Which of these actors...

(A-D):

1. came from a broken home A. Tom Hanks

2. left school early
3. still sees childhood friends B. Robert DeNiro
4. was timid as a youngster
5. gave up a college education for acting C. Leonardo DiCaprio
6. had a dangerous hobby he was forced to give up
7. looked unhealthy as a child D. John Wayne
8. had a beloved pet as a child
9. didn't have brothers or sisters
10. was religious when young

Four Hollywood Actors

Tom Hanks was born in Concord, California. His father, Amos Mefford Hanks, was an itinerant cook. His
mother was a hospital worker. Hanks' mother is of Portuguese ancestry, while two of his paternal great-
grandparents immigrated from Britain. Hanks's parents divorced in 1960. The family's three oldest children,
Sandra, Larry and Tom, went with their father, while the youngest, Jim, now an actor and film maker,
remained with his mother in Red Bluff, California.

In addition to having a family history of Catholicism and Mormonism, Hanks was a "Bible-toting
evangelical teenager" for several years. In school, Hanks was unpopular with students and teachers alike,
later telling Rolling Stone magazine: "I was a geek, a spaz. I was horribly, painfully, terribly shy. At the
same time, I was the guy who'd yell out funny captions during filmstrips. But I didn't get into trouble. I was
always a real good kid and pretty responsible." In 1965, Amos Hanks married Frances Wong, a San
Francisco native of Chinese descent. Frances had three children, two of whom lived with Tom during his
high school years. Hanks acted in school plays, including South Pacific, while attending Skyline High
School in Oakland, California.

Hanks studied theater at Chabot College in Hayward, California, and after two years, transferred to
California State University, Sacramento. Hanks told New York magazine in 1986: "Acting classes looked
like the best place for a guy who liked to make a lot of noise and be rather flamboyant ...I spent a lot of time
going to plays. I wouldn't take dates with me. I'd just drive to a theater, buy myself a ticket, sit in the seat
and read the program, and then get into the play completely. I spent a lot of time like that, seeing Brecht,
Tennessee Williams, Ibsen, and all that."

During his years studying theater, Hanks met Vincent Dowling, head of the Great Lakes Theater Festival in
Cleveland, Ohio. At Dowling's suggestion, Hanks became an intern at the Festival. His internship stretched
into a three-year experience that covered most aspects of theater production, including lighting, set design,
and stage management, all of which caused Hanks to drop out of college. During the same time, Hanks won
the Cleveland Critics Circle Award for Best Actor for his 1978 performance as Proteus in Shakespeare's The
Two Gentlemen of Verona, one of the few times he played a villain.

Robert De Niro was born in Greenwich Village, New York City, the son of Virginia Holton Admiral, a
painter and poet, and Robert De Niro, Sr., an abstract expressionist painter and sculptor. His father was of
Italian and Irish descent, and his mother was of English, German, French, and Dutch ancestry. His Italian
great-grandparents, Giovanni De Niro and Angelina Mercurio, emigrated from Ferrazzano, in the province
of Campobasso, Molise, and his paternal grandmother, Helen O'Reilly, was the granddaughter of Edward
O'Reilly, an immigrant from Ireland.

De Niro's parents, who had met at the painting classes of Hans Hofmann in Provincetown, Massachusetts,
divorced when he was three years old. De Niro was raised by his mother in the Little Italy neighborhood of
Manhattan, and in Greenwich Village. His father lived within walking distance and Robert spent much time
with him as he was growing up. De Niro attended PS 41, a public elementary school in Manhattan, through
the sixth grade, and then went to the private Elisabeth Irwin High School, the upper school of the Little Red
School House, for the seventh and eighth grades. He was accepted at the High School of Music and Art for
the ninth grade, but only attended for a short time, transferring instead to a public junior high school. He
began high school at the private McBurney School, attended the private Rhodes Preparatory School, but
never graduated.

Nicknamed "Bobby Milk" for his pallor, the youthful De Niro hung out with a group of street kids in Little
Italy, some of whom have remained lifelong friends of his. But the direction of his future had already been
determined by his stage debut at age ten, playing the Cowardly Lion in his school's production of The
Wizard of Oz. Along with finding relief from shyness through performing, De Niro was also entranced by
the movies, and he dropped out of high school at age sixteen to pursue acting. De Niro studied acting at the
Stella Adler Conservatory, as well as Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio.

Leonardo DiCaprio, an only child, was born in Los Angeles, California. His mother, Irmelin (née
Indenbirken), is a former legal secretary; born in Germany; she came to the US as a child with her parents.
His father, George DiCaprio, is an underground comic artist and producer/distributor of comic books.
DiCaprio's mother moved from Oer-Erkenschwick in the Ruhr, Germany, to the U.S. during the 1950s with
her parents. A fourth-generation American, DiCaprio's father is of half Italian (from the Naples area) and
half German descent (from Bavaria). DiCaprio's maternal grandmother, Helene Indenbirken (1915–2008),
was born Yelena Smirnova in Russia. In a 2010 conversation with the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir
Putin, DiCaprio said that two of his grandparents were Russian.

DiCaprio's parents met while attending college and subsequently moved to Los Angeles. He was named
Leonardo because his pregnant mother was looking at a Leonardo da Vinci painting in a museum in Italy
when DiCaprio first kicked.

His parents divorced when he was a year old and he lived mostly with his mother. The two lived in several
Los Angeles neighborhoods, such as Echo Park, and at 1874 Hill

READING PASSAGE 2

1. Require you to seek a particular color if you want to travel faster? A. Skytrain
2. Only covers the center of the city?
3. Is potentially the most dangerous? B. Boat
4. Do you need to have good pronunciation for?
5. Cause pollution problems? C. Bus
6. Is a tourist attraction in its own right?
7. Will you probably suffer the most discomfort on? D. Taxi
8. Can you perhaps use without paying?
9. Offers a more expensive variety for foreign visitors? E. Motorbike
10. Can you enter when it is still moving?
F. Tuk-tuk

Getting Around Bangkok

Skytrain

The Bangkok Skytrain (BTS, pronunced bee-tee-et in Thai) deserves a visit simply for the Disneyland
space-ageness of it. Built in a desperate effort to ease Bangkok's insane traffic and pollution, the Skytrain
covers most of downtown and is especially convenient for visiting the Siam Square area. There are two
lines: the light green Sukhumvit line which travels along Sukhumvit road, and the dark green Silom line,
which travels from the Silom area, interchanges with the Sukhumvit line at Siam Square (C) and terminates
near the Chatuchak Weekend Market (N8).

There isn't, unfortunately, a station near Banglampu District (aka the Khao San Road area), but you can take
a river ferry to Tha Sathorn for the Silom line terminus at Saphan Taksin (S6).

You must have 5 or 10 baht coins to purchase Skytrain tickets from the vending machines near the entrance,
so hold on to them. Fares range from 10 to 45 baht depending upon how many zones you are travelling.
Consult the map (in English) near each ticket machine. If you do not have coins, you may need to queue for
change from the staff at the booth. If you are in town for several days, weigh your options and consider a
rechargable stored-value card (200 baht), a "ride all you like" tourist pass or a multiple ride pass of 10 trips
or more. They will certainly save you time, scrambling for coins, and maybe even money. Check for
information with the English speaking staff.

By boat

A ride on the Chao Phraya River should be high on any tourist's agenda. The cheapest and most popular
option is the Chao Phraya Express Boat, basically an aquatic bus plying up and down the river. The basic
service plies from Wat Rajsingkorn (S4) all the way to Nonthaburi (N30) for 6 to 10 baht depending on
distance, stopping at most of Rattanakosin's major attractions including the Grand Palace, the Temple of
Dawn, etc. In addition to the basic service, there are express services flagged with yellow or orange flags,
which stop only at major piers and should be avoided unless you're sure where you're going. The new
signposting of the piers is quite clear, with numbered piers and English route maps, and the Central station
offers easy interchange to the BTS Saphan Taksin station.

In addition to the workaday express boat, there is also a self-proclaimed Tourist Boat which stops at a
different subset of piers, offers commentary in English and charges twice the price. The boats are slightly
more comfortable and not a bad option for a hop or two, but don't get bullied into buying the overpriced day
pass.

Canal boats also service some of Bangkok's many canals (khlong). They are cheap and immune to
Bangkok's traffic jams, just watch your step when boarding and disembarking! One particularly useful line
runs up and down Khlong Saen Saep, parallel to Petchaburi Rd, and provides the easiest access from the city
center to the Golden Mount.

Finally, for trips outside the set routes, you can hire a longtail river taxi at any major pier. These are fairly
expensive and will attempt to charge as much as 500 baht/hour, but with haggling may be suitable for small
groups. To circumvent the mafia-like touts who attempt to get a (large) cut for every ride, agree for the price
of the shortest possible ride (half an hour etc), then negotiate directly with the captain when on board.

By bus

Local buses, mostly operated by the Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA), are cheapest but also the
most challenging way of getting around, as there is a bewildering plethora of routes, usually marked only in
Thai. Bus stops usually list only the bus numbers that stop there and nothing more. They are also subject to
Bangkok's notorious traffic, often terribly crowded, and many are not air-conditioned. The hierarchy of
Bangkok's buses from cheapest to best can be ranked as follows:

 Small green bus, 3.50 baht flat fare. Crowded, no air-con, no fan, famously suicidal drivers, not advisable for
more than short hops.
 Red bus, 4 baht flat fare. BMTA-run, more spacious and fan-cooled (in theory). Unlike other buses, a subset
of these runs through the night.
 White/blue bus, 5 baht flat fare. Exactly the same as the red buses, but operated by private concession.
 Blue aircon, 8 baht for the first 8 kilometers, up to 20 baht max. BMTA-run and quite comfy.
 Orange aircon (Euro 2), 10 baht for the first few kilometers, up to 20 baht max. BMTA-run, new and
comfortable.
  Purple Microbus, 25 baht flat fare, fixed number of seats so never crowded. Some of these are Skytrain feeder
shuttles and you can get free tickets if you buy stored-card value of 200 baht or more.

Buses stop only when needed, so wave them down (arm out, palm down) when you see one barreling your
way. In all buses except the Microbus, pay the roaming collector after you board; on Microbuses, drop the
money into a slot next to the driver as you board. In all buses, keep the ticket as there are occasional spot-
checks, and press the signal buzzer (usually near the door) when you want to get off.

By taxi

Taxis are a quick way to get around town, at least if the traffic is flowing your way. Almost all taxis are now
metered: the hailing fee is 35 baht and most trips in Bangkok cost less than 100 baht.

If the driver refuses to use the meter after a couple of attempts, simply exit the taxi. Also try to avoid taxis
that stay parked all day outside your hotel. The only two reasons that they are there: 1) To take you places
where they can get their commissions (Jewelry stores, massage parlors, etc) and 2) To overcharge you by
not using the meter. Your best bet is to walk to the road and catch an unoccupied metered taxi in motion
(easier than it sounds, as Bangkok traffic tends to crawl the majority of the time). Be sure to either know the
correct pronunciation of your destination, or have it written in Thai; taxi drivers in Bangkok are notoriously
bad at reading maps.

By motorbike

When traffic slows to a crawl and there are no alternatives, the fastest way to your destination is to take a
motorbike taxi. Bike drivers in colorful fluorescent yellow-orange vests wait for passengers at street corners
and near shopping malls and prices are negotiable. That said, motorcycle taxis are suicidally dangerous and
should generally be avoided except as a last resort, as accidents are far too common.

Some bikes do not travel long distances, but simply shuttle up and down long sois not serviced by other
transport for a fixed 5-20 baht fare. These are marginally less dangerous, especially if you happen to travel
with the flow on a one-way street.

The law requires that both driver and passenger must wear a helmet. It is the driver's responsibility to
provide you with one, so if you are stopped by police, any fine is also the driver's responsibility. When
riding, keep a firm grasp on the seat handle and watch out for your legs.

By tuk-tuk

Finally, what would Bangkok be without the dreaded and loved tuk-tuks? You'll know them when you hear
them, you'll hate them when you smell them, these three-wheeled contraptions blaze around Bangkok
leaving a black cloud of smog in their wake. For anything more than a 5-10 minute jaunt they really are not
worth the price, and the price will usually be 4 or 5 times what it should be anyway (which, for Thais, is
around 30% less than the equivalent metered taxi fare). On the other hand, you can sometimes ride for free if
you agree to visit touristy clothing or jewelry shops (which give the tuk-tuk driver gas coupons and
commissions for bringing customers). The shops' salesmen are pushy, but you are free to leave after five to
ten minutes of browsing.

In case you actually want to get somewhere, and you're an all-male party, be careful with the tuk-tuk drivers,
they will usually just ignore your destination and start driving you to some other place. Insist continually on
going only to your destination.

READING PASSAGE 3

In which of these novels... (A-D):

 1. does the story span many years? A. The Last Juror
2. do we see the protagonist acting unethically against his employers? (2
answers) B. The Brethren
3. is politics important?
4. is immigration fraud exposed? C. The Street Lawyer
5. do we see the hero take a huge fall in fortune?
6. does a friend of the protagonist die? D. The King Of Torts
7. does the lawyer help convicted criminals to commit further crimes?
8. do we see a story of rich versus poor?

Four John Grisham Novels

The Last Juror

In 1970, the first person narrator, a 23-year-old college drop-out by the name of Willie Traynor, comes to
Clanton, Mississippi for an internship at the local newspaper, The Ford County Times. However the editor,
Wilson Caudle, drives the newspaper into bankruptcy through years of mismanagement. Willie decides to
buy the paper spontaneously for fifty-thousand dollars, through money from his wealthy grandmother, and
becomes the editor and owner of The Ford County Times. Shortly after this, a member of the notorious and
scandalous Padgitt family brutally rapes and kills a young widow named Rhoda Kassellaw. The murderer,
Danny Padgitt, is tried in front of a jury and is found guilty. Prior to being sentenced, Danny threatens to kill
each of the jury members, should they convict him. Although they do find him guilty, the jury cannot decide
whether to send him to life in prison or to Death Row, so Danny is sentenced to life in prison at the
Mississippi State Penitentiary.

After only nine years in prison, Danny Padgitt is paroled and returns to Clanton. Immediately, two jury
members are killed and one is nearly killed by a bomb. Jury member and close friend of Willie, Miss Callie
Ruffin, reveals that the recent victims were the jurors who were against sentencing Danny to Death Row.
Callie Ruffin is black, and was the first black on a jury trying a white criminal in Ford County. With her
husband, she has a family of highly accomplished adult children, who live outside of Mississippi. Convinced
that Danny is exacting his revenge, as promised, the judge of Clanton issues an arrest for Danny Padgitt.

At Padgitt's trial, the former lover of Rhoda Kassellaw, Hank Hooten, guns down Danny Padgitt in the
courtroom by positioning himself on the balcony. Willie later discovers that the assassin is also a
schizophrenic and would often hear the voices of the victim's children in his head, convincing him to murder
Danny and the three jurors who voted against his conviction to Death Row. After nine years of ownership,
Willie sells The Ford County Times for 1.5 million dollars. Soon after, Callie Ruffin dies of a heart attack,
and the book ends with Willie writing her obituary.

The Brethren

Three former judges (known as "The Brethren") incarcerated at Trumble, a fictional, federal minimum
security prison located in northern Florida, develop a scam to blackmail wealthy closeted gay men. With the
help of their lawyer, Trevor Carson, they transfer their ill-gotten money to a secret Bahamian bank account.

Meanwhile, Teddy Maynard, the ruthless and soon-to-retire director of the CIA, is orchestrating a scheme to
control the United States presidential election. Aaron Lake, a strongly pro-defense expenditure candidate has
been identified and Maynard is determined to control him - and then get him elected.

Unknowingly, the Brethren hook Teddy's candidate for President. The CIA scrambles to stop them from
finding out what they've done. But, a leak has sprung. It takes all of Teddy's experience with illegal
maneuvering to save his candidate from being exposed.
The Brethren lose their trust in Trevor and fire him; he is later killed by CIA agents in the Caribbean. The
CIA plant a man inside Trumble, who tells the judges that he knows they have been involved in the scam. A
deal is worked out, money changes hands and the judges are pardoned by the out-going President at
Maynard's insistence. The judges leave the country and travel in Europe. Later, they re-start the scam.

The Street Lawyer

A homeless man calling himself "Mister" enters the offices of the Washington DC law firm Drake &
Sweeney and takes many of the lawyers hostage. Although he is eventually shot by a police sniper and the
hostages freed, one of the hostages, an antitrust lawyer named Michael Brock, is concerned by what he has
learned and feels compelled to investigate further. He finds his way to the 14th Street Legal Clinic, where he
meets Mordecai Green, an advocate for the homeless, who asks him to help one night at a homeless shelter.
As Brock's investigation deepens, he finds that his own employer was complicit in an illegal eviction, which
eventually resulted in the death of a young homeless family.

He takes a confidential file, intending to copy it, but is quickly suspected of its theft. Shocked by what he
has found, Brock leaves his firm to take a poorly-paid position with the 14th Street Legal Clinic, which
works to protect the rights of the homeless. This leads to his wife divorcing him. He admits one of his
clients, Ruby, to a therapy class for drug-addicted women, and in the process meets Megan, the book's love
interest. As Drake & Sweeney comes after Brock with theft and malpractice allegations, the Clinic launches
a lawsuit against the law firm and its business partners.

Terrified of the certain bad publicity, the matter is settled by mediation and the clinic receives a large payout
to be shared with the victims of the eviction. Drake & Sweeney's head partner, deeply troubled by the
events, offers to make pro bono staff available to assist the work of the Clinic in fighting for the rights of
homeless people. The book ends with Brock taking a short vacation with Megan and Ruby, and them
reflecting on their lives.

The King Of Torts

Clay Carter is a poorly-paid lawyer at the Office of the Public Defender. He dreams of one day joining a big
law firm. Reluctantly, he takes on the case of Tequila Watson, a man accused of a random street killing.
Clay assumes that it is just another D.C. murder.

But Clay soon learns of a pharmaceutical conspiracy, with the help of the mysterious Max Pace. The
pharmaceutical company was illegally using recovering drug addicts for medical trials without their consent.
The drug, 'Tarvan', works for 90% of their patients, but in some cases (including Tequila Watson), it leads to
random violent killings.

The drug company employs Pace and his shadowy associates to solicit Clay's help in paying off the victims
with large settlements. Clay has reservations, but soon profits from the legal retainer offered by Pace. He
leaves the Office of the Public Defender and raids some of their staff to establish his own law firm.

Pace offers Clay insider information on the dangers of another drug (Dyloft and Maxatil). Clay uses this
information to launch a new career in Tort Law. Soon he finds himself being one of the legal profession's
biggest tort lawyers and conniving with other high-powered tort lawyers. But this sudden fame isn't without
a price and soon he's under investigation for various misdemeanors, including insider trading. In the end,
Clay is beaten up by some men from Reedsburgh, sending him to the hospital. Then he loses a huge case
against Goffman and slides downhill as previous, disgruntled clients sue him. In the end he runs away with
Rebecca to London.

READING PASSAGE 4

Which of these outlaws... (A-D):

 1. had the same nickname as another of the same era A. Jesse James
2. was the subject of gross exaggeration in his exploits
3. had legal employment before turning to crime (2 answers) B. Billy The Kid
4. usually wore a hat
5. was claimed to have helped others less wealthy than himself C. Jack Dunlop
6. rejected his family's pleas to give himself up
D. Buffalo Bill
7. had a nickname based on his physical appearance
8. was killed by someone he knew
9. showed fear in one encounter
10. became famous through the media

Four Wild West Outlaws

Jesse James was an American outlaw, gang leader, bank robber, train robber, and murderer from the state of
Missouri and the most famous member of the James-Younger Gang. Already a celebrity when he was alive,
he became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his death. Some recent scholars place him in the
context of regional insurgencies of ex-Confederates following the American Civil War rather than a
manifestation of frontier lawlessness or alleged economic justice.

Jesse and his brother Frank James were Confederate guerrillas during the Civil War. They were accused of
participating in atrocities committed against Union soldiers. After the war, as members of one gang or
another, they robbed banks, stagecoaches and trains. Despite popular portrayals of James as a kind of Robin
Hood, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor, there is no evidence that he and his gang used their
robbery gains for anyone but themselves.

The James brothers were most active with their gang from about 1866 until 1876, when their attempted
robbery of a bank in Northfield, Minnesota, resulted in the capture or deaths of several members. They
continued in crime for several years, recruiting new members, but were under increasing pressure from law
enforcement. On April 3, 1882, Jesse James was killed by Robert Ford, who was a member of the gang
living in the James house and who was hoping to collect a state reward on James' head.

William H. Bonney, better known as Billy the Kid but also known as Henry Antrim, was a 19th-century
American gunman who participated in the Lincoln County War and became a frontier outlaw in the
American Old West. According to legend, he killed 21 men, but it is generally believed that he killed
between four and nine. He killed his first man at 18.

McCarty (or Bonney, the name he used at the height of his notoriety) was 5'8" (173 cm) tall with blue eyes,
a smooth complexion, and prominent front teeth. He was said to be friendly and personable at times, and it's
been said that he was as lithe as a cat. Contemporaries described him as a "neat" dresser who favored an
"unadorned Mexican sombrero". These qualities, along with his cunning and celebrated skill with firearms,
contributed to his paradoxical image as both a notorious outlaw and beloved folk hero.

Relatively unknown during most of his lifetime, Billy was catapulted into legend in 1881 when New
Mexico's governor, Lew Wallace, placed a price on his head. In addition, the Las Vegas Gazette (Las Vegas,
New Mexico) and the New York Sun carried stories about his exploits. Other newspapers followed suit.
After his death, several biographies were written that portrayed the Kid in varying lights.

Jack Dunlop, also known as John Dunlop, Jess Dunlop, John Patterson, and most commonly Three
Fingered Jack was an outlaw in the closing days of the Old West, best known for being a train robber.
Whether or not he actually physically had three fingers on either of his hands has never been confirmed.

Dunlop was born in Texas, and spent most of his early life from his mid to late teens as a cowboy. How and
where he first became involved in the outlaw life is uncertain, but he was arrested after several bank
robberies in 1893. Released from prison in 1895, Dunlop joined the "Black Jack" Christian Gang, but by
1898 he was riding with the Burt Alvord Gang. The gang began hitting trains in Arizona, with success, and
with "Three Fingered Jack" Dunlop quickly becoming the best known of the bunch. At midnight on
September 9, 1899, the gang robbed a Southern Pacific Express for just over $10,000. During that robbery,
the gang had detached the car containing the money, then opened the safe by way of dynamite. The gang
then escaped into the Chiricahua Mountains, and a posse led by Sheriff Scott White and including George
Scarborough was unsuccessful in their pursuit.

A few months later, the gang struck again. On February 15, 1900, the gang hit a train at the Fairbank, which
served Tombstone, Arizona. Noted and well-known lawman Jeff Davis Milton was working as a guard on
that train. A gunfight between Milton and the five gang members ensued, resulting in Milton shooting
buckshot into the stomach of Dunlop, while shooting and wounding gang member Juan Yoas. Milton was
badly wounded in the right arm during the gunbattle. Not aware that Milton was so badly injured, the gang
fled.

Dunlop's wound was serious, as he had been hit by eleven pellets from the shotgun, mostly in the stomach
region, whereas Yoas had been shot in the buttocks. The five outlaws split up shortly after fleeing the scene,
with the understanding that they would meet up just outside of Contention City, Arizona. Dunlop fell from
his horse only a few miles from where the robbery had taken place, where he lay for fourteen hours before a
posse came across him. He was taken to Tombstone, where he died on February 24, 1900. Dunlop is buried
in Tombstone's Boot Hill cemetery.

William L. "Buffalo Bill" Brooks was a western lawman and later outlaw. Brooks was born in Ohio
around 1832 where he later became a buffalo hunter in the late-1840s or early-1850s whose success equaled
fellow buffalo hunter William F. Cody earning the same nickname of Buffalo Bill. During the late 1860s,
Brooks had killed several men in various gunfights, and was briefly hired as a stage driver for the
Southwestern Stage Co., before becoming the marshal of Newton, Kansas in 1872. Although he was
reported to have been around 40 years old, several biographers have claimed Brooks was in his 20s.

With Brooks success in Newton he was soon offered a position in Dodge City as town marshal where he
was later involved in 15 gunfights during his first month. In one case, one of the men killed had four
brothers who came after Brooks in revenge. As the brothers arrived in town Brooks was said to have killed
all four men with four shots each. By the following year Brooks had cleared the city of most major
criminals. Brooks however began to kill several men in questionable circumstances including one incident
where he killed a man over an argument with a local dance hall girl. After backing down from gunfighter
Kirk Jordan, Brooks left town shortly after.

According to legend Brooks went to Butte, Montana where he attempted to become the city marshal but, in
part because of Brooks' reputation, was instead passed over in favor of Morgan Earp. Confronting Earp over
his defeat, Brooks was shot in the stomach and Morgan was shot in the shoulder.

Records show however that, shortly after leaving Dodge City, Brooks returned to his old position as a stage
driver for the Southwestern Stage Co. in early 1874. Several months later however the company had lost a
mail contract to a rival company and Brooks lost his job. In June several mules and horses owned by the
rival company had been stolen and Brooks, with two other men, were arrested the next month. It was
charged that Brooks had apparently attempted to weaken the rival company and win back the mail contract
for the Southwestern Stage Company. Brooks was hanged by an angry crowd while awaiting trial on July
29, 1874.

READING PASSAGE 5

Which of the towns (A-E):

1. possesses boats used in historic voyages? A. Plymouth

2. lets you watch a show on the streets?
 3. is noted for its evening entertainment? B. Torquay
4. has a celebrity amongst its local businessmen?
5. has a recreational area near the beach? C. Falmouth
6. has houses made of wood?
7. allows you to observe animals in the wild under the water? D. St. Ives
8. has a tourist attraction which has been praised?
9. has altered its natural coastline? E. Ilfracombe
10. used to play an important role in the postal service?

The Attractions of Devon and Cornwall

High on granite cliffs towering above the restless Atlantic, walkers on Britain's longest national trail, the
spectacular 630-mile South West Coast Path, are left in no doubt of the sea's role in shaping this area's
landscape and heritage. England's far south-western counties of Cornwall and Devon boast a seafaring
tradition of adventurers, explorers, pirates and emigrants, reinforced by the salty flavour of novels by
Daphne du Maurier and Rosamunde Pilcher.

Add to this the fine cuisine, stylish hotels, National Parks and one of Europe's favourite surfing resorts,
picturesque harbours and gardens warmed by Gulf Stream currents - and you have the recipe for a perfect
all-year holiday destination.

The 08:35 train from London's Paddington station to Plymouth, Devon bears a ship's name - "The
Mayflower". This was the vessel which carried a band of determined religious reformers, the Pilgrim
Fathers, on their momentous journey to a new life in North America, in 1620. After 66 days at sea they
eventually settled in New Plymouth and laid the foundation of the New England states.

The story is brought to life in the naval port and city of Plymouth's Mayflower exhibition, situated on The
Barbican, opposite the historic harbour steps from which they set off nearly four centuries ago. It also tells
how thousands of emigrants to the USA and other countries (mainly Australia and New Zealand, with
Canada becoming popular later) started their journey here.

The city is full of seaside atmosphere, particularly around the old harbour with its fish market and customs
house and the waterfront park, the Hoe. Here Elizabethan seafarer Sir Francis Drake is said to have finished
a game of bowls before sailing off to confront the approaching Spanish Armada.

Also here is the National Marine Aquarium which, among its many fishy delights, boasts the world's largest
collection of sea-horses. Britain's biggest aquarium, its attractions include a coral reef teeming with brightly-
coloured fish and the deepest tank in Europe - three storeys high - containing a wide variety of sharks which
you can view close-up (if you dare) from inside a walk-through transparent tunnel.

To see marine life of a warm-blooded variety, head east to the popular seaside resort of Torquay. Coastal
creatures from puffins and penguins to fur seals are all at home in an environment of reconstructed beaches,
cliff-faces and an estuary. Living Coasts, Paignton Zoo's marine aviary, opened in July 2004 to rave
reviews. The birds fly freely over your head and acrylic tunnels also allow unobstructed underwater views.

Going west from Plymouth you cross the wide River Tamar on one of two high bridges, road and rail, leave
Devon and enter Cornwall. There are views of battleships at anchor and the sparkling ocean beyond.

The UK has more coastline than any other country in Europe, with no-one living more than 75 miles from
the sea. But it is only in Cornwall that you feel the sea is ever-present: a leg of land jutting precariously into
the Atlantic, its two coasts only four miles apart at the narrowest point.
Cornwall was the obvious choice as location for a new National Maritime Museum, which opened in late
2002. The stylish, modern building, clad in English oak, rises beside the water in the harbour-town of
Falmouth, on the edge of the world's third largest natural harbour (Rio and Sydney take the top slots).

Falmouth was an almost sleepy place, despite once being the British Empire's second busiest port. Its main
occupations after tourism are luxury yacht-building, ship repair and oyster fishing (oyster sail-boats can still
be seen working the River Fal). But the museum has brought new life and "buzz' to the town.

The entrance is through Events Square, surrounded by shops and dining places, and the focal point for open-
air entertainment, particularly during the town's Oyster Festival, held every October.

The galleries include historic small vessels from the national collection. They range from a 70ft. rowing boat
used by Eton schoolboys in the late 1800s, through Olympic medal-winning boats, canoes, yachts, power-
boats and working craft to the ketch used by Sir Robin Knox-Johnston to make the first solo, non-stop
global circumnavigation. You can compare Queen Elizabeth II's little yacht Bluebottle to the latest state-of-
the-art, carbon-fibre racing dinghy.

Find out more about Cornwall's nautical traditions in various exhibits. How seven generations of the same
family made a living from the sea; and how the 40 mail ships of Falmouth Packet Service made the town a
world communication hub, from 1688 until the electric telegraph took over.

Then descend to the Tidal Zone, where windows thicker than a man's fist, and five metres high, look directly
out under the waters of Falmouth Harbour. See fish and other marine creatures - sometimes cormorants
diving for their dinner - it's like an aquarium in reverse. Climb the museum's 30-metre tall tower for an
aerial view of the harbour. A café offers refreshment and more spectacular views.

No visit to Cornwall should exclude the artists' town of St. Ives, its Tate Gallery sitting right on the beach;
Newquay, a young surfers' paradise with a nightlife to match; or the Eden Project near St. Austell. This is a
garden with a difference, reminiscent of something out of science-fiction, its spherical hot-houses or
"biomes' containing waterfalls, bamboo houses and tropical flora from distant parts of the world - all in a
former quarry.

Something with a definite maritime flavour is the region's food. It is now as easy to find freshly-caught sea
bass or native oysters as everyone's favourite: fish-and-chips. Rick Stein's Seafood Restaurant in Padstow is
one of the best of its kind and the celebrity chef has now complemented it with his own fish-and-chip shop.
All fish is locally sourced -- monkfish, Dover sole and gurnard are available as well as cod, haddock and
plaice - customers choose their fish and wait earnestly while it is cooked.

In the North Devon harbour-town of Ilfracombe, controversial modern artist Damien Hirst has opened the
White Hart Bar at 11 The Quay, overlooking the harbour. The locals hope it will give a prominence to the
town in the way Rick Stein raised Padstow's profile. Go along and sample the tapas, mezze, freshly baked
bread and cakes and judge for yourself.

As for places to stay, these range from friendly farmhouses and family-run bed and breakfasts to luxurious
hotels such as Bovey Castle. This Edwardian mansion in the fine scenery of Dartmoor National Park has
been transformed into the "ultimate luxury destination" by entrepreneur Peter de Savary and opened earlier
in 2004. With a 1920's Palm Court dining room, a piano-bar serving 142 different cocktails, individually
designed bedrooms and suites, a spa and championship golf course, this is a place for people who expect the
very best.

READING PASSAGE 6

Which of these 19th Century U.S Presidents (A-D):

 1. Was a decorated military man? A. Van Buren
2. Was his party's last President?
3. Made peace with the British? B. Harrison
4. Ran more than once for President? (Two answers)
5. Didn't work as a lawyer? C. Polk
6. Increased the size of the country? (Two answers)
7. Had a poor upbringing? D. Fillmore
8. Fought the British?
9. Was critical of government debt?
10. Set a precedent as President?

19th Century American Presidents

Martin Van Buren 1837-41

Only about 5 feet, 6 inches tall, but trim and erect, Martin Van Buren dressed fastidiously. His impeccable
appearance belied his amiability--and his humble background. Of Dutch descent, he was born in 1782, the
son of a tavernkeeper and farmer, in Kinderhook, New York.

As a young lawyer he became involved in New York politics. As leader of the "Albany Regency," an
effective New York political organization, he shrewdly dispensed public offices and bounty in a fashion
calculated to bring votes. Yet he faithfully fulfilled official duties, and in 1821 was elected to the United
States Senate.

By 1827 he had emerged as the principal northern leader for Andrew Jackson. President Jackson rewarded
Van Buren by appointing him Secretary of State. As the Cabinet Members appointed at John C. Calhoun's
recommendation began to demonstrate only secondary loyalty to Jackson, Van Buren emerged as the
President's most trusted adviser. Jackson referred to him as, "a true man with no guile."

The rift in the Cabinet became serious because of Jackson's differences with Calhoun, a Presidential
aspirant. Van Buren suggested a way out of an eventual impasse: he and Secretary of War Eaton resigned, so
that Calhoun men would also resign. Jackson appointed a new Cabinet, and sought again to reward Van
Buren by appointing him Minister to Great Britain. Vice President Calhoun, as President of the Senate, cast
the deciding vote against the appointment--and made a martyr of Van Buren.

The "Little Magician" was elected Vice President on the Jacksonian ticket in 1832, and won the Presidency
in 1836.

Van Buren devoted his Inaugural Address to a discourse upon the American experiment as an example to
the rest of the world. The country was prosperous, but less than three months later the panic of 1837
punctured the prosperity.

Basically the trouble was the 19th-century cyclical economy of "boom and bust," which was following its
regular pattern, but Jackson's financial measures contributed to the crash. His destruction of the Second
Bank of the United States had removed restrictions upon the inflationary practices of some state banks; wild
speculation in lands, based on easy bank credit, had swept the West. To end this speculation, Jackson in
1836 had issued a Specie Circular requiring that lands be purchased with hard money--gold or silver.

In 1837 the panic began. Hundreds of banks and businesses failed. Thousands lost their lands. For about five
years the United States was wracked by the worst depression thus far in its history.

Programs applied decades later to alleviate economic crisis eluded both Van Buren and his opponents. Van
Buren's remedy--continuing Jackson's deflationary policies--only deepened and prolonged the depression.
Declaring that the panic was due to recklessness in business and overexpansion of credit, Van Buren
devoted himself to maintaining the solvency of the national Government. He opposed not only the creation
of a new Bank of the United States but also the placing of Government funds in state banks. He fought for
the establishment of an independent treasury system to handle Government transactions. As for Federal aid
to internal improvements, he cut off expenditures so completely that the Government even sold the tools it
had used on public works.

Inclined more and more to oppose the expansion of slavery, Van Buren blocked the annexation of Texas
because it assuredly would add to slave territory--and it might bring war with Mexico.

Defeated by the Whigs in 1840 for reelection, he was an unsuccessful candidate for President on the Free
Soil ticket in 1848. He died in 1862.

William Henry Harrison 1841

"Give him a barrel of hard cider and settle a pension of two thousand a year on him, and my word for it," a
Democratic newspaper foolishly gibed, "he will sit ... by the side of a 'sea coal' fire, and study moral
philosophy. " The Whigs, seizing on this political misstep, in 1840 presented their candidate William Henry
Harrison as a simple frontier Indian fighter, living in a log cabin and drinking cider, in sharp contrast to an
aristocratic champagne-sipping Van Buren.

Harrison was in fact a scion of the Virginia planter aristocracy. He was born at Berkeley in 1773. He studied
classics and history at Hampden-Sydney College, then began the study of medicine in Richmond.

Suddenly, that same year, 1791, Harrison switched interests. He obtained a commission as ensign in the First
Infantry of the Regular Army, and headed to the Northwest, where he spent much of his life.

In the campaign against the Indians, Harrison served as aide-de-camp to General "Mad Anthony" Wayne at
the Battle of Fallen Timbers, which opened most of the Ohio area to settlement. After resigning from the
Army in 1798, he became Secretary of the Northwest Territory, was its first delegate to Congress, and
helped obtain legislation dividing the Territory into the Northwest and Indiana Territories. In 1801 he
became Governor of the Indiana Territory, serving 12 years.

His prime task as governor was to obtain title to Indian lands so settlers could press forward into the
wilderness. When the Indians retaliated, Harrison was responsible for defending the settlements.

The threat against settlers became serious in 1809. An eloquent and energetic chieftain, Tecumseh, with his
religious brother, the Prophet, began to strengthen an Indian confederation to prevent further encroachment.
In 1811 Harrison received permission to attack the confederacy.

While Tecumseh was away seeking more allies, Harrison led about a thousand men toward the Prophet's
town. Suddenly, before dawn on November 7, the Indians attacked his camp on Tippecanoe River. After
heavy fighting, Harrison repulsed them, but suffered 190 dead and wounded.

The Battle of Tippecanoe, upon which Harrison's fame was to rest, disrupted Tecumseh's confederacy but
failed to diminish Indian raids. By the spring of 1812, they were again terrorizing the frontier.

In the War of 1812 Harrison won more military laurels when he was given the command of the Army in the
Northwest with the rank of brigadier general. At the Battle of the Thames, north of Lake Erie, on October 5,
1813, he defeated the combined British and Indian forces, and killed Tecumseh. The Indians scattered, never
again to offer serious resistance in what was then called the Northwest.

Thereafter Harrison returned to civilian life; the Whigs, in need of a national hero, nominated him for
President in 1840. He won by a majority of less than 150,000, but swept the Electoral College, 234 to 60.
When he arrived in Washington in February 1841, Harrison let Daniel Webster edit his Inaugural Address,
ornate with classical allusions. Webster obtained some deletions, boasting in a jolly fashion that he had
killed "seventeen Roman proconsuls as dead as smelts, every one of them."

Webster had reason to be pleased, for while Harrison was nationalistic in his outlook, he emphasized in his
Inaugural that he would be obedient to the will of the people as expressed through Congress.

But before he had been in office a month, he caught a cold that developed into pneumonia. On April 4, 1841,
he died--the first President to die in office--and with him died the Whig program.

James K. Polk 1845-49

Often referred to as the first "dark horse" President, James K. Polk was the last of the Jacksonians to sit in
the White House, and the last strong President until the Civil War.

He was born in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, in 1795. Studious and industrious, Polk was
graduated with honors in 1818 from the University of North Carolina. As a young lawyer he entered politics,
served in the Tennessee legislature, and became a friend of Andrew Jackson.

In the House of Representatives, Polk was a chief lieutenant of Jackson in his Bank war. He served as
Speaker between 1835 and 1839, leaving to become Governor of Tennessee.

Until circumstances raised Polk's ambitions, he was a leading contender for the Democratic nomination for
Vice President in 1844. Both Martin Van Buren, who had been expected to win the Democratic nomination
for President, and Henry Clay, who was to be the Whig nominee, tried to take the expansionist issue out of
the campaign by declaring themselves opposed to the annexation of Texas. Polk, however, publicly asserted
that Texas should be "re-annexed" and all of Oregon "re-occupied."

The aged Jackson, correctly sensing that the people favored expansion, urged the choice of a candidate
committed to the Nation's "Manifest Destiny." This view prevailed at the Democratic Convention, where
Polk was nominated on the ninth ballot.

"Who is James K. Polk?" Whigs jeered. Democrats replied Polk was the candidate who stood for expansion.
He linked the Texas issue, popular in the South, with the Oregon question, attractive to the North. Polk also
favored acquiring California.

Even before he could take office, Congress passed a joint resolution offering annexation to Texas. In so
doing they bequeathed Polk the possibility of war with Mexico, which soon severed diplomatic relations.

In his stand on Oregon, the President seemed to be risking war with Great Britain also. The 1844
Democratic platform claimed the entire Oregon area, from the California boundary northward to a latitude of
54'40', the southern boundary of Russian Alaska. Extremists proclaimed "Fifty-four forty or fight," but Polk,
aware of diplomatic realities, knew that no course short of war was likely to get all of Oregon. Happily,
neither he nor the British wanted a war.

He offered to settle by extending the Canadian boundary, along the 49th parallel, from the Rockies to the
Pacific. When the British minister declined, Polk reasserted the American claim to the entire area. Finally,
the British settled for the 49th parallel, except for the southern tip of Vancouver Island. The treaty was
signed in 1846.

Acquisition of California proved far more difficult. Polk sent an envoy to offer Mexico up to $20,000,000,
plus settlement of damage claims owed to Americans, in return for California and the New Mexico country.
Since no Mexican leader could cede half his country and still stay in power, Polk's envoy was not received.
To bring pressure, Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor to the disputed area on the Rio Grande.
To Mexican troops this was aggression, and they attacked Taylor's forces.

Congress declared war and, despite much Northern opposition, supported the military operations. American
forces won repeated victories and occupied Mexico City. Finally, in 1848, Mexico ceded New Mexico and
California in return for $15,000,000 and American assumption of the damage claims.

President Polk added a vast area to the United States, but its acquisition precipitated a bitter quarrel between
the North and the South over expansion of slavery.

Polk, leaving office with his health undermined from hard work, died in June 1849.

Millard Fillmore 1850-53

In his rise from a log cabin to wealth and the White House, Millard Fillmore demonstrated that through
methodical industry and some competence an uninspiring man could make the American dream come true.

Born in the Finger Lakes country of New York in 1800, Fillmore as a youth endured the privations of
frontier life. He worked on his father's farm, and at 15 was apprenticed to a cloth dresser. He attended one-
room schools, and fell in love with the redheaded teacher, Abigail Powers, who later became his wife.

In 1823 he was admitted to the bar; seven years later he moved his law practice to Buffalo. As an associate
of the Whig politician Thurlow Weed, Fillmore held state office and for eight years was a member of the
House of Representatives. In 1848, while Comptroller of New York, he was elected Vice President.

Fillmore presided over the Senate during the months of nerve-wracking debates over the Compromise of
1850. He made no public comment on the merits of the compromise proposals, but a few days before
President Taylor's death, he intimated to him that if there should be a tie vote on Henry Clay's bill, he would
vote in favor of it.

Thus the sudden accession of Fillmore to the Presidency in July 1850 brought an abrupt political shift in the
administration. Taylor's Cabinet resigned and President Fillmore at once appointed Daniel Webster to be
Secretary of State, thus proclaiming his alliance with the moderate Whigs who favored the Compromise.

A bill to admit California still aroused all the violent arguments for and against the extension of slavery,
without any progress toward settling the major issues.

Clay, exhausted, left Washington to recuperate, throwing leadership upon Senator Stephen A. Douglas of
Illinois. At this critical juncture, President Fillmore announced in favor of the Compromise. On August 6,
1850, he sent a message to Congress recommending that Texas be paid to abandon her claims to part of New
Mexico.

This helped influence a critical number of northern Whigs in Congress away from their insistence upon the
Wilmot Proviso--the stipulation that all land gained by the Mexican War must be closed to slavery.

Douglas's effective strategy in Congress combined with Fillmore's pressure from the White House to give
impetus to the Compromise movement. Breaking up Clay's single legislative package, Douglas presented
five separate bills to the Senate:

 Admit California as a free state.

 Settle the Texas boundary and compensate her.
 Grant territorial status to New Mexico.
 Place Federal officers at the disposal of slaveholders seeking fugitives.
 Abolish the slave trade in the District of Columbia.
Each measure obtained a majority, and by September 20, President Fillmore had signed them into law.
Webster wrote, "I can now sleep of nights."

Some of the more militant northern Whigs remained irreconcilable, refusing to forgive Fillmore for having
signed the Fugitive Slave Act. They helped deprive him of the Presidential nomination in 1852.

Within a few years it was apparent that although the Compromise had been intended to settle the slavery
controversy, it served rather as an uneasy sectional truce.

As the Whig Party disintegrated in the 1850's, Fillmore refused to join the Republican Party; but, instead, in
1856 accepted the nomination for President of the Know Nothing, or American, Party. Throughout the Civil
War he opposed President Lincoln and during Reconstruction supported President Johnson. He died in 1874.

READING PASSAGE 7

'Blogging' Stirs Controversy in Iran

A battle is raging within Iran's political leadership over a form of Internet communication known as a blog, a
"weblog" that combines a publicly accessible online personal diary and a guide to other links on the World
Wide Web. Some elements of the Iranian government have been supportive of the free and rapid
development of blogging in Iran, while hard-liners in the Judiciary are trying to figure out how to control it.

1.

"After few months, Persianblog.com launched its service and started with a fully Persian interface, in very
simple language, to help Iranian people to start blogging. And it was a turning point for the Iranian
blogosphere because, thanks to the ease of service and the easy interface of Persianblog.com, many, many
people who were not very familiar with technical issues on the Net were able to start blogging."

Persianblog.com estimates there are now as many as 70,000 active Persian language blogs, both inside and
outside Iran. These sites had basically been allowed to operate freely, until Iran's Judiciary began an Internet
crackdown several-months ago.

2.

"A lot of them are just tools to facilitate dating, which is very important now in Iran, because there are not
official dating services, or any official easy way for young people to socialize and to find new friends, new
dates, and stuff like that," he noted.

Mr. Derakhshan says the Judiciary's attempt to block access to several of the main blogging services used by
Iranians, such as Persianblogger.com, blogspot.com and blogger.com, means that many of the existing blogs
are turning political, even when they did not start out that way.

"It is very obvious that because of the censorship that has been stepped up recently, many of these weblogs
that are not normally about politics or political issues have started to become political, just because the
censorship doesn't even allow them to see their weblogs or even easily continue blogging," he added.

3.

This point is emphasized by Farideh Farhi, an independent Iranian-American scholar affiliated with the
University of Hawaii. She compares what she calls Iran's "haphazard" attempts to control the Internet to the
relatively more unified response in a country like China, which consistently blocks Internet sites Beijing
deems offensive.
"And if you look at China, if I remember correctly, they responded to this Internet boom in a very consistent
and immediate manner, filtering very early on," she explained. "In the case of Iran, that has not been the case
because so much of the political structure is divided and decentralized. And that gives tremendous amount
of space to a lot of activities that are going on in the society."

4.

"Their arrest was publicized," she added. "Everybody knew about it. And then they came out. They had their
lamentations, their statements of regret."

But, Ms. Farhi says, the released prisoners told a former vice-president, who is a blogger, that authorities
tortured them.

"So, that came out in a blog by the former vice-president. Everybody knows about it. So, it is a very, very
funny situation, where both the activity is not fully allowed, yet at the same time, it somewhat goes on. And
then, the repression of it is also well-publicized. That is what gives Iran a very interesting dynamic," she
noted.

5.

"The kind of activities that are going on in Iran are so strong and they have such a large audience, and there
is such desire for it, and also, you have this reality that there are people within the government structure that
do not like the kind of activities that the Judiciary is involved in. And that is why you see resistance and
complaint," she said.

6.

In an e-mail, he said it would be risky for him to be interviewed about what he said has recently become a
heavily-politicized issue. He said he could be jailed for giving an interview to an American journalist.

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces above. There is one extra you do not need to use.

A. The conflict over the development of Internet communication in Iran reflects a larger struggle
between elements within the government that support it and factions that are alarmed by the
Internet's relative freedom.
B. Ms. Farhi says she believes hard-liners won't be able to control the Internet forever.
C. Hossein Derakhshan, 30, is an Iranian who emigrated to Canada four-years ago. In 2002, he
developed a simple way for people to use Persian language on the Internet, which led to the creation
of an independent service in Tehran called Persianblog.com.
D. The apparent targets, according to Mr. Derakhshan, are blogs and websites with political content. But
he says most of the Persian language blogs did not start out focusing on political issues.
E. "These people will feel cut off from the outside world," he said. "The government looks to be getting
serious about blocking these services and that can only mean bad news for bloggers in this country."
F. The chill on blogging in Iran may not be permanent, but it is having some effect. An Iranian
journalist contacted in Iran refused to discuss blogging and bloggers.
G. In recent months, the Iranian authorities made several much publicized arrests of activists labeled as
bloggers, but released them after a brief detention.

READING PASSAGE 8
The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution is the name given to the massive social, economic, and technological change in
18th century and 19th century Great Britain. It commenced with the introduction of steam power (fuelled
primarily by coal) and powered, automated machinery (primarily in textile manufacturing).

The technological and economic progress of the Industrial Revolution gained momentum with the
introduction of steam-powered ships, boats and railways. In the 19th Century it spread throughout Western
Europe and North America, eventually impacting the rest of the world.

Causes

The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complex and remain a topic for debate, with some historians
seeing the Revolution as an outgrowth of social and institutional changes wrought by the final end of
feudalism in Great Britain following the English Civil War in the 17th century.

1.

The colonial expansion of the 17th century with the accompanying development of international trade,
creation of financial markets and accumulation of capital is also cited as a set of factors, as is the scientific
revolution of the 17th century.

The importance of a large domestic market should also be considered an important cause catalyst of the
Industrial Revolution, particularly explaining why it occurred in Britain. In other nations (e.g. France),
markets were split up by local regions often imposing tolls and tariffs on goods traded among them. The
restructuring of the American domestic market would trigger the second Industrial Revolution over 100
years later.

Effects

The application of steam power to the industrial processes of printing supported a massive expansion of
newspaper and popular book publishing, which reinforced rising literacy and demands for mass political
participation. Universal white male suffrage was adopted in the United States, resulting in the election of the
popular General Andrew Jackson in 1828 and the creation of political parties organized for mass
participation in elections.

2.

In France, the July Revolution widened the franchise and established a constitutional monarchy. Belgium
established its independence from the Netherlands, as a constitutional monarchy, in 1830. Struggles for
liberal reforms in Switzerland's various cantons in the 1830s had mixed results. A further series of attempts
at political reform or revolution would sweep Europe in 1848, with mixed results, and initiated massive
migration to North America, as well as parts of South America, South Africa, and Australia.

Textile manufacture

In the early 18th century, British textile manufacture was based on wool which was processed by individual
artisans, doing the spinning and weaving on their own premises. This system is called a cottage industry.
Flax and cotton were also used for fine materials, but the processing was difficult because of the pre-
processing needed, and thus goods in these materials made only a small proportion of the output.

Use of the spinning wheel and hand loom restricted the production capacity of the industry, but a number of
incremental advances increased productivity to the extent that manufactured cotton goods became the
dominant British export by the early decades of the 19th century. India was displaced as the premier supplier
of cotton goods.

Step by step, individual inventors increased the efficiency of the individual steps of spinning (carding,
twisting and spinning, and subsequently rolling) so that the supply of yarn fed a weaving industry that itself
was advancing with improvements to shuttles and the loom or 'frame'. The output of an individual labourer
increased dramatically, with the effect that these new machines were seen as a threat to employment, and
early innovators were attacked and their inventions wrecked. The inventors often failed to exploit their
inventions, and fell on hard times.

3.

He created the cotton mill which brought the production processes together in a factory, and he developed
the use of power - first horse power, then water power and finally steam power - which made cotton
manufacture a mechanised industry.

Why Europe?

One question that has been of active interest to historians is why the Industrial Revolution occurred in
Europe and not in other parts of the world, particularly China. Numerous factors have been suggested
including ecology, government, and culture. Benjamin Elman argues that China was in a high level
equilibrium trap in which the non-industrial methods were efficient enough to prevent use of industrial
methods with high capital costs.

Kenneth Pommeranz, in The Great Divergence, argues that Europe and China were remarkably similar in
1700, and that the crucial differences which created the Industrial Revolution in Europe were sources of coal
near manufacturing centres and raw materials such as food and wood from the New World which allowed
Europe to economically expand in a way that China could not. Indeed, a combination of all of these factors
is possible.

Why Great Britain?

The debate around the concept of the initial startup of the Industrial Revolution also concerns the thirty to
hundred year lead the British had over the continental European countries and America. Some have stressed
the importance of natural or financial resources the United Kingdom received from its many overseas
colonies or that profits from the British slave trade between Africa and the Caribbean helped fuel industrial
investment.

Alternatively, the greater liberalisation of trade from a large merchant base may have been able to utilise
scientific and technological developments emerging in the UK and elsewhere more effectively than other
states with stronger monarchies, such as China's Emperors and Russia's Tzars.

The UK's extensive exporting cottage industries also ensured markets were already open for many forms of
early manufactured goods. The nature of conflict in the period resulted in most British warfare being
conducted overseas, reducing the devastating effects of territorial conquest impacting much of the rest of
Europe.

Another theory believes that Great Britain was able to succeed in the Industrial Revolution due to its dense
population for its small geographical size, and the availability of natural resources like copper, tin and coal,
giving excellent conditions for the development and expansion of industry.

4.

The "Protestant work ethic"

Another theory is that the British advance was due to the presence of an entrepreneurial class which believed
in progress, technology and hard work. The existence of this class is often linked to the Protestant work ethic
and the particular status of so-called Dissenter Protestant sects that had flourished with the English
revolution.

Reinforcement of confidence in the rule of law, which followed the establishment of the prototype of
constitutional monarchy in Great Britain in the Glorious Revolution of 1689, and the emergence of a stable
financial market there based on the management of the National Debt by the Bank of England, contributed
to the capacity for, and interest in, private financial investment in industrial ventures.

The Dissenters found themselves barred or discouraged from some public offices when the restoration of the
monarchy took place and membership in the official Anglican church became, once more, an important
advantage.

Historians sometimes consider this social factor to be extremely important, along with the nature of the
national economies involved. While members of these sects were excluded from certain circles of the
government, they were considered as fellow Protestants, to a limited extent, by many in the middle class,
such as traditional financiers or other businessmen.

5.

This argument has, on the whole, tended to neglect the fact that several inventors and entrepreneurs were
rational free thinkers or "Philosophers" typical of a certain class of British intellectuals in the late 18th
century, and were by no means normal church goers or members of religious sects.

Examples of these free thinkers were the Lunar Society of Birmingham (which flourished from 1765 to
1809). Its members were exceptional in that they were among the very few who were conscious that an
industrial revolution was then taking place in Great Britain. They actively worked as a group to encourage it,
not least by investing in it and conducting scientific experiments which led to innovative products.

6.

Industrialization also led to the creation of the factory. One of the earliest reformers of early factory
conditions was Robert Owen. Josiah Wedgwood was another prominent early industrialist. The factory
system was largely responsible for the rise of the modern city, as workers migrated into the cities in search
of employment in the factories.

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces above. There is one extra you do not need to use.

A. Given this relative tolerance and the supply of capital, the natural outlet for the more enterprising
members of these sects would be to seek new opportunities in the technologies created in the wake of
the Scientific revolution of the 17th century.
B. To capitalize upon these advances, it took a class of entrepreneurs, of which the most famous is
Richard Arkwright. He is credited with a list of inventions, but these were actually the products of
such as Thomas Highs and John Kay; Arkwright nurtured the inventors, patented the ideas, financed
the initiatives, and protected the machines.
C. In the United Kingdom, the Reform Act 1832 addressed the concentration of population in districts
with almost no representation in Parliament, expanding the electorate, leading to the founding of
modern political parties and initiating a series of reforms which would continue into the 20th
century.
D. Furthermore, the stable political situation, in addition to the greater receptiveness of the society (as
compared to other European countries) are reasons that add to this theory, enhancing its plausibility.
 E. The Enclosure movement and the British Agricultural Revolution made food production more
efficient and less labor-intensive, forcing the surplus population who could no longer find
employment in agriculture into the cities to seek work in the newly developed factories.
F. The transition to industrialization was not wholly smooth, for in England the Luddites — workers
who saw their livelihoods threatened — protested against the process and sometimes sabotaged
factories.
G. It was this process which started the urbanisation of areas in around the west of the country. As
agricultural workers lost their jobs on the farm, they turned in increasing numbers to the city to
provide them with employment. Many new cities sprung up as factories were built close to raw
supplies such as coal and wool - and the people moved near the factories to find work.

READING PASSAGE 9

Corn Harvest Comes Early for Midwest Farmers

TAYLORVILLE, Illinois — The worst drought conditions in a generation are sending some U.S. farmers
into their fields early to harvest corn. In the Midwest state of Illinois the poor condition of the corn is cutting
into farmers' profits and is driving global prices higher.

1.

“This stuff is depressing here. This is hard to look at for me,” he said.

Most of the ears of corn that managed to grow in his fields are much smaller than normal because of the
drought. Smaller corn means less to sell, which cuts into Nation's bottom line.

2.

Nation was also up against the risk that comes with planting and growing when the cost for seed and
fertilizer are at all time highs.

“You are at the mercy of Mother Nature. Some people ask me why I do not gamble. Why, I gamble every
day," he said. "That is just the way it is when you farm.”

3.

“I watch them every day," Nation said. "I have a consultant who helps me on my marketing, he watches it
every hour.”

Commodity traders on the floor of the Chicago Board of Trade are also keeping close watch over the rapidly
changing prices, including GrainAnalyst.com's Matthew Pierce.

4.

Pierce says the outlook for both corn and soybeans gets worse by the day, and has global implications.

5.

“We are at all time highs on both corn and soybeans, and that hurts everything over the long, long haul,"
Pierce continued. "Everybody is going to feel this effect.”

6.

But despite all he faces, Bruce Nation will not call this year's drought a disaster.
“I would not say a disaster. I would say a setback," he said. "It is going to set every body back a little bit.
But the farmer has a heck of a human spirit to him, and he is going to go right on plugging. And that is all
you can do, keep swinging.”

Use these paragraphs to fill the spaces above. There is one extra you do not need to use.

A. Everybody, including Nation's neighbors, will feel it. He says they will see an increase in the
price of their groceries in about six months.
B. “Probably, maybe 30 kernels on that whole thing. This is what we are up against,” he said.
C. “The U.S. exportable surplus is dwindling by the day," he said. "And China, Japan, South
Korea, Mexico are going to be most directly affected by that.
D. “The drought concerns this year have expanded exponentially as we have approached
harvest, and some of the pro-farmer numbers we have seen recently have shown much more
damage than was even expected just a month ago,” he said.
E. The drought conditions have serious implications for land use in this area. Many families
have already begun moving into other activities.
F. The only thing farmer Bruce Nation sees in his cornfields outside Taylorville, Illinois, is
heartache.
G. As he takes to the fields to harvest - this year about a month ahead of schedule because of the
drought - Nation is watching that gamble in real time. Thanks to an Internet connection in his
tractor, he keeps a close watch on the rapidly-changing price for his corn and soybeans.