Declarations

C++ Data Type

A type defines a set of values and a
set of operations that can be applied on
those values. The set of values for each
type is known as the domain for the type.
C++ contains 5 standard types:
Standard
Data Types

void int char float bool

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void
The void type has no values
and no operations. In other
words, both the set of values
and the set of operations are
empty. Although this might
seem unusual, we will see
later that it is a very useful
data type.

Integer
An integer type is a number without a
fractional part. It is also known as an
integral number. C++ supports three different
sizes of the integer data type: short int, int
and long int.

sizeof(short int)<= sizeof(int)<= sizeof(long int)

Short int
int
long int

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Integer
The type also defines the size of the field in which data can
be stored. In C++, even though the size is machine
dependent, most PCs use the integer sizes shown below.
Size Size
Name Description (Bytes) (bits) Range
signed: -32768 to 32767
Short int Short 2 16 unsigned: 0 to 65535
Integer
signed: - 2147483648 to 2147483647
int Integer 4 32 unsigned: 0 to 4294967295

signed: –9,223,372,036,854,775,808
Long int Long Integer 8 64 to
9,223,372,036,854,775,807
unsigned: 0 to
18,446,744,073,709,551,615
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Floating Point
A floating-point type is a number with a
fractional part, such as 43.32 . The C++
language supports three different sizes of
floating-point: float, double and long double.

sizeof(float)<= sizeof(double)<= sizeof(long double)

float
double
long double

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Floating Point
Although the physical size of floating-point types is
machine dependent, many computers support the
sizes shown below.

type Byte size Number of Bits

float 4 32

double 8 64

long double 10 80

Boolean
 The Boolean data type:-Boolean variable are set to
either true or false. Expressions that have a true or
false value are called Boolean expression.
 True=1;
 False= 0;

The value of true is represented in the computer by

number 1 and false is represented by number 0.

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Character data
 A variable or a constant of char type can hold an ASCII
character .
 When initializing a constant or a variable of char type, or
when changing the value of a variable of char type, the value
is enclosed in single quotation marks.

Examples:
const char star = '*';
char letter one = '1';

Declarations
 Constants and variables must be declared before they can
be used.
 A constant declaration specifies the type, the name and
the value of the constant.
 A variable declaration specifies the type, the name and
possibly the initial value of the variable.
 When you declare a constant or a variable, the compiler:
1. Reserves a memory location in which to store the value
of the constant or variable.
2. Associates the name of the constant or variable with
the memory location. (You will use this name for
referring to the constant or variable.)

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Constant declarations
 Constants are used to store values that never change during
the program execution.

Syntax:
const <type> <identifier> = <expression>;
Examples:
const int size = 7;

const double H = 3.98;

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Variable declarations
 Variables are used to store values that can be changed
during the program execution.
 A variable is best thought of as a container for a value.
3445 y -3.14
Syntax:
< type > < identifier >;
< type > < identifier > = < expression >;
Examples:
int sum;
int total = 3445;
char answer = 'y';
double temperature = -3.14;
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Variable declarations
 A variable has a type and it can contain only values of
that type. For example, a variable of the type int can only
hold integer values.
 Variables are not automatically initialized. For example,
after declaration
int sum;
the value of the variable sum can be anything.
 Thus, it is good practice to initialize variables when they
are declared.
int sum =10;

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Examples
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int x;
x= 6;
cout<<x<<"\n";
x=7.5 ;
cout<<x<<"\n";
return 0;
}

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Examples
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
char val=‘D’;
val=68;
cout<<val<<"\n";
val=70;
cout<<val<<"\n";
cout<<"\n";
return 0;
}

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Examples
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
bool x;
x=true;
cout <<"x="<<x<<"\n";
x=false;
cout<<"x="<< x<<"\n";
return 0;
}
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Rules for Division
 C++ treats integers differently from decimal numbers.
 100 is an int type.
 100.0 , 100.0000, and 100. are double type.
 The general rule for division of int and double types
is:
 double/double = double (normal)
 double/int = double (normal)
 int/double = double (normal)
 int/int = int (note: the decimal part is discarded)

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Rules for Division

 Examples:
 220.0 / 100.0 double/double = double result is 2.2
 220.0 / 100 double/int = double result is 2.2
 220 / 100.0 int/double = double result is 2.2
 220 / 100 int/int = int result is 2

 Summary: division is normal unless both the numerator

and denominator are int, then the result is an int (the
decimal part is discarded).

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Assignment Conversions
 A decimal number assigned to an int type variable is
truncated.
 An integer assigned to a double type variable is
converted to a decimal number.
 Example 1:
double yy = 2.7;
int i = 15;
int j = 10;
i = yy; // i is now 2

yy = j; // yy is now 10.0
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Operators
Relational Operators:

Assume :
A= 10
B= 20

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 Operators
Logical Operators:
Assume :
A= 1
B= 0
Or:
A=True
B=False

Operators
Bitwise Operators:
Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit
operation.
Assume if A = 60;
and B = 13; now in binary format they
will be as follows:
A = 0011 1100
B = 0000 1101
-----------------

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 Operators
Bitwise Operators:
The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows:

Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as

follows: A = 0011 1100 B = 0000 1101
 A&B = 0000 1100
 A|B = 0011 1101
 A^B = 0011 0001
 ~A = 1100 0011 23

Operators
Assignment Operators:

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 Operators
Assignment Operators:

Operators
Relational Operators:
There are relational operators supported by C++ language… Assume variable A=10 and B=20, then:

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Operators
CONDITIONAL OPERATORS: (? :(

<expression> ? Statement1: statement2

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operators
Ex:-
int i=10,j=20,x=8,y=9;
int k;
K= (x==y)? i:j;
K= 20
----------------------------------------
EX:-
int n=5,m=4;
int g;
g=(n>m)? n: m;
g= 5
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 operators
Comma operator ( , )

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operators
Comma operator
Ex:-
x= (y=3,y+2);
x= 5 ; y=3;
-----------------
X=(y=1,y=y+3)
X=4 ;
y=4;
--------
Find a where b=5
a=(b=b+5,20/b);
a= 2, b= 10;
----------------- 30

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operators
Ex:- find m where n=1  H.W:-
m=(n+1,n+2)
n= char x= 'f ';
m= int y= ((x+5) != ‘k’);
y=0 or y= 1
---------------------------------

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operators
Algebraic expression C++Expression

a= 3bx+4 a=3*b*x+4

b=3x+2/4a-1 b= (3*x+2)/(4*a-1)

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operators
Ex:-
If
a=2, b=2

Then find x
where :
x= ((a<<(a*2)+b) | (b>>!0));

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Cin & Cout

C++ provides two functions for input and output :-
 Input function (cin):- causes the computer to stop execution and
look for input data. The value of the user when entered it by the
keyboard it stored in the memory locations in area known
(keyboard buffer).

 Syntax:-
cin>> var1>>var2>>…..>>var n;

The( >> symbol) is the stream extraction operator. It indicates data

flows from cin to a variable
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Cin & Cout
What is the deference between the following
int x; double y;
1.cin >>x>>y;
2. x=6 and y=7.7

Note:- you must be careful when the user enter a variables from
different data types.

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Cin & Cout

Cout
The programmer can output the statement using the keyword cout.
The syntax of cout is:-
cout << statement
Or
cout<<variables

The (<< symbol) it called stream insertion operator it shows that

data flows from a variable (or constant) to cout,

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Cin & Cout
Ex1:- Write a program in c++ to compute the area of circle
(rectangle or triangle), then print the result.
Ex2:- Write a program in c++ that reads two integer numbers and
then give and print the result in
1. Multiplication
2. Addition
3. Subtraction
4. Division
-----------------------------------------------------
H.W:- Write a c++ program to identify and read two numbers,
then print the minimum one between them using (?:)
operators.
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Write a c++ program to read a number, then print if it is Even or

Odd using (?:) operator.
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int s,a ;
cout<<"Enter the number : \n";
cin>>a;
s=(a%2);
(s==0) ? cout<<“The number "<<a<<" is Even \n“ : cout<<“
The number " << a << " is Odd \n" ;
return 0;
}

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Write a c++ program to read five integer numbers, then find and
print the average of them.
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int v1,v2,v3,v4,v5;
double ave;
cout<<"Enter five marks as an integers : \n";
cin>>v1>>v2>>v3>>v4>>v5;
ave=(v1+v2+v3+v4+v5)/5.0;
cout<< endl <<"The average is = " << ave <<
endl;
return 0;
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}

Write a C++ program to read five integer numbers, then find the
average of them, print the average, and then print if the student
successful or unsuccessful.
#include<iostream.h>
int main()
{
int v1,v2,v3,v4,v5;
double ave;
cout<<"Enter five marks as an integers : \n";
cin>>v1>>v2>>v3>>v4>>v5;
ave=(v1+v2+v3+v4+v5)/5.0;
cout<< endl <<"The average is = " << ave << endl;
(ave>=50) ? cout<<"The student is successful" : cout<<"The student is unsuccessful";
return 0;
} 40

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Write a C++ program to input the ASCII code and to print the character
related to that code.

#include<iostream.h>

int main()
{
int y= 102;
char x= y;
cout<<x<<endl;
cout<< y<< endl ;
return 0;

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Write a C++ program to input the character and to print the ASCII code
related to that character .

#include<iostream.h>

int main()
{
char x= 'f';
int y= x;
cout<<x<< endl;
cout<< y<< endl;
return 0;
}

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