulfuric acid required.

Q6. Determine the volume of 0.03M hydrochloric acid required to

neutralise 25cm³ of 0.25M potassium carbonate.

K₂CO₃(s) + 2HCl(aq) 2KCl(aq) + CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)

1 mole 2 moles

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 2 Nalk = 1
Vacid = ? Valk = 25cm³
Macid = 0.03mol dm¯³ Malk = 0.25mol dm¯³

1 x Vacid x 0.03 = 2 x 25 x 0.25

 Mark A. Gatt - 246551

Vacid = 2 x 25 x 0.25
1 x 0.03

Vacid = 416.6cm³ of hydrochloric acid required.

Q7. Determine the volume of 0.15M hydrobromic acid required to neutralise

15cm³ of 0.05M aluminium hydroxide.

Al(OH)₃(s) + 3HBr(aq) AlBr₃(aq) + 3H₂O(l)

1 mole 3 moles

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 3 Nalk = 1
Vacid = ? Valk = 15cm³
Macid = 0.15mol dm¯³ Malk = 0.05mol dm¯³

1 x Vacid x 0.15 = 3 x 15 x 0.05

Vacid = 3 x 15 x 0.05
1 x 0.15

Vacid = 15cm³ of hydrobromic acid required.

Q8. Determine the volume of 0.15M sulphuric acid required to neutralise

15cm³ of 0.05M aluminium hydroxide.

2Al(OH)₃(s) + 3H₂SO₄(aq) Al₃(SO₄)₃(aq) + 6H₂O(l)

2 moles 3 moles

Nalk x Vacid x Macid = Nacid x Valk x Malk

Nacid = 3 Nalk = 2
Vacid = ? Valk = 15cm³
Macid = 0.15mol dm¯³ Malk = 0.05mol dm¯³

2 x Vacid x 0.15 = 3 x 15 x 0.05

Vacid = 3 x 15 x 0.05
2 x 0.15

Vacid = 7.5cm³ of sulphuric acid required.