PreAlgebra Reference Sheet

Area Formulas 3-D Shapes (B = area of base) Statistics:

1
Atriangle = bh
Mean: The “average”. Add and divide by the total number.
Math is Rectangular Solid
2
COOL!
MOde: The value that appears MOst often. May be more
Arectangle = bh = lw V = lwh or Bh
SA = 2wl + 2lh + 2wh
than one answer.
Asquare = bh = s 2 Median: The “middle” value. Arrange the data in order and
Aparallelogram = bh Cube find the middle value. If the number of data is even,
V = s3 you may need to take the average of the two middle
1
Atrapezoid = h(b1 + b2 ) SA = 6s 2 values.
2
Range: The difference between the largest and smallest data
Acircle = π r2
Cylinder values.
V = π r 2h Quartiles: First quartile = 25th percentile
Circumference SAclosed = 2π rh + 2π r 2 Second quartile (median) = 50th percentile
Ccircle = 2π r = π d Third quartile = 75th percentile
Perimeter: the distance around the Cone Properties:
outside. 1
V = π r 2h
Commutative property (addition): a + b = b + a
3 Commutative property (multiplication): a × b = b × a
Pythagorean Theorem
SA = π rs + π r 2 Associative property (addition): a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
c = hypotenuse (longest side)
c2 = a 2 + b2
Associative property (multiplication): a • (b • c) = (a • b) • c
Distributive property: a • (b + c) = a • b + a • c
Order of Operations: Conversions: Additive Identity: a + 0 = a
1. parentheses PEMDAS 12 inches = 1 foot Multiplicative Identity: a • 1 = a
3 feet = 1 yard Additive Inverse: a + (-a) = 0
2. exponents
5,280 feet = 1 mile 1
3. mult & divide as you come to Multiplicative Inverse: a i = 1 where a ≠ 0
them from left to right 3 teaspoons = 1 tablespoon a
4. add & subtract as you come to 16 ounces = 1 pound Zero property: a • 0 = 0
them from l to r. 16 fluid ounces = 1 pint
8 fluid ounces = 1 cup
2 cups = 1 pint
Scientific Absolute 2 pints = 1 quart Distance traveled: Multiply: (distribute or FOIL)
Notation: Value: 4 quarts = 1 gallon distance = rate x time ( x + 3)( x + 2) = x • x + x • 2 + 3• x + 3• 2
5.7 x 1014 | -5 | = 5 = x2 + 5x + 6
The first number |5|=5
must be 1 < n < 10 Represents distance

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Inequalities:
5 − 3x ≤ 13 + x Remember to
−3 x ≤ 8 + x change direction
−4 x ≤ 8 of inequality when
x ≥ −2 mult/div by a negative.
Transformations:
Reflection: “Flip” – a mirror image.
Translation: “Slide”
Rotation: “Turn” about a point.
Dilation: “Grow” or “shrink”
Triangles:
Scalene – no = sides
Isosceles – 2 = sides
Equilateral – 3 = sides
Right: 1 rt. < (90º)
Angles:
Acute – between 0 and 90º
Obtuse – between 90 and 180º
Straight - 180º
Complementary: 2 <s adding to 90º
Supplementary: 2 <s adding to 180º
Vertical – formed in an X and are =.
Related Conditionals:
Converse: switch "if" and "then"
Inverse: negate "if" and "then"
Contrapositive: inverse of converse
Square Roots: Perfect squares: 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, …
25 = 5
Solving Equations: Slope:
1. Deal with any parentheses in the problem. vertical change rise y2 − y1
m= = = .
2. Combine similar terms on same side of = sign. horizontal change run x2 − x1
3. Get the needed variables on the same side of = sign.
4. Isolate the needed variable by add or subtract.
Equations of Lines: m = slope
5. Find the needed variable by divide or multiply.
y = mx + b slope-intercept
Metric Conversions: When making metric y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) point-slope
conversions, arrange the prefixes from largest to smallest
and then examine the change in locations left/right: Graphing Lines:
(meter, gram or liter) 1. Plot 2 pts. or
kilo hecto deca UNIT deci centi milli 2. Create a table of values.
1000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 3. Use slope-intercept
Parallels: Error in Measurement:
Relative error = |measure-actual|
If lines are parallel … actual
% of Error = Relative • 100%
Corresponding angles are equal.
m<1 = m<5, m<2 = m<6, m<3 = m<7,
m<4 = m<8 Permutations:
Alternate Interior angles are equal. Arrangement in specific order.
m<3 = m<6, m<4 = m<5 n!
n Pr =
Alternate Exterior angles are equal. (n − r )!
m<1 = m<8, m<2 = m<7 Factorial:
Same side interior angles are supp. 5! = 5•4•3•2•1 1! = 1
m<3 + m<5 = 180, m<4 + m<6 = 180 FYI: 0!=1
Probability: describes the chance that an uncertain event will occur.
(Theoretical) Probability of event = (# of ways to get what you want) / (total # of possibilities)
Probabilities range from 0 to 1. Impossible = 0 Absolutely certain = 1
Empirical probability (probability based upon data from an experiment)
Simplify a radical: Write as a product containing a perfect square; give each a
radical sign, and simplify the perfect square. 50 = 25i2 = 25 i 2 = 5 2
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