Rasa’il Ikhwan as-Safa:

Debate of the Animals

(from the 22nd Epistle)

3 English Translations:
Manuel, Dowson & Wall
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Published by Antioch Gate 2007

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 TRAIISATEfl FROM TEIC

ORIGINAL OORDOO INTO ENGLISH PROSE,

AND FOLLOWED BY

i
A VOCABULARY OF TEE DIFFICULT WORDS AND PBRASES OCCURnIl\TG j
IN TEE TEXT,

: AOl'EOB OF "SICLIECTtOXS EBOH ZWE EPICS OF EUROPE,'' "THC RUBY'S s ~ E , "''6ACREn LYRICS,"
I
. " poms," h.&C. &c. .
TRAlPBLATIOl OP "QOOL-I-BCEAVULLICB,~"THE POETRY OB OUR INDUI

"The soul, o i origin divine.

God's glorious image, freed from ciay.
In Haaven's eternd sphere shall shine
A Star of Day!
The sun is but a spark of fire,
A transient meteor in the sky: *
The S&!, immortnl as its Sire,
'
Shag never die."-JfonLgomery.

CALCUTTA :
D PRlNTED M'D PUBLISRED B11 DROZARIO b: CO. TAX=-SQUARE. '
 E. LODGE, EXQUIRE, A. B.

THE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE RESPECTFULLY INSCBIBED

BY

THE TRAKSLATOR.
 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.

THE Ikhwan-00s-sz~fScl,in the original Arabic is considered a classic. The

Oordoo version of the same (the best Etlition of which is the one published by
Lieut. W. N. Lees of the Fort William college) has now come into public notice from
the fact of its having been fixed us an Oordoo text-book for candidates going up for the
Entrance Exaruir~acion of the Calcutta University. The work is written in a pure,
simple and agreeable style: The subject is not very &tractive. Beasts and men
argue out the point of their respective superiority;the former cl?iming equality with
the latter, and declaring that they were not created for man to domineer over them;
and the latter maintaining that as they were made the lords of the creation, they
mere fully entitled to exact servitude from those wbo were no better than their
servants and slaves. The disputants at last refer the matter to the king of the
genii, who after wading through a whole volurne of testimonies (pro & con) at last
decides in favor of mankind, because they excel all other animals, in being endowed
with an immortal soul. How the cbief argument turns can best be elucidated by
quoting the following from Coleridge :-"Either we have an immortal soul or we have
not. If we have not, we are beasts; the first and wisest of beasts, it max be ; but still
true beasts. We shall only diBer in degree, a6d not in kind; just as the elephant
differs from the slug. But by the concession of all the materialists of all the
schools, or almost all, we are not of the same kind as beasts ; and this also we say
from our own consciousness. Therefore, methinks, it must be the possession of a
soul within that makes the differenoe."
The work is eminently calculated to assist the student in familiarising himself
with the Oordoo language. Rhny words not to be found in ordinary story-books,
are to be met with in the pages of the Ilchwm-00s-su4a. With the moral tenets
and theological (in its ii~eralsense) doctrines of his author, however, the Translator
dissvoms all concurrence. E e recommends the work solely on its philological
merits.
'F. P. &l.
Hooghly College, 15th July, 1860.
 C H A P T E R I.
fl&s c.reaeio?a; his cont~ozev8p with the 6eask. variegated with every sort; of fruits and flowers;
ReJe~*encemade to Beoras6 the kiqt,~of the streams of transparent brightlless meau,jered
g i u ~ awho
~ , su-)nnlo)zsQ h.w7ilaa philosop/be~. i s every side. The bea& fatteued by ,yne rich
THEYsay that as long as the human race mere herbage on which they fed, were gsrubolliug on the
few in numbers, they always fled from the beasts
and took shelter in caves or on mountains.
Assurance they had none, nor could they uuite
together and engage iu any agricultulrrl pursuit.
Not being couvsrmnt with the art of weaving
knew not how t o hide the nakedness of
t h e ~ rpersons. Fruits and vegetables supplied
them with foo& and the leaves of t h e trees
afforded them covering. La winter they resorted
to warm climates, and the hcat of summer
drove them again t o seek shelter in cooler re-
giuns, Thus sometirue past a w q . As they in-
ore:lsed, all feam of bensts of prey were removed
f m m their uiuds. 'fheu forts bgau t o rise,
aud cities to be founded; the tools and mate-
riah of cultivation lvere brought in use, and
be&s were compelied to own the superiority
of men by working and carrying their burden
for them. The Elephant, the horse, the camel,
and the ass hitherto exempt from Iabour aud
roving the greeu fields at pleasure, were now
made to ot!, and wear atmy their backs in con-
stafit service of meu. Notwithstauding all
their'ories and struggles men continued deaf.
XL often happened that the beasts dreading ca -
w t r had to fly tu dietant recious. The bir%
too mere in the same predicament. Every
human being thought that birds and beasts were
all their slaves, and no artifice w~xqleft untried
which promised t o bring them i n their poser.
~t last sent d.iai~o.m& for the guitlance of
rnllkiad. The prophet opened the casket of
religion t o all,aud many a Gin also accepted the
jctvel of faith; Ages elapsad after this, till 13~0.
,.as[, a p&losopher, and styled by may of dis-
tinction the king of heroes, was choseil to
the sovereign of the Genii. He was such a just
monarch that the iior? aud the goat are .mid to
have drunls water a t the same fouutain. Thieves
and robbers were characters never heard of. The
&;md of BitLa Saghaon through which passes
the equinoctial line, was his capitnl
It.happend once, that a ship laden witli men
& & i p e n by adverse w b d s t o the shores of this
islsnd, . The merchauts and men of scienod
h y i n g :diiembarked found that the land was
lawns, the temperature was excelleut, aud the
Pound, fresh and verdant, induced the foreiguers
not to thillk of departing. In short thsy fixed
their abode there, built houses and comroeuced
ellsnaring the animals to force service from
them. These, when they found themselves in-
couvenienced even here, retired CO wildernessea ;
b u t men still thinkiug that they were their
slaves,busied themselvesin preparing toils where-
with t o entrap them. Wheu the beasts capx
to h o w of this vain presumption, they assern-
bled *11 the respectable members of their tribes,
and laid their complaiutv before Bsol.us6, the
philosopher. After hearjug the circumsta~>ces
of the case, the king passed orders t o surumon
men. In obedience to the call, seveuty pereona,
all remarkable for the fluency of their speech, ap-
peared in the court. h spacious house maa litted
out for their reception. When the fatigues of
travel had worn off,t h e king cited them to his
presence. When they beheld the monarch
seated on his throne, they bowed low and bless-
ed him, aud stood in order even ns the laws
of etiquette required. The king, a8 already
meutioued, was not only famous for his justice,
.
but renowned likewise for his bravery and gene-
msity. The poor found a patron i n him, and tha
weak uuder his protection had nought t o dread
from the domineering tyranny of power. He
was the staunchest votary of religion, and first
consulted the will of God i n ajl his undertakings.
Turning towards therep~.esentativosof mt~nkiod,
who were standing before him, Why have you
come into my country:' be asked, $'when we
had no precious q u a i n k s u c e with each other
even bg means of epistolary correspondence ?
has induced YOU t o come so far I" One of
the. representatives, a man of age and apericucc,
returned,-" We came, 0 king, attracted by 'the
fame of Your equity and justice. F e ?me
as s u ~ ~ l i a n tksn, o e n g tclo well, that no one has
:teturned unrequited from your p~v$ence."
The monarch req1le~t:tedhim t o sgeak more
fo the Polut. "0 just king," he began, L( thc
animals who are our slaves refuse dlegiauce t o
W a54 those even, wko gartWlg :ouey W, de-
 IKHWAN-OOS-SUFFA.
cline €0 admit our superiority." The king inter-
.
posed, lLWhat renson have you for saying so ?
Qratuitous assetiions cannot be heard in a court
justice." cLMonarch,"replied the other, ('we I
have many grounds, rational and traditional, far
l lute master; but simply enumerate the good
saying 80." "What are these," inquired the king.
A member of the fam~lyof Abbaas IZaz~ooEak
ascended the pulpit, and read the K h w t b a as fol-
lows. AI1praise is due to that gracious God, who
has provided man with all sorts of delicacies in
this world, and created all other animals for his
use. Wow happy they, who obedient, move fear- $
I moting good, aud removing evil. Hence, we
lessly forward in the path whichleads t o future
felic~ty,and doubly wretched they who giving
loose reins to their folly deviate from this track.
Blessing8 also be on Mahomed, whom God sent
t o direct mankind. He also made him lord of all
created beings, and he i t is who will prove our
best support in the day of judgment. Blessings
also on his descendants thron,oh whose means re-
ligion has been promoted and faith spread.
I n short every moment should be devoted t o
the glorification of that being. who by his won-
derful power, created the first man out of a drop
of water, and made him in his turn father of a
large family. From him came Eve, and through
her the.popnlatiou which now abides on the face
of the earth, to whom power is given over laud
and water, over every ,living creature, -and. for
whom ever s o n of dehcacy has been provlded
by God- $he Quoran says 'All beasts have
been created for you, that YOU may derive bone-
fit -from them, aud clothe yourselves with their
skim and hair. It is incumbent on you to drive
them to the fields .at the b r e d of morn, and
carry them t o their folds a t the close of -eve.' In
another place it is recorded 'On dry ground
and on water ride on camels and sit on boats.'
Again 'Horses, asses and mulea are created
that YOU may ride on them.' Once more L Ride
on these, alld remember the bounties of your
• sod.' Beside. these- several other precepts of
a Similar bear]% are to be
on the pages
of the same Holy- Work. The Old and New
Testaments are both concurrent in their testi-
l
monieg i n support of the proposition, that
beasts aremade for men. I n any mse i t is prov-
ed that we are their masters. and t,hev nur
subjects." On hearing this the k ~ n gtu&ed to-
wards the animals and desired them to answer
the argaments of theif adversaries. The Mule
obeyed, and thus spoke " Praised be that Holy
Being, who present before the creation of
-I
a n @ . WIWn there neither nor space,
H e renounced the word, and creation rose
~ u ~ t a n from e ~ sthe abyss of chaos. The
heavens be made of fire and water, and elevated
them above the earth. From a drop of water
he developed the race of Adam, and sent them
to people t h e worid. entrusted animals to
them, that they might save them f ~ O r n hafm>
and not tyrannLse Over and persecute them.
"0king!" he continued, "the sentences from
the Quomn which mm hw reperrtad, do not
show that we are his suljects and he our sbso-
things which God has.bestowed upon man. Here
is my authority for what I say: ' Providence has
subjected beasts to you in the same way as he
has subjected the sun, the moon, the air and the
clouds,' now from this i t does not appear that
he k our master and we his slaves. But on the
co~~trary,that God h m severally subjected one to
the other ; so that all may join together in pro-
are subjected to them, t o aid them in the acqui-
sition of good aud the removal of harm, not,
as they imagine, to enable them by artifices to
become onr masters. Before man was born
we and our parents lay undisturbed on the face
of the earth, grazed a t pleasurq and was each
individually busy in search of food.
On mountains and in vallep we lived together
and reared our young ones: Thankful to God
for what he had given us,our constant aim was
to glorify him. Undisturbed we passed our
days in the enjoyment of domesticpeace, When
an age had past amay thus, God made Adam
from a handful of clay, and named him the lord
of the ee*h. When his race increased, they
wandered about in wjldernesses, and extended
the hand of persecution over m. 5iorses and
asses, elephants, mules and camels, were all
made subservient t o them. Evils t o which our
ancestors were strangers, now accumulated on
our heads. w h a t could we d~ 1 If we fled to the
deserts we were still pursued. Snares and
toas were laid i n . our track, and &tigued and
hungry, several mere csuoht a t last. ~ s not k
then what cruelty it was Eurs to endure. Some
were butchered, some flayed alive, some had
their bones broken, some had their sinews cut.
some their stomachs ripped open, some their
pulled off and some were spitted and
rossted. And after all they are not satisfied
with m ;they needs muat claim that they are
our masters and. me their slaves. If this is not
Q,ranny, what 3" . the contrary, feed on grass, aud oar stature :i
CHAPTER 11. .
The coturoversy b d ~ ?nej,
n a?& beasts
eomz7bueU.
W=rn the king heard all the circ,,mstances
connected with the of allimals, he prepared
to decide ; but before that he
ed the cazee l a w - o ~ c eofr hIs court. These
came forthwith. Turning tow&8 ha
observed-u The beasts have detailed the
culars connected with the persecution practised
; what answers h%ve you to make ?,a
One of them ,( king, these are our
and we their masters ; it is proper for
us, therefore, by the right we hold over them,
to from them. In obeying us they
obey God, snd dlsobying us they~sett ~ e i face
r with man- He likes hie Own species* Those
the Deity. The ging remarked C l Asser-
IKHRAN-00s-SUFFA. 3
tions unsupported by proofs cannot be heard in The king observed that symmct~-yof shape
a court of justice. Have you any proof to ad- denoted man's superiority. The beasts urged that
duce 2" He answered, 'l yes, both rational and the Creator had avoided extremes in making
traditional." The king enquired what these ' them also. Therefore they and men were equal.
were, He'answered, <' witbwhat grace and har- Mankind remarked, that the limbs of the beasts
mon~ has th& CREATOR moulded the features of were far from being well shaped ; that on the
man. Each organ is endowed with a plan and contrary their features were extremely odioua,
adaptation to perform its individual oEce. and their stature altogether unequal. " Observe
Synlmetricaliu shape, straight iu stature, blessed the camel," they said, '(a t d i creature, with a
with sense and reason, which enable him to dis- long neck and short tail. Then look at the
cover good from evil-nay, to scan the mysteries elephant, a large and wieldy animal with long
of heaven,-on whom else are conferred all projecting tusks, broad ears and small diminutive
these gifts 1 and do not these aIone entitle us to eyes. Refv also to. the ox and buffalo haviug
hear away the palm of superiority l" " And tails, thick set horns and no upper teeth ;
what have you now to say?" asked the king the thick-tailed sheep with heavy horns and fat
addressing the beasts. They answered, "such buttocks, the he-goat with a long beard and no
l
arguments do not make good their claim." The hip ; the hare, small in stature but l o w eared.
kiu- asked " dont you kuow that propriety in In this way all the beasts whether rapagous, or
and riaiog is considered princely, ~ n d addicted to graaing or flying are disproportionate
deviation from grace denoted slavishuess!' in shape and 6ze of their limbs:'
"Heaven preserve the king from all dangers !" this, one of. the brutes answered : "What a pity
On hearing
answered one of the beasts, LLpermit me to i t is, that you have not understood the plan of
observe, that God has not made men graceful the Creator ! 'We are his creatures. In finding
aud symmetrical that they may be called our fault with our own organization, v e blame him
masters; nor us, the contrary, that r e may be who has made us. For i t is he who has formed
reckoned their slaves. He is wise and all his our limbs as they are. He has made every ob-
works bear testimony to his wisdom. He has jeot adapted for some peculiar good. No one
granted to each a form which he considered the understands his plan, but he." The man said,
best for him." if J-ou are a philosopher among beasts, pray tell
us why the neck of the camel is long " He an-
- swered, 'Lbecause his legs were also long, and if
his neck were short, i t would have been difficult
CHAPTER 111. .- for him t o have grazed on the grass of the field.
'
Also for another purpose ; that he may be able
OR t h dtyerenee of featu$*esa d stalures. to rise from the ground by the strength of his
W A God~created man, he mlde him entirely neck, and reach his lips to allpart@Of his body
naked. ~h~~~was no covering on his body to when dsirous of scratching. I n the Elephant
preserve km from heat and cold, ~h~~ fed the proboscis instead of the neck is long, and the
on the fruits of the wilderness, and were clad ears are made broader: that he may, Bapping
with the leaves of the trees. Hence i t mae that them Over his month and eyes, away the
they were mpde straight and tail, that they fleas and gnats that disturbhim+ because his
might easily reach the trees from which they IIlouth Em,ainS always Open OU account of his
derived both their food and raiment. We, on tusks, which are purposely made long t o shield
him from the attacks Of rapaciouS animals, The
ears of hares are longj because their b b b ~being
therefore bent, that we may graze the better.
~h~ king obselTed, CL ~~d says in the Q ~ delicate
~ and~ their skin
~ thin, ~ their ~ears serve
~ them ,
11have made men extremelywell+haped and as covering in winter, and bed in summer. I n
]
elegant.7 What my you tothis l' He ausrered : ~
G 0 king ! the words of the ~~.t~ can be con-
wise
in a double sense; and none but thC
prove himself
oneof. the philosophers presentin the
edhto
ed
o rhis
fa wants.
objects
d has e eMoses
and then
n limbs
guarded
to:ench
says ' Godbeast,
them.'
to the task? from all this that the limbs of every creature
are adapted to his wants. What you consider
first adapt-
We
creat-
deduce
was called upon to iaterpret the text. above beautiful, and ~ a i ~fancy l y a8 the nlarks of Your
quoted. B~ and said X T moment,
~ ~ superiority are not really so. True beauty con-
.that God created Adam was an a~~spicious one; sistsin making yovrself agreeable to fellow
the and planets jwere in their creatures, apd exciting love in the hearts of each
proper houses, and the mere more other. This is the cause of the spread of genera-
%han ever to receive the stamp,f nature tion. The beauty and elegance of one species have
and to be moulded according t o her viii. Hence eeect On another. The Inales will a l w a ~ a
it was .that all *he limb of man came out like the femdes of their o ~ kind, n and aot those
symmetrical. The words of the text will bear Of another, although the latter may be far
anaer IcOnatruction,ln making man*the better in appearance than the former ;so it is
Creator' avoided extremes. Hence i t was ;hat
his *hape was heither too nor too short, who we dark skiuned do not. like the fair bodied,
 yo11r beauty then is not a
and wTSCG,
source of glory to YOU, a1ld ou that account you
should not yourself above US. . You are
even in R?~iugthat your sense 1s
keener than ours, l'lero &re mnny b e a t s who
will stand better than you iu comparison. For
iustauce tktke the oimel. H e has long legs and
neck, his head talks with'the wind, and notwith-
s t . ~ u d ~allu ~these, his bead in paths through
l&ich you could not move with the glare of
torches, is always sure aud steady, The horse
too c a ~ i henr (from a distance) the soaud
of the footsteps of .pssseogew. i t has often
Ilupnelied thab he lies givexi notice to nis
meter of the np roach of his eueruy, and there-
by saved big,. fi you leave an ass or bullock iu
a place where he has never been before, he cab
easily retrace liiv s t e p home, without your
assi~tance; whereas you, it ofter1 hmppcns, are
likely to Iose j - 0 wag,~ rhrough paths which you
have often frequeuted before. Sheep aud goats
hring forth hundreds of young ones in a night,
, . and go to pa~turagein the morning, whence
they return in the evening ; and yet every
qother b o w s her oyn young one and the
yowg,each his own mother. You on the contrary
afker n short abeuce from home, are apt t o
forget mother and sister, father and brother.
Whence then your b ~ i i of ~ tposeessiug lteenncss
of sense ? If you had the least ~ e u s in e you, you
would nyt have gloried in gifts, which God has
hestowed without any labour on your part. The
man who is trnelg wise glories in those qualities
nlona whir.h. he has, acquired by honest labour
and unremitting exett,iong, You- have none of
these virtses iu you, Whence then your glory
And is it not true now that your claim is
guoundlesq- and your edmity destitute of
foulldation ?"
CHAPTER TV.
Cmplai& qa;iasb m 2 eo.ntinw3.
9
T~ king turnink towards mankind, desired
-.tbea to steak out-if they had aught t o eay.
They wjwered " There yet remain several rca-
sons to give weight to our assertion. I n buying.
&d selling, in feeding add dressin* in preserv-
ing from heat and cdld, in Secu%ng from the
a t t a c h OS .rapaCioiia'atibials, h 0ved00king
what is fdse and ii - treating the sick with.
'
kindness, we shorn YOU great considerations erell
a8 kings show their shveg," On heayin this
tbtie;.kin$ desiyed the aaimaIs to answer. % h a t
m a n says;" they remarked, about the huying
knd selling 'of animaIs, the same rules are'
.--enforced amongst, themselves. When the Per-
mans prevail over the Turks, they sell their''
captives to strangers and ?hen the Turks in
'their turn gain tIik day, they behave simi-
: - 19'~Zj with the Periians. - h like manner tkie
- 'fitndob with the Sindhians, 'and.. the Arnbs
'. ,&i%fi--the
. ,. Tuiks,
. and .G& i i both aylY:
In short, mhen one p r t y is victorious 0t7c.ei.'
be-
the other, he considers the vanquished
longillg ta the tribe of his enemy, a d the con-
sequence is t,hat he sells them a s slaves. ?Vho
~ U O W S who are the real slaves ? Superiority and
slavery in natiol~sare always rotatory, fixed as
i t .were by astrolo~<calrules. God himself says
'These proceed turn by turn through ~ges.'
And. mally amongst them know this to be right.
As regards feeding aud other treatmenm, ib is
not kixduess but rather the fear of loosillg u s
1 and our services, which iuduces them to be con-
siderate to us. Lf we die, h o will ~ they ride,
who will my their burderls, h.?After " llis
the beasts severally aud iudioidually laid their
conlplaints before the king. The ass said that
man was in the kzKt of loading him with bricks,
iron, and stones. " We an: made t o groan under
the- burdcr~ are lashed by scourges and
sticks. If the king had seen me in that state,
he would have oertaiul~pitied me. In truth,
man klmws not what compassion is." The ox
represented that he was made to labour iu the
field, to grind iu mills, and be driven about with
mouth and eyci closed man aacting hin?
with his crud lash. The dieep oomplzincd. that
her young ollcs were depiived of nondshment
to e u n l ~ enian to f e d his own infaat. Xot cou-
t e ~ l t with this, we are led to the stall of tllc
butcher, and there, notwithstandirjg a11 ouw cries,
slaughtered witllout mercy. Our flcsh is tkeu
divided and spitted for the salre of being roasted.
We altness all these ~ ~ u e l t i enud s still r ~ m n i u
silent." The camel urged that wbeu captured,
his nose was bored and a piece of string put
througiu it, to be pullerl by his drivers. That h e
was over-burdened and led hungry a ~ l dthirstv in
the d d n e s s of the uight, through valleysand
hilly Iwasagus, his back ali gored by the joltiug
of the saddie, aud his feet smarting mith the
wouuds which ho receives on the rocks. Tbe
elephant declored that he was treated with like
cruelties,-11b neck enchained, his feet fettered
and he driven on by the goad of the pacsou
riding on him. The horse .~~ that- 2
-.. - -asserted - - - -- -
.. hriclln
~ --W
was put in his mouth,'a saddle laid on his back,
and a
tied round his loins. Thus equipped
he was led to the fieid of battle, urged on by his
rider who is clad in armour of steel. Hung-y
and thirsty a s he b,his i t is to pass through
dust and gloom, and receive sword and spear
wDuudson his face and
swimming instreams
of blood. The mule advanced that his sorrows
were the keenest; his feet fettered, his mouth
bridled, he had no opportujty to elljoy the
society of the females even. G~~~~~ aid c-,m-
man people always bestrid him with their
burden, and unmercifully the lnah to
his back alld abugd him in such a filthy rind
obscene mauner, that their own
daugh;bters, mere scar,dalized at hearing them
,nttared ~~E~~~~ our former
and pur-
1 &asers, including; their wives
not 8 p ~ ;d and
. .
wd children, are
truth they dcser~ethe
-
treatment. If the k i ~ og y y listened to the liceu-
tions words, he wo11ld think that all the wicked-
ness aud ignorance of the world were to be
found in them, And these wretches never
remember for a moment what God and the
prophet have said. 111 one place it is written
in the Koran, 'If you wish to be forgiven for-
give others.' . Again : ' Order the Edthful, 0
Afahomed ! to overlook the faults of unbeliev-
ers.' I n another place : All the auirnals that
creep on the earth or. fly on the air have their
community as wall as JOU~S.' And once again :
Whenever you ride ou camels, remember the
graciousuess of God, and exclaim, noly is the
Lord, who has subjected such auimsls to us,
over whom we could ucver have prewiled.' As
~ o o nas the mule had delivered this speech, the CHAPTER V.
*cameldesired the hog t o lay his compb~intbe-
fare the impartial justice of the king. "For,"
observed he, "You also belong to the gr&iug
tribe of animals." Oue of the philosophers re-
marked'that the hog was uot a grazing animal,
as the length of hi teeth showed. Besides, it
is well knoiv, that he feeds on dead bodies also.
Another said that he must be oousidered as an
herbivorous auimrl, because he had cloven
hoofs and ate grass. A third urged that he waa
both car~livorousand herbivorous aud partook
of the quslities of the OS, the camel and t b c
leopard, eve11 as the ostrich resembles in shape
both a bird aud a camel. Upon this tile hog
declared, that he did not kuov.mhat to speak,
and about.whom to complai~l, as people held
vtaious sorts of opiniorls about him. "The Ua-
homedanq" h e said, ';consider me as cursed,
avoid my sight, forbear from eating my flesh,
aud never mention my name i n conversation
even. The inhabitants of Room on the contrary,
consider my fleah as very beaeficial food, and
offer i t as sacrifice to secure reward hmenfter.
The. Jews hold us i n detestation, acd abuse and
ourse us, because they hate both Christians. and
Romans. The Armeuians regard ua as useful
as oseu and goats, on account of our fat-
ness, and the fecuuditjf of our breed The
Greek Physicians often prepare their ointments
mith our lard, nay, mix i t with their medicines.
Shepherds and Groom keep us in their stalls
and atables, to bear corupauy mith other domes-
tic animds, because our presence proves a
safeguard from dangers. Wizards and enchao:
ters make use of our, skins in recording their
charms. Shoemakers aud those who deal in
stockiugs, highly value the hair which grows 011
our back and neck. I rea!ly do not know under
these oircurnstai~ces whom to commend, and
whom t o , blame." When the hog had done
speaking the ass looked towards the hare,
aud found him s t a n d i ~ ~near
g the camel. H e
desired him t o put forth his complaint, in
hopes that the L u g may hear him favollrably,
and. release him and his race. Upon which,
the hare expressed himself to the efl'ect, that
in their iagratitude all the p ~ s bservices rendered { Repentance they know not, warning they never rapacious mimale. When man mill come to
- -with f a r ': The kiug desired to know tha par-
When he had done speaking, the rnace- know of their tlight in the morning, on whom
by us."' FVhen the hare had done speaking, the take." ticulars of the battle. The doctor returned that
1
ass desired him to stop, mgillg, that t+ere,is no bearer annonnced that i t was evening, and time will they place thcir burdens, ancl who willserve
them for the purposes of riding? Under thcse
they were too long for narration, but added that
l
one on earth on whom every good quality 1s bes- for the court to rise; but that tomorrow the dia-
towed, and from whom some good thing,is not putauts should appear again.
mithheld. 6 No one i s blessed with all virtnes. j
circumstances they will not be able to pursue
them, and then beasts will gain freedom." The
men and giants were unturslly and essentially
opposed to each other. The kin@ insisted ou
knowing some portion of the h~storS. Upou
The favour of God is not limited t o any. His : king again referred the matter to his couucil. One which the sago thus began.
gifts are general. But on some h e has bestowed i CHAPTER VI. of the wise men of the tribe of LESOP, answered
largely, and On in lessdegree' Even soon as the business of the day was over, that this advice was entirely opposed toreasoo and
perior creatures are not exempt from some slight ! the for his minister BedaT; and desired in every way impracticable. Severn1 bcasts are
depreciation. Witnkss the sun and moon, how him to give his opinion upon the of the kept confined iu their pens and stalls, and sen- UEAPTER VII.
glorious and bright they are, so much so that cnse ullder discllssioh. The mi,listcr, triesplacedover them for guard. ';now then, can
some nations in their' ignorance, have mistaken
them for the Deity himself, and yet they arenlay
1 and prudent man, the
llot jI aadvised him to send for the Cuaees, the lam 0%-
was
and they escape?' A liohleman suggested, that the
king should order the genii to open all the doom
The eo~~te>*tio)z
tetvlrsit w e r z ujicl giccat~.
"Ix days of yorc, bcfore Bdam mns ereatecl, the
.

from being eclipsed. sothat the of the stalls, &c. that very night, and apprehend
know, from the h C t of their I
and he:rig ccrs, and the philosophers of the genii. and all thc guards who match over them, and not
earth was inhabited Lg giants, whose sway es-
tended over land and matcr: over cities and wii-
clarkened,that neither one nor the other is God. refer the matter to them ; for the case was a release them until the beasts be beyond pursuit. derncsses. God was bountiful to thern ; reli-
In the same way the stars, they too are j Verywho
important one, and there was no homing
i l l the right; counsel was certainly
'L The King" he continued 'L%?ill reap large gion t a s sent to cheer them, and prophets to
bright and luminous, but they lose their luscm required, because benefits from this kindncss ; he who givcs free- teach them right from prong. Eot the^ devia-
befoze the efhlgeuce of the stm. They are also ) where me consult mauy me a t dom to another, is sure t o bo assisted by God ;
; last come t o a decisive point. The wise should ted from tine path of rectitude, turned a deaf
to revolve for ever, thereby for the best way that we can return thanks for
that they are creatures
creator.~h~ name h o ~ good
and angels ~f any
b genii, 1
to the will of a do nothing mithout advice. Accordingly the king
ordered that all his courticrs should be sent for.
is entlomcd k t h super- c Obedient to thc call, the Cazee of thc race of
his kindness is to give liberty to those who groan
in captivity. They say, that i t is written in the
Books of the prophets, that God expressed him-
car to the preachin,o of the prophets, spread
strifc and dissension in the world and oppressed
the inha1)itant~thereof. Oce universnI cry of
complaint rosc t o heaven. Tears rolled avaF,
m %herciissome slight dcfcct { Bi~gees,the l a y oficeis of that pf skkeed, wise
blessillos self thus :-'I have mjde thee a king on the face
l

added to them. ~~d alone is 1

w h e n men OF the tribe of BmZer, gEiilosophcrs equal
the am had said this, the ox went on thop, ~f f 0 -B"Jp, expefienced men, the children of
is blessetl than anothel., hc I$~n~Liil,lesr~>cdpersons, sons of ~?cc~v(Ilz,
of the earth, not for the purpose of accnmalating
wealth, nor to involve thyself in the tempting
vanities of the world but to hear the cry of the
brit there was no diminution in their oppressious
tiil at last God sent a body of angels who drovz
off the giants, imprisor~edseveral of them, and
livcd and rulecl in their stead. Izraecl and Satan,
1
shol,ld render thanks to CJ,~, and make the noblemen, descendants of Bcch~um,all came.
others partake of the good things conferred on The Icing opened the dicourse by inforn1ing
Km. ~~k~ the snn for instance, ~~d has them that man and bcasts had come to him as
distressed and relieve them even as 1 do with
the atheists too.' The kiug again dcsired his
councillors to gioe thcir opiuion. They all
who tempted Adam uud Eve, mere among the
pnsoners. The latter wa5 voung at that time,
gimn him light, but 1
i t he enlightens and complainauts, the latter sorely distressed at the approved of the proposal, all but a doctor of the
and knew nothing, but assoc"iatingwith angels hc
adoptecl their m:mncrsantI cnstoms, bccame con-
cheersthe creation. So do also the moon and f persecution practised on them by the former. race of Kywan, who declared that the matter versant nith their arts andscicnces, made himself
stars, according to the degree of lustre lentto . H" asked how he wi9 to dccidc the case. One was a delicate one, and the proposition last the captain of the band, and passccl such orders
each. Hence man, psrticularly favoured by ~ ~ 1 from d , tho tribe of Nuheed opined that the beasts made if carried out modcl be fraught mith dan- as suited hi& best. An age passed away thus, ,
should be kind and generous towards the l>easts.*f should draw out a list of their grievances, and gers. The king desirecl him to be more explicit. when tho Almighty spoke to thc angels saying,
-Qter thh, tile bratCs set up a loud homlillg submit it to the philosophers for decision. 'If He proceeded thus. .'The plan proposed, 0 ' I mill make one lord of the esrth who is no6
cailed upon the ]ring to justice to them they are entitled to be froe, the Cazee and law king ! is impracticable, for this reason-mhen of you, and I wiil reoal you b hearen.' The
and free them from the ncrsccuting tyraillzp of 0f6ccr should Pass an order preventing man mankind mill rise in the morning and miss the angels who mere uilwilliug to part mith the plea-
man. The king turner1 tokards tllcphilosopht?w $0" capturing nnd selling them. If men dis- auimah and come to know that thcy have a11 sores which they had enjoyed hcre, answered,
who were present md iuqLIired if they obey, the beasts are co~isideredguiltless, and taken to flight, they will at once come to the ' You will create one who will fill the earth with
attentively heard the beasts had said declared free.' The king asked how t h y l i e d conclusion that neither mcn nor beasts buC tIie strifc and bloodshed, even as the giants did,
against mel~. They ans~ered,-lLYes, arid daily the propoeitiou 2 They answered, that it was t o genii themselves were in the plot." ':True," said while we have revered thy name and held iL
esperiencc confirms us in the belief that tlley the point and befitting the occasion. One of the the king "they mill." l' And then," added the sacred.' .The Lord replied 'I know for vhat
are tlic most notorious of ",yrants ; even giants, noblemen did not approve of t h e decision, and doctor, '[they will regret the loss thcy have bencfit I will create him, aud I sxear by mpszif
t o escape from them, have given up the practice remarked that if mankind agreed to sell the suffered and hold the genii as their Litterest that after Adam and his ray, I will kcep neither
of visiting popnlons places, and taken to moods beasts who mould pay the price ? A professor enemy, and their rancour for you will be retlou- giants nor beasts on earth. In short when God
from them, j of religion replicd, ctThe king". It was agun
and mouotdns to bc far
I
But still i t is impossible to avoid the evil we asked, "Where will the kiog bring all the moucy
shem, they are so mnlevolcnt, that whenever a from 2" Thc professor returned "From his trea-
bled." " He indccd is wise," said s philosopher,
"who conciliates foes and remains himclf s a h
from the effects of their malevolence." The
made Adam and breathed his spirit into him, sul,-
scqnently making Eve out of him, he orclerell
the angels to bow down before dclam. A11 but
mm, woman or child is &aicted d!& any gpeiv- su~~y.*' The nobleman again observed, Will genii admitted the truth of these remarks. One lzraeel obcyed thc dlmi:!lty. Ilc alone, actnntetl
Ous discase, they are surkto ascribe i t to the cir- 2 all the wealth in the treasi~rysnffice for his of tbeph'ilosophers askedaEnt mhy should me fear by ignorance and cnvy roEi~sedto bow dowr:,
eumsknce of our shadow having been cast upon { purpose ? And besides this, many \?ill not think their displeasure l As cnemics what can they thinl:ina it wonld derogate from his dignity b
him or her. They always pray for protection of selling animals for they are very servlceablc t o do us I We are fiery in nature, light and buoyant do so. O ~ o dnext orrlerccl the angels to admit
had kill&
i;
from the power of the wiauts ; but no one has them. The king, his minister, and other respsc-
man, or table people cannot manage without convep
in body. V e can mine our flight to heaven, des- Adan] in Paradise. The moment this was done
ever h a r d that a cend on earth, and $ 1 ~ ~ unperceiverl
1~ with the Almighty spal;e to him thus : ' 0 hclac~,live
wo~mcledhim, or deprived him of his ~ ! ~ t h e s , ancea, and are not in want of money. These
1
or committed a burglary i n his house, or cut his therefore will not obey the order." The king
pockets, or tarn his sleeves, or broken a lock, or then asked. " V h a t do you say 'l'He
murdered a4roeller, or w d e an attack on the "1 deem i t advisable, B a t a!l th? beasta should
king's palace, or robbed or imprisoned any one. depart together on a certaln night, and retire
' answered,
mankind who arc made of dust ancl always
doomed to walk bolow. Why should we fear
these ?" The Kywany pl~lsophcrreplicd- "You
have misrepresented the case. Though made of
dust, man is inspired with heavenly breath and
here togethcr with thy wife, and eat whatever
frnit thou lilcost, but app~onchnot youcler treo,
for the moment thou (last, SO thou shalt bo
considered a sinner.' This Paradise, which was
appointed as the rcsidonce of Adam, was a
All these vices disgrace man himself. They far from the abodes of man in the same way-as is angelic in nature. He is more artful than me, garden bound on the east by monntains of
.continualiy plot mischief against each other. the dccr and other* fly from the haunts of the and our superior too. In ancient times rncn and rubies which are iaacccssible to man. The
: giants have contended with results which fill us grouud fertile, the climate escellent, it is in fact
8
-
IKIl \\'AN-00s-SUPW
the pcrp2taal aboLlc of spring. I t is watered i do the deed This increased the ill-mill which t o consume a morld. Heaven save us, when once slaves and thus obtain freedom for them."
1
by several streams. The trees are clothed witb already existed between mankind and the giauts, me provoke the enmity of creatures like these." " I t is true what yoa speak," observed one of the
verdure, frt~itsare plentiful and every sort of I and they viahed to pxrt cornpany with the latter. The king said to the phiIosopher '$You see party, cc when the king mill leave this matter to
flDnrcl3 va<egate aud cheer the scene. The ; Charms and iucantations mcre therefore tried; these have come as complainants ; how are we r hie councillors, they will not concur with the
animals are harn~less,the birds' s~veettone
long their melodies in the leafy groves. 1I amulets were brought into use, and giauts were
shut up in glass cases. I t was only when-God
and Eve fired together happy. Izi those days sent the prophet Esdras tllat peace was made
their waving ringlets descended to the feet and , hy his means betwcen them. They came to
tisfied with the result of our ~rbitrafionO"
i
to decide their quarrels, and send them back sa- views of each other, and the rksnlt mill be end-
less contradictions." A nother said-"If the king
Right council" answered the Uoctm '' is t h e consults the Cazee and the law officers, t h e i ~
daughter of deliberation and mature rdection. o p i ~ ~ i owill n be as foilows :-they will direct
served both to cover their riakeclncss and 1 h o r n what religion was, and lived in concord to I n haste there is mischief. I am of opinion that that the beasts should be liberated or sold, and
1
heighten their native grace aud elegance. Freely the time of the second deir~ge,even after that, they should be called next morning and desired ( the sale proceeds paid to man; or they wi?!
to speak out the cause of their grievances.. order that they should not be persecuted.
they wandered through the garden, fcd on the ! t o the age of Abraham they remained in peace;
1
fruiis; aud drill k water from the streams, exempt- but wheu Kimrod cast B b r a h ~ minto the fire, shall then pass orders, a s the occasion mill re- 'And if the Vueeor be nsked, what will he say ?"
eL1from the toils of cultivcrtiig, grinding, cooking mankind again suspected that the giants had quire." One of the counse;lers observed that . inquired one of the members. '' I know what
and waving and a11 the other cares whlch weigh j taught them how to make a sling. So also when men ard gifted with eloqnence, with which he mill ay,'' replied another, " he will plead
heavy on their dcscendauts now. As the beusts i Joseph was tllrown by his brethren into the beasts are not. '' Supposc then, that the former that ae the beasts have sought shelter in the
1
lived in safety sud traliquillity, so lived they. well, the giants were again til~uncd. When Moscs prevail ; are the latter to be consigned to perpe- dominions of the king it is incumbent on him
tual bondage 1" The Doctor answered they should to protect and aid them. Kiugs are the captains
God had also cou;munioated the names of 311 cume into the world a second tnicc wns made,
the plants and anlmals to him. SPhen the When God granted the kingdom of the \vhole exercise patience. r'Times alwny~chanze. They of God on earth. They have rank and autho-
angels mere asked to desiguatc these severally, habitable earth to Solomon the son of David, will at last gain thcir freedom, even as the chil- rity granted them to administer justice, to
dren of Israel did thcirs from the tyranny of help the weak, to give refuge to the oppressed,
cing the angels that they (the u ~ g e l s vcrc
iuferiors. B ~ i this
t
) /
they failed, but man did not, thereby convirl- the giants submitted to him, but still not relin-
their quishing their pride, they asstmd mankind that
only ael-ved to fa1 the f l m e j SoIomon had gained the throne only through
Pharoah, aud the tribe of David from the per- and to preserve the strict maintenance of law
aecution of N.?buc?~adnezn~ and so on. The cir- and eqt~ityon earth; for they are sure to be held
8

of jealousy. which was already kindled in the their msiataace. They professed that they mere 1
cumstances of no one remain unnltered for a responsible for their deeds on the day of judg-
heart of Satan. Re determined to try by all lllealls able to read the future wh$h mankind could not. length of time ; like the circumference of a ment." One of them said :-'l If the king will
of fraud and artifice to mark tho fall uf man. When Solomou died, the giants knew nothing wheel they go on revolving. Either .once in a ask the Cazee to decide, he will pasa one of these
1000 years, or in 1200 or 36,000 or 360,000 or iu orders. What shall we do thcn?" Another
Assuming therefore the looks of a grave adviser, of the occurrence, and ivere wondering \\,here the one day, which may be compared to 30,000 ycars. I answered, " The Caaee is one of the represeuta-
he approached him one day, and mid, 'God has son of David could have gone. 31ankind theu
glolified YOU above others, by giving the power came to kllow that their ho=t of pro~nosiiatiou
changed."
1
In sooth the condition of no one remains un- tives of the prophet on earth, even as the king
is the defender of the Faith, These we can never
of speech to you; if YOU will but eat tbc fruit was all false and hoilow. \Vhcn the hoopoe comma- 1 rl;anhan 'l
of yonder tree, your knowledge and exceflcuce nicated the illtelligence of the Queen of Sheha to i '' But if the Ccme orders the beasts t o be liber-
will be incrmed, and YOU will liye happy Solomon, he debircd to 1:llow which of the gjauts
and peaceful without knowing what death is.' was strong ellough to bring the throne of that
CHAPTER VIII. I, shall nnswer," replied a fourth, "that we are tbeir
r
ated," asked a third, " what then l" <'We
Then the cursed creature swore and said, '1 coun- princess to him, One of them, n a e d Adoos, The conszdmlianheld atao,lgIrtaqakilL&
sel you, do this.' hlan was deluded, and over- I the son of Hywan, expressed himself ready to TH~
theE
king was holding a coancil in the
.. f ancient masters, and they our slaves, even from
come by temptation, raised his handancl broke 1 undertake the task before he (Solomor~)could the time of our ancestors; aud that now there-
1
and ate the forbidden Fruit. At tbat instant the rise from h j i seat. The kin0 desired greltter ce-
heaveuly garments which had clothed their bo- j lerity. ds<f Bi~hhymwho kngw a powt,l.f ul charm
royal Chambers, mankind also &viding them- fore, i t is optional for us to free them or keep
selves into committees of 70 individuals each, them in bondage." Suppose that the G a z e calls
were consulting amongst tbemseives- One of I for documents and witnesses to prove our asser-
dies M 1 of, and they had nothing -left but to j ngrecd to do it, arid did i t too. The sight of the the members spoke. " You have heard what has t i o n ~ " a fifth returned. fL We will adduce the
cover their nakedness with the leaves of the j .throue stunned Solonm)a. H e bowed down he- between us and our slaves The ewe is testimony of our friel>ds." But," retorted the
trees. They lost the waving honours of their fore God aud praised him. Then it was that the not yet decided; but can you guess how the former querist, the Cazee may urge that evi-
head, the heat of the sun beaame unbearable, a$ giants knew that rnaukind were their superiors. kiug is inclinecl towards us?" Another answered, dence of lneu cannot be relied on, as they are
their colour changed. The beasts heard of them They were much ashamed of their vaunts and " We can see the king is evidently embarrassed, the of the beasts, and a4 such their
disgrace and their sight-becamc hateful to tbein. retired with infamy dogging their flight. Solmtoa
They therefore renonnmd their companionship. sent an army i~fterthem to b r b ~ gthem back, ~ u d G Perhaps tomorrow he will consult the minister !
and ~ e r h a p swill not show himself t0morYow." depositions are valueless in a court of judicature.
H, may even reqliiye the deed of and agree-
Thc mlgcls were ordered to drive them out from devised several schemes to coufine them in
Paradise and to cast them below the hill. This glass bottles. The charms which he used in
was done, aud they fouud themselves in a plaoe accomplishing this o\~jectmere recorded in a
about us ;" said another. L'
/
N t t the minister but meut,-where will we get these from l" This
the philosophers a d dact0~3, observed a third. alenccd all, tiU an Arabian observed, l' I would

1
'L We do not know what Wese 'mill advise" con- say that all these papers mere drowned in the
where there were ueither fiviis uor Icarcs. Thus book wt~ichwas published after his death. When tinued a fourth, but weknowthat the king'sopi- eneral deluge, and if the ~azeewould desire us
some days passed away, they weeping alld mourn- Clbrist came and iuvited all to the true faith, and nion is iu our favour, and he trusts us.'' A fifth f take our oaths, we
m&~ontiuuallyfor their folly. A t last God had proclaimed himself their guide, and showed
compassion on them, forgave them their sin, thcm how it was possible to approach angelic
and seat his angels to them, who taught them ~lature,several tbf the giants followed hi &rec-
should spoil the case, to mh~cha sixth retrimed-
1
for justice.v,
"Thnt it was emyeno@, a slight doureur would beasts, and they b k e their
- say, that those who
remarked, t h a t he was afraid lest the 6 * w r ; doay a fact are to be sworn, not they who sue
~~t if the caieecluestion the
that they
the ~ t of
1
t digging and ploughing, of cuttir~g tion and wcre able to travel .to and come back
pnd grindiug,.of brewing and bakit~g,and of sow- from heaven. bringing information tlierefrom
and dremmg. )Then their ram illcreased the for the use of inspired writers, - W h w Nakomed
giants came aud associated with them, and came t h ~ ywere prevented from going to heaven,
tullaht them how to cut trees nod ljuild houscs end said it is ,lot known whether maukind are
easily win over the minister ; but there is a Rere not our sbkves, how
danger attending this!'
whatthBt -as. Re ans%e'red-"
C a ~ eand the lam &cer."
The others enquired ~ ~ ~ Wet shall hs y
The has of the mals have perjured themselves, and that me
we manage ?"
that
~ the ani-
The others observed have evidence tothe contrary in our possession:'
that this too could be managed, the Cazee and ono of them
~

' l ~f we are ordered tz

TLcy nlutual!y became the frieuds of each other t o be i!ljurcd, or God wishes to be their guide. the law Officer could be bribed also, and over- sell the animals and receive their pricea: then?
aud passed their time in cordial civility ; but Several of the giants .became Mahomedans, and come by avarice they mill commence hair- ~h~~~ =ho. were the inhabitants of re-
whewver they remembered the trick ph:yed on at pr.me~~t colrtil~uew, be in frien[U~telms with splitting in the coustruction of the law. But the U we tbml>-Those pvho were
them Satan. they became suspicio~~s
ginlts to& W b n Abel mm olain by Cain the I
of the When the doctor hadspoken thus, he
towards the giants and mid, .'fiuee a d
dehcendtlllts of the former imagined that hhe j do not renew dissensious. . Strife is like fire. in
noblemen, who are wiser than the rest, will not denizens of woods, and forests, such m the Arabs
descend, to such dishono~lruble practices. The and persians, answered, z"J&~ will never do.
only fear is, they may plead in f a m w of our We shall be ruiued if me sell tbe beasts!' Those
giants had a hand In instigating the lattcr to ; the flint, when once atruck out it is slficieot
 who mere in favour of the proposition enqllired i CHAPTEE L and eventually succeed in drivinw them off.
-lion expressed his repet a t healsing these
what, harm m there in doing so. They returned Covetousness is their curse. ~ h z n e v e rthey vorda, and exclaimed "Really there no help
:c We will be exposed to a great deal OF incon- THE leopard asked the iiou what qualities .see a bit of bread or meat in the hand of a man, but in God the merciful, from ~ h o mwe had Our
veaience. Milk, meat and covering, me shall were necessary for an ambassador ? The other woman or child, with what sycophancy they be,&ning and in whom we mill have our ead !"
be deprived of all. And what would be life ansaercd, l' He shouid be a wise aud prudent shake their head and wag their tail until they Often did he repeat these ~ ~ r duntil s , the bear
after this 1 Death .mould be preferable. Those person, elldowed with eloqnence, blessed with a receive the refuse they pray for. This they lifb could not help but ask of his mtjcstg what it
who live io the. cities will not be mempt from retentiva memory, and the power of retaining up with every sign of cringing in all haste pos- was that made him sorromful at hearl?g of the
these troul>les;in a word, then, never ente~tain secrets in his own breast, and never think of sible, lest anather may snatch the covctcd separation of the canine 2nd feline tribes from
the idea of releasing the beasts. If you wish exceeding and abusing the authority entrusted morsel. All these vices are to be found in men their own races. He answered-" I do not grieve
t o show hilldness to them, do so; because they to him. He should also exert his best endea- also, hence i t is that dogs have aba~ldoned at their secession : but it pains me t o remember
have lives too, m d are covcrcd with flesh as we vours to promote the good of those whom he their owntribe, to associate with the human race. that philosophers have declared, that there is no-
are, and feel pain equally. You have never done represeuta, and never allow temptation t o pre- For this also they connive in the apprehension thing disasiroua to the inwest of a soverejgn
any s ecial rirtuous deed, for which God has cipitate Mm headlong, from tne heights of of other rapacious animals." The king enquir- a s to find his Friends and assistatlts abandonlug
rewnrjed gon, by making the animals your sub- integrity and incorruptibility. If he gaics the ed if there was anr other animal besides the
jects ; and they have not been guilty of any freedom of any city, he should not make up his dog who was on friendly terms with man. The
particular crrme, for which they are puuished residence there ; but return as soon as possible, bear answered. Yes, the cat too is much at-
in this way. It appears then that HE is the and apprise his master of all what he had seen tached to them." The king asked the reason.
Lord and master of 011, and there is no one who
can oppose His will.
and heard, and act u p t o the instruction he " 'Bey too," returned the bear, ' l have a na-
theu receives. He should omit nothing through b r a 1 fcl10w.feeling with the human race. They
fear or favour, because an emissary is free to too are cursed mith the same spirit of covetous-
deliver his errand without any restmint." After ness, and relish the food liked by man." The
this he enquired from the leopard, who i n his Line questioned, ' l But what treatment do they
CIIAPTER IX. opinion was the fittest person to be honoured rec&e from men 1" '' Why," replied the shaggy
Coaasltation held amangst a n i d & 16th such a post ?-He answered, ('The brothers speaker, "they are bctter fed: they have easier
of IGzlEiZa and Dam~~a."The lion referred the access both to their bed and board, aud better
THE retirement of the king from his council, matter t o the jackal aud called for his vote. opportunity of purloining. But the dogs bear
was the signal for the beasts to repair to their '' May God reward the leopard far what he says," no good will to .them; hence these endless
own quarters, for the purpose of holding con- answered the jackal, and grant that his view& strifes amongst them. RThenevcrthe dogs see
sultation amongst thenrselves. &' You have may prove successful." The said-" If you them, they rush at them, as if determined t o
heard our aisputes? thus opened the speech of proceed to your tilhe and solli>dtheir opinion, tear them to pieces, and devour them : and the
one of them, '<the case is yet t o be decided ; on your return you shall certainly be remuner- cats in their turn smell and puff at sight of
what i s to be done ?" Tomorrow morning," an- ated." The wolf represented that he was a
swered a second, " Z shall appear before the K~ng servact of his majesty, but that there were
and urge our complaints on him. Perhaps several enemies of his race, and he knew not how
h e may be propitiated and order our release.
He is already somewhat in our favour, and he to manage t h e s . The king enquired who these
were H e ansmered-" The dogs are our worst
is bound by duty to attend to all the pros and
cojzs we bring forward. No king should decide
any case unheard, and truth supported by elo-
quenee always proves irresisbable. The prophet
/
foes. They are the best friends of men, and aid
them in our destruction!' The king enquired
what the reason was, that they aided men and
deserted the cause of their brethren. None
says,-'ye, who hear enmity against your bre- could answer the question, but the bear, who
thren, and come supported by t h e aide of
rhetoric t o me, I say unto you, if you will declared that he was ready to offer an explana-
deprive another of his right, ye shall inherit t h e tion. The monarch desjred him to do 80. The
bear answered. " Men and dogs are in
pains and torments of Bell.' Mankind too are
masters of declamation, and I a m afraid our
arguments will be borne down before the over-
their nature and principles, and besides the
latter enjoy several ad~antages, as far as eating
over Absl," answered the bear. The king de-
sired him t o give a faithful oersiou of the
--
and drinking are concerned. They are also the story. The bear complied thus,-"When Gain i
whelming torrent of their elocution. How are slaves of covetousness, and afflicted with the
we to proceed 1" One of them returned. " Send same curse of parsimony. Other animals of
had killed Abel, the descendants of the lab 1 CH hPTER,XI.
to rll the beasts and desire them to despatch ter demanded the price of blood froln those
of the former. The seeds of strife *re thus THEY bhe second ambaesador Lad todied his
their pleaders and o~xtorsto us, that they may the samo tribe are exempted from these vices.
conjointly aid u s by their endeavoura. \Then
Uogs feed on everything; on flesh forbidden 1/
sown, uutil the sons of Cain prevailed, and took complaint against m m in the court of the
&way all the wealth, property, cattle, and other sovereigu of t b feathered tribe, the Latter sum-
many friends assemble, we shall surely be able and unforbidden, raw as wcll as cooked, salted
to devise a plan which i d 1 ultimately lead
I
as well as unsaitcd. Besides these, they do not
leave vegetables and fruits, bread and doEl, acid
domestic nnimal~,including camels, asses, mules, moued all the winged race, wild as well as
Cc. from the vanqnished. They revelled in domesticated, to present themselves before him-
US t o liberty. Of course all assistance comes aftluence and sacrificed other beasts t q satisfy They came iu cnuntless ntimbers. The king
from the Lord." The beasts approved of this and sweet-meats, milk, oil, honey clarified
proposition, and s i x ambassadors mere nomi- butter, and all the other edibles used by men. the greedy lust of their palates. In company spoke thus :- Mankind assert t h a t they are
nated fur t h e purpose abovementioned : one Other animals do not feed on these, nor even with the friends whom ihey invited, they orer- the supreme masters of all the birds ;hence
covet them. They never allow other beasts to in- gorged themselves with meat, w5ich beoamo so 1 h ~ v esummoned you all to go and confront
for the rapacious animals, a second for the plentiful that it was thrown on the street3 and them and argue tbc point with them." The
wmged tribe, a third for the beasts of prey, a j vade the village, lest they should consume all pro- thoroughfares, attracting cats and dogs, who peacock, who was the Vaseer, vas then asked
vlsions. If by chance a fox or a wolf cnters a
fourth for the torraceous animals, a fifth for the
reptiles, and a sixth for the aquatic race.
Ij
habltated part of a village by night to purloin
a fowl, a mouse or a piece of bread, the dogs pw-
sue them with fierce violence, bark at-tliegn,
mere thus tempted to relinquish their own tribe, ( who waa the ,best speaker amongst them all,
and associate rpith man, t i ~cohabit with him, j aud the most competent for such a task. Re
t o aid bnd a s i d him, in houes of shariitg the answered-" Whomever .your majesty pleases
1
pithno@which they r e l i ~ h dso much.'l The to a~poiut." The king desired him to repcat.

the names of all the birds. The peacock an-
swered-"The lap-wing, the cock, the pigeon,
the partridge, the nightingale, the lark, the
swallow, the crane, the sparrow, the dove,
the turtle-dove, the wag-tail, the dnck, the
heron, the waterfowl: the Persian nightingale,
the ostrich, $c. all these are present." The
king requested of him to point to him each, so
that he may be able to judge of the nature and
qualifications of each: and find out who was the
most deserving. The minister returned, "The
-
hird
--* ..-- -.
whn -- --in --a variegated
nits -.
-G. - ~ dress
- ~ is the boo-
-~~
poi, the spy of solomon, the son of David.
Whenever he sings, the best warblers of the
grove bow down -and pay obeisance to him.
He preaches virtue and prevents ill. He, i t
was, who informed Solomon of the kingdom of
Shebn, and declared that the wonders of the
earth which he had seen were never dreamt
of by Solomon even. In proof of wbat I say,"
he continued, " I will give you a piece of in-
formation. which I have brouzht from the land
of Shebq'which is now goPeFned by a womau
whose grandeur and magnificence i t is im-
possible for the tongue to describe. She sits
on a high, exalted throne, aud all the good
things of the world are to be found in her
court. Bat her people have all gone astray.
They know not God The sun they worship, and
misled bp Satan, misconstrue the meaning of ado-
ration, and not knowing Eim who has created
the heaven and earth and all things visible and
invisible, bow down in worship before the sun,
and consider it to be the true God; whereas h e
is but a particle of the immensity of His light.
This is the cock crowncd with his ruddy crest,
who preaches every morning, and inculcates with
beat of wings the followiug instrudion to his
neighbours :-4 Arouse ye, my friends.' thus
ring his notes, ' and remember the Lard.' Don't
give way to indolence; death i s approaching fast,
and with it retribution. Dread you not the
pains of hell, nor sigh for the joys of heaven ?
Are you not thankful to God for all his bounties
bestowed on you ? Know you not that the world
will soon pass away 2 Prepsre then for eternity,
and if you wish to avoid hell and its penal fires,
have recourse to devotion and abstemiousness."
Rere behold the &ridge, white-winged, stand-
ing on a hillock, body variegated, his stature
bent by repeatedly kneeling and bowing down,
calling on all idlers to wake from their dreams
of rest, and speaking thus:--$Thank the Lord
for all his mercies, that mercie~may be show-
ered fourfold on us. Never lose your trust in
God !' And when he invokes- the blessing of
Heaven, he prays thus c-: 0 Lord, preserve me
from the rapacious animals, and from carnivor-
ous habits and appetites of man and wolves.'
The pigeon who stands yonder, acts as guide,
carries letters and missives to distant lands, and
exclaims, ' I grieve a t the absence of friends and
long intensely to meet them. Be thou, therefore,
my director, 0 God ! and lead me srvfe to my
destination, that Z may once more revisit my
native land, and gladden my eyes with a sight
of the friends I love.' This is the partridge
mhich always moves gracefully in gardens and
p-oves, an? exerts the powers of harmony to
gloe marnlng to the thou~l~tless.(Ye who
weaken the foundation of hfe, she cries, ye
who plant gardens, populate cities and exaIt
yourself in the pride of your hearts, remember
what the world is. Ply from the vanities of
life and forget uot your Creator for a single
moment. Be mindful that the awft~lday is draw-
ing nigh, when you will have to bid adieo to all
pleasures and frivolities, and lie down in the
grave ~ i t the
h worms for your companions. I t
would be me11 for you to treasure up such .
thoughts from today, then you will iuherit
hap iness and escape ete~unlperdition.'
'&is again is t h e lark, who like a preacher
pouriug forth wholesome counscls from the pul-
pit, mounts on high, and descending, alights on
corn heaps and gives vent t o melody. The
- -
Take the miming now. Know yon not how God is glorious and the tongue of man acknowledges
a"
treated those who presumed to equal him in its im tence to praise him as he ouglit to be
might? Their chief attempted t o destroy thc p r a i s e 6 On y o ~ ~ d rbraoch r sits the bulbnl,
house oE God, for which purpose he placed his small in size, yct nimblc in motion. How he
followers on towering elephants, and flushed exercises the porvsrs of melody and sings-
with pride, approached to carry his intent into ' Blessed is the name of the Lord of might and
execution. I t was then that the Almighty sent mercy! Hidden from the view of the world or
r fligknt of birds over their heads, who r$ued publicly, his bounty descends on all, his favor
down such a shower of stones on them thnt he grudges to none.' Sometimes he changes his
they all perished like !eaves e a t w up by the straiu :-'How delightful was that season when
worms.' After this she adds ' Preserve us, 0 Lord, Aomercts bloomed in the parterre, and fruits
from all temptat;ions, and save us from uischiefs made the green branches bow t o and kiss the
of ali living tribes.'
g ~ o u u d Upon
'~ this the kiuo of the birds asked
Yonder againis the foreteller of the secrets the Peacock whom hc couzdered thc best and
of fate, the esble crow, who 11ves a life of abste- wisest to be seut to reason with man. '. Ali"
miouslless and is conversant wit11 matters that returned that bird. All are well qualified by
are not yet revealed to man. He retuembers their powers of eloquence to undertaice thc
hi God every moment, passes his time in t:&; but 1 think the bulbill has a larger share
travelling from one clime to another, mituessi~lg of these gifts, aud it is my opiuiou that he
the mlrnuers and custorns of each, and rirlgs the sikot~ld
notes of slarm into thc ears of the neghgent. !
-- s e n t -
------ be
'Be wise,' thus he preaches, be uot fkariess,
tbil~kof the hour of denh, when every dced
will have its retribution. Do you vtxlne thc I
/
CHAPTER XII.
gewgaws of life better than the glories of
Heaven? flying from a d , where will you or WEENthe third ambassador had laid hi8 corn-
can you stop ? If you sigh for. freedom, p r v plaints before the sovcreigu of the reptiles, this
ruighty potentate passed an order directing that
all his subjects should be b~mmoned.
* ,
haunts of men, both go;d'aud evil,*uud the're gunts, musquitoes, grasshoppers, fleas, hornets,
brings forth and nourishes her youug. JIorzliuy moths, and every other insaot which lives
alld evening she repeats her prayers, migrates but for a year presented itself. The king
iuto far distant muntries, loves cool houses in opened the council 11y explailiing the case t o
summer, and warm ones in winter, and continu- thcm, and wished to kuotr who was best fitted
ally blesses the Lord, saying, ' Holy is he who among them to represent his tribe, aud plead
has created the ocean aud the earth, who has its case with man. They unanimously enquired,
fixed the mountains and given motion to the 6 t h what does the glory of man consist?" The
streams ; ou whose will depend life and death, ambassador retdrned, ('Instature they are much
who guides and assists travellers, and who higher, possess mcre strength, and asH rule, con-
is master and sovereign of everything that esists.' trire to lord over the byte creation." Tne leader
After this she adds, - Ihave trwersed every re- of the hornets expressed himself ready t o go as a
. gion, have seen many l~ationsand have now re- representative, thnt of the flies, as well as of
turned home. Blessed is he who hag broilght the guats and locusts, mere all over-zealous to
the sexes together, and has thus multipIied the do the same. The king was takeu by surprise,
races on earth, who has clothcd them mith ihe 'c Without considering the matter in all its
robes of being, who is the Creatur of dl, and. bearings, why do you all offer yourselves as
who has showered his bounty so plentifully ou carididates for this onerous post ?"-"Oh king,"
us.' Here staods the Crane, long-necked, sshrt- answered the leader of the gnats, '' we all hope
legged, who ciirnbs half the may to Heaven iu for the assistance of God, and mith t h a t aaaist-
hia flight, wlio wakes to watch, twice during the ance we are confident me will remove every
night;and praises God sayiug, 'Holy is that God d~fficultyand prevail over cur opponents. Manj
who has created every animal, to encourage pro- a tyrant has ruled ere this ; but with the
creation! Here amin is the bitteru who walks on aid of Heaven we have always overcame them,
dl-y ground and Pnhabits the woods. hlorn and and we can adduce proofs in support of what
even he says. 'Pure is the Creator of heaven we say"-The king was willing to hear the dc-
and earth'. At his biddiug the firmament stands tails. "Know then, oh monarch," continued
on unshakable pillars, ths planets revolve, the t h e speaker the days of yore, there lived a
rain descends in genial showers to freshen the great and mighty sovereign named Kimrod,
earth, the lightnings flash and the thunder growls. who was so vaiu of his grandeur and power, that
At his bidding t h e shadowy exhalatlons rise he had no regard for any created being. But
from the ground to regulate the seasons ; won- what happened 1-911 old, weak, and insignifi-
derful is he, who enlivens the bones which are cant member of my tribe ended all his greatness
laid to decompose in the grave. Indeed he and laid hi^ magnificence in the dust, and
14 -
IKHWAN-00s-SUFPA.
and shun him, and are not conversant with
he not sxve himself"--
NThou as
mighty he
speakest the truth: snid the Iz~ng. their tongile, wherean the owl lives in their
LL &re," then began a hornet :L
man glorying ! abode% nay, haunts the old and rnlnorts dwel-
with spear, and sword and
At that moment
i
in all the pride of strength oomes out armed lings vacated by them. He ismoreover singulnr
and arrows. for his devotinu, and contentment. The d q he
if oue of us leave a 6ti:tiouin one 1 passes in fnsking a d Feeping, and the night
of his pores, what becomes of him $ Iufla- i iu preying and rousing the negligent. He thinks
rnmatiou sets in, the memhers of his body lose of adcicut ki~lgqdead and gone, and mourns
/
sense and motion for time, and his sword and their fate by repealing the follo~ingVerse from
shield are both cf no avail t o him." ;*Trueit the Korn7a. 'Their gardens and their magni-
is the king, The !
then spoke bwut p~laces,their cultivatioll~ aud all the
thuB :-I< when the human sovereign sits iu all clelightful luri~r?eswhich were theirs: these they
1
hia glory on the throne, d t h his atteudant. have leb for others to enjoy.' " The king asked
and guards snrronncting him, that nothing un- the owl if he had aught t o say in reference to
clean or danpei-0~5sholrld come near, at that the recommendation of the minister 'l IVhat he
moment if a fly. issuing from his kitc'nen or clo- says is r i ~ b t , "replied that solemn bird, "but
set, and dripping with impilrities, alight on him i t is imposaiblc for me to go. blankind hate me,
or his robes of state, can they by any meads pos- anii think it nniucky t~ cast their eyes 03 me.
dble him from this unwelcome guest's I am 8ure I never harmed them. I am corscioua
attsntiona l," 'c No" said t l ~ eking. " Or" mm- of my own innocence, hut still they take a de-
menced the gnat, G rrhe11 he lies in his pri- light in abusing me. When they will see rue on
vat6 apartments, Troder the light protectiou of the arena of public discussion, they will become
his gauzc and curtains, if we penetrate through my foes, and ~ h knows o what the issne will
this, and sting him in his vaunted security, he he. It is advisable, therefore, that I should not
loses all forbearance, slaps his face and beas he sentm--" Whom then should I send 7" asked
hia head, but has no power to revenge himsclf the king. 'l The royalty and aristocracy of
i
on us." L'This is all right," observed the king, . mnnliiod" he returned, " are very partial to
1 -
but in the Court of the monarch of the Genii, harn,ks and falcons, whom they carry abtrut mith
j
such small creature are not much cared f o r them on thei: wrists. I t would Lie better to
There they look for st15ct justice and equity, depnte them. " ?%at is true" observed the
l
respect and civility, eloqnence and the flowers hawk, "but they do not regnl-d U& because we
of rhetoric. Is there an one who is expert in are respectful to them ; but for t h e i ~own ad-
the use of such weapons $' Eve17 one held his vantage. WC hunt for tbcm, and they very
peace a t such a question. till a philosopher convenie~ltlydeprive us of our prey and bring
issued from the ranks of the flies, and approach- i t to their o m usc. Thus they pass their time
ing the king,-"1 go," he said, "ta plead for in bloodshed, and never turn their thonghis to
t h e cause of my brute brethren, and by the their duty, which cousiats iu worshipping God
grace of God hope to succeed." I' May Heaven and preparing for the day of judgrue~it"-
help thee in thy righteous wish l" responded Whom then, do you thinlc it advisnble that I
his sovereigu, aud mayst thou return soon in should depute ?" questioned the king. ' Send
triumph !" the paro uet" he replied. " bi1anl;ind love him ;
In short, his travelling traps being ready, kings an! nobles, bigb and low, men and women,
he departed thence and reached the Court of learned aud unlearned, all hold him dear, and
the king of t h e Genii, attend to what he saysm-The king asked the
- parrot if he wm willing to proceed-"Yes,"
h:
said, ''if the king and conncil would assist me.
CBAPTER XIII. "How," was the enquiry. ltPray for me to
God," he said that Imap overcome my enemies."
WHENthe complaint of the fourth ambassa- The monarch did as desired, his council
dor lodged before the phmnix, who was the responded " dnren" to his pryers. The owl
soyereigll of Raptorial Kfds, he also summoned bere observed that if Heaven rejected the prayer,
the members of his tnbe. ~ccordingly the \ ali would be labor lost, " for," corltinued he, to
vulture, the phaaoix, the hawk, the royal white pray effectunlly is not pomible for all." The king
falcon, the owl and all other carnivorous birds, wished to know horv we could pray effeetuaUy.
who have talons and bills formed t o destroy " Pray with purity of illtention and clearness
their PreYv attended the call. The king statcd of heart, even as one vho hopeless in worldly
the case t o his minister, and asked him who was aid turns the full confidence of his mind towards
best fitted to proceed to join the di~cussion,which his Creator, fasts, relieves the poor and then
was carried on by mankind in reference to' their pours out his sou1.in prayq to. Him. Then his re-
anperiort~over the brute creation. The voazesr questsare granted." "This isvery t ~ e , "remarked
named the owl as the best fitted for the task. the assembly.--'l Wall then," mid the king address
' ' W h ~ so" enquired the %gi "1s there ]lone ing his conucil, "you know how mankind haPO
beside him equal to him 2'' <'The other birds of oppressed the beasts, so far so that they havs
our tlibe," retul-ned the minister, "few mankind come all this distance to seek protection from.
IKHWAN-00s-SUFFA.
me. And we, although stronger than they, in-
- 15
asmnch as me can soar to the highat heavens,
we even are compelled t o seek safety in the
woods, aud on the mountain tops. Here is my
brother who bra left dwelling in their regions,
a n d has preferred a life of solitudo in the forest. justice and fair plny." On hearing this the mo-
At last we have determined to come to a narch turned himself t o his counse!!ors, and
Ii
public discuvsion with them. Although we are wished to know whom they considered the Lit-
so powerful, that if we mish one of us can test person to be deputed to thegeneral msem-
destroy many of them, yec i t is not proper for ( bIy. All held their peace, nntil the dolphin,
the virtuous to em~rlatethe bad conduct of the who has affection for men, and often saves thein
Knowing then too well that all con- from drowning by carrying them ou his back,
VICIOUS.
tentions are useless in this world, we dclibentely rose and said :-"Send the fish : large in body,
recommend our case to God who remards aud fine to look at, fair faced, white in color, straight
punishes in another world. Many a ship," he in form, nimble in motion, extremely agile in
coutinued after a pause, " hau becn almost waft- swimmina large in breed, popolnting oceans,
ed to destruction by nnfavorable winds. 'Tis r i ~ e r sanS' tanks-they are much regnrdcd by
then that guided hg us they have rcgained men. A fiah it was who saved their Prophet
safety. Many a person after the wreck of his i Jonah: by carrying him in her belly, and then
boats has almost sunk to a mt~teryg a v e wilen, safely deposited hiru on shore uninjureci and safe.
our ready assistance cnme to his use, and re- I Mankind, moreover, consider that the whole
/
placed him on the shore. These WC did, that globe is supporter1 on the hack of one of these !"
God Almighty may remain pleased with us. The kinp referred the matter to the fish, "I can-
In this may we thouuht it better to thank him \ not go,;' she replied, " nor carry on a dicus-
every case he is our helper!' \
for his goodness in ha&g made us strong. I n sion nlth men, I have no legs to take me, no
tongue to aid me to carry on a war iu words.
Thirst I cannot bear. A moment's .- - .....- -.-
senar~tinn
,
from water mill dcpri~e-rneof my breath a:to-
-
CBAPTER SIV.
I gether. Depute the turtle, he can live on land
I as meii ss in water. Besides he is very strong
NEXT, to the king of the aquatic animals the ( in his back, and is endowed with a great deal of
fifth ambassador repaired, whereupon his majesty forbearam and patieoce." When questioned,
summoned the fishes, frogs, crocodiles, dolphins, however, the tortoise begzed to be excused, de-
and turtles to his Court-They came-The king daring that he was slow in motion, and could
disclosed his purpose to them, and turning to 1 not travel to a distant place. Besides he mas
the ambassador said :-l'If men actually think 1 rathrrr laconic in his speech. In his opinion the
themselves stronger and braver t l ~ a nme, this ! Dolpl~in the most fitted both by agility and
momeut I can undeceive them, and spread des- eloquence for the task. The dolphin was not
1
tlaction far and wide in their domaios." 11 They milling. B e recommended the Crab, who wae
do not claim superiority in possessb~g brute more of a polype, swift in nlnning, sharp nailed,
force," returned the messenger, they collsider and carrying a coat of armour on his back. The
I am ill-formed," he
themselves endowed with reason, blessed pritll Cisabdeclined the honor.
wisdom, and perfect adepts in all arts arid said, " bent in bacls and extremely ugly. They
smences. In devising plans, and a r r a ~ ~ will ~ ~ ~to see me there.'' " Why will they
~ ilaugh
projecta they think themselves unriralied, laugh at yon," asked the king, IL'whatdefect have
Reason and conscience esclusively belong to you?"-$'When they'll see me," he replied.
them, and the special gift of ingenuity is "they'il think me to be a headless animal, with
theirs."-'(Favor me with details," requested my eyes on my neck, my mouth in my breast,
the king, <(thatL may judge of their pretensions." double-necked, with eight feet, everv one of
Does not his majesty know," he replied, which is crooked, and crawling on m$ mouth.
I' that they dive into the depths of the Red sea, I am sure they'll musider me perfectly ridicu-
(the Sea of Clysma) and extract pearIs there- IOLIS." The Icing then mished to know who was
frorn. They ascend the mountainous steeps and the person most fit to be deputed. The Crab
carry away asses and eagles from the heightu. said, ;'The crocodile, becgnse he is sure-footed,
1
They place the yoke on the shoulders of their indefatigable, swift, long-mouthed, voluble and
cattle, nod drive them overloaded from the er- S ~ W U ~ Ha . is also patient and can wait long for
treme West to the farthest East, and vice usma: the fulfilment of his wishes. He hates expdit-
traversing forests and hovling woods. ~ o a the;
h any business." The king then referred the
htrild and promote the interests of commerce matter t o the crocodile, who in his turn express-
by carryi~lggoods from one country to another. ed himself u n d i n g to undertake the task,
From the mountain-tops they provide them- j "Fo'," said he, "I am prone to anger and incliu-
selves ~ t gems h most precious, and the earth j ed to make away with every thing that comes
yields them gold, silver, iron, copper, &c. If they j mY way. 11) fact whatever I do, I do by the
place a talisman of art on the banks of a river, a~sistanceof art aud duplicity." The ambasea-
1
-- -
dor here interfered and said " Strength and art-
fulness are not needed; sense and discretion,
justice and equity, eloqaeuce and the power of
speech are what \vill be required from you."
The crocodile observed that he wanted all these
qualities. H e recummended the frog for the
purpose because he was a philosopher possessing
a great deal of patieuce, and blessed with the
spirit of devotion. "LUight and day he repeats
the name of his maker, and morning and even-
ing emlilo.@ himself in fasting and piayerS.
Be freqtefits human habitations also. He is 1
particuiarly held iu regard by the SOUS of Israel,
because he once behaved very ha11dsomeIy with
them, at the time when Nimrod flung Abraham
into a heap of fire, he caxrled water in us
mouth and sprinkled i t on the burning element
to extinguish it. On mother occasion, when a
war was carried on between Pharoah and
Moses, he took the part of the latter; beaides
he is a graceful speaker in reciting his creed.
He ie amphibious and can skim on the surface
of the water with as much ease as he leaps on
the earth. He is well-formed, round headed,
with a symmetrical mouth, brilliant eyes, and
well-formed hands and feet. H e haunts the
dwellings of men without entertaiuing any
fear." T h e king wished to know the opinion of
the frog hiaeIf oil this point. H e replied, ['I
am ready in every respect to obey the king. ZE
he Wshes me to undertake the task, I a m perfect-
ly willing to do so, and I shall advocate the cause
of my brethren with all the might that lies in
me; but I sincerely hope that the king will pray
t o God on high in my behalf, for the blessings of
sovereigna never fail to beuefit their subjects."
Complying with his request, the king raised his
voice in prayer t o heaven, and all his counsellors
responded, "Amen." The frog then departed.
CHAPTER XV.
Vam the sixth ambassador presented himself
before the king of the reptiles, and stated his
case to him, his majesty snmmoned at1 the mem-
bers of his tribe to attend hi court. Accord-
ingly serpents, scorpions, blood-suckers, lizards,
snakes, spiders, ants, worms, and every reptile
which is bred in impurity and crawls on leaves
all obeyed t h e summons, and came in such
crowds that none but the eye of God in Heaven
could enumerate t h e m Tha moment that the
king beheld them, he held his peace for a aoo-
ment, and then perceived that all were small,
weak and deficient in every requisite talent. For
a time he gave way to anxieties, considering
that nothing important collld be done by them.
n r n i n g himself to his minister he enquired
from him, who was fitted to be sent to the ge-
neral assembly, "For," aaid he, these creatures
are dumb and deficient iu the power of speech.
Deaf they are also aa well as blind, and wanting
the powers of motion." Their bodies vere en-
tirely uncovered; they had neither billsnor claws,
and in every respect were perfectly weak and
helpless. Iu short the king mas quite despoud-
ent and could not suppress h ~ steam at behold-
ing the utter worthlessness of the members of
hi8 tribe. Raising his eyes towards heaven,
" Oh thou", he cried, "who art the creator aud
provider of all, who lookest down with mercg on
those who invoke thy aid, look down on these
thy helpless creatures, for thou alone art good
and compassionate." The prayer of the king
proved.effectud, and the reptiles were blessed
mith the power of speech.
CEdPTER XVI.
WHENthe locust perceived that the king mae
very favorably disposed towards his sui~jects
and troops, he placed himself on the elevation
of a wall, and opened his mouth in praise of
h ~ Maker:-"Every
s praise is due t o that Qoci
who has showered unspeakable bounties o d t h e
face of the earth, and who from nothing has
brought to existence those various creatures
who people the globe. Before heaven aud earth
were created, aud time named, he was present.
Bg his almighty power and marvellous might he
called forth creation from &he abyss of ch:ros,
and bade it flourish aud prosper." "Oh king,"
he said, addressing the monarch '6 be not
thoughtful about the helplessness of thy sub-
jects ; for he who ha8 made, and daily provides
for them, is not regardless of their deficiencies.
As parents are never neglectful of their off-
spring, so he. the Creator, never forsakes his
creatures. Vhen he made the animals, and
bestowed different shapes on them, some he
made strong aud some weak, some l a q e in ata-
ture, and well formed, others diminutive and ill-
constrocted. The scdles of his equity were al-
ways equal. To each he has given the powers
of offence and defence according to its indivldual
requirement. But he has blessed all equally.
To none has he given superiority over another.
Large is the size of the elephant, and stronger is
he thaoother animals; but at the same time his
tusks prove weapons of self .defence to him, and
his proboscis assists him in carrying food to his
mouth. The gnat he has made small, but he
has provided him with two dehcately formed
wings, by means of which he can fly away from
the pursuit of his enemies. I n the ossession
of members fitted for safety and seZpreserva-
tion, all are equal. So our tribe: who to all ap-
pearances, are small and helpless, are for all that,
not entirely excluded from the bountiea of
heaven. When God created them,, he did not
forget to provide them with offensive and de-
fensive means. If the king will consider the
matter properly, he will peroeive that those who
are small and weak are the most agile in flying,
and at the same &me the most fearless ; and
hence it Is, that they are enabled to elude all
creatures that pursue to make a prer of them;
whereas those who are larger in stature, atrong-
-
IKHWAN-00s-SUFPA.
er, and more courqeous can keep off all their j he enquired if he was ready to proceed to repra-
enemies at a distance from them, cven as the
elephant, the tiger, &c. Others there are, who
can run with the greatest smiftucss, and hence
escape destruction, as the deer, the hare, the
wild am, &c. Some can fly from dangsr, as the
birds, and some dive iuto the water and thus
save their lives. The mouse and the ant ooucenl
themselva in subterranean recesses, and God
has thus expressed himself in favoirr of the
latter :-' The leader of the ants advised his
tribe to hide themselves in their retreats, lest
Solomon and his army might tramole thein un-
der foot.' Others there are, whose &ies are hard,
by which means they are preserved from every
danger; even as the turilc, the fish. snd other
aquatic animals. There are some again, who
can hide their hcada und0,r their iails, and thus
escape every harm, such as the gorcupiueB Food
too is easily provided for them ; some ivho are
sharp-sighted soar on atrong piuions, and alight
in places where a banquet ia spreud out for
them; such as the vulture sild the eagle. Others
can scent out their provisions, eve11 as the ants.
Those who are created extremely smell, and
therefore powerless to provide food for them-
selves, are at the samv time freed from many a
trouble to which the others are exposed ; where-
as some are sl\rsgs obliged to fly frori the pur-
suit of their euemie.~;but these aiv exempt
from every atte~iluta&concealmeut because they
are born in the-safest piaces. No one knows
where they are, whether hidden in the grass,
or enclosed in a grain, or breathing and moving
in the stomach of another animal, or even crawl-
ing in mud or iilth. There is a God who pro-
vides for all without any exertion on their part.
To them the power of absorption is given, by
means of which they escape the evil conse-
quences of damp, and derive uoul-ishment from
whae would have proved injurious to them.
Other animals are ohligcd to toil both for
food and self-preservatio!~; whereas these are
free from every trouble of this nature. Hence
i t is that God has given them no hands and
feet, for they requira them not, nor teeth
to chew, nor throat to swallow, nor sto-
maoh to digest, nor guts to hold digesced
matter, nor lungs to purify the blood, nor
spleen to absorb the humours of the body,
nor kidneys and biaddelu to coucentrate the
urine, nor veins to promote the circulation
of the blood. Their braiu is hot the seat
of inteliectual powers, nor are they dieted
with any chronic disease, mbich would compel
them to have recourse to a physician. In short
they are free from all those distresses to which
animals mightier than they, are exposed. Holy
is that God, whose mercy shields them from
all harm, and worthy is he to be praised, who
attends to all their requirements." When the
locust had finished his perordtion, the king said
May Qod bless thy rhetorical powers, for t n ! y
thou art both eloquent and wise." Aker this
17-
/i serpent
scut his tribe in the general a s e n ~ b l ~He
swered: 'Yes, if the king cornman& me,.'
. an-
advised him not to bctray himself, b;r
The
1 saying that he was deputed by cl~xgons,kc. The
j locust wished to kriow why he prevented him t o
j do so. " Eecawe," aos\vered the other, ':there is
! an old enmity esiatiug between men xncl ser-
j pents ; so much so, indecd, that the former are
> not backward in fiuding Psult with God, for hav-
j ing created the latter,fi.om whom nought but evil
1 is to be derived." L'Why say they so?" asked
the locust. cLBeeause,"answered the othcr, 'lhe
, carries venom in his fangs, and w?loever comes
1 iu contact mith him, dies. liellce i t is, that
they t d k so ignorantly, not knoiving for what
j purpose God has created diffirer~t ohjects.
/ Eence i t is also that h e has made them depend-
ant 011 these, and their nohla, and kings are
compelled t o reserve their venom in their
rings, which pl.bves efficacious at certain times.
Xf they would cousider well, nud know the true
value of these venomous deposits they mould
1 nevcr commit themselves, by asking why God
/ h w made such creatures? If the Maker hm
filled their fangs with poison, he has made their
flesh au antidote for the same." 'What other
; advantages are to be derived?" asked the locust.
j The snake ausmered; When God created those
i animals about whom you have been speaking,
I he provided them with members which serve
) t'neru in their hour of need, and prove preserva-
tives against all harm. Some have such warmth
1
(
iu the stomach, that their food is immediately di-
1 gested and absorbed by their system. The ariakes
1 are neither provided with stomach to digest,
nor teeth. to chew. To supply this dehciency,
! their fsnga are charged vith venom, by means of
which, they do not feel the want of what they
t have not. The moment that they eelnit poison
I on any living flesh, it dissolves, and thereby they
are enaoled to swallow i t domn most easily.
Hence it is, that if God withheld their venom
from them, they could never have partaken of
i their food ; and starvation would certainly have
ensured their destruction. No snake would
there be left in the world." The locust ques-
tioned again " What benefit is derived to the
other animals from them!" H e answcred :--"The
same benefit, ahich is derived from other ani-
mals." The locust wished to be favoured
with details. The snake returned:-L'Wheu
God made the world: he arranged all things nc-
cordiilg to his Ftill and wisdom. In the
; whole range of creation, he has made one to
serve as food for the other, aud one tribe to
i give assistance to another. He has attended
to the good of all. Some however fall into
perits, alchough i t is not God who leads them
into aaictious. Although good and evil are
t o be found e v e ~ w h e r ein the world, yet i t is
' not God who assists in the propagation qf
either. When the good results preponderate,
\ he does not withhold creating objects who are
 in a slight degree noxious. To give an example, i sizes, who always takes care of them and pro- H e it is who has msisted us i n making inven- the fields are fertile in vegetable productions,
when G d made t h e luminaries of the skv, to che vldcs for them, and whose glo~-iesshine through
1
he i m o a h d t h e p a t e s t degree of b;litiaucr t k e :for when Ha the Rod of all, withdrew hi,m-
and endo6ed him with the powers of enlivening 2 self from our eight, andveiled himself ill a cloud
tions, by means of which onr predominance is'
acknowledged over others Prom him have me
received wisdom, moderation, pr~ldenceand an
the commoliest wood as smeet as the sugarcane,
stones valuable as diamonds aud emeralds ; i t s
animals fat and robust even w the giant-sized
creation. Even as the mind lights the chain- of dazzling radiance, which thought and fancy ever-watchful conscience. The Prophets too he elephant. That was the cradle of mankind, and
1
bers of t h e body, so this orb irradiates nature could never penetrate, he brought forward these
a%large. If then his beams prove injurious to creatures and placed thom before us, that we
any createcl object, is that n reason why the may judge of his power and might by the objects
sent for our guidance. h our tribe he chose
Noah, Esdras, Ablxham, hIooses! Jesus ancl Ma-
hommed; as well as great and glorions kinga
every other animal derives its origin from
that place. B l a n ~a prophet and pililosopher
have also risen from that..couutr.y. God has also
Maker should extinguish this glorious lamp, a;ld he has made. And these bodied forms are the such as Fureidoon, Dxrius, Artaze~xss,Buhram, blessed me with power of invention. ffe has
deprive the world of the blessings which result exact prototnes of those who are in the world Kousherwan and many others whose names will endowed us with proficiency in Astroaomy,
'from his vivifying rays? The same is the case of spirits, only t h e latter are more subtle, never perish. We in short are the essence of magic and rhetoric, md, in short, he has placed
with the planets Saturn and Mars. Some, a t in- essential and bright thmt the former. As ia of maukind, as mankind in general is the tne crown of superiorito over our brows."
auspicious moments, are afflicted by them. The pictnres, Ne find the different members of the essence of Creation. Every \vllere we are con- "If yoa bad only added," remsrked the s a g ,
clouds too are made for the good of manlcirld, anirni~lagreeing with i t s living origi~~al, so these sidered greet, and it behoves us therefore to be c'tha8 you had cons~~rned many a body on the
although a t times they coudace to delngc in t,be world agree in shape with thosexho are grateful to God for hi3 mercies." When he had funern1 pyre, adored and worshipped many a
t h e earth, and sweep away the ilomble habita- i yet in snirit-larlci. There is oue difference finished, the k i r i ~turned to the wise men of his false god, ained i n the increase of population
tionp of the poor. So i t is with rapacious and however ; that is, the latter move iike puppets court, and wished to lcnow if every word &rid in by your adulterous loves, and that eventually
grazing animals ; snalies, scorpions, fishes, cro- whose wires are in the hands of the former. Af- favor of man's superiority was indisputably true. you were scandalised and ruined, it would have
codiles, and all other created objects. Some are ter the animals, there is another orcler of Crea- All admitted the truth ; hut one m60 was cursed answered all the wnrposes of jastice."-
made t o pass their lives in 61th atld corri~ption, tion, to whom t h e powers of motion and speech with a dogmatic spirit,' aud hnd no wish to al. Ouce more the king cast his eyes 011 the crowd.
so that the air might be thereby purified, i n d are denied. These perish ancl are destroyed i o n any proposi~iouto p w s nnqa~stioned,tried and beheld a tall person, Qrapt up iu a yellow
prevent infectious malaria from rising and here. But t h e spirits of the others survive i n t o depreciate the merits of mxrlkiud in general, sheet, busy in reading a paper and moving
spreading contagion, which would end in the another world." After s a y i ~ ~these g words he rose and turuiug to the other philosophers remarked, back-mar& and forwartis in the act of doing
. general destrtlction of animal life. Honce i t is and exclaimed :-"Praise is due to that God, who that man ia praising himself had omitted t o so. " Who ii thia?" he enquired from t h e
that these reptiles are generally bred in the has created so many-shaped beings on this Eartl). name certain very famous sovereigos, in whose Vazeer. " H e i a a Hebrew of the .tribe of Is-
shambles, or in the stalls of t h e fishermen. He it is, who has given s i r bonndaries t o the world reign certain very f a m u s events happened. The rael, and an inhabitant of Syria." "Bid him
Being born in impurities, the feed on the same and fitted i t t o become a comfortable abodo king's curiosity was roused, and he immediately speak," was t h e order, which was obeyed in t h e
filth, and thereby gave rnnntind from the des- : for his creatures. The heavers he has divided expressed a deeire to know \vha and what these following words :-lL Praise be to God, who made
tructive effects of a pestilence. The smaller { into diEerent grades and appointet1 au angel in mere-': He has ornittcd to mention," said the the Prophet Israel the most glorious of men.
reptiles also become the food of t h e larger. I t charge of each. To t h e several animals He has individual referred to, "that on account of the I n his tribe were born Abraham and Xoses.
l
proved beyond a doubt then, t h r t the Creator given varions shapes, and E i s bounty provides
has made nothing uselessly. They who canuot { for all. The mourners who approch him, he
trausgressions of his tribe, a general d e l ~ ~ gcame
2nd drowned the world. He has omitted to
e Thanks be t o him for rnnlcing us the disciples of
such a person, and for bestowing innumerable
fathom Ris wisdom, generally object to what He i ransolea, and punishes those who try t o ques- mention that his tribe is notorious for misan- favors on us."-;; Bat why not add" renarked a
does'and question the use of a good many ob- 5 tion his wisdom. Before Adam, he created the dcrstaurIiu9 and discords amongst them- g~erulousphilosopher, ':that on account of your
jects. Nothing but ignorance prompts them to ~ n i out
I i of fire, and endowed them with subtle
do this. They know not how good, gracious a r ~ d and essential bodies, and wonderful and sur-
wise the Lord is. Some are s o foolish as to h prising forms. He i t is, who has summoned
selves, the reasons for mhich none of their wise
men could urge. That many of their Kings have
been tyrants, such as Ximrod who exposed Bbra-
shameful idoiatory, Cod mns o3ended with you
and made you companions of hears and mon-
keys." Once more t u r n i ~ ~t og the assembly the
- 1
declare that His gracs bxiends not beyond the out of chaos many a creature, and placed them ham on a pyre to be burnt. That in his tribe monarch saw an individual clad in woolien gar-
re@ons of t h e moon, whereas i f they would i n different gradations of life. Some H e has was born Nubuchadnezxar mho desolated the ments, with a s t r a ~of leather tied round his
consider well, i t would appear, that EIe is atten- j elevated t o glory, and others cast down to Holy Land, burnt th-: old Testament, destroy- waist, praying and burning incense i n a censer
:
tive t o t h e wants of all, be they high or low. the lowesest abyss, while n . third are placed ed the children of David and Solomon, and the which he held in his hand, "Who is this" he
, R e showers His bounty upon all, and each iu in the middle rank ; but to all Re holds out Israelites iu general; e q e i i s d t'ne Edenites from asked. ':Re is a S ~ i a n , " answered the minister
proportion to his m n t s paltakes of His mercies. a light i n the person of his prophet t o guide t h e fertile banks of the Euphrates to mountain "and a follower of Jesus Christ." " ELd him
them in the way of salvation. Thousands of w2ds and fastnesses, and delighted in tyranny spealr" was again the eommand. r'CXorified be
thanks are due t o Him, who has crowned and blood-shed"-" Born conld he have related that Creator," spokc the Christian, <'who made
with the glory of faith and made u s head these matters?" asked the kiug, hat advan- Christ incarnate, and born of t h e spotless
CHAPTER XFrTI. and master of the earth, who has blessed our tage would he derive therefrom P" ':In- a place OF Virgin Mary, crowned him mith t h e dignity of
E m m in the morning the several deputies, kings with wisdom and forbearance." When public discussion," returned the spealcer, r L i t a prophet, and bestowed on him the power of
.assembled in the court of t h e king of the Ge~lii, the speaker had ceased, the king tnrned his i s not fair t o give a list of your good qualities working miracles. He i t was who freed t h e
who presented himself to decide the case t o the eyes towards t h e representatives of men, and and hide your fauits, for which sorrow and re- Israe!ites from the bonds of sin, and made u s
best of his ability. The herald proclaimed aloud found that each differedfrom t h c other both i n pentance are due.'' Ouce more turning his eyes his followera. Praise be to God, who made many
''
t h a t all seekers of justice, and those on whom features and attire, Amongst them he ohserv-
oppressions were practised were to approach ed one who was taller and handsomer than t h e
towards the crowd of men assembled there, he
beheld a thin, swarthy personage, with long dis-
a saint and philosopher rise from our tribe;
who has taught us h ~ tolove v and serve him,

I
t h e throne and state their cases. No sooner reat, and inquired from his minister who h e
were these words uttered, than all the deputies was, and where he lived. He answered; &'Heis
who were present came forward, and stood in a a Persian, and lives i n Eran." "Bid him speak,"
row blessing and praising t h e king, who looking said t h e king, and the Paceer gave t h e s i p ,
round perceived that the crowd was incredibly upon which he opened his mouth, and gave ex-
large. H e held his peace for a time ; then turn- pressioll to the following sentiments :-“ Thank-
hevelled beard, his ueck encircled mith the Brah-
miuical thread, and hi6 Ioins surrouuded with
a piece of red cloth. ' Be askod the Vaaee~who
this individual was. ;' ITe is an inhnbitaot of Sa-
rundeep, an Indian Island," The monarch wished
and t o be kind and merciful to our fellolv-men ;
who has blessed us with superiority 2nd crowned
us v i t h never-fadin!: glory." Agaia the quem-
lous sage opened !is mouth, and remarked.-
"But you have forgotten to ~ d d that ,
worsLipping God you adored the Cross, that
instead of
him to speak. "Thanlcs bc to God" ; commenced
ing t o a phi1osopher of his own tribe, he asked ful are we t o that, God, who has placed us in the man, '' mho has placed us in the most propiti- you saori6ced swine, and mzde yourself unclean
him if h e beheld the multitude. Yes, your ma- a climate congenial t o ua,-a climate which is ous of equinoctial climes, where the fields are j by eating their flssh, and that you calumniated
jwt~," he replied, r L bahoid I all, and I cannot more agreeable than that of any other region. W e always clothed with verdure, the breeze always your God."-The king's eyes next fell upon a
but wonder at the glorious might of that Creator also owe' our gratitude t o Him, for his having mild, and the climate always temperate ; where m m of slender make, and ~wrwthlcornpisxion ;
who has made beings of S U O various ~ ahapes and conferred a higher degree of superiority on us, the mines almays teem with mineral mealth, 1 who ma3 standing wrapt up in a sheet. " Whe
"U
-
is this," mns again the e n q u i ~ ~He . belollgs t o lligher tiegee than what he has conferred on C[L4PTe%XIX. t u r n feast on him when he dies. The seme is.
the noble Arabian tribe of Qlro~aish,and is an others, Many there are amongst us; who read-the 1 the case with obensts and birds of prey. Spar-
Loosrx5 round once more, the king beheld a rows, $c. feed on fleas and acts, and
inhabizant of Mecca." <'Ask him t o speak." old and new Testaments without auderstand~ug in their
them, and pet firmly believe in Christ and locust shaking his wing%,and hummmng a tune trim devoured by the sparrow-hawk and the royal
Upon which the man begau :-': Blessed be hfoses, whereas there are others N ~ Ostudy the iu a low gelltle voice. " Who arc you ?" aslied \dnite-f81con, who spin fall a prey t o the black
that God v h o made 3Iahommed, (on him be l<oibau in thc same may and yet p!ace full trust
peace,) placed him in the rank of Prophets, 1
the king. "The plencicr of the rcptilcu," he an- englc and the mltore; and Past of all when
swcred "and deputed bp their souercign." thkse die, the rep:iles $c. eat ther,~up. Thus
bade him read the Koran to us, and enforce prophets. on the religiotl of Nohammed, the last of the
\Ire lament the death -of Hosein, " Who S : he, and where does he live ?" WAS the lt 1s with man also. ue feeds on t h i flesh of

Il ' '
on us the observance of the holy fast of and h v e avenged ourselves on h ~ sheartless .
Rm~zan,pilgrimage to Mecca, and bestowal enquiry. He replied :-" S a h is his w a s , deer, hog-deer, goats, shcep and birds ;but when
of n portion of our property on thc poor. murderers. Hence i t is, we hops that the last he lives on high mountains ancl hilioclrs, in the he dies, the worms revel on his rol&rls i n the
Praise be to him for his other mercies: for Imam will bc hor11 in OUT 1-ace." The king up- frigid regions where there are nothing but ; tomb. ~ h u sit i s with all. &metimes the
appointing the night of Qadlr for us, for per- on this tome& tonards his coansellors, and clouds, rains and moisture, and where other j la.rge animals devour thesmaller ones,a3dsome-
mitting us io pray in coogregations, for waking wished to kr~osv if what the Khorasany had animals would perish on account of the iutoier- times the &her fen& on the former. fiellce
us conversnnt mith religious truths, and for pro- npokeu ill f~rrourof his own superiority was true able nature of the cold." " !v110 ore his Sub- PnilosDphershave said that tile death of ono
misiag Heaven to us. Besides these me elljoy other OY not. 011sof the sages a~~snered, if his t r i k jects, and N ~ fi~1.m
O his army ?" " dtlakes, scor- to the ba!lc&t of ~\uoth-r. The Almighty sxys :
blessings, the euumeratiotl of wluch mouid oc- were not cruel and idolatrous, Vfo~hippillg pions. &C,who are i'out~dinfestin:: every house," 6 1 tllpn tine wheels of rortlulic in firvorof
cupy too much time." <'Add, if you please," the suu ; ~ n dthe moon, we would have believed Was the reply. " why cloes he live SO far fY0m and none ljut the wise kuoiv this."' After this
8 troops on such an c1ev:~tiion2'' " Because the fro; mellt on thus :X I am told that man.~cld
said the sage aivxys ready to put a spoke to the him." Wheu these discus.;ions had come to an h 1
whcel, ':add if you pleasc,tLat after hiahommed, end the herald proclaimed aloud aud said, there iu poison i u his moutll, whose heat k e e ! ~ ~conddcr that they are the lords of cre:\tio!l, all&
we disagreed amougst ourselves, forgot all bis " Gentlemen i t is eveuing now ; you can depart; his whole body btiruing, and the refreshing <mLtthe beasts are their slaves. Prom wilat I
relieious precepts, and slaylltered our Imnrus re-assemblc to-rnonaw morx~ing. ~ 0 0 l t l OF
~ sthe frigid zone is c0nsequ~Llt~y more have s:lid jast why don't they ullderstnnd
for korldlj couiiderstions." T h e monarch next ! plensaut to hiru." "Describe his nature and that all aniomls are eclllal alld that there is no
beheld a person standing with an astrolabe aud
-.F
appem.nce"--was the command. " 111 bobh," di&rellce betmeell them and men? Sometimes
electrical apparatus in hand, andwished to know CAAPTER XV 111. retorued the locust, he very much rcsemblcs they eat ancl arc eater, up in their
he He is a Grecinu" was the answer. the sea-dragon." "What sort of a creature is turn. LVheuce then is their superiority over
On the third day vhen all the heasts and men tllat ?" asked the Hiuv "The frog, who repre- ug rhe.n our col~ditionis enacay the same as
H e was a ~ k e d to speak, and complied thus: 1 had taken their ~.espectiveposts hefore the king,
Pmised be God, who has made us more blest than sentis the aquiltic a;imalu," replied the locust, theirs. Virtile and vice will be known d t c r
most other creatures; who l= made our goves
inhis mercy taught us t u u ~ ~ d e ~ s t athe
looked round, when hp chance
on a wolf, who was standing before
abouud mith the most dclicio~isfruits ;who has him. Oo enquiry as to who he was, he replied
n d arts that, ho was ihe representative of the beasts,
1I
" .rviI1 be able to describe him to Four APajes~y." death. The common lot of
The king glanced at th:: crowd assembled, alld mix pith clay. God \vill judge wal When
is to die Bud
behdd the frog stnndi:lg apart, employed iu lqanlii~lddeclare," be continued addresssing the
and sciences, to know the various properties of ! and had come to advocate their cauje. ':Who counting his beads aud praying; On enquiry, k ~ n g , that all the beasts arc their slaves. 1 am
k k g ~ to, become familiar with the ~~~~~se of has sent you", was nest nsked. " T i e lion, the he wns cold that he (the frog) reprcscntcd the perfectly astonished at their ignorance ancl pre-
the heavenly bodies, and to boast of proficiency animals of the aquatic tribe, whose king was thc sumption, and cannot comprehend how they
) king of rapacious animals," was the answer. sea-dragon. Upon which, the monarch desired could have ever come to such an unreasouable
i n Astronomy, Geometry, Astrology, Geomancy, '&Wherelives he, and who are his subjects?"

I
Yedicine, Logic, Natural Philosophy, &c!' "Stop" him to describe the sca-drsgou t o him. K He conclusion, as to think that all brutes, caruioo-

l cLInthe wilderness" was the reply, "and all the

interrupted the querulous sage, "do not take wild animals owe allegiance to hlm." "Who are
credit to yourselves for arts and sciences, which his assistants'l" ,l' The leopard, t h e d e e ~ ,the
you never introduced in the world. I n the time I rabbit, the fox and the beai; all these assist
of Ptolomy you learnt some from the Israelites,
m d others again from the Egyptians, why then him." " Please describe !m ; ", bade his hlajes-
lives in deep, tulaultuous wt~ter," said the frog. rous and graminivorous, as well as birds, includ-
"He is the sovereign of all animals that live in the ing amongst them dragons, cmodiles, serpents
water ; and fishes, turties, frogs aud crocodiles and scorpions, are their slaves. Know they not,
ail owc subjection t o him." Describe his appear- that if the rapacious animals were to emerge
auce and nature," said the king " I n size aud from the forests, the beasts of pray from the
'

began the wolf, '-he

glory in Arts which you borrowed from others 1"
! " Id shape and size,

Is this true l" asked the king. '"Yes" re- is larger thau other animals, stronger also, and
more awful and terrible to look at. Broad in
shape," began the frog, he excels every other moods, and the aliigators from the rivers to -at-
aqulltic animal. Strange and formidable looking, tack them, that they ~ ~ o uaU l dbe destroyed, and
sumed the Greek, ' l we learnt these arts and his
sciences from the ancient sages, even as others I shoulders, slender of loins ; strong pf arms,
now learn from us. Thus always goes the hard of teeth and paws, loud-voiced, dreadful
xud tall in size, he is feared by all. Large- not a single pmsou left living to repeat the
headed, bright-eyed, wide-mouthed, with many tale? Ought not they to be thankful that God
11 to look at ; no oue, neither man nor beast, dare
world, one reaping benefit from the other. approach him. So expert is he in business,
The rules by which Persian sages. make sstro-
I
teeth, he opens his jams, ~ i l din one gulp, has kept them at a distance from their habits-
swallows down innumerable animals of all tio~is? hstead of this, they delight in persecnt-
shapes. When over-gorged, he bends himself ing those haFmless animals who associate with
nomica1 calculations, are all imported from Hin- that he is never dependant on others for help. like a bow, and standing on his hcird and tail, them. and 10 ! they are punished, for do they
doostan. So the Israelites learnt m?, ..?c m d the So geuerous is he, that after destroying his prey, raises the middle part of his body above the 1 noc drge claims which they ca:lnot, estabiish by
use of talismans from Solomon the son of Da.- he shaccs it out among other animals, content- surface of the water, so that the rays of the sun reason or arguments ?" Again looking round,
vid." of all t h e king perceived a well built ! ing himself vith just as much as is sufficient for fall on his stomach, and aid thc digestion of the the king observed a p r r o c sittiug 011 a tree-
with a long beard, who was very i ~ ~ t e n t l y inrn. T h e n he sees light from a distnnce, he food he has taken. Often he faints while in branch, and attentively listcuing to ali what was
looking t o h r d s the sun. G' Who is he 1" was app~oachcsit, and every trrce of anger disappears this state, and the clouds that arise from the mid. When asked who lie was, he replied that he
the enquiry. " He is nn inhabitant of Khoms.. from him. Women aud children he will never ocean somcltimes pull him'up, and cast him on W:LS the advocatc of the birds of prcy: ar~tiwas
sari;' was the answer. On being ordered to attack. He delights in melody. He fears .no dry ground, ~vhcrehe dies and becomes the food s e n t by the pbcenis, their sovereign. Where
speak* he began thus:-"Grateful are we to one, but the ant, for ants eau overpower lions ;
1
that God who has bestowed a variety of fa- even as fleas can overpower elephants and oxen,
of carnivorous mimeb. Often again, he is
taken up so high as to enter the regions of Cog
vours On ns. Our country he has made more and flies men." "How does he treat his sub- and Magog, who feast on him for days and d:~ys,
P ~ P U ~than~ Wother climes, and has made allu- jects ?" oslred the king. " With courtesy and All apuat~canimals f e u him m d fly from him ;
aioa to by the mouth of the prophet in the consideratiou" was the answer. " I shall give though he is a h ~ dof none, but a small c m -
sacred Pages of the Koran, so that several ver- you full details by and by!' ture resembling a flea, whose bite is sure to prove
ses of the holy writ have been exclusively devoted fatal to him, when the other animals all crowd
t o us. In short praise is due t o that ~ o d ,
round his remains and feed 011 if for a lollg time.
has blessed us with the jewel of faith in AS he devours them mhen living, so they in their
 der the burden of fruits that hang from their
boughs. It is moreover peopled with innumer-
able kinds of bea3ts.r The king next wished
to be favored with a description of the phmnix
himself. "He is larger than all other birds,"
returned the pnrrot, "and swift and strong in
flight,. Bis talons and bill are hard, and his
wings broad, so that when he cuts through the
air, you would think him to be a ship sailing over-
head of you. His tail again is very long. When
he dies, there is violent concugsion i n the wind,
--- mountains
and -. ~
and hills shake under him. Re
-
is so strong that h e lifts up elephants, rhinoce-
roses, h. from the ground with the great-
est
.-. ease." The king next desired him to de-
-~ - -
one is ubiquitous, one king could scarce suffice
for the well-being of all the realms nf this
earth. Again as each town is peopled by lam
and Iacs of men, and as the nations differ from
each other in Iar~guageand religion, itwould be im-
possible for any one aerson to govern the whole
race. Hence it is that God Almighty has made
several kings, vho are designated His representa-
tives on earth, and mho ;we made lords of others,
that they may protect their subjects, be kind
and lenient to all who approach them, dispense
stern justice in the world, and make-his people
abstain.from what is displeasing to God, who in
reallty ra the sole sovereigu and protector of
i all creation."
l

scribe hi nature;-but he simply contented

himself
- --... bv saving that his &isposition was
-

good and dpro;hiszd zo enter into -details sorue I; - -- - , XX.

CHAPTER
-- - -

WHENthe Irakee had ceased speaking, the

king on lo@l;ingtowards the crowd, was greeted
with a soft, bnszing sound, and irnluediately
plaiied against you." Questioning them fa- wings, praising and glorifying God. On being
* mediate$ afterwards he asked, Who is your asked, he acknowledged who he was, upon
king ?" They answered 'c We have many which the king wished to know why he had
sovereigns, each liviug in his own kingdom come personnlly and not depntcd some one from
with his subjects and troops." Why is this 9" ! his suhjeds. "I felt compassion for them," was
l
he asked, "the beasts, notwithstauding that the answer. <<anddid not wish to put any one
they - are many, have orLe monarch, while you to tronb!e." "Others did not show this consi-
1
few though ye artre! have so mauy. One of deration," observed the monarch "how is it that
them. a native of I r k . returned. The necessities this quality is to be found only in you 1" "God
of mankind are
f1
they biffer from each has bestoGed i t on me;' he returned, "and
other in their several conditions. and hence re- several other properties besides that." What
quiremore than one ruler. ?Tot so the beasts. are these?"--"Jlany, which are exclusively
Amongst them! you will find that the largest ours. The rank o f Prophets and Angels is
and biggest in slze is appointed king ;whereas ours. Other animals have it not. w e are con-
amongst mankind, the king is often a thin, versant with mathematics, we construct our
slender being. We loot not to his size. All houses mith exquisite nicety. The flowers and
that we require are justice, equity and benevo- fruits bloom and blwh for us. Unprevented by
lence on his part, with kindness and consider- any, we feed on the sweets of the earth: and
ation for the whole race of man ; his servants from our saliva is produced honey, wwhh in
also are many. Some are soldiers and bear medicinal matters conduces to the recovery of
arms to defend the king from his foes, arid keep health among mankind. The I h a n bears tes-
the city clear of thieves, rohbers, and other timony to the truth of what I say. Besides the
rogues and vagabonds of the same kind. Some Creator has made us with such art, that our
are ministers, chancellors and clerk's, t o look to very formation is a proof direct in faror of the
t h e internal msnagernent of the state, and keep existence of a Maker. Look at us, how wonder-
the Treasury full for the support of the army. ful and delicate our "mah" is : our body is
Some are farmers and cultivators, others cazees divided into three parts. The middle part is CHAPTER XXI. .
and moofties, who dispense laws, for it is in- like a square, the lowest is long and the upper-
cumbent on sovereigns t o see that the laws most round. We have four hands and feet, (R-hich
(civil and divine) are resxlected, and the people form a s it were the boundary line of a hem-
11
deviatenot from the patd of rectitude. There gon,) and which aid us in sitting, rising and
are merchants again, who travel about, look to c o ~ s t r u c ~ i nour
g dwellings with such a d e g r ~ a
cotnmerciel matters, and improve by trade. of gracefulness and care that the winds cannot
1
Some ag$in are exclusively given up to servitude, enter it to harm us or our gouug ones. These
auch a s menial slaves, Be. Besides t h w there memhen, also aid u s in fetching fruits and leaves
are. others, indispensably required by the king, [ and tlowers, which we keep in deposit in our
without whom, in fact, the business of the state 5 hives. Our wings are strong, to .enable us to
would come to a stand-atill. Consequently ! fig, and our stings are charged with venom which
1
mankind reqaire many rulers t o superintend preserves u s from the attacks of all our enemies.
over the policy of the several cities, and t o pre- Our neck8 are thin and slender, m that r e can
vent harm befalling any one of them. As no Y easily turn our heads towards the right or the
 IKBW AN-00s-SUFFA.
voice and observed :--"It is a matter of surprise false. I h t him nest t u ~ nhis attention to the
anb. Srurll though she is, she still coustructs
t o see t h e monarch respecting the lcadcr of t h e labyrinthiue
bees more than any one else.'; A ~ h i l o s o p h c r subterranean house's, uuapproach.
from t h e giants, race returned-<' Woncler not, food able bv the most dreadfa! of inundatioas. Her
though yrssoob is small and diminutive of sire, also she coilects therein. When moistened
yet in sense and discretion h e is unsurpassed by by auy chance, she lays it out in the suushine
nnv
--J-
RP; i s fit
--
at any time t o teach otllcrs how to dry. T h e n any grain is about to germinate,
hi&elf: and i t i s c~~stonla?y she immediately dit.ides it into two parts I n
~-

- - - -- like
t n become -
with kings to shorn kindness and consideratioil summer, several of them assemble nud go out
t o those who are their equals both in rauk all& i n quest of food. If one of them finda aught,
possessing qualities which grace ropdiy, aithougl~ mhich ou account of its weight she cannot
these latter mav differ i n form aud fe:ttu~.cs Ero~il removc, she immediately takes a slnall particle -
CRAPTER XXII.

not also attended to, hence they fall unwell

sweetmeats. * * * To amuse ourselves we have
danciug, music, singi~r~, games, and all the plea-
sure8 of innocent conversation. We dress also
oerg splendidly, and our jewellery is magnificent
i n the extreme. Carpets of the richest texture
we spread, and sit under gorgeous canopies of
every hue. Where do the beasts cojoy this
state? They live in woods and forests, graze,
l count that they are always liable t o sudden
and work like slams. A11 these circumstances
prove their inferiority." The representative
of the birds, the Nightingale, who was per-
ching on a twiw opened his mouth and said :
-c'Maa glories zmself on the articles of his
food and drink; but he does 11ot know that
P1 these arc the sources of evil to him." " Why
should they be so 1" enquired the liiug-"Be-
1 why w e partake d these in common, even as
cause,'' returned the speaker, "to e t i n these
they are constrained to toil hard, to dig, plotlgh,
smwthen the earth, fill water, M W the seed, cut
&heplant, weigh, bake and cook ; then again for
meat, to quarrel with butchers, keep accounts
with bunlaeald, and for the sake of gain, acquire
arts and sciences, afflict their own bodies,
travel to far, distar~t countries, stand with
hands folded before rich men for the paltry stlrp
of a pice or two ; in short these are the erils
they suffer to gaiu the llrxuries of life. And after
their death, all their gains fall i n L0 the of
strangers. l f they have acquired these by fair
means, well and good : if not eternal pains are
reserved for them, in the next world. We are
exempt, from all these. We feed on grass 411
that the earth produces we enjoy without care
o r trouble, and many are the fruits which a
bountiful ~ o hasd made for our use, for whioh
we are deepiy thankful to Him. We have never
togo in quest of food and drink, w l ~ r o v e rwe
sometimes. The reason why your children fall
sick is this: preguant women and nuram eat
the food you praise s o much, and the result is
that it breeds humours which spoil the milk,
and children are either born deformed o r are
continually ailing afterwards. It is on this ac-
deaths, and pains and torments. I n short, it is
your own deeds that keep you exposed to all
these sufmings from which we are exempt.
Honey you consider to be very good both for
food arid medicine ; but mind, i t is collected by
the bees and not prepared by any art of yours.
On what then do you glory ? Fruits and coril?
vour and our ancestors did. Wheu your first,
pareilts Adam and Eve were i n the Garden of
Eden, and enjoyed its fruits without ally toil
or trouble on their part, our first pnrents were
there also, sharers and companious of their ease.
When your ancestors overloaked the injuuction
of God, and tempted by the enemy, ate the
fatnl .grain, the angels came dowu, expelled
them from Paradisa, and cast them in such n
clime, where there mere no flowers or lavea,
much less fruits. For a long time they wept
and mourned in that scene of desolation. ~t
last they repented, the Creator took wrupassioo
on them, and an angel was sent to place them
on earth, nhich they mere to dig, and sbm seeds
therein. They were also taught how to grind,
cool; and weave clothes for t!aeir use. Xiipht
and dayit was theirs to work on m~iutzrrupted-
Iy. & W h i ntheir children iticreased and spread
through the wilds and fastnesses of the earth,
then it was that persecution began, The other
denizens of the world were deprived of their
habitations, many were taken and placed in
 IKSIWbhT-OOS-SUFP.4. 27
tional exercises are practised night and day heat and cold. T l ~ u thsy s roved about in t h e
regulwlg. In a rurd. ve need not perform those ' garden, enjoying the frnits of all the trees,
!
acts in which you glory so much." When khe mithont toiling as they IIOW do. Cod had com-
winged speaker hsd come to a conclusion, the 1 manded them to eat thc fruits of all trees but
king asked mankind if they had aught furkhher one. Satan, howeve~s.beguiled them. They for-
t o nrse. One of thorn, an inhabitant of I~aak, got the irljunction of tile .41111i&hty arld sinned.
replied, that there yet remained several qualities j Then their glory dcparted from them ; their
in manz which established his claim t o superi- ( long ringlets dropped off, they became naked, and
shawli and b-ades,
'I
ority. 4"n the ~ngnificeuceof dress, me have the angels, i n obeciience to the command re-
silk, sable..skin. muslin, satin ceired from God, descended from Heaceu,
&c. me have carpets spread on the Yoor, and ancl expe2.d them from the Bower of Bliss,
canopies and other coverings to give ccicit t o 5 cvsn as already recounted by She philosopher
our state. To the beasts ail these are denied. of she genii." When the advoute had spoken
Naked they rove &\,out like s l a ~ e in 1
s the wilder- thns, lilallkind desired him and his tribe to re-
ness, aud therohy es:abliih our claim of supe- rnain a i l e ~ and ~ t cease to speak. " Why 1" asked
/
riority oier them. T h e Liventics of Heaver, tbc former speaks. Eeciuse~" they $id,
'I
which are cor~fcrredon us, prow r:s to be the lords &'gou,~aptoriala:iimals are t!ie most ~uischiev-
of t h e brute creatior~; a t ~ dit is i ~ ~ c u m b e uont ous ou ei;r:h and tll3 must ha:d hearted. You
us to ksep them within the bounds of snbmis- devour botli tlie living nod the dead. Eepond
1
sion." L; What, ausmer do you now return 1" wisiling evil to eve?? created oltject you have
asked the king. ;..~iciresill$the beasts. Their re- nothii~; t o do." " Horn do you prove t h j ~
presentaiive: &,deila, spoke thus t o mau, " You " Every rapacious animal," they replied, "tires
?"

who glory irl ii~tedrcss,will you please tell us, 1 by preying on others, whose hones they gnaw
I violently robbed the beasts of ihe sarnc?''/
where these robes were in times of old. b v e xrld vrliose blood they dri:~]:. without feeling any
~ O L not pity or compassion," .'This they hare been
Mankind mished to 1;11om to what time h e was ! instructed by you to do," ret1:rned the advocate,
referring 1 Iu reply to .which7 i t was said :- I " if !tot, we were pe~feectstrangers to such cruel
"The ssftest and most c\eliwte of dresses that I hah~ts. Before the creation of hdaru no ~ n i -
are made tviti~zhi: slimg. t u r e ~ of i
you p11i on are silk and brocade, both of mhich znal preyed. upon another, T h e n one died
i a worm uot then the ot!lers ~vouldfeast on its lifeless re-
belougiu r tn your tribe. He prepares i t for his mains, h u t in 110 case wouid they aottcck o r in-
own w m k o r bmd couvenienca in miuter; but ( jure any living hoiug. As tons ns me could
you, disrsgardil~gall his Ixbors, rob him of the j find dead bodics mo never thought of depriving
I
same; for which act of injualice God is not i,sck- any cl-egtture; but w11r11 that faliccl, then
maril i n punishing you, i u as much as you are ( we could not but kili. lVhsn you were born,
1
coudernued to Iabor i n syiuuiug :rnd weaving ancl ! goats, sheep, oxen, camel3 aud asses were
then being depeudan~o n the tsilor far its bcing all made prisolicrv by you, no animals es-
sewed and the washerman for its being washed. caped. How then could mg procure the flesh of
Many other troubles you also undergo, lu or- these in the woods 2 We were compel!ed there-
der t o preserve i t safe for purposes of sale. fore to prey on living creatures. But this is
Oftell it is that the hides of beasts form yonr permitted us: even as it is allowed you to feed
covering, and the most valuable of Sour clothes on dead bodies when you are in a state of star-
are made of wool of which you vioientiy deprive vation. As reprdu the charge of cruelty and
them, and then take all the 'glory to yourseif. hard-heartednrss, xvhich YOU bring against us,
Sach vanity is perfectly uucalled for. If we no other animals that we l i ~ ~ of wbring a simi-
bonsted of our wool, it would be more reason- charge. We rip open the stomachs of others,
able ; for the Creator intended it for our oover- you s : ~ ,feed on their flesh and drink their
ing, to preserve us ,from heat and cold. The blood. why, 2 / 0 ~do the same, you slaughter
moment that we are born, this garment is placed them, cut them with knives, flay tbe=.,rip open
on us without any toil or trouble on our part ; their stomachs, break their bones, roast and eat
whereas you, to the last momellt of goor lives them : all these you do, fiat we. If YOU would
are perpetnally i n thoughts of cloihiug, Your consider the matter well, you wouid find that
ancestors disobeyed God, and you are punished the crsuelties exercised by u s are nothing in corn-
for that one fault of theirs." The king wished parison with your own. You treat your bro-
CO know something of the origitlai nature of thers eveu in a yay that we never do. YOU
Adam. Eitl&a answered :-<C When the Lord moreov~r sag that p c never benefit others. 1s
created him and Eve, he illtended that they it so '! What benefit do you derive f~.om our
should be fed aud clothed like any other animal. hides. T h e beasts of prey that are confined
h d i n fact, on the east side of Eden, on a in your homes,-derive you no benefit from
mountain of ,diamond, through ~ h i c hpassed them 1 But' what advantage do others derive
the Equinoctial line they both lived. When from YOU f On the contrary i t is obvious that
created, they had no ; bat their own Y O U slaughter and devour us. a n d such is t h e
long, waving locks served t o bide their naked- enmity YOU show us, that your dead even YOU
ness, and preserve them from the efects of h h u m e in t h e earth, 60 that your Living and
 28 IKRWAN-OOS-SUFFA. IKH WAN-00s-SUFFA.
dead are equdly of no use to as. We, You fur- to their parents? We are not enjoined to do
ther say, slay and destroy other animals. Yes, CHAPTER XXIII. the same, because we are never guiity of intide-
we do ; but we have lear~ltit from you. We see lity and disobedience!' When the parrot had
that from the time of Cai11 aud Abel, to the pre- ceased speakipg, the giants assented to the trnt,h
sent day, you are always e n ~ = e din strife nnd af his assertions, and maukind held down their
contention with each other. Rusturn, Isfundiar, heads through shame and remained silent. Upon
Jumsheed, Zohak Fureidoon, Afrasiab, 3Iuuoo- this the king turning to a philosopher, wished to
know, what sovereign was most liind and consi-
derate to his subjects' and troops ? The ruler
of the angelsn-answered the sage ; for every
tribe and individual of man and beasts is
guarded over by angels, whom God has appoint-
ed to defend them from all harm. And the
angels too have their ruler, who governs their
different orders under different denominations."
"How came the angels t o imbibe such love for
each other 1" enquired the king. '<The 81-
mighty has endowed them mith it" vns the re-
ply. Man's love for man is not equal to the one
hundred thousandth part of Cod's love for
them, for when 1Te created them, Hc gave
His augels charge over them, made thcm
with the most exquisiteperfection of art, blest
them with power6f understanding, by mcaas of
whiob they could distinguish good from o i l ;
for their convcuience and comfort He madc
the sun, moon and other heavenly const&n-
tions, and the trees were rendered fruitfill so that
species into nvhioh birds were divided. It is they may be provided with food. AU these
true, they are divided illto various tribes ; but prove the loving kindness of the Ualier." 'l Of
for every good tribe, in svhirh he glories, there thove angels who are appointed to guard over
ever gOUr tyrefib kings have occasion to doubt is another most vicious and corrupt. Nimrod and mankind who is the chief?" enquired the
the virtues of any person, they expel him to Pharoah, mere men ; besides, they have atheists, king. &'Thespirit that speaks in him," he re-
the wilrierness, and if the beasts injure him fomlcators, hypocrites, heretics, plied, ~'Frum the time that Bdam was born
not, consider him to be innocent ; for k i ~ ~ dtyrants, highm:ly robbers, thieva, knaves, pick- th13 1s with him. T h o ~ espirits that fell dow11
knows its kind, and it is because that the indi- pockets, li;irs, chblts, eutiuchs, ad&- before him are the bodily spirits, who obey and
vidual is inuocerlt, that they do not harm him. tcrers, fools, misers, a ~ l dothers, are governed by the speaking spirit Those who
True it is: 'lords are recognized by lords.' whose evil habits cannot be, decelltly expressed, worshipped him not, are the passions. Eblees
yes : there are wicked ones fouod amongst .us ; d u d we are worse than these !-On the contrary is one of them. The spirit of speech is yct to
but where are they not? In every trihc: there we their good qllalities, for me have be found in the children of bdnm, even as his
are .good rud wicked individuals t o be found. governors alld respectai>leazsistants friends, form and features are still preserved in his de-
But those, who are even mischievous amongst us, In fact, in justice and respectat1ility, our r&rs scendants. On the day of judgment, Sdam in
do not attack those of your race who are viutuous; are better t b n those of men, because the latter these very forms and features will rise again and
although they devour tbe wicked without any protect their suf,jects to derive benefits from euter Paradise." The king wished to kuum
hesitation. The Almighty says L-: I have placed them, The moment they gain their *hjoot, why the angels and spirits mere invisible. ‘c Cc-
$rants to tyrannise over tyrants, that they may they think no more of their people and cause," answered the sage, they are creatures
thus feel the effects of their sin."' Wheu this army. rs tilis acting respectably? angs are of light, and elude our senses. The prophets see
speech had come to an end, a philosopher of the houlld to be always kind .arid lenient to their them, however, for their minds are also steeped
genii remarked: I t is true, the virtuous fly srliljects even as the ~ l ~ iis to ~ ~i~
h creatures.
t ~ in light, ignorance haugs not her pall over thcm,
from the wicked and as3ociate with the good of The of the beasts are always watchful to their souls are always watchful ; hence it is, that
another tribe, and those who are vicious fly promote the good of their people andamy. soalso the^ hold intercourse with these spirit% cou-
from the companionship of the good, alld mingle those of the ants and the birds, who &tend to verse with them, and communicate to manbud
with ~ r m t u r elike ~ themselves. If rnaukil~d, the prospedty of their subjects the generally the messages they receive from Heaveu
&erefore, were 110tevil, why would their hermits hope of r8ward from them. ~h~~ nourish their through them." " Con time thy speech," order-
and saints abjure their society, and go md live young also, without expecting a return of ser. ed his majesty, addressing the parrot, who went
1
in the woods associating with the rapacious ani- vice from them as mankind do, demanding favor
mals, who are not of the same kiud s. thcyl for favor and service for service. They bring
Externally there is no resemblance between j forth their young, aud hope nothing from them.
on thus :-$'Tilis man s q s that there nre many
skilful artists to be found in his tribe. This is not
to be made a subject of vaunti~ig,for amongst
them 1 hut in nature they are alike." The crowd They feed them, however, and take care of them us there are many who rival him i n those arts.
o f ~ a o t s ; p ~ n t t h e r e , d I c o ~ ~ ~ ~ r r e dopini-
i n t h . i ovip
~ tbrough love ond affection. Thus they The bee, for instance, is more skilfizl than their
on, and mankind, assailed on all sides with taunts please God, who provides for his creatures, with- architects, inasmuch'as sne constructs her house
and reproaches, were obliged to hold their peace out expecting t h a n h . If men were not exceed. withoat such materials as bricks and earth, lime
a n d bend low their heads through shame. It ingly ungrateful why would the Lord make it and mortar. Circles she describes nrithout, the
am evening now and the Court broke up. . 1 b c ~ ~ m b e on
u t them to be thankful to &m6, and use of a compacs, and draws straight lirles with-
28
nut a cylinder; whereas mankind can never
dispe~lse with these instruments. The spider
again, who is the weakest of reptiles, is more
than a matoh for their weavers iu the a r t of
spiuning and weaving. She first draws O U ~
threads from her slimy secretions, and then
twasts them iu circular directions. She leaves
a small space in the middle, designed for the
reception of fliev on which she preys. In alI
these arrangements, she requires no assistancc ;
whereas their weavers do. The silk-worm also
a small, weak creature, surpames their artists.
When well fed, she to a tree, weaves a
circular web? makes it as strong as possible, and
impervious to rain, and sleeps in it. This art
she lcnows without being instructed by parents
or tutors. Thread and needle, which areso iudis-
pensable to their tail~:~,she never uses. The
swallows, and more partieula~lythe bya, with
about twenty or thir$ e g F arc collected, she
dividcs them into three heaps, orlo she deposits
under earth, another exposss to the heat of the
San, and a third keeps u~lderher own wiljgs.
When the young are hntchcd, she digs the
ground, extracts worms therehorn, and feeds
her little ones. women never act thus. They
are delivered by mid!vivcs, and as soon as
the child is boru, hired n ~ v s e s bathe it, ancl
wet-nurscs suckle and cast i t on a cradle t o
sleep. The mother all the while knows nothing
about it. Their children too are e s t r e ~ e l y
foolish, .and have no discrimination of good
from evil. After fiftecn or twenty years they
come to reason and discretion, yet even then
they cannot do without teachers. Thcir whole
life they spend in learning to read and write, and
still for all that, remaiu os great fools as ever.
Not ao we. The moment we are born, me know
eve1.y thing good and evil. Fowls, partridges,
aud quail% for instance, rnn about thclr pnreuts
ns YOOU a s they are hatched, and fly off from
those who attempt to outch them. This in-
atinct is given them by Cod Himself, Because in
renrillg them up, both the male and female bird
1
do not joiu, as is the case with pigeous, &c. Cqn-
oequently God has cudowed them vith the pow-
er of knowing good from evil, by means of
which they are not entirely dependant on their
mothers, 21s the young of beasts are for milk,
ancl those of birds for graiu. Now say, who is
higher in the estimation of thc ,-$mighty z
Night and day me pray to Him and are cause-
q u c n t l ~blessed with especial favbrs. yousag
that you have poets aud prea~hel.~ amongst
y02b only. This is because p u understand ]lot
1 the la*lwge of beasts. If you xcrc couversaut

; ~ i f the
i devotional practices of the reptiles, the I lence of the infidels- The same was the case
of the illsects and beasts, t h e descriptive with Phmoah? who persecuted t h e sons of IS-
, prnyers offered by t h e { rael. Bur tne same Bhnlghty y o r e r shielded
powers of the i o c a ~ tthe
fro& the lectures of the nightingnle, the preach- ; hfoses from all harm. Say what t h e a a t r o l ~ ~ e ? ~
of the lark, the llotice to worship given try : may. the decrees of Fate -are never t o be alter-
;
the rnek, t b e cooings of the pigeon, the forebod- ed. &hy then glory in your astrologe~sand dot.
1'
ings of t h e crow, the eullogiuzn p m ~ ~ o ~ ~ nbyc c d tors ? These people can only mislead the &no-
the swallow, the fear of God entertained by the rant. Those who confide i n the mercies of
besides d i c h the religions exercises of i a Providence never beliese the assertions of meu
the nuts and hees ;if you were conversant with { like these? Here the king interrupted the
all these, you vonld have known that they too parrot, and wished to kuorr, why i t was that
I
had eloqt~eetspeakers aud preachera, and eler nstrologera took the trouhie of learnitrgn science,
gant poets amongst them. The Almighty Hirn- which was after all poweriess in reruoving evil.
self says : 'Every created ohject repents the : "The removal of evil is possible," rctnrned the
praises of God.' You do not know this ; from other, "not by the skill of t h e astrologer, but,
rvhich it appears that you are entirely eartly by t h mercy of God who has made astro!ogers
i n your nature, that you understnnd not thcir j too." "How is this mercy t o be obtained?"
language of praise. K~~nwledge is for ns :-Be I! asked the king. " Ey oolrservil~gthe command-
says :-'Every beast Icnova how t o pr:lise God.' ments laid down in t h e Sacred W r i t i r ~ ~ s ,
!
Now the r i s e and ignorant are not l a t h equal. b weeping, nrrying, futing, arcrilcing, giving
W e are therefore higher in ra111i than you. : alms-deeds, and by wor3hippi::g with a clean
i
Why then foolishly depreciate our merits a ~ i d aud pure heart. These will bring down the
exalt your own ? As regards your vaurlte(1 p1.o- grace of Qod, aitd preserre us from all dangers.
ficiency i n astrology, know you not that this : The astrologe~s and soothsryers profess oglp
scie~lceis only professed arld believed by fools ; [ to foretell that such and such an evil mill be
that women aud children only p n t faith in its i s e ~ tbbg God: why uot pray to Goci Himself
revelations ; but that the wise do not pur, crc- then, to keep off t h e erii, rather than try to
dence in them ? The professors of this scie~lcc,j escape by the aid of astrolo~y?'' " If I>yprac-
j1~3tfor the purpose of misleading ignorant peo- ( tisilrg devotious me can remove evil, obscw.ved
pie, give out that such a caiamity will IjefaI 1 the kiug, "it appears that the mill of God can be
sllch a city after ten or twerlty years ; whereas i changed .also." " No i t is uot," replied the
they know not what will happen t o themselves other, &<onlythose who pray to God for safety
or their families. They generally prophesy nhout are exempt ft-om the evil : for iustance, when
coantries far distant, that the generality of the astrology informed Kinrod, that a child was t a
1
public may easily believe them. Those who are be born, who would eventaaily overthrow and
misled -and unenlightened, put faith on t h e exterminate t h e idolaters, and t h e r e b ~alluded
1
assertions of wtrologers ; for instatwe such of to Abrahnm, if Nimrod a t that moment prayed
their tin!@ .rho are tyrants and deepots, rho t o Rod to remove from hirn t h e danger threat-
believe not i n another world, and who are blind I ened, He would have made him profess the
t o the decrees of fate. Nimrod was one of this ) faith of Abraham, and his troops and subjects
kind ; Phwoah amther, who, iu pnrsuance of 2 would have then been saved from destruction.
i
what t h e astrdogem told him murdered hun- So also, when the astrologers foretold the hirth
tfioumnds of innocent children. H e of Moses, if Pbamah bad supplicated Cod for
knew t h ~ t h e re,aulatiolt of the world was en- sssistance, the Atnighty would have convertd
trusted t o seven planets and twelve houses of him t o t h e faith of the Israelites. and saved his
the Zodiac- B e knew not, that nothing was ) hosts from being overthrown him ; even as his
done ~ t h o u tthe will of the Almighty, who wlfe waspreserved by God, and blest bp being
made both the plenatn and t h e h o u s u of the biought
Zodiac. the true faith. The tribe of Jonas
again cried t o the Lord in their distress and he
Fat& stsrn decress'are never changed b p schemes.' relieved them." "This is all very true," observ-
ed t h e king, " i t is useless now t o study t h e
At last, what God had milled happened. secrets of astrology. Suffice i t t o know what
%W run t h e details. The astrologers had told will happen, and then pray to God to avert t h e
Nimrod, that i n his reign s child mould be
calamity. These are what Moses taught ta t h e
born, who would eventually overthrov idolatry,
and extirpate t h e idolators from the land. When children of Israel. When you are in distress,'
he said, 'CV to the Lord, weep, and lament
h e wished t o know where he would be born, for your sins, and Be, the Almighty will relieve
in what family, and where brought u p they you.' From Adzm t o Mohamed, i t has always
could not satisfy him; upon .which th; king
pawed a general order, that every child born been t h e y t i c e of the prophets, t o counsel
their peop e t o cry for help t o the Almighty i n
that Year, was t o be destro ed, thinking that t h e time of distress. Rence i t is proper that
t h e ihxded child would &O be ono of the we ahould make a right use of astrology, and
number. w e l l and what happened ? Abraham not abuse it, as they do in the world, hy forget-
born, and Qod saved him from the malevo- ting Cfod end ascribing UU t o the revolutions af
IHRW -43-00s-SUFFA. 31
i'
the planets. I n sickness also, it is our duty, the existence of sense and reson. Besides
first to prny to the Lord for the restoration of these there are several other kinds of false faith
health, (for this is done only through his grace I and religions which mislead mankind. We pro-
and mercy,) and not place all our trust and wo- fess one faith, a s me believe in one Qod, whom
fidence on physicians, who are ouen to error like we continu:illy worship, withont vaunting of
ourselves. Warrg a person bns' fniled to bo res- our supeliority. We aye thankful t o Him for
tored to health, i u spite of all the Doctor's what He hnsgiren us, never break His comraand-
exertioos. Many have written their humble rneuts, never asli Hirn why thisis so, and not so,
supplications 011 pieces of paper which they as mankind delight to do, when they question the .
have attrolled to the wails and pilirrs of mos- i v i d o ~ ndiipli~gedin Ria ordinances. You also
1
ques, nod the mercy of the Lord has de- glory iti your geometricinns and mathemnticinus ;
scended on them and they have got well. T h ~ l s but what are these pmplsO Xight xnd day they
i t is necessary to accibs a\l t h starry ~ influence are p~izzleiLdin swtrch of p~oofs. T h i ~ i pbeyond
to the Creator Himself. and never believe what ! cornprehension thev pretend to elucidate. Thus
t h e astrologers say. A certi~inKirlg wn3 inform- { they \vaste their liv-s in learning sciences per-
ed by one of tllcsc people, that a calamity m;is to { fectly useless i n themselves ; ignorn~lt all the
befal his Capital, by which the inh:~lrit:~nts while of that grand science, which tcaches how
would be exposed to great duogsr. When desir- t o be h:ippy herc nrld hereafccr. Same are en-
t.d to explain the nature of t h e catnxtrophe, they grossed it1 calculating the distances of remote
esDreasad themselves uriable ; htrt foretold that i heavzuly bodies, some in itlvestigatiug the height
I
o i s n c h a date of. sach a rnnnth, the cala~nity of rooar~t;rinsand clouds, some iu n~easuriapthe
would befill the city. The King referred to his leugth of forests and the depths of rivers, and
peopie, and wished to know horv i t was possible some puzzle their heads in cornprcheudiug the
to --cape from the danger threatened. Tile lnivs of the solar system, or dnterulining the
priests advised, that on the day appointed, it centre of the earth. And all this time they
was proper for the King to retire with his sub- 1 ktrow notl~ing of the physiology of their own
jects, high and low,rich sad poor, t o a distant bodies. They know not how the intestitles are
part of the country, and there to weep a ~ t dcry placed, and hat duties they perform ; what
y t h ; ~day,
t o God for safety. d c c o r d i ~ i ~ ion t the strength is possessed L)y the ribs of the breast ;
monarch, with rr~ostof his s ~ ~ l ~ j e!eft c t sthe city, j mhat are tile nature of the henrt and b r a i ~ ~ s ,
relircd to a distaut part of the couutry, and them j how the \ m e s are arranged ; and how the j o i ~ ~ t s
bepun praying for stlfety from the misfortune strengthened. These particnlar~, which to
with which they weye threatened. There they know is both simple and necessary, they never
p;ist the night in watchfulness. Bnt others, who study ; \sherens, it is from Cl~ese,t l ~ ire
t come
'did ,lot care for the forel~odingsof tile Astrolo- to know the Creator, even as the prophet Says :
gers, did uot leave their homes. I n the 11ight a ' He who knoms himself, kcoms God!. nnoral~t
,,ere
on low
shower of raiv fell, the city was situi~ted as they are, they still for all thai never h i z h t in
so the waters rushed in from all the words of God, nor observe the rites of cir-
sides, and those who had remained io the town j cumcicion and true faith. YOU boast a@in of
mere destroyed ; whereas those who were out ! your doctors. But you require their nssista~lce
weeping and pr:~yingt o God, ?aped, cven as : only u~hen'lustor intemperance breeds a malady
Noah and his family, from the uulvers:rl derstruc- in you. Then you run to them. Only the sick
tion of the Deluge. 111 reference to this, God go to physicians and druggists, even as the
were in the Ark with him, I saved; and &strop !1
expresses Bimself thus:-. 10211, and those who wretched and unfortunate congregate on the
doors of tbe astrologers, who are sure t o make
ed the rest because thcy would not put faith mntters worse ;for they have no power to change
on what 1 said.) YOU are proud again because ! the evil aspect of a plar~et; yet still for all that,
sou are phi[osophers and Logicians. But knom j many a professor of that science, writes down
you not that these scieiices o:lly mislead you." nonsense on a piece of PP to misleafi fools.
" How ?" enquired man. .
Bs~ausethey iuduce The sun* is the case v i t h ph.6ciillls,mho gene-
you t o turn away your facp. from religion, and by rally i m e + s e the malady of theil* ~ a t i e u t s by ,
pointing out contradictions in your sacred hooka, advising them t o abstain from thi~lgswhich would
shake your'faith in them. O p i u i o ~ ~sod s reli-, have ensured a speedy cnre If the diseases
gions then begin to dif?er. Some cousider this were left to nature, they would -vanish earlier.
11
world as ancient, and others regard ckdos as old. Hence their i t is foolish for you to boast of your
Some believe thnt appearalrces blve aIways exist- physicia~tsand nstrologcrs. We clo not require
ed. Some say there are two evils existi~rg,some these. 1% regulate our diet, and therefore never
three, some four, five, s i r , or eve11 as far R 8 S ~ V ~ I L . falling sickt never need the prescriptions of the
Some believe i n the CO-esioter~ce of l;\l:~kerand former uor their mixtures, and electunry medi-
made. Some think the world t o "e iuEuite, while cines. Tliose who are free, depend on no one.
others believeit finite. Some heileve ill i t s revo- S1:rves only rut1 about begging assistalx:e from
lutions, others do n o t Some put f8ith in the I others. Sour merchants, architects and farm-
prophets and their saying, others ~ e f ~ l to s edo so. er5 again, i n whom you glo~y,are worse than
some wander.in the mists of doubt, others deny f slaves, worse treated than beggars. Pe~-petuall

yet there is uniformity in our spirits whereas ckuse this is pleassnt to bin^." T h e n Christ
mankind are just the reverse." '' Horn do you asked, wlio were d l l i r ~ gto assist in the service
prove this 1" By referring to t h e variety of their of God, all his friends ansmered that they mere
creeds. They are split up into thousands of ready. Cyon which he remarlied:-' If ye are
sects such as J e m , Nazarines, Gucbres, Bypo- willing, prepare yourselves for death aud the
crites, Atheists, Idolators, Fire-worshippers, Cross, so that you can go to heaven mith me and
R b r - ~ r l n r ~ r a and
- -. besides
- these several more. live with your brethren there. And if ye do not
whose opinions differ from each other, even as assist me, ye are not mine.' At last, they were
those of worldly philosophers do. " * * * all sacrificed for God's mke and nevcr prol?&
Each regards tho other as an atheist, and faithless to Christ. I n the same way the Era.
calls down curses on his head. We are free mins of India destroy themselves, and for the
from these diversities. Our Faith and Seli- sake of religio~~
~
burn themselves living, on
gion are one. In a word all the animals are piles of fire, believing a11 the nrhile, that God is
pure and clean in heart. They know not pleased, whcn thc repentant sinner ~ncri5ceshim-
what hypocrisy, crime, and wickedness are; they self to obtain parclon of his sins. Devotees, in
believe in the unity of God ; ncknomledge Him this maner, subdue the lusts of the flesh, so
t o be ~ r o v i d e n t : think of Ilim nixht and that not a single deaire remains to draw them
day; and are a;lways employed i n Eounting j away from commu~~ion wit11 God. In a word,
therr beads. But mankiod are not acquainted all the P ~ O ~ ~ SofS OHeligio~~ ~S have co~lsider~d
,l
with our mode of prying." A Persian remark- seu-sa~rifice the surest meatls of avoiding
"We also think God to be the Creator Hdl and gaining EIcaven. Ent in cvel-p religion
and Provider of all, and believe in HIS Unity." I there arc good and bad individoaLs. The worst,
"Then why have you so many sects amongst however, are they, who believe not in 2 day of
you ? l J asked the king : " Religion and Faith," ! Judgment, nor in a day of Account ; who dread
returned the other, "are means by which me i not the recl~utalof crimes, and who doubt in
attain certain ends. How, as long s s our e t ~ dia I the unity of Gocl, t ~ ~ vhom
I
the same, it matters not what means we employ are bant.'?Wheu
~ dall sour hopes
the Persinn had coore to s
1
in gaining it Go, in whatever direction we Pause in his sl~ecch,a Bindoo contiuued, saying:
like, as all more towards God." If each wishes -''The race of -%dam is more uurnerom than
t o go to the same God," asked the king, all the beasts put together. There are nineteen
why do they kill and slaughter each other 1.' t h o ~ ~ s a ncities
d 111 the world, populated bp
"Not for religious purposes," answered the ous kinds of people. In the habitable world,
I
other, "but more for the sake of politics." there ,are China, India, Hedjnz, Yerncu, E g p t ,
1
"Explain this fuIly." "Politics and Religion," Ylgrit~a, Alexandria, Punjaub, Constxntinople,
he continued, " are twins. One cannot live I Aaerbijan, Syria, Greece, Irak, Budukshan, Jeelan,
without the other; but Religion is primacy and Jiqan Neeshapore, Cebul, Biooltan, Xho~assan,
Politics secondary. The one is necessary for ! Ferghaua, &c. Besides these there are innumer-
t h e ~ecurityof the other. The latter requires 1 able other cities and countries. Evon on the
1
that mankind should be honbst, and the former tops of mountains, in islands and in fawsts,
that there should be one king, who should look thuusands of men are to be fo~md,each tribe
to the spread of Religion amongsh his people. differing from the other in langnage, cclor, na-
For this reason many n Professor of Tlzeology ture, dispositio:~, religion and ingenuity. A God
has slaughtered several people for their politi- watches over, and provides for all. These show
cal tenets. Each wishes that the rest should that mank'ind are better than the other ohjects
follow his own religion. If the king mould lis- of creation, that they are superior to the beasts,
ten patiently I shall recite an instance." The per- and that they are the lords, and the brute cren-
I U ~ S S ~ O Uwas readily given. 'I To sacrifice the ) tion their slaves. Eesides these. there are other
passious is always commendcd in every religion; j qualities i n u s a recital of which would be too
and in sacrificing the pnssions, the devotee sa; lon and tedious." The frog here brokc in and
I
crifices him~elf, 1. Politics they always make saib: This man apealis 'highly of the multi-
i t a rule to sacrifice others." "It is evident," ) plicity of his tribes. If he would but see the
interposed the sovereign, "that kings are to be different kinds of aquatic animals, he would find
sacrificed for theireountries; but for Religion how thirt his own tribes are comparatively few, The
can one sacrifice his passions l" " I n the Naho- cities and b w n s too of which he talks, will
medan Religion," returned the other, "this too is appear not many after all. For there are fifteen
plain. In the Koran i t is said, 'God has pur- big oceans in the wodd, and five hundred rivers
chased t h e souls and property of the faithful, such as the Jihoo, the Nile, the Euphrates, &c.
and made them inheritors of Reaveu ; so that each from two hundred to two thousand miles
they ~acriiiceall they possess, and themselves 1 long. Besides these there are several lakes, and
I
too, in the way of God.' Several other passages rivulets in 0 t h parts ~ of the earth too numerous
prove the same. The following again ia accord- to be recounted here. I n these are to be found,
ing to the spirit of the New Testament :-"If i,1 fishes, turtles, crocodiles, porpoise, zlli~ators
you are God's, sacrifice yourself for God, be- aud a thousand other species of aquatic animals,
I R A WAN-00s-SUFFA. 35
~ h o s eexistence and numbers are unknown to I not recounted." The Persixn nightingale imme-.
ali but God. Some say, that there are seven diately answered him and ~ n i d . - ~ ~ AGod
s has
hundred species of aquatic animals, and five
h~indredof those, who live on dry ground. All
these are the creatures and sul?jects of God,
!1
promised you blessings, so are curses also entailed
on you. To suffer in the tomb ; to be questioued
by Jloonkir and Nukeer; to render a strict ac-
who has made them, provides for t.hem, and
keeps them aafe from ail harm. From Him
nothing is hidden. If mankind mould hut refer
1
count on the day of judgment; tn burn in the
Bres of Hell; t o w a r rags ; to drink yellow
j water; t o feed on thonly ashy fruits ; to live
to the number of the beasts they would find ; near the king of Hell ; with devils for your com-
that they are n o t their slaves. panions :-all those are for you, and many more,
- 5la description of which ie given also in the
Komw. We are free from these. TlSue i t is,
THEN
CEAPTER XXV. 1 no blessi~lgis promised us ; but we are exempt
from all curses too. We are content, and indecd
the frog had done speaking onc of the grateful to God for what Be has given us. We
genii, addressing maulcind, said. "Oh race of men j derlve no benefit frorn any action. nor sustain
and beasts! YOU are nnacquainted with the might anv evil thereby. Hence pour arguments are au-
of pour Maker. YOU h o r n nothing of those j smired, end you are not highcr than we." The
glorious spirits, who frced from ail earthly alloy Hedjazec still persisted. '' How are Fe equal 1
now reside on t h e several degrees of the Hea- ; We mill live to everlasting ages. E we have
vens. Those who are angels, hawe their own 1 lived virtuously me mill yet be the companions
especial appointmcrlts there ; but those who in- of saints and prophets. Those who are virtuous,
hnhit the colder regous are giallts or devils. < wise, intelligent, abstemious; and temperate, can
Refore these, manlilnd and heasis, numerous be compared with angels. In doing good none
thongh they he, are nothing ; for the regions i excel8 them. Thcy are always desirous of pleas-
'
these spirits inhabit, are ten times wider than ; ing the Lord, and sacrifice their property and
the earth, and the heavenly regions ten times themselves in His service, place all their trust
widcr than this again ;-in the same way the on I s m , commune with and hope in Rim, and
lunar degree is ten times wider than all the rest. fear no one but Rim. I f nre are inners, how-
Thus every higher degree is midcr than the over, me will gain salvation through the inter-
lower, and each and all are inhabited by heaven- , cessions of t h e Prophets, especially of 3lahomed,
ly spirits. Not a spau of space is left un- j may peace be on him !-Then me will inherit
occupied, even as the Prophet says: ' S o t a i Paradise mith the horries and gl~iilmans, and
span of space is to be fonnd on any of the i the angels will say to us :-' Blest and happy
seven heavens, but angels are there worshipping 1 are ye, that ye have entered Heaven ; remain
and adoring God? Heilce it is, Oh race of men ! j here always I' you, ye beasts! enjoy not this
that if you beheld these, you mould thiuk that $ glorious privilege. The moment ye die ye are
your own numbers mere comparatively nothing, entirely destroyed, and no trace, mhatever re-
and that thus there were no demonstrations of mains of SOU." On hearing these words, the
g ~ u superiority.
r All are the creatures of God, representatives of the animals and all the genii
and form his subjects and army. Some indeed exclaimed :-U Now you hnve spoken to the
are sulI>jectcd to others. I n n word. his perfect point. People should glory on such blessings
wisdom has formed and arranged all, and it is ' alone. But do Iet us know what ~ o r t of s beings
'!
incumbent on us continuaUy t n occnpy ourselcea are those, whom you hare praised so much 1'
in praying to and praising Ilim." When the %fankindremained silent, thinking for x moment ;
sage had come to a conclusion, the king address- bat none could explain the nature of the beiugs
ed mankind, and said:-The beasts have answer- i above referred to. At last, a sage, opened his
ed dl your arguments. h'om have you aught ! mouth and said :-[l 0 just king ! when the
else to say 1" A Hedjnzee returned There i claim of mankind is proved, and when it is also
:mi'
are yet other qualities in us which prove us ; established, that among them is a raceof beings,
I
lords. The Lord has promised blessi~lgsto us: who are always near God, and whose nature is
To rise from the dead; to spread through the c angelic, that they are so pure, holy and great
world ; t o render an account on the day of r that the tongue fails to give a right description
1
judgment ; to go over the bridge of Surat ; to of them, and that they are very wise ; but whoae
enter Paradise and thcrc to rove through Eden; wisdom no one has been ever able to fathom ;
t o sit under the shade of the toohr-tree on the j mheu all these facts are satisfactorily and incon-
<
banks of streams filled with wine, milk, honey and trovertibly established, what order mill your
water; to live in high fahies in the society of Majesty pass in fnvor of man ?"-That the
Aouries; to be near God:-all these blessing has ) beasts should be their subjects," returned the
the Almighty promised us i n the Ko~alz. The i monarch, "aud that they should henceforth
beasts will enjoy none of these. T h e , fact I obey him in all things:' The brnte creation
Proves that we are lords and they our slaves. 1 were satisfied with the decision and all returned
Besides these we have other merits which I hnve contented to their respzctive homes.
>
---
 VOCABULARY:

J.-IbJ S. A swallow. d !&,l S, Praises, commendations.

641 a Piebald, party-colored, black

white. ujL Lq [,1l
1 S. pi!. Bodies. J ~ JS. A female falcon, a hawk.
1 S. Brother. A:(! s. A kind of falcon, n hawk.
9 ~ S. ~prop. htaxerxes.
1 &JC, a A span.
a j l d l 8. Assistance, asking aid, protec- L%*& S, Violence, oppression, wrong.
tion.
l S. Bastion ; a sign of the Zodiac.
A ; I ~ 1 S, Demanding justice, complaining. 1j Lj$ S. Lightning.
+34-1 S. Approving, con~uRation.
f U:j2d S. Coldnes~,chilinesx.
,.&&~ll &f S. L;(: lowest: depth-
hence Belt.
\+
1
. Nights' lodging, birday mm& time
of retiring.
y ~ L lr
J\qJ
Manner, mods, arrangement.
1 +j& t!. clad tidiags.
s. Loosening, opening, purgiog.
1 *+? S. Exciting, fluent, causei
y%L-l . An Astrolabe. 1
a. Eloquent, copious.
&+dJ r. Tranquillity, content, reat
I aJ + J a. Stile, rotfen.
e. Eyes; gmodees. I
j 8. Beasts, aiimals (PI. of- ddhg!)
~1/3f s. Equals (in age and rank.)
;
3 . An insect, 001 a bright red @or.
~ ' j l
& Incantation.
i

1
t'J l r ~ p o r t u n i t yurgency.
,
1 sc+JI J!
S. An owl.
1 U?!!!; S. Pack, do~sers.
1I
I

8. Goad; the iron with which ele-

&S3; S. Dress, prmrota ; concealing.
phants are driven. covering.
 8. Inflection, contortion ; gripes. 1
7
J* firr * present ; lib em lit^. & p JIJJI G, 1 u,Jl +4
*p?a. An owl. !
i
I
w2r
J 9.
S. Ingenuity, intelligence.

The interior cavity of a thirlg.

A

33 3 rl>
S. Eqnity, justice, revenge.

S. A fierce rapacious animal.

1 L r. A a m e l driver.

dd l;9 .[;l 1 +!I 3 S. prop. The Red Sea or Ara-

eb (pl. of p*) Lions, wild beasts.
a. The cypress tree.
bian gulf.
- 33+" S. Consumption.
, .. 4!LJf? I. Chequered cloth.
S. A small tambourine. il +(iY S. The n m e of e bird.
f ~ v. ~

(a house.)
Mending
J (a garment,) repniring
S The li~:ingof iron arnlonr.
S. A moment ; a subtle question. 1 y'a'*

L+" s commtioo, movement. S. The song of a bird.

l
cf&" s. Extortion, violence, tyranny, wrong. ! h= S. A leopard.

J.h; G Excelling deserving. -- bi L v l j v. n. To cry aloud. 1 JLir S. A shedder of blood.

i &A $!='I ,li J
(9) s. Striped muslin.
S. Imitation, counterfeiting, forgiving. j

S. A sea-dragon. J r Sire, lit: limit md r i m

S A tnio. !
I
S. Skill, ingenuity. / S. L% porpoise.

WJJ S. Mulberry. 1 a. Clever, cmninp; pleasank S. The four oontinenti. d B A bole made in the wall by
bnrglars.
S. Acknowledging the t m e God by [oilu- s. ~ o o dsign. d.eJ 6, Observations of the S~RI'J Or of
r

repeatiog the sentence-" there is ~ 6 j V b y S. ~ Reptiles.

roads. Ii
no God but &d." & Thunder.
3 5 5 S. Partridge,
j ' S, An b a g .
JaJ
a.

S. Departing, travelling.
ii d , F - ~ l W[?

8. pmp. Syria.
~~~mr(irj( 8 S. Act of leading or guiding.
a
4 &J1 +l! . s. A porcnpine.
5r~3,, i Vesetation, growth of a plant.
u ' A b a;.

S.
Verdant, moist, pleasant.

A royal white falcon.

J b S. The third j umpire, arbitratog medi- -.&l?, s. Abstinence, aAterity.
ator. ~3 ! jS. Wickedness, deprarity. 2 s. An ostrich.
S
,'-
+ S. A hare, a robbit. 6. A falcon.

ph 3 ~ 1 0 t h&roan m e r the to 1 &=c" 3a& S. Enmity,strife. d-2 S. A kind of erneraid, a chrysolite, a

topaz. allsa31Jl
sit on. - . I h n i e equator. l
& f c ~ . [ ? a. .A kind of cloth in which the 1 51~ S. Betiremenb, solitude, cioset- J=-j
8. p. The planet Saturn. / JJL a. k e , reracious.

& 8-
flowers are wove in and not worked.

Natural, innate, essential.

. j - j a clad in armour. S, A desert, a plain.

&Jj S. . Continence, devotion. CICAI~

8. A crucifix.
d
 d b : I a. Eloquent,
a. Changed, transmuted.
p31b a. A Peacock. S. Lunar heaven.

4'b S. (a) flying A bird. i &Gr

s.

a.
Mortar.

A lizard, s chameleon.
1 J~
Taken, subdued.

S. A drum, a tambourine. /I f. . shape.

TO be changed into an inferior
I
JLS' S. Spleen, the milt. 1 S. Slaughter-how, sbambii.
8. Glibness of tongue. a. '~mqnered,subdued.
1 J G .
I

- Q. Insufficient, defective. S A..og a watch ; a crocodile.

jI
i ~ ~ a.~ Initiated,
2 1
besn, commenced.
1 ~2 a. A village or parish. tr &
$
@
A
. S. A rhinoceros.
1 r. Power or ail1 ; plsa9ui-a.
d196*d-Jl S. The law of retaliation. I
S. pl. Men of wisdom or holiness.
The ring-dove,
1 0 9 4 S. Detriment, damage.
-.
Returning, referring to; visiting
8.
rJJi+4 i
I~ l f o s. The place or state to which one
V.
s,0 8. Food ; power, virtue, authority. +jfJ [ .
1
the sick. S. Play, sport, mirth. returns, the other world.

~6ya. Naked, unclad. 4

&jtjkaj' S. over of attraction.
l a severe, heavy, filthy.

d,ic S. Infection, corruption.

a. Pcederast, S. libidinous.
cfFirr
k c s.
cc. ' Reasonable, rational, jndiciom.

Rare, a. The Phimix.

1 J v. .
3a1+!?
To hew, to attend. d9L
[4 S.

a.
prop. Magog.

Familiar, ordinary.
s. Banghtiness, euntention.

c r * _ J ~ ; 8.
r A &htiniale. 0 (AS(,& S- Possibilities.
f & .'l.i%
S. The d e d .
1 &c S. All things existing.

Name of a bird of the partridge UD34

L S.

a. Perceived, felt, known.

A companion, associate, friend.
ha S. Disputation.

1 &rI
S.
7
kind.
a. r Vidorious, glorious.
a. Besieged, surrounded, detained.
5Jh&r 8. A camel*^ &addle.
ad+-+U& (549 S. Satire, abuse, scorn.
346 S. A ao;, an aquatic bird. J9*'i# The.
.W frigid zone, the srotic re-
-mons. &+l ,a S. Return, recourse.
i . b r. Fire of Hell.
J& S.

8.
Perfidy, fraud.
Dipping, diving.
I! 3-6( S. Security, ransomer, surety. part. Bound, fastened.
&&L a. Unworthy.

S. An Epithet of the Deity. Jealous

/ cr2&fl S. Waking, gambols, plays. s An apostate.
I !j S. p. The planet Veuus.
J3+ '
S. One who delays doing what he
in point of honor & of love. I. A jackd. promises. 8. Speech, diction.
Digging; 2nd " Be and it was." Epi- &1kJa s. A waterfowl. ! S. Disagreement, enmity.
thet of God.
&id[" ( 2 1 a. Substance, quantity, measure.
&&.bG Sudden death. 5. h a. Traditional.
8. The planet Nars. 4
t$9& (Lit.) The season of spiing ; 1 e9- a Light of the Eyes.

1
L
S. A sparrow.
also denotes the early h a m a t of eL@ g. Distance, space.
the year. uL~J
S. m e whole of t h creation.
U, Pore, Canai. of the body. -
 A, $ F[? 3 bJb S. Xu'arne of a bird (hoopoe.)

q3b s. Valley, low growd.

S. Path, way, manner, i

&uu) 6 Leisure; amplitude. *("If

"!J

j W+4
j
8. prop. (3%.
> .
j3i ~4 >3 S. h punther, a lyux.
YJhb S. bpatter. j

CALCCTTA:--PRIRTZD BY D'RoZarclo AND CO. 6, TASF-SQUARE.

 111:.

BROTHERS O F PURITY.

1,C)NDON:
T X ~ B X E Kh CO., 60 PATERNOSTER 1:OU-
1869.
 T R A N S L A T O R ' S PliEFACE.

TH:2s translation has been i1:nde to sr:pply a want U hi&

often been repraio:li~d to me. The I k h w i i ~ ~ - ~
Safi" is n stai~dzlrdI-Iindustani work, wilich is usecl e s a teat-
boolc both in 1:ldin and England. Those v:ho havc t o pri-
pnri. theil~sclrcsfar csa;nination i i l it, are oltrn ljlaccd ili
situariorl~w11er.c 110 co~r;>ctencinslructioa c a n bc ob;::iiicci.
BI)!SU:'XGH :
rn:KTBO E\-l < I L L h S T Y F X A S D CO>:Y.\hS,
A trarislation, thcrcfori., at ~ n c caccuratc anc!. esact, \\.l~!i
1.r1. (!S ur3Ra. which thc studciit inay compare and correct his owii ~voi-k,uii!
daubrless prove a grcnt hclp 2nd zdvanragc to him. Such
beizg thc ol:ject of rhis translation, a ciosc adherence co rhc
text has been thl.cilghnrt main:ained,as strict as the r.ecessisy
o i 111al;ing the English clear anrl inrcI!i:ible would aliow.
The vcrsion, tlic.rcic:re, is n a t sa smooth as it n i g h t 11zvc
11ccn made, b:it it \\,ill givc to rile 1<1:glish reader a cle.ir
idca of the st,.lc aod manner of t l ~ coriginal.
this work I was not ;\%-arethat any
lYllc11 I cuill~r~c~icccl
previous trandarion cxis:cd ; but there are at ieast tlircc
diiferent 1-s:-sions. One, a t t r i b ~ t e dto 3lr Jalnes Atl~insan,
the translator of parts of the " ShBh-njma," was publisher!
in a n I~tdiancwjpaccr, and rcprintccl in vol. ssvili. of thc
4sint2r. 70n~jzrtlfi~r1829. T!lis translation is accurate nncl
spirited, but it is imperfect, and for ail pr:,ctica! purposes it
n:ay be cu~ljiiIerccl buriecl. I Ilctd nearly coinpleticl the
work rv!lcl? 3 rranjlation by L l r ?'. P. hI3llucl c a n e t o my
notice. T1x.t versiofi was publishecl a: Calcutra in IS&! a n d
is no1 very gc.ncrall:.- L1:on.n. J t givcj 2 very fair idsa of the
t\.ork, but the tranj!ation :S not sufficientiy close to allsmer CCN
the purpose :or \viiich this 1~0t-kis iiltended. I a?:~:old there
is anorher translation, p ~ b l , l i j h ~in~ Icdin,
l bp a ;\.lullarnma-
d a n ~ent1ema:l. but I 1lai.c not lnet wit11 it.
CHAP.
The origi:lal Arabic \vo!-k has bccrl rranslaced into Ger-
PBBl?.\CE, .
m:i- by Profcsjor 1)idcrici o i Ecrlin. Or?r Hindustani
l. CREA'C1<)3' 01: M.4X -ITIS CCX7rEYl'r<.jS
\!;l.ri{ Trlx
t?a;l;lxor, in his Prcf:~cc, tclls us ;ome:hing o: the gl-cat
Z~>:I.\L<T,S; ?\XI3 ' 2 i I I < ~ l lA P P I . \ l . 'l'[:!
'I'IIE KIX:;
\veil; from rv!lich i: is clcrivcd. I t is a kincl of Encyclo-
px:dia of considerable extent. Noticcs of the work have O F T I I T : JiX9, ,

l x e a pubitshed b y Professor Fliigel in vo!. riii., ancl by 11. PXUCF:I:!ilXC,: O f T I I Z KLXG O F T I l S $195, .

I ' r ~ i l s s o r UicterLci in vols. XI-.and xviii. of thc ZL-if~c!w$f 111. U S THE [)l; 1,'i)lElIS .\XI) 1'10!.'BB6,
dt2:L'Sn~?lf>~~/i~tf ~ ~ ~ ~ D J ~ ~ ~G~~e.l(.~c/mjY.
~?cI'~L~~sc~!c TV. CO:6ITLhlNTS O F 'I I ? , .\S [L! .\I.<. .
The present translation h ~ l sbeen made from the excellent L
'.' .\CCOI:ST 01' TIIE lI~~l<?iT',.
edition of t1lc Test published by Drs Forbei ard Ricu, and TI. COX3L1L'l'hl'IOS 01: 9'171~: IClSG I t - l T l I i::S Iti?;ISTEI:,
the chapters and paragraphs follow the arrangement there VII. I > I S S K \ S l O S S EEl'\T I2T.S T!TC h ! X S :\S> JISb,
obscrl-ed. ,
V I I I . COSSCL1'ATITJ'S 01: Y I I E AIICN,
T h e st)-lc of rllc I-Iinlustani translation is cocsiderecl very
I?;, C@S5LiCI'A'1'IDX O F TIIE ANI\I.\LR, .
purc all& elegant, and the language is generzl!~clear a n d
perspicuous, but i c contains a very large proportion of Arabic S. T:iE FLBS'L' YESSEL'CBI<, .
words. T h e narnre of the subject renclered thz iniroduction X:. DXLISE.\TIO?; 01: b hli?SSTIZ<;T.S5 ,

of many Arabic scientific terms a marter of necessity, but SII. T I I E 5BC0XL1 DIESjES(:CR, .
stillthcsc forcign ~vordsare often employed ~\-l-lirn pure verna- SIIT. TBIS T!liRD 2.T.iIIS3EsGEF., .

cular ~vordsr~lighthave bceu used wit11 advantage. Tkis, XIV. TYE P0URTI.I AI':sSI.,SGBR, . ' .
h o ~ x v e r is , :he genci-a1 f x d t of these rrandztions. XIr. TI'E rIr;TI-! 1IESSESCBI<, .
intelligence to approach Thee as he ought ? Still man has
sufficientpower to surrouncl Him with praisc
Blessings unbounded are due to the Chief of SIessengers,
the Scal of the Prophets, Muhammad thc Pure, \v110 having
brought sinllers oot from the vallcy of perdition, has led thcm
to a placc of rest in rhe road of sal~ation. Through this we
havc received the distinction over all nations, in accordance
%iththe gracious test, ' l Ye are the best people.'''
Mullammad is the chief of the universe. Muhanlmad
is the guide of rnnn and of life.
He ir is who makes intercession for sinners. H e is our
defc~dcrin the day of judgment.
Blessings and peace be on hi; postericy md on hi; C O ~ I -
panions, through whom the religio~l of Isl5m obtaincc1
strength, and by whom the road of salvation has been shown
to US.
After this (exordium), that mosc hunlblc of individuals,
Ikrkrn 'Ni, represents that, in obedience to the kind sugges-
tion of thzc renowned gentleman, of Eigh dignity and grcat
authority, esccliing all the doctors of thc tii~lein learning,
and in wisdoi~l surpassing the intelligence of the eleven
( i d t n s ) , 3lr Ab1-aham Lochtt (may his prosperity con-
tinue !)-and upon the invitation of his brothcr and teacher,
Ma\vlawi Turkb 'Ali (may his shadolv cr~dure!)-he, Ilcrkm
'Ali, came to Calcutta, and under the guidznce of fortune,
after receiving much consideration, hc was so highly favoured
and patronised that the aforenamed gcntlcman (Mr Locl~ett),
in the kindness natural to him, caused thc w ~ i t cto
r be ap-
1 KurBn. S d r ~ iii.
t v. 106.
pointed on thc cstal>lis!lment of the Company TlallBdur in a
position subordinatc to himself
After a sho1.t timc, upon thc recommsndation of that dis-
tinguishcd gcntle~nan,the cream of the learned of the age,
and the chief of the tilost accomplished scholars, the Pro-
fessor of Hindi, Captain John William Taylm, (may his for-
tune cnd:ul-e!) tllc mriter Ikrhn 'illi, \vas directed to translate
into the Urd6 language the worli callcd " Ilch~vhnu-SSafL,';
which is (a n-orl<) upon the contcntions bctween ~nankind
and the beasts ; but his instructions wcre to make the trans-
lation very easy, so that no abstrusc words might appear
thercin; ancl as the scientific phrases and spcec!les of thc
original test are not free frorn cliflicnlty, he was directed to
run his pen through such pzssagcs, and to reproduce only the
gist of tile dispute I n complinncc with this instruction: t l ~ c
writer has writtcn in t1:c Urclii idiom merely the pith of the
matter. H e 112s c:ipungcd somc specchcs, and he has
olnittcd se\-era1 scientific tcchnicaliries, which were not gcr-
mane to thc point in dispute ; but somc spcccl~cs,,and some
mathcmatic~land other technicalities, which bear upon thc
subject under discussion, havc bccn retained.
But? in fact, if thc style and polish cf this coluposition arc
duly considered, every spccch is a ~ n i n cof eloquence, and
every passagc n store of brilliant espression. Ordinary
people attending only to the surfacc of the work, lean1 only
about the subject in dispute ; but lcarncd men, \v110 look
into particulars: espcricncc plcasusc in discovcrin~from the
eract meaning of the phrases, little points and fzcts rcla:ii~g
to God.
 The alJtlloru of this work were Abd Salnl.hn, 1\b6-l Hasan.
nhmad, and others-ten men, I V ~ Odwelt in communion
at Dasra, a d s p e ~ ~a11t their days in the i n v c ~ i i ~ t i oof
n
and religious matters. They wrote fift)~-oncworks,
chiefly upon the lnarvellous and occult sciences, and this
book, trcating of the contention between mcn and the beasts,
is one of them. Thc arguments, rational and descriptive,' are
well stated. In thc end, after mud1 discussion, the men pre-
vaiL The ainl of the worb is simply to show from this con-
tention thc (superior) perfections of man ;and so at the end of
the work it is stated that those points in which men pre-
vailed over the mimnls were in those theological sciences
and dogmas which the writers have treated of in their fifty-
one works. In this book the object was to set forth the
various truths and dogmas by the mouths of animals, so that
heedless people, by seeing this: might have a desire to attain
to thosc perfections.
This translation was made in the ycar 1Sz5 I-lijri, or 1810
A.D.,in the time of thc government of that noblest of digni-
fied nobles, the cream of powet-ful princes, the HLtim of thz
age and the Plato of the time, chicf of chiefs and hero of
hcroes, Nawab Governor-General Lord Minto, BahAdur.
May his prosperity endure !
or illustrative,
1 'dkli.-intdlecr~al or ration;ll; nafili, dcscripri~~e
historical or tradrtional.
i
i
CHAPTER I.
011 the bcgi?zxi~zg of the Crentiojt of the H?-r?)iirnrzRacz l-O;f
their co?rte7~lioitwith the A ?zizzals--Oilztheir s r e k i ~ ~ g j ~ ~ s t i c e
in the presence of thz wise A7i9g B f ~ t w - h s b mid , or! tht:t
S a ~ e ' ss ~ r r n ? ~ t o ~the
z i 7Afmz
~ ~ drfo~r Li7:t.
RITERS have thus recorded the circumsrances of the
first appearance of tile 11uman race :-SO long as
men were fcw in number, through fear of the animals the!.
used to run away and hide rhemselves in caves ; and from
fear and dread of wild beasts they used to t~.lcerefuge in the
hills and mountains. There was not eve11 so much feeling
of security as that three or four men could join together,
carry on agriculture, and take their food. What mention
can there be, then, of their weaving clothes and covering
their bodies ? In fine, they used to eat whatever fruits ancl
vegetables of the jungle they could obtain, and used t o cover
their bodies with leaves of the trees. In the cold weather
they dwelt in warm places, and during the heats they used
to choose a dwelling in cool districts.
When in that condition a short period had passed, and their
1 Soils of Adam.
A
G 0jp-t.rsjom rf t/rc i l ui~~rnls.
-
offspring had multiplied, the ansict,v about animals an:! \vild
beasts> which had filled the heart of every onc, entirely dis-
appeared Aftenvards they founded many furls a ~ cities, d goat used to drinli water at oilc 'yhrEt,-\~l~atpossibiIitycouId
,inages and tourn$,2nd be;an to dwell thcrcia in comfort.
They the implements for carrying o~ ;1g?'ic1~iture 1
and every man in his own occupation. Catching
anilnals in snares, tlxey too!< to using them for riding and
bearing burdensl for ag~cultureand cul~ivation. The ele-
phants and horses, caillcls and asses, ancl the nLllncrOUs ani-
mals were al~vjysroaming about thc wcods and wilds
like unbridled cnnlels,? and wherever their hearts desired
\yere picking the fine gr:en herl~agcas they found it, n-itl~o~!:
any one to i n t h e r e with thcn~,now had their shoulders
@led with their labours by nigilt and by day : holes were
famed in their backs, and alt11ougl.r 111e)- scrcan~cdand cried
still, when did these lords af men crer give ear to
tllern? Many beasts, tbrongh fear of capture, fled into re-
,note deserts and forests. The birds, also, havinz forsaken
their roosting-places, took their young ones with them, and
flew away fram the country of clle men. Every man had the
fancy thar the anirnds were their slaves, and \15t11 what
Frauds and wiles did they make snares and nets and pursue
them !
In this state of conflict a long time passed, until God
Almighty sent hluhainmad Muaafa, the last of the Prophets,
(the peace of God and rest be upon him !) for the guidance of
mankind. The true Prophet made known to all sinners the
way of righteousness. Many Jins also obtained the bless-
ing of the true faith and the honour of Islam. When after
this also an age had passed, BiwarGb, the sage of the Jins,
1 Ddnz o dad-llarn'.less and rapacious hcasrs.
* Shvlut. d dr.azu/l#ir-a camel v/ithour
the gicce of rmod in the nose
by which he is guided and controlled. The pli- is used in the sellse
of " independent, refractoq, uncon~rolled."
Thc A7ilrz0 1th/i~'
jiil~.
cvhosc cognomcn was "T;~-aveKing," bccnnlc tile monarcl: of
7
the Jias. H e was so just that in his r c i g ~thc~ tigcr a l ~ dt!lr
there be then of al:y tAar, thief, sia;indler, or ro;.LI,: gctring to
dl:.cil in his dorni~lions? Thc island called Ealds;ighfin,
rvhicli is siruatetl near the ecluctor, was t!:e I-ova! resiclcocel
of th3t just lcii-rg.
I t happencd thzt a s l ~ i pcai-qing mcn, being ir! clistrcss
tjrougl~contia;?. ~vitlds,tocc!lcd the short of that island. All
the me]-chants ancl leal-llcd mell that were in the ship Lincled
and began to csplorc the coulltry. They perccired tliat it
rrlas a place of rvondrous beauty: Aolvcrs ancl fruits of all kinds
were hangin;: on chc trces; s t ~ c x n swere flau~lrtgon crery
sidc ;the animals grazing and brousiilg on Lhc vcrclant hCrl~-
age were fat and s ~ L ' and c ~ , \wrc gaml~dingtogahcr. 'The
climate of thar. place was esci.cdin;Ig fine, ant! t h e I;~nti
abundaixiy ferrilc ; so no olie desired in I~ishi.art to clcpart
fro111 tlie!~ce. I n fin% h ~ r i n gbuilt habitations of various
kinds, tllcy bcgan ro dw!L in t i n t island, and ca~chingt h ~ .
animals in snares, accordlilx to their c~lstonr,thcy ci1gagc.t:
in their respective clnploymen~s.
When the animals pcrccived that thcrc v>-as no safety f ~ r
t h e ~ ncvcn there, ihcy took tile rozd to the drtscrt. The mcn
still had rbe same idea thnt all these were thcir slaves, and
so,~nakingsnares of va~ioussorts and kinds, according to their
old coursc, they wcre intent upon capturi~lgthem. IVhen
this vain issumption of ~hcirsbccanle I;no~\:o to the a~~ima!s.
they assembIcd their chiefs, a t t a d c d in the Hall of Justjcc,
and related in detail beforc King Eiwardsb all the story of
the oppression \\yliich they had su#a-ed at the hands of
man. When the King had l~eardall tllc detai!s of the ani-
mals, hc inst7:nrly issucd s command, saying: Good ! let
messengers be sent quickly, and let thcm bring thc me:,
1 iTaklli'~~ili".--"rllroncplacc," c:ip'~::;.
irlto my presence." Accordingly, seventy of ~ h c m ,inhabir-
ants of different cities, exceedingly cloquent and fluent,
attended instantly upon the summons of the King. A very
fine house was assigned for Lhern to stay In. Afier two or
t h e e days, when the fatigue of thc journey had passed away,
he had them called beforc him. Wllen they beheld the King
upon his throne, they offered their bencdictions, and making
them bows and obeisanccs, they took their p l x e s in t h e ~ r
respective ranks.
This Icing was exceedingly just and righteous, in liberality
and -generosity he bore the pre-elnneiice over all his equals
and compeers. The poor and needy of the time coming to
him obtainecl nourishment. In no part of his dominions was
any overbearing tyrant able to practise tyranny upon any
poor underling. Those things which arc forbidden in the
Law were entirely ~~nknowill in his reign. Kothing was ever
dear to his heart except the (giving of) pleasure and satisfac-
tion to GocL H e with great politeness questioned the men,
saying, g:LL W11y have you come into my kingdom ? there has
never been any correspondence between you and me ; what
cause has there been then that you have come rhus far ?"
One person anzong them who was experienced2 and elo-
quent, perfonuillg his obeisance, began to speak, saying,
;-We, having heard of the justice and equity of the Kink arc
cone into his presence. Up to this day no seeker of justic:
h:is evcr turned away disappointed from this seat of pro-
sperity. Our hope is, that the King will come to our redress."
H e said, "What is your desire?" H e humbly said, " 0
just King ! these animals are our slaves ; of them some are
recalcitrant, and others, although they are perforce submis-
sive, still they are averse to our authority." The King
inquired, " Is there any proof of this claim ? for a claim
without evidence is not listened to in a court of justice."
I Lit.-" rose c?,wen! mv:~y." ' " Seen thc U-orld."
H e said, " 0 Icing. upon this c l a ~ mthere are many rcason-
able and traditional proofs." H e saicl, State them.'' .X
person among them, who was of the race of H.azrat 'Abbfs,
(may the approval of God be upon him I) thcn mounted thc
rostrum, and beg-zn to spcak this oration with eloqucnce
and fluency :-
' L Praise is due to that true Creator, who for thc sustcnnncc
of the world has prepared so much and has made so many
things upon thc iacel of t h c earl11 ; and for the sake of frail2
man has cl-czted such various animals. Happy is the state
of them .u.ho,giving satisfaction to him, are pursuing the road
to futurity. 1Vhat shall he said of those peoplc who, showing
disobed~cncc,have unrighteously turncd away from him?
And blessings without limit are doe 10 rhe True Prophet,
Muhammad the Chosen, whom God Almigl~tysent after sll
the (other) prophets for the sake of the guidance of man, and
xvhorn he made chief of all. He alonc is king of all Jins and
men, and the support ancl refuge of every one in the Day of
Judgment. Benedictions and peace be upon his holy8 off-
spring, by rvhosc nleans religion and the worid mere regu-
lated, and through rvhom the Muhammadan faith was
sprend.4
" In iinc, t!lnnlis are at all times dne to that incomparable
Creator who made Adam froin a single clrop of rvzter, ancl
by His o~nnipotenccmade him the father of children, and
having forllled Eve from him, peopled the face of the earth
with thousands of human beings, and gave man rank above
all crcated things. H e macle hiin ruler oLrer all theland and
sea, and fed hinl rvith a11 kinds of pure food. Accordingly
He himself has said in the IiurBn (hmbic, the meaning of
which is) c All anil:lals have been created for you, take yocr
I 'Arsn-area, p l ~ i ncsp;iase.
,
5 Za'i/u-l du7zydn-u-eak in constitution.
a Ail -pur?, holy. * Aiw~!jpdyc-obtained currrccy.
 advantage from tl~eill,eat them, and make warm clotl~ing
, ~ o mtheir skins and hair ; in the mnrl~ing5cnd tliern to the
5..
pasturage, 2nd in the evening bring them back again to their
houses. for you they ai-e a beaury acd ~ r n a m c n t . ' ~And in
one pl.:cc hc has tbm said (Arabic)-' On thc d r y land and
011 thc sca ride upun camels and in s h i p s . ' U n d in another
placc be has said thus (Arcbic)-' Hol.scs, mules, ancl asses
were cl-caicd t h . ~you might ride on them ;' 3 and again he
has said, (Aranic)--L Ride upon their backs, and remember
the bounrics of Gotl." liesides this, many other verses of
the I<n:-;Cn hnvc been revcalcd upon this subject, a:ld it is to
be uildcrscoo& also from the Bible and the Testan~entthat
animals wcrc nlaclc for our sakes. In eveiy way we are thcir
I?iaStC1-5,they 21-C our ~ 1 2 ~ ~ s . "
'I'he King then :cnicd rotvards the animals ancl said-"This
man has brought fortrard verses of the ICurBn about his
claim : in reply to this: speak whatever conles into your
minds." H a v i ~ ~hge x d tllis, the ~ n ~ ~with
l e , a ready tongue,
delivered this spccch :
'' Praise is due to the majrst!. of that One, holy, ancient of
days, and fi-ec fl-0111 wants, who existed before the foundation
of tbc worlcl, not jconhncd) to d ~ n enor to place. By the
ottclancc of a single ' BE' He made manifest all creatures
: fi-om (bchindj thc veil of obscurity.5 Having fashioned the
sky froin water and fire; He gave to it the dignity of loftiness.
I-laying broug-hr:forth the race of Adam from a drop of water:
He scnt t h a ? ~hither aild thither in the world,'that they
might engage i i ~its c~iltivation,but not to n ~ i nit. Protecting
the animals in a befitting manner, they wcre to benefit by
thcni, no: to tyrannise ovcr them and oppress them.:'
After this he proceeded to say-"It is not to be understood
' Kurin, Sdrat xri. v. ,; 6. Kuran, Simt xxiii. v. sn.
"uzir., 8 h . r v. 8. 4 K~&, sfira.
c X.:].v.
.i:.. 12.
" Chaos.
from the vcrscs ~vhichthis man has cited that \\.c are theil-
slaves and they our masters, for ~ncntionis lvlade in those
verses of thosc blessings ~ v l ~ i cGod
h Almighty has bestowed
upon them, and this verse of the I<UI-~!I is conclus~vcupo:~
the point, (Arabic,) i.e.- 'God Almighty has made all the
:~nlinalssubjecc to you-just as H e has made subject the sun
and moon, :he air and the clouds.' From this it is no: to be
understood that they arc our masters, we their slaves ; but
rathcr, that God Allnighty having created all things in the
earth and in the sky, ~ n a d eone thing subject to enother, so
that they r=niglltall toyctl1e1- derive benefit and keep off evil
from cach other. Consequentlj~Gocl Blmighty made u s sub-
ject to them silnply for this purpose, that benefit might accrue
to them, and dctriil~cntb e averted-but not as they have
supposed, and with fraud and calumny cantcnd, stating, 'We
..
arc rhc masters, they are our slaves.'
" Ucfore these mex wcre created, we zccl our parcnts were
dwelling upon rbe face of the earth without obst~uction-wc
grazed in every clirection, wandering whcrever our hearts
desil-ed ; and each of us was eiigi'gcd in search ofllis means
of subsistence. In fine, we consoncd together among the
hills, woods, and mountzifis, ailcl nourished our young ones.
Thanl;ful for whatever God hacl orclained, we spent our nights
and days in His praise-we kncw no other than Him; dwelling
in our lionles in coi~~fort, tllcre was no one to interfere with
us.
"CVllen, after this, an age had passed, God Almighty formed
.L\daq fi-orn clay, ancl made him riler over the whole face of
As nlcn became numerous, they took to roaming
the &?h.
about in the woods and deserts. Then, too, they strerchec!
out over us poor creatures the hand of oppression. Haviu;
caught horses, asses, mules, bulls, and camels, they began tc~
csact service from t h e n 1 and by force and tyranny they
l~roughtto pass (all) tilosc eoiis which had never come to
the knowIedgc of our fathers and grandfathers. What could
lve do ? Being helpless, ale fled to the wood^ and deserts.
Evcn then these persons in no \%-aygave up rhc pursuit,
With what various stratagems did they pursue us with their
snares and nets! If three orfour animals, fatigued and weary,
anywhere fell into their hands, do not inquire as to their
treatment, for, bound and fettercd, they were carricd off, ancl
what various ills were inflicted upon them ! Besicles this, ir
is their practice to slaughter (the animals), to flay them, to
break their bones: tenr out their sinews, rip up their bellies,
pluclc out their featlicrs, fix them on spits, cook tlxem,l and
having roasted them, to eat them. -4nd wjth all this even
they are not satisfied, for they make this assertion-: We are
the masters, they are the slaves.' Whoever fled From them
was (deemed) a culprit. There is neither proof nor argument
in (support of) this claim. On the contrary, it is sheer tyranny
and oppression."
Dzsc~i6i~zg ihc $nbls tafien 6y fh:ls kkir1g-of the T i f f sfor fhc
settkt~~rozoJt/~e
t dicfilltthzl'wecw the 11fc1zaitd f . 4 Aili~taZs.
~
W HEN
he
the Ring had heard this account of the animals,
became intent in his heart upon the settlement of
the dispute, and gave orders that the judges and lawyers, and
all the grandees and nobles of the Jins, shoulcl attend. Imme-
diately, io accordance with the order, they all attended the
royal court. Then he said to the men-"The animals have
fully set forth their account and complaint of your tgran~y-
rvllat answer have you non- to give to i t ? " A person from
among them made his obeisance, and thus began to make
his statement-" 0 Asylum of the world ! These all are our
slaves, and WC arc thcir masters. It is proper for us to exer-
cise lorclly authority over them, and to exact from thcm
whatever service we may require. Whoevcr among them
has consented to obey u s is accepted by God, and whoever
has turned atmy from our authority, has, as it were, turned
away from God."
The King said, "-4 claim without evidence is not listened to
in z court of justice-mention some title-deed or proof." He
said, L L O u r c l a i n ~ i s e s t a l ~ l ibymany
~ h e d rationaland traditional
proofs. He said-': What are these proofs ? " Then he pro-
ceeded to say-"With what perfection] has God Almighty
formed our persons, and made every member (thereof) in
1 Lit. "purity."
exact confannit? to what was needed-a graccftll form, ail
upl-ight stature-sense and wisdom? by means of which we
can distinguish between good and bad, and by u~hic11even
we lealn 2nd declare the Iacts of the skies. Who besides
u; possesses these excclicnt gifts? From this it is provecl
that we are the masters, they the slaves.''
The Icing askcc! the animals, saying, "Wllat have you now
t:) say to tllis?" They humbly represented that :he claim was-
not cstnbIie11ed by this evidence. He said-" Do you not
k:101v that propriety of deportment is a property of kings,
and :hat ugliness and a crouching carriage al-e the marl<s of
slaves ? " Then one of them replied-" May God -4lrnighty
grant unto the King His divine favour, and presenre him from
the da~igersof thc w01.1d.l My state~ncntis, that the Creator
did not lnalre men after this form and fashion tvitl~the intent
that they shouid call themselves our masters ; neither did
He create us after this shape, and with this carriage, that we
shouid be their slaves. I-Ic is wise ; no worli of His is devoid
of a!isdoill ; He bestowed upon every one that form ~ ~ l ~ i c l ~
Fle decncbrl suitaI>Ie."
'' 'TH1.I. nc~~i;l>of. ti: is this : I\-llcn God illmighty cleared
-1- mcn, tile\; were starlc nal~ed--there was nothing on
their bodies through which tiliicy might live in security horn
the colcl ancl hcac They uscd to eat the iruits of the forest,
and cover their bodies with lcaves of tllc trees. Consequently
He made their stature upright and tall, jo that they might
gather the fruits and leavcs of :lie trees; and eat thcm at their
case, and take possessior-, of them. Our food is grass ; con-
sequently We made our stature bowcd, that we migl~tgraze
at ease, and feel no kind of inconvenience!'
The King anstvercd-': God Alnligty says, '\Ye halve nlade
Inan excceclingiy gracef~~l.'' TVhat rcply do you give to
this ?'' I-Ie hun)l)ly s:iicl-': Asylum of the ~vorld! In acldi-
tion to the manifest mcar~ingsof the Divine Word, tfiere are
nuinerous interpretations which arc knoivn only to nlen of
science. The esplanatioa of this must be sougl~tfrom the
leanlec2.': -4ccordingl:ly a vise doctor, in obedience to the
King's co:nmancl, set forth the meaning of this verse as
fo!loxs :-i: When God Almighty created Adam, it was a
happy hour ancl an auspicious mornent-the stars rxVcre
shining in their respective glorious constellations, and the
matter of the elements was ready and prepared for the pro-
duction of agrecabla forms. consequent!^ man's person a a s
1 KuAn, 9.i1-at sciii. v. 4.
made fair, his stature erect, his hands and feet excellent, and
(all) of the lnost pelfect elegance." Yet one more significa-
tion is apparent in this verse, (Arabic)--" God Almighty
created man in the happy mediuml-He did not make hinnl
very tall nor very s h ~ r t . " ~
The King said this amount of symmetry and suitability of
the mcmbers suffices (to establish) pre-ernineice. The ani-
mals represented, "This is thc case with us also. God
Ahnigllty gave u s every one of our incmbers in the happy
proporrions that were suitable ; in this pre-crninence ure and
they are equal." Thc men replied, "Where is this suitability
of nleml~ersamong you? Your figures are exceedingly dis-
gusting, your stature clumsy, your hands and feet ugly,
Tbere is belonging to you the ciunel, of lalge fonn, Iong
neck, and small tail. -4nd there is the elephant, whose form
is very large and heavy, two long tusks sticlr out f r o a his
mouth, his earl are very broad 2nd his eyes v c v small.
Bulls and buffaloes have large tails, thick horns, and no
upper teeth. The horns of the drtmba (sheep) are heavy and
its buttoclcs fat. There is the goat, who has a grcat bewd
and no buttocks. The hare is small in size, but has great
ears. In this way there are many carnivorous alld gramini-
vorous beasts, and Lirds whose form and stature are clumsy,
one member having no conforlnity to the others."
Upon hearing this speech one animal began to say, " Alas
thou hast not at all comprehended the Divine art. We are
(His) creatures, the beauty and perfection of our menlbers
comes from Hinl; therefore ro find faults in u s is in fact to
set forth His deficiencies. Dost thou not knolv that God
Almighty in His wisdom created each individual thing for
solne special good ! No one, however, knows this mystery,
with the exception of Himself and men of science."
That man said, "If thou art a sage anlong the animals,
' Hadd i itidil. ' Iiur6r!, Sdrat lsssii. F. 7.
then do thou make known what advantage there is in ma1;ing
the camel's neck long." H e said, '! B e c a ~ s ehis legs wcre
long, and therriore if his neck had been short, it would have
been difficult for him to graze the grass. Hence he niadc his
~ l e c klong that he might graze at ease, and raise himself zlp
from the ground by the strcngth of that necl:, and be able to
carry his lips over his whole body and 1ub himself. In the
same way He has made the elsphant's trunk long instcad of
his neck, and (He has lnaclej his ears large that he may drive
away the flies and mosquitoes, so that none may be able to
get into his cyes or mouth ; for in consequellce of his tusks,
his mouth always reinains open, and does not shut. And his
tusks are long in order that he may defend himself against
thc ferocity of rapacious ani~nals. And the hare's ears are
long because his body is very tender and his skin fine-he
can wrap round him those ears in cold lveatber, and spread
them out in warm.
In fine, God Almighty has bcstowed upon every anirnd
such menlbers as H e deemed suitable. And thus H e has
spoken by the mouth of the holy Moses, saying, 'God be-
sto:r,ed an individuality1 upon every thing, and after that He
prescribed their I-cspectivecourses.' 2 Thc meaning of which
is, that H e gavc to evcry one such members as were appro-
p r i ~ e and
, showed them the pat11 of rectitude.
" Whar you consider heauty, and boast about, and (when)
in your vanity, you consider ' We are the masters, they are
the slavcs '-this is (allj a mistake. Bcauty, in every specics,
is that which rnalies (its members) agreeable to their fellows,
and through which they show affection to each other; ancl
:Khi1kaf-li:. " cremion, form, f i p r e ;"or, us here rendered, individ-
uality.
S a l e s ' rranslatior?of rbe Arabic is, "Our Lord is He who giveth all
t h i n ~ s :He hath created thein ard directeth them (by His providence)."
- f i r i n , Slirar ss. v. gn.
this is the cause of procreation and propapcion of ofispring. " If you had any scnsc at all, you would nut boast about
For the beauty of one species is not agreeable to another rbose things wllich God Ahnighty has givcn you without a n y
species. Evcry ani~llalfixes its benrt only upon a female of labour or [rouble (of your own). For thc srise and pruclrnt
its own species, ancl does not dcsire the female of any other collsider that to be a (ground of) boas^ which rl~eghave
animal, howe\cr much better she may be than its own. In acquired by thcir own industry and labour; as xvhen thcy
the samcwny also, men have affection for thelr oxvn particular master the theological sciences, or accluil-c great ~ ~ ~ ~ a l i f i c a
tions by their o ~ %effo~ts
~n and exertions. Eut ).nu have
species. Thosc people who are black do not like p ~ o p i eof
white bodies, and those who are white c10 IIOL set their hearts not even one of these things to boast of over r!s ; ).oar claim
.
upon the black. . . . Tllerefore, your beauty is no ground is ;vithout evidence, your animosity ivithout meaning."
of superiority that you should consider yourselves to excel us.
"And whcn you say that you have great acuteness of sense,
it is also a mist~ke, hlany animals havc b ~ t t e runderstand-
ing and scnse than you. Thus there is the camcl, who has
long legs and a long neck, and whose head conte~ds114th the
air ; but notwiths~andingthis, he, in dark nights, descries
the place on which to set his fcet, and passes along roads of
~vhichthe passage seems impossible, while you require torches
and lamps. And the horse hcar; the tramp of the traveller
from afar, and it has ohen happened that having heard the
steps of thcadversary, he has aroused his rider, and savcd him
from his foe. If a person takes an ox or an ass once along
any (previously) unscen road, and turns him loose, he escapes
from that place, and comes back safe to his orqn homc; he
does not at atiforget it. But if you have passed along a road
several tinlcs, still: ~vheneverthere is occasion for you to pass
along that road (again), you are bewildered and forget i:.
Sheep and goats zive birth in one night to hundreds of young
ones, and in thc morniag proceed to the pasturage; and
when they I-eturn from thence in the evening, the young oncs
severally recognise their mothers, and the mothers their
young ones. But if one of you remain for some time abroad,
and then return homc, he forgets mothcr and sister, fathcf
and brother. Thcn where is the jndgment and ac:~tenessof
sense of which you havc made such great boast i

CHAPTER IV.
THE E n g , tcrning towards the men, said, "You have
h e a d his answer ; now say whatever else rhere remains
for you to say." They replied-" There are still many proofs
remaining by which our claim is established ; these are some
of them :-13uying and selling (the animals), feeding and
giving (them) drink, putting garments on them, pl-eserving
(them) from cold and heat, shutting one's eyes to (their) faults,
saving them from the ferocity of wild beasts, tenderly giving
(them) medicine when they are sick. These kindnesses l we
show them out of "ompassion and mercy. T h c same prac-
tice prevails among all masters, of keeping an eye of com-
passion and mercy upon their slaves."
The King hzving heard this, ordered the animal to give
him an answer, and he said-" This man maintains that they
buy and sell animals, but this practice prevails also among
rnen ; t l n s the inhabitants of Persia, when they gain s victory
over Turkey, 3 sell the Turks, and when the Turks prevail over
Persia; they deal out the same treat~nelltto the Persians. The
inhabitants of India observe the same practice towards the
L Sulzt.&-lit. " treatment. " hut frequently used, as here, for Lirrd frrof-
mat.
P Ba-~aar-with the view or intent.
'Rh-Rome. Turkey, Asia Minor.
Sindians, and the Sindians towards the Hindus ; the Xrnbs
towards the Turcom~ns,and the Turcomans towards thc
Arabs. In fine, whenever one overcomes and gains a victor>
over the other, he considers the family of his (defeated) foe
to be his slaves, and sells them. How can one know for cer-
tain who is s!ave and who is master? These are changes and
vicissitudes which, according to the behests of the stars, pre-
vail among men, for so God Almighty says, (Arabic,) c 1
make the times to change among men, from one vicissitude
to another.' Wise men know this fact.
"And he says that they feed and provide drink for the
animnIs, and in other ways show kind treatment to them;
but this does not arise from their colnpassion and kindness?
bilt rather from fear lest thc animals should perish, and injury
happen to their property; for thus interruption xvould happen
to tllcir riding, lading, and other advantages."
After that, every animal individually made complaint of
their tyranny before the King. The ass said, " When we fall
in-to captivity with men: they lade upon our backs, bricks,
stones, iron, wood, and great burdens. With what lnbour
and toil do m e get along. They have always got sticks and
u.hips in their hands, and beat us ovcr cur buttocks. If
the King were to see us at such a time he would feel regret
and pity. Where are compassion and kindness to be found
among them such as this man has supposed?"
Then the bull said, " When we fa11 into their bonds, they
bind us to the plough, and l~arnessus to mills and ail-presses,
put muzzies on our mouths aad bandages over our eyes.
Eolding in their hands ~vllipsand sticks, they beat us over
our buttocl<sand faces."
After this the sheep said, '' When we fall into their boncls,
how many evils do we suffer. To supply their children with
milk they take away our little young ones from their mothers,
and binding them band and foot, carry them off to the sham-
I!
bles ; never do they gix~eear to the cries and wails of these
injured ones. There, xvithout (giving thcmj grain or mter,
they slaughter them, tear ofi their skins, rip up their bellies,
l,reak open their sl::llls, tear out their livers, carry them to
tile butcherspsllops, and cut them up with knives, stick them
on spits, and billce tllcm in ovens. We, seeing all these evils:
remain silent and say nothing."
~h~ camel said, When we become captives in their
hantls, tl~ieis our state. Havinx put ropes in our noscs, the
camel-drivers pull t h e ~ n ;and then lacling very heavy loads
up011 backs, k e y :ake us in dark nights along hilly and
mountainous roacls. Ir, short, our backs arc p i l e d by the
jolring of the saddles, and thc soles o i ocr leet wounded by
the stones ; hungry and thirsty, thep drive us wherever their
heart desires, and xvc poor wretcl~csbeing l~clpless,submit
to them."
Tile elephant said, "When we bccon~etheir captives,
they put ropes upon our necks, and chaios upon our ieet;
and taking the goad of iron in their hands, they beat us on
the righr side and on the lefc, and on the head."
The horse said, "When me are in bondage with them
thep put bits1 in our mouths, saddles cjn our hacks, girths
upon our loins ; and they, wearing their mail and annour,
ride us in battle-fields. Hungry ancl thirsty: our eyes stuficd
with dirt and dust, xve go into the battle, and (there) we
receive sword-cuts on our faces, javelins and arrou-s in our
breasts. and w-e swim in a sea of blood."
The mule said, "When we become subject in slavery to
them, ive endure the most astounding hardships. They
fasten ropes to our feet, put bridles and bits into oar mouths.
They do not release us for one instant, so that we may go to
ocr liintes and satisfy our natural longings. The gi-ooms
and szdclle-men put pac!<-saddles on our backs and ride us.
bridle, bi!, or both togcthcr.
1 L~~~[E7rim,
Taking sticks and whips in their hands, they bcat us over
our buttocks and faces, and Ivi~atcvcl- collxes info their
mouths, sbusc or 01~sce11it;-,tl~cybawl o~lt. ?'h: measure
of rheir folIy rcachcs even to :his, that they often utter al~usc
and euiploy ol,sccne expressions against themsclves~their
sisters, and their dnughters. ..
. . All this nbuse is beaped
0:) tltrm and tllcir masters : but it is true dlcy descrvc it.
:'If the Icing ~xwuldconsider this ignorance, folly, an2 ob-
scene talk of thcirs, he \vould perceive that they arc filled
with the mickedness, vice; ig~~orxncc, and stupidity of the
ivholc world. But still they take no heed of these villainies,
and never a11ow the preccpts and admonitions of God a n d
the Prop3ct to enter into their cars, nottvlthstanding thzt
they themselves read thcse vcrscs of the I.lur:~n, :.-\rabic, the
nlezning of wllicl~is,) ' If you desire parclon froin God, thcn
do you also pass over the oKcnccs of orhcr-S.': (Jlr:~i)ic, i.'7,)
' 0 Muhammad, coln~nnndthe faichf~~l to pardon the sins of
unbelievers.'? (Aral~ic,i e) ' LYhntcver cnr~livorotis;~nc!11e1--
bivorous animals and birds ivalk t:pon t!ic earth or fly ir.
the air, the condition of all thcse is like your o~vn.'a (Arabic,
Le.) %\'h'en you ride upon camels think up011 the bounties
of God, and say, H e is holy rvho made snl~jccrto us an
animal like this, over \vhon~rve shoulc! ncver have beon able
to prevail ; and we shall return to God."'A
Whcil thc inula ceased from the spcech, the camel said to
thc pig Do you also tell the oppression which your race
has suffered a t the hands of men, and set it forth in the prc-
scnce of so just a Icing; perhaps lie, sIzotving coliipassio~l
and kindnns, will give delicerance from their hands to suc!~
of us as are captives, for your species also belongs t o the
herbivorous ciass." A sage said, '' Tile pi2 does not belong to
1 Kur;in. Slirat xsiv. v. 12. Ktillin, Sdra: sl\-.v. 13.
VICurdii, Si~rarvi. v. 39.
Lit. " We are rctu!-nn.5 to Cocl." Iiuuri!~,Sdrt s:iii. I-. rz.
 The P&. The Hare. 25

the herbivorous but to the carnivorous animals. Dost thou to him, L L D you~ rehearse in thc presence of the King all the
not kn& that his teeth protrude, and that he also eats car- tyranny which your species has endured from men. Per-
rion ? " The other replied, He is herbivorous, for he Ilas haps the King, taking pity, will grant deliverance from their
hoofs, and he also eats grass." A rhird said he is both carni- hands to us captives." The hare said, " W e live far away
vorous and herbivorous, and is allied to the cattle, in the from them ; having left off dwelling in their country, we have
same way as the can~elopardis allied to the bull, camel, and chosento takeupour abodc in valleysand jungles; andthrough
leopard ; and he is Iike the ostrich, in whose forin those of this we are saved from their oppression. But we are terribly
the bird and the camel are blended. troubled by dogs and birds of prey; who render assistance
The pig said to the camel, " I know nothing about it; to men, with the object of catching us, and lead them to-
what can I say, or of whom shall I complain ? There is much wards us. They make over as captives into the hands of
variety in their way of treating me. Musulmans consider men all the deer, oxen, camels, goats, and herbivorous ani-
us deformed and accursed ;they deem our figures detestable mals of our fraternity who have taken refuge in the hills."
and our flesh unclean, and they abstain from mentioning us. Then the hare said, 'The hunting dogs are excusable in
The Turkish Greeks eat our flesh with avidity; they con- this. They ought to help them, for they also are very fond
sider it as holy, and the making sacrifices of it they deem of eating our Aesh, and they do not belong to our species,
very meritorious. Tile Jews have great aversion and hatred but on the contrary are carnivorous animals. Rut the horse
of us ; they abuse and curse us inoffensive animals because belongs to the graminivorous animals, and does not eat our
they are at enmity with the Nazarenes and Greeks. The flesh ; why should he assist them, unless it be entirely from
Armenians esteem us even as oxen and goats ;nay, they even his stupidity and folly ?"
prize us more in consequence of the fatness and thickness
of our flesh, and tbe abundance of our offspring. The Greek ' S/ri,Ldri-jd~iwa,;hunring animals : falcons, hnwks, and such iike.
physicians employ our fat in many of their rerncdies ; nay,
they even put it in their medicines. Herdsmen and grooms
keep us in their stables and pastures near to their animals
and horses, because by our staying there the horses and
animals are preserved from many evils. Enchanters and
magicians cover their books and magical instruments with
our skins. Saddlers and shoemakers pull out the bristles of
our necks and whiskers with great avidity and eagerness, for
these are very serviceable to them. We are bewildered, we
can say nothing; whom shaIl we praise, whom shall we
blame ?"
When the hog had finished saying all this, the ass looked
towards the hare, who was standing near the camel, and said

CHAPTER .
'
1 asked what it was. and told h i ~ nto esplain. Thc hare saicl.
I-IEN thc man hearcl all these words af the hare, he
W said, " Enough, be silent thou has1 rcproachcd the
;
horse enough if thou hadst but known that h e is the best
;
of a![ animals, and that he is obedient to man, thou wouldst
not have ballbled so stupidly." The King asked thc man
what the horse's superiority was, and he answered, "Your
Majesty, the good qualities and excellences of the horse are
numerous. His for111 is good, every limb is appropriate, his
appearance is handsome, his instincts sound, his colour is
fine, he excels in intelligence, he is swift in running, he is
obedient to his rider, for he quickly turns right or left, for-
wards or backu~ards,or wherever his rider may direct him.
Hc does not flinch from galloping, and he is so well trained
that whilst his rider is seated on his back, he neither stales
nor dungs ; and if his tail ever gets wet in mud or water, he
docs not shake it, lest his rider should be sprinltled. His
strength is like an elephant's, for he trots along taming his
rider with his helmet, mail and armour, as well as his own
saddle, bridle, and armour, altogether a load of five hundred
maunds.' Hc is so patient and enduring that on the battle-
field he receives \vounds from spears and arrou9sin his breast
and in his vitals, and yet remains quiet. His speed is such
that the wind cannot overtake the dust of his-heels. I n his
1 Some r1fi1il "seers," ~r-hic!~
is nearer, though &o above t!le mark
proud walk he is like a stnteiy bull: his jumping is like a
leopard's. If his rider lays a wager, then he runs cp~iclily!
and brings hi; rider in first. In m-horn esccpr the horse are
all rhese merits to be found ?"
The hare said, "With all these ~ncrirjthere is also one
great fault under which al! thesc 111eritsare hiclclcn." TheKing
He is very stupid and ignorant, and does not knnm friend
from foc. If he passes under the thighs of an e~-ie~lly, he
becomcs submissive to him ; and in the battle-field hc rvill:
at the direction of this enemy, Bis new master, charge and
attack the nlan in wllose l~ouseIle was born, and by whom
he has Been notrrished all his days. This trait of his is lilce
the nature of the sword, but that is inanimate, and is una!>le
to distinguish betareen friend and rut.; just 2s. it cuts its
enemy and opponent, so also when it faCs upon the ncck of
its owner or maker, it severs his heac! from his bocly without
hesitation, and knows no difference hetvc7een friends and
strangers.
"The samc trait of character is found in men, wvho war
against their parents, bl-others, sisicrs, aild re!ations, and
bring into operation all kinds of 'Iriclcs ancl stratagems.
T h a t trciltment which ought to be practised against ene-
mies they employ against their f~-icnds. In illfancy they
drink thc milk of their parents, and a r c nourished in their
bosoms, but in early tna:illood thcy bccoil~ctheir enen~ics.
In the same way thcy drick the milk of mimals, and are
benefited by rnakin: garmcnts of their ski:^ and hair, but
after all thcy slauglltcr those same animals, strip off their
skins, rip up their bellies, a i d make them taste the flavour of
fire. In their barbarity and cruelty they altagethcr forget
the obligations and benefits received from them."
When the here ceased from his censure of the man and
horse, the ass said to him, Enough ; so grcat condem:zaticn
 Sptcch of the A ss.
is not seemly. \Vhat person is that whom God Almighty has
blessed ~ r i t h,aver so many virtues and favours, and yet has
not debarred him from some one favour which exceeds them
all ? Or who is the person that H e has debarred from all
these blessings, and upon whom H e has not bestowed some
one blessing nchich He has given to no other ? There is no
one in the warld on whom all t a l c ~ ~ and
t s blessings are he-
stowed. The bounties of the great disintcrested Giver are
not confined io any one species. His mercy is over all His
worbs, but to one much, to another little. To one H e has
granted the rank of lordship, but on that same one also He
has affixed the stigma of sul~jection. What dignity H e has
1,e~;owed on the sun and moon-hglrt, conspicuiry, great-
ness, altitude-all these excellences and distinctio~lsH e has
bestowed upon them, to such a degree, indeed, t h a t some
people, in their ignorance, have deemed them gods. Still
He has not preserved them from the inftrmitp of eclipses,
in order that this mixht be conclusive to men of intelligence ;
for if they were gods they would never beconle dark nor
wane. In the same way He has given light and brightness
to all the stars ; but a t the same time He has also made
rhis provision, that they are lost in the effulgence of the sun,
and that all day and night they remain in revolution, s o that
the marks of the creature may be manifest in them. The
condition of the Jins, men, and angels, is just the same ; for
if any one of them possesses very great talents, there is still
some little defect. Perfection belongs to God only, to no
other."
Whcll r'ne ass finished this speech, the bull said, When
God has imparted to some one person &Teat blessings Qrhich
He has given to no other, it behoves that perso11to shorv his
gratitude for them-that is, he ought to let others share in
those bIessings. Thus God Almighty has given light to the
Sun, and it by its light carries comfort to all creation, and
does not make an obligation of it to any one. So also the
moon and all the stars, each in their respective degrees, dif-
fuse light over the tvorld, and hold it no obligation upon any
one, The sarne duty is incumbent on men, for Cod Al-
n~iglxtyhas conferred many blessings upon them, which
they should in~partto the animals, and make no favour
thereof."
When the bull finished speaking, all the animals gnashed
their teeth, wept, and began to say, " 0 just King, have
mercy on us, and g a n t u s deliverance from the tyranny of
these oppressors !" When the King heard this, he looked to-
wards all the doctors and sages of the Jins who were present,
and asked if they had heard the statement made by the ani-
mals of the tyranny, cruelty, and violence of men. They
replied, " W e have heard, and it is all true. W e see it by
night and by day. Their tyranny is not hidden from any
intelligent or sensible person. For the same reason tile Jins
also have left their (the men's) country, and have fled into
the woods and wilds, and have hidden themselves i n hills,
mountains, and rivers. Through their bad collduct and evil
ckhracter the Jins have entirely given up visiril~ginhabited
places. But with all rhis even we get no deliverance from
their malignity. So suspicious and mistrustful are they of
us, that if any child, woman, or man is stupid, foolish, or sick,
they say dircctly that the evil eye, or shadow of a Jin, has
fallen on him. They have always got mistrust in their hearts,
and are praying for protection against the malice of the Jins.
But still no one has ever scen a Jin kill a man, or wound
him, rob him of his clothes or coininit a theft, break into
any one's house, pick pockets, tear sleeves, break open the
lock of any one's shop, slay a traveller, rebel against a king,
plunder any one, or make any one captive. On the other
hand, all these habits are to be found among them, and they
remain intent upon one or other of them night and day.
Besides this: they never show remorse, nor do they %\ratch
against their faults."
When he had done speaking, the nlacc-bearcr cried aloud,
'' Gentlemen, it is now- evening. T h e Cozrt has risen ; you
are dismissed. Go to your homes; and attcnd azain to-
morrow morning."

CHAPTER VI.

H E N the Icing arcsc from his assc~ilbly,hc spokc to

, private, saying, " You have heard
BedAl-, his ~ a z h in
all the statelnents and rcjoinders of themen and the animals ;
what advice have you now to offer? How ocght the matter
to Le settled ? What course jeems best in your opinion I"
The wazfr was a very wise and prucicnt man. Afccr milking
his obeisance, and invoiiin: 'ules~ings~ he proceeded to sly,
" I t seeins to 1nc prefer;rblc thn: the Ring should call to his
presence ail the judges, lawyers, and sages of the Jins, and
consult with them a b o u t the case. The quarrel is a serious
one, and it is not clear to which side the right inclines. In
such matters consult~~tion is necessnry, for in the counsels of
three or four some plan is dccidcd upon. Wise men and far-
seeing n l c n should be careful ncrer to enter upon such diffi-
cuit matters \rithout advice and counsel."
In accordancc with this spccch, the King gave orclers that
all the chiefs and noble3 of the Jins should attend. S o they
all assembled according to the following specification :-
judges of the race of Jupitcr, lnwycrs of the race of Venus,
wise men of the cbi!clren of I>irBn, sages of the race of
Lukmin, experienced persons of the children of Hamin, in-
telligcnt persons of the children of KaiwPn, and persons of
common sense of the cllildren of Bahriin. The king a&
dressed them, saying, "These men and bcasts have conlr

con-,plaining to usl and have taken refuge in our country. The
animals all colnplain of the tyranny and violence of men.
r\iow do yau advise me what ougllt to be done with them,
and how their business should be decided."
A learned sage of the race of Venlis who was present,
said, " I n my opinion the proper course is for the animals to
write out a statement of their circumstances, and of the op-
pression they have endured at the hands of mcn, and to take
a legal opinion thereon from the learned. If any means of de-
liverance can be settled for them, r11e judges and lawyers
will give a decree whether the men are to sell them, set them
free, or show some kindness and mitigation of their harsh
treatment. If the men do not obey this decision of the judges,
and the animals flee from their tyranny, then ic will be no
fault or sin of theirs."
When the King heard this, he asked them what they had to
say to it. They all replied that it was an exceedingly good
proposition, and suitable for the occasion. But thc Sdib-i
'eaimt' did not approve of it, and observed, " If these men
agree to sell the animals, who vqU pay the price of them jJ
The lawyer said, "The Icing:' Upon this, he asked from
wllence the King could get so much money. The lawyer
said it would be paid from the public treasury. The Sihib-j
' f l z h a t then said, " I S there so much wealth in the
treasury as to sufficefor the price of them ? Some men, too,
mzy refuse to sell them. They have great need of the ani-
mals, and do not care for the price of them. Thus there we
kings and ministers and many gentlemen who cannot move
about without an equipage. They will never consent to sell
them, and will oppose-- this decree."
-- ---
The Kiilg then asked him what seemed good in his opinion,
1 A resolure or prac:ical person. 1 have retained the original title.
because i t 1s dimcult t o find an equivalent word sufficient!y definite,
without using the word rzan, %-hilt the bearer of the name is a j j z .
The Royal Cozlncil. 33
and he said, " It seems to me advisable that the King should
direct all the animals to act in concert, so that in one and the
same night they might flee from captivity, and go far from the
dominions of men-just a s deer, hog-dccr, ancl many other
harmless and rapacious beasts have lefr their dominions and
have fled. I n the morning, when the men do not find them,
on whom will they lade their goods, and on whom will they
ride? Being helpless from their being so far away, they will
not be able to go after them, so they will sit down in silence.
In this way the deliverance of the animals will be effected."
The King approved of this proposition, and asked them all
for their opinion upon it. There was present a wise man of
the descendants of LukmAn, and he saicl-" This proposition
is not a t all a good one, and this course is very much opposed
to sense. It is by no means possible, because many of the
animals are fastened up in durance all night, the doors of their
prisons are closed, and sentinels are placed on guard: how can
they all run away?"
The'SLhi6-i'nzimat said, "Let the King give his commands
for all the Jins to go this night to open the doors of the prison-
houses, to untie the heel-ropes of the animals, to make pri-
soners of all the guards, and not to release them until all those
(animals) are far away from their territory. There will be very
great merit to the King in doing this. Feeling pity for the con-
ditianof those(animals), I have offered myse~~timents byway of
advice to his Majesty. If, with benevolent intentions, the King
shall resolve upon this work of kindness, the Lord Almighty
will render him aid and assistance. Gratitude for the favours
of God is shown in giving help and deliverance to the oppressed.
People say that it is written in the books of several prophets
that God Almighty says-' 0 king, I have not made thee
ruler over the face of the earth in order that thou nlayest
amass wealth anddevote thyself to the greed and lusts of this
world, but rather that thou shouldst give redress to the op-
pressed, for I indeed arengc them, c v c ~though rhey be in- We wancler and look about among thern
fidels.' " sichout ceremony, but they cnntmt see us ; 50 what have we
The King again asked them all what thcy ]lad to say to ii. to fear ?"
They all approved? 2nd said it was r-cry propel-. But a certain T h e ~ ~ is a ~s ansmereZ
k ~ him i saying, "-Alas! thou
K a i d n i sage was not sarisfcd with it, and after offering his not kilow anlqhing al,out it. ~ l t h o u g l n1crl
l are ea*I1y: =till
blessings and reverences, he representecl that if was a very have in them sacls ancl angelic spirits, throxlgh
difficult matter, and could not in a n y way be accomplkhed ; which they hold tile over us I and 12esicles,
must be attended with many e v i k and clangers whichafter. are arith many wiles and stratagems- In 'ges
warcl5 will in no way b- capalde of rectification. past there llavc l,ccn many battle^ between men andthe Jins,
The King asked him \%-hathe had. to fcar in :he matter, m d hearing of .,yhichjl,ould be a warning to us." The ICi1'x
told hiln to explain so that he himsclf also lnight know. He desired the sage to inform hiin of those matters, and how dlc
said, "Your h'f:ljcsly,he who proposed this \\-ay of deli\rwance truth stood, so that he also might understand it. The sage
,

for the animals made a great mistal~e. \I:hen rhc men rise replied thar a natural hatret! and a n innate animosit~
in the morning thcy will not find the beasts, ancl n-(-;ll become men and the jins come down from of old time, the nar-
apprised of their flight. They will then think for a certainty ration of t!,llich would be very prolix. Ijut the Ripg ordcrcd
that it is not the work of any man, and that it cannor: have hi:n to recoul,-t little of it from the beginning, so fat as Could
been effected by any scheme of the animals, but tuust rather l-~e
recounted.
be attributed t o the cufining and trickery of the Jins." The
King said, "Tllat is Uue-there is no douht &o\rt it ; t h q
will suspect US."
The sage continued, "Asylum of the rl-or]d ! \\.hen the
ha1.e escaped from their hands, and the services
dered are interrupted, then the men will be vcrysorro\fil a n d
anxious, 2nd will lXc0me enemies of the Jins. From of old,
been Our foes, but no-.v nlorethan everthey
will show their nlalicc and animosity." ~h~ sages observed
that he indeed must be a wise lnan \"h,, making peace be-
tween enemies, urould preserve his Majesty from the.r
AU the Jills: when they heard this, said he spoke
the truth.
After that another sage encluired, ':Why feartheir
enmity, for it will not avail against us. ourbodies are fiery,
and are vcrv subtil and light, so that we fly up to thesky-
but the bodies of men arc of dirt ; they remain belour, and

CHAPTER 1711.
IInN obedience to tbc orders of the King, rhe sage thus set
forth the facts of the (matter) :-
the earliest age, before God had created Adam, the Jins
were dwelling over the whole face of the earth-wood, field,
and wnter were all under their rule. When many days had
passed, prophecy and law, religion and dominion, and numer-
ous blessings were received. But they began to exhibit dis-
obedience and error-they heeded not the testaments and
p~eceptsof the prophets, and set wickedness on foot over all
the face of the earth. Through their tyranny, the earth, and
all the dwellers on the earth, went complaining to the court of
God, and began to make their plaints and lamentations.
When another age had passed, and their animosity and
tyranny day by day increased, then God Almigllty sent an
army of angels on to the earth. They accordingly came
here, and having beaten the Jins, expelled them, making
many of them prisoners and captives. They then began to
liveupon the earth. It so happened that 'AziLzfi, the accursed
devil by whom the patriarchs Adam and Eve .ereredeceived,
U-asamong those captives. His age was but little, and he
knew nothing- He was nurtured among those angels, and he
adopted all their rules and customs. W11m he had acquired
their science, and had come to maturity, he was made head
and chief of the tribe, and used to issue his edicts of com-
mand and prohibition.
When yet another age after this had passed, God Almighty
said to the angels xvho wcre dwelling on the earth-l' I will
make one, who is not one of you, ruler of the earth, and I
will caii you up to heaven." The angels, who had been living
berc for a long period, through having to dzpart, deemed this
a most disagreeal~lecommand, ancl thus replied to God-
'' WilI our Lord create a person who will work evil and blood-
shed upon the enrth; as the Jins were doing, xvl~iistwe praise
Thee, and considcr Thee ho;g."' God AIlnighty said, "That
advantage which I know of, you know nothing about,' and I
have sx~ornan oath to myself of not keeping any angel, Jin,
or animal upon the earth after Adam nnci his offsprin~."
I n tine, when God, having created Adarn, brearhed a soul
into his body, and when from him he fornied Eve, he com-
manded all the angels 10 meet and pay him 11oma::c. In
obedience to thc divine command, they paid hom~ge,and be-
c a n e subject to Xdarn. Eut2.Az5zildid not boxvdow:~; through
his obstimcy and enty he was ol~posedto the colnmands of
God. He rc.Aected, saying, ' l Former!y I was chief and mas-
ter ; shall I nonr become his subject ? " So, through envy and
malice he became the enemy of Adam.
God Almighty then directed the angels to bring Adam into
the - n Eden. Whcn Adail1 came into paradise a com-
~ a r d e of
mand was given by :he divine Majcsry (Arabic verse, of ~vhich
the meaning is)-" 0 Adam, do you dwell with your wife in
this garden, and eat at your pleasure wl~ateveryour heart de-
sires, only do not go ncar this trec, for lf l-ou do go near it,
you will be a sinner."3 This pxadisc, which God _A.lmighty
bestowed upon the patriarcl~Adarn for a clxvclling-place, is a
garden towards the Easr, on the Ruby mountain. No one
has the stren$h to ascend it. The land of that place isgood,
the air temperate, the days of spring are there perperuzl ;
1 K W ,Slirat ii. v. 15.
ibid. L Kurin, Sdm: ii. v. 53
C
many streams flow there ; the trees are v e n green, fruits in
abundance ripen, and all kinds of flowers bloom. The ani-
mals there do not hurt any one, and beautiful birds of sweer
song, and of all kinds, sit upon the branches, axd keep up a
continual warbling.
Adam and Eve went there and began to lir c in comfort.
The hair of their heads was very long, and hung down to
their feet. The wholc of thcir bodies \\.as cove]-ed wit11 hair,
and hence their beauty and loveliness werevery grcat. Among
rhc flowel--beds upon thc banl;s of t l ~ cstreams they used to
stroll about at their plcnsure, eating ail kinds of fluits, and
drinking water fro111the streams. Everything \{:as attainable
wi~liout toil or lahour. Plouglling, cultisrrting, grinding,
baking, spinning, &:caving clothes, and washing, no: one of
these troubles was knon,ii to them, in the way as at the pre-
sent time their descendants arc involvcd in thcsc evils. Just
as other animals were living therc, in tlln same way did these
t w o pass their days in full security and comfori. There was
no sorrow. Thc Lord Almighty made known to Adan1 tlte
names of all the plants and animals which were there When
the angels mere askecl thcir names, they did not kno~v,but
bcing confounded, held their peace. Whet1 Adam was asked,
he instantly told the namcs of all, ancl set forth the uses and
defects of et-ery one. When the angels saw t h ~ sfact, they all
became subject, and knew Adam to be better ~ h a nthemselves.
When'AzLzil saw this dignitpof Adam, his malicc and envy
still morc incrcascd, ancl hc meditated how he ~niglltinsome
way by fraud and tricker). ruin him. So one day pretending
to be a fricndly counsellor, he went to them and said, :: God
Almigkity has bestowed upon you the great distinction of
eloquence and spcec1-1, a blessing which he has never yet
given to any one. If you eat a little from this tree, then your
knowledge and excellence will be greatly increased, and you
will live here for ever in perfect ease and comfort ; death will
never cone, ancl you will always enjoy happiness." In that
hour when that accursed one, having sworn an oath, said, " I
advise you xvcI1:"l they f d l into his snare. With greecliuess
thcy tl-ansgressed and ate of that trce of which God h!mighty
had forbidclen thc1~1to eat. The ce1esti:;l garments which
thev were wearing inst?.nt!y fell off from thcir bodies. Taking
leaves of trees, they began to cover their persons. The long
hair upon their hcads a;so fell ofi, and they becarnc laked d.
Through the heat of the sun their complexion changed and
became black. In fine, they urcrc ruined.
When the anim.11~saw them i n this plight, tlicy felt an
aversion for thcir persons, ancl Fled in disgust. They f ~ lintol
a mosr abject condition. The angeIs thcn receivecl an order
to expel thcni from paradisc, and cast them do~vnfrom the
mountain. Tile angcls placcd tkem in a spot \vhcrc therc
wcre no fruits nor lcavcs at all. Somello~vor o t h ~ rt h q
came upon t h e earth, and for a long time thcy wept inces-
santly in grief and sorrow, and cwre greatly nsllnmed of their
conduct. When a long period had been passed in rhis
sorrow and remorsc, God -4lmighty took co~npassion on
.
them, and, acccpting their repentance, forgave tl1c.i~sin. H e
scnt an angel down to the ernr:li, who came hcrc and taught
them to clig t i ~ cearth, to plough and sew, ta reap, grind,
nlnlte 1eaver.l and bake brc:ld, to weave clothes, and to sew
and n~alcegarn?cnts.
When ihclr denccndants bccamc numerous the Jins also
came and associated with :l?cn:, and they taught t11em to
plant trees, buiid houses. and (to practise) many useful arts.
Friendships sprung up between rhcnl, and for a 1011: time
they thus pasjcd their lives. Gat w!iene%-cr mention was
made of thc fraud and tl-czcltcry of thc zccurstd d ~ \ . i ievery
,
Inan felt a misgiving of malice and envy on tllc pnrt of tlic
Jins. When Cain murdcrcd Xbcl, a suspicio~lsprung u p
amon,o the cllil&-en of the h::er il12t the Jins h ~ d incited
him. Eellcc dlei; canliry and n11imosir.y against the lins
illcrcasecl still nlore, and in tlieir hatrcd they practised and
Tvsrc always intent npo:1 magic, incantations; imprecntions,
charms, shuttii~gup in bottles, ancl mnoy other l k l c k 2.rts1 by
which annoyance might cor?leto t l ~ c]ins.
When Gorl Alnlighty sent the prophet Enoct: he came
herc, ancl having made pcncc between men 2nd ji!ls, he
sho~veclto all of them the of p:,nce. Thc Jins came into
the terri:ori-s of 111c mcn, and associating with them, tl~cy
dwelr togcrhcr. Zn this wxy luatters \vent on well, up to ;lie
second deluge, and even after ~ilat; until thc time of :he patri-
arch Abraliarn, thc friend of God. When Ximrod cast
Al~rahaminto thc 6.x: then tile suspicion sprung u p in :he
minds of men tl-]at thc Jins had taught Nimrod to make the
sling. And ~vr.henJoseph's brethren put him into i5e pi^ they
thonght thst this also was attributable to the :ui1e of the
Jins. \i7hen the pl-op11et Yoses came into the world hc also
caused peace to be made between them, and many Jins
became followers bf his reliqon.
\\'hen Solomot~,son of David, was made kin: of the ~rllole
world by Almighty God. and supericr~tpover all the kings
of the ~3rt.11was given to him, all the jiils and men became
his subjects. Then the Jir.; in a boasting way said that
Solonon had aainecl his anpire with thcir assisiancc, for if
t i c Jins llad not helped him, he mould have beell just like
othcr kinzs. They were dtvays making pretensions to a
knorvledge of tlie mysteries (of fate), and were exciting appre-
hensions among men. When his highness Solomon died,
the J ins had no kno\i.ledge thereor, they were all in perplexity,
asking X I - I L - ~h x l become of Sol~mon. The men then felt
sure that if :h- jias were seers, they would not llat~ebeen so
bewildered.
!\'hen the intcllige~lce a?>out Cilkij (Queen of Slie!~a)
reached Solomon, by ihc mouth of :he hocpoc: hc i!iclui:ild
of evcry one if tberc :yere any such person as would bring
the throne of Bilkis bciorc her arrival. A Jin, whose name
vms Astlis, son of X i ~ i n vauntingly
, soid tliat he would bring
it so quickly that his M,?jesiy should not be :tble to rise from
his place (behre it was clone). Solon~on.aid that Ile wanted
it clone more c1uicl;ly. Lsaf, son of 13arl;hiyB, ivho knew thc
name of pun8cr,said that he nould bring iL in one iilstanr.
And vcri!y he brought it. \%*henSolo~nonsaw the throne, he
was amazed, and paid adoration to God. Ir now became
mznifcs: to the Jins that men held ;he sclperioricy overtl~em.
Ashxn~cdand downcast, they turned aV...;ay,and all tlie men
fcllov-ed them hooting. Reing great!)- degraded, the Jins
flcd, and became rebellious. Solomon sent an army after
them to capture them. I-Ic taught many occt~lrarts formak-
ing thein prisoners, and zave insti-uccions as to the way of
shutting the Jins up in bottles. Indecd, he wrote a book on
those mystic practices, which becainc public afrcr his death.
T%'hen the Lord Jesus cxnc into the TVOI':~, and offsred ro
all thc Jins and mcn thc in~ira:ion to Isibm, 11e taught to
c v c one ~ the way of salvation, and shoxved the way to
hcarc-n ancl the mode of ol~taining association with the
zngels. hlany Jins then camc into his religion, a!ld becom-
ing devout and tc!npcrate, thcy began to go to heaven.
Hearing tlie intelligence of hcavcn, they came clowt-11here (to
the earth), and made it known to thc m~gicians.
When the Airnighty created the last of h e prophets, the
Jins were pret-ented from going to henveil. They said that
(Brabic) they "did no: know ~vhetlicrthat calamity had be-
fallen them for the good of the dwellers on thc earth, or
whether God desired to provide a nrap cf saIvation for those
(terrestrial beings)."l X a n y Jins approved the ?iluhaminadan
1 Kurdn, Sdrat lssii. v. ro.
religion, an6 becarne Rlusnlm5ns; so between t11c.n~and the [he race the Sarsanims and the race of 'Adnin from the
Musuimins peace continues up to the prcsent time. tyra,,ny of the C,recks and t l ~ cBmily of h r d a s h h Fortune
TVhen the doctor had iifiished speai;~ng all this, he a g ~ i n does nor in one nniform ~ v a ywit11 any One ; like
said, ': Oh Jins, d o no: annoy them, 2nd make no disturb- r,,o~u~ioll of the sphere; it turns perpct~~ally
over illis world
ancc among yourselves. In vain you cshibit youroid hatred ; of sreaed i,cings in accordance with the divine commands-
the end of it will not he pleasant. This hxred is fire from a onct in a tllousand ye,> or in twelve thousand years, Or i"
flint ; when it makcs its appearance it sets a world on fire. fiirry-sin thocsrnd years, or i n three hundred and sixty
May Gocl keep (you) in his protection. When they showeE thourand yeas, or in one day, which maJ1 be equal to fifty-
their eninity against us, ancl prevai!ed ovcr us, n.hat misery five thourand s~a'5, it changes once. True it is that the
and ignominy foilowed " magic of this variable fortune never keeps anybody in one
Whcll they all had heard this ~ ~ o n d e r f us~ol-y,
l cnch one st~te
bowed his head and bccan~epcnsive. The King then asked
this doctor, " \i?hat secms to you advisable ? All these h a ~ e
come complaining to iny rcsidence, 2nd have taken refuge
with me. I-IOWcan I settle their quarrel?and send them
away satisfied from my countly." The ~ o c t o replied,
r "The
proper course wiil be found out after (careful) consideration ;
nothing can be done b y rashness. It seems to me advisable
that the King should sir to-morrow morning in public courr,
and calling then1 all forn7a1-d,should hear their evidence and
~r_=uments.M c r that he must give his decree in accorda~~ce
with what seems to him right and suitable for t h e occasion."
The SrZi6-i 'mi?mzisaid, " The men are very fluent and
eloquent, bu! the a~limalsare dcficicnt in that respcct; they
cannot say anything. If they we beaten by the pIausibility
of the men, arid cannot answer, will you then surrellder them
illto the charge of men, so that they may be kept for ever
su!?jcct to annoyance and torture ?" The doctor replied,
"They are in bondage, and must be resigned and cjuiet. :
Time does not alnays pass in the same way. God will a t
icngrh give them deliverance, as he granted deliverance from
the tornlents of Pharaoh to the children af Israel, from the
tyranny of Kebuchadnezzar to the children of David, to the
tribe of Himyar from the torments of the tribe of TubbA, to

CHAPTER VIII.
ConszcIZatio~zof tlzc Men.
H ERE the Kin; was consxlting in private with his \vazir,
ministcn, and noblcs ; there also thc mcn, seventy
individuals, inhabitants of different cities, assemb!ed in their
own house, and held deliberations together. Each one said
what came into his mind. One of them said, "You have all
heard the discussion which has passed to-day bctween us
and our slaves, and the dispute is not yet settlccl. Have
you found out at all what the King has dccided in our re-
gard?" All said, '' J<ouvshould we know? StiU, this mgch
has, that the ICmg is much perplexed a b o u ~the maitm,
an6 probably will not come our to-morrow.'' Another said,
" I have found out that he rill hold a consultatioo in
with his ~vazirto-morrobv about our cast,! Anotllo said,
'' H e n7illassemble the doctors and learned mca; and
take counsel."
One of them said, " Lb'e do not know what advice the dot-
tors will give about our rights ; but this we ]-.nolv, that the
Ring is inclined towards us, and has a s o d opinioll of u5.n
Another said, The minirtn is to be feared. I hope he
not turn agaibst us, and do injury to our rights," ~ ~ ~
said, " Tbis is an easy m a t t n Give the v a ~ i SO,
r, presents,
and bring him over to our side. Still there is one dangersn
They all inquired what that was ; and he replied that lhere
IVUS $reat fear about the opinion of the judges a d lauyers
They said, "This is also an easy mattcr. Give them like-
\rise some bribes, and satisfy tl~em. Then, in accordance
citb our desires, they wii! invent some l c g d quibble, and
oive their opinion. But the S&%$-l' n s i ~ ~ r nisd nise and
honest. He will not sl~owpartiality to any one. In the
event of t l ~ cRing consulting him, it is to be feared lest he
should evert hinlself with the Ring on behali of our slaves,
and dclivcr them out of o.ur hands."
Anothcr said, cCYonspeak tile truth ; but if the Icing con-
sults wirh tlie doctors, their opinions will differ. One wil!
spcalr in opposition to another. and nothing will be decided."
Another observed, ':If the King consults the judges and law-
yers, what will they s;y about our rights?" The other se-
plied, 'LTheopinion of the learned cannot fail of falling
ynder one ~f these three categories : either they will decide
that we must set thc animals free, or tlmt vbre must sell them
and accept a price for them, or that we must sllow some alle-
viation and kindness to them. These are the only t h e e
courses provided for in the law." One szid, If the King
consults with the rvazir, x7e do not 1;now what advice he will
girt" Anothcr repllcc), " I know. He will say, 'These
aninals have come and taken refuge in our countqr; they
are oppressed, ancl it is incumbeni: on t h e King to assist
tbem,bccauseliings are czllcd the vicegerents of God, and
the Lord Almighty has give11 t h c ~ nrulc over the earth, t o
dispense jostice and equity to their subjects, and to 6 v e
assistance and succour to the weak ; to drive oppressors
from their dorninioxs, a112 to cnforce the commands of the
law among the people. Thcy will be esamined about these
c h ~ ~
matters in the d a y of judgmcnt.'"
One said, If the King speaks to the jildge about deciding
our case, then the juclge \will give onc of three decrees.
Whar. must then be done?" They all snid, L'Ajudge is the
deputy of the prophet, and the guardian of religion. I n no
 way can we disregard his decision." One said, " I i the like, said, Tlvi muit not IIC. If;.1 act cpon it we shall
judge decrees that we are to retease and set frec rhe ani- ccri5l1. no mu!~tiol~ ir." T3ose \v110 were dispcsed to
mals, what will you do ? " Then another one said, "We sell :ls:;id what harm theri' xr'as 111 !C.
will reply that we are their hereditary masters, and they l n anslvrr to tllis tllcy replicd, 'l If ".c sell the aninrals \VC
have come down to u s in blnd'qe from the times of our
sinll srscy incOnrenimre. 1)riuking their nY.11~~ eating
ancestors. The choice is orll-S. If we Iike, x17e can relezse t~cir making gilrlccl;ts of their skin and hair, the ap-
and set them free ; artd if WC lilcel we can refuse to release nljcationof thrm t~ o d ~ e rL I ~ C S ::esidcs--all these advantages
them."
hill loiI. Death is pyef;ral~le to s life like this. Similar
Another observed, '' 1.Vhat if thc judge directs us to prove iaconuenience will 2150 befall the inhabitanm of the settled
tliat they are our hcieditar). slaves by same legal document, ; for h e y have great need of these mimals-
or by witnesses l" One ansx~~cred him, saying L ' t V will
~ propoii;ioil of selling them. or settil'~
sever entertain
bring forward orrr friencls, who arc just, acid tender tllem as them free ; nay, do not even let the idea of it enter into Your
~~itnesses!' H e replied, '' Tbc judge may say that the lesri- minds, If you are conrent to give rhcm relief. and fo show
many of nlell is not trustworthy, because they are ail enemies kindness to thenl, there is no objec~ionto ?-Our doing sor for
of he animals, and thc evidence of enemies is not attended these animals are living bei~rgs; they bare flesh 2nd sicin like
to in the la~v. or he may ask where the detd of sale and and 1e. have ; b y troubling. th'm further, torture ill
contract is, and tell US to produce it if we a r t honest. What fallupon them YOUhave not xvurlcd so much righreous-
.
device can then be adouted 7
When they heard ~his,they were all sile~>t. and gave no
ness a j that this reward should accrue to you i l l consequence,
and rha; ~ o shouldd hxve nlndc these animals your subjects.
reply. At Icnzth an .4rab said, We will reply thzt W had Nor bare they committed any such great crime as till God
the legal documents, but that t ~ ~ weree y all lost in rile storm. should llavc inflicted this punishnlent because of it, and that
And if the judge directs us to swear that they are our own rl~cyshould have been subjected to rhis ~ f f c r i n g . H e is
slaves, then we will olsject that the oath ought to be taken Master. Wharcver He wishes HC does, and no onc can
the defendants, but we are thep1aintifikY Then one said,
"If the judge takes an oath from the animals, and they sn7ear
that the). are not our slaves, what course m u g lye then pur-
sue ?" Another replied, ':We will say tllat the aninlals have
sworn f:llsely, and that w e have many proofs ,\,h;hichsubstan-
tiate our claim."
A prrson asked, '' If the jadge decrees that we are to sell
them7 and accept the price, what MP YOLI then do ? l 9 Then
those who were inhabitants of the sttded coulrtry said, ;"\lie
will sell them, and take zhc money.' But those who i - e y
dudlers in the woods aad was:es, the Arabs, Twk5, the
 must be given to this point.
If \V? all as-
semble, and reflect and conside:., :lien some good pl" 'ill
turn up!'
individual said, G In m y opitlion the best course is for
us send mcs;en$erj to ail anirxais to reprCSCnt Our posi-
tion, and tell rlhcm (all), so :It, i. they may despatch their
CEXPTER !X. lCprcsentafiv~~ rod orators to L I ~ , who will then all come
here; and a c t a ~ ,our sul~portcrs. For in evcry species there
Co?/s?tltizt;o~~
nj At~?n/nlr. isa talent, a wisdom, and a;? clnque~~ce u-hich no other pas-
scsses, When mcny fric~lcls 'nd hclpcrs s!~all assemble,
WHEN the King arosc from his council, and all n-ere
dirmirict, d e y wcnr to their several ho~~ies.The
beasts having also assemblccl, began to advise and tzke
some nicnns of deliverance 1r.d snfcty will be found. Help
21S0 tome5 from &d. Hc aids ~vl~on~soevcr He mill." ,411
the animals said, " Enough ; this is the right course.'' - 4 ~ -
counsel together. One of them said, '' You have 2lcard all cor&in"Jlysix n:cssengers, very tru;tworth~, were chosen :O
the disputation which hns gone on to-day between u s and be sent in eve? direction : one of them f ~ the r wild beasts ;
the men, and the contention i s not yet settled. KOW,what
the for ~ h birds
e ; the third for the birds of prey; the
seems to you advisable ?" One of tlleln replied, "We rill
failfib for the insects: suclr as the easth~vorm,t l ~ cscxlet fly,
go in the morning and weep before the King, a ~ c lcomplain
kc.; the fifth for tlx rcptlks, snch as meggots, ants, snz?<rs,
of the tyranny of the men. Perhaps his Majesty may take
scorpions, &C.; the sixth for the acluatic animals. These
compassion upon us, and release us from bondqe. To-day,
having been a ~ p o i n r c d were
, se2t in every directioc.
indeed, he has been somewhat kind to us ; but it is not right
i n a king to give a decree w i t b u ~ thearing proof md =p-
merit, and proof and arguments are made effec:i\~e by e!o-
quence of statement and fluency of Iansage. Thus the
Prophet has said, (Arabic, which signifies) 'When quar-
re1 and come to me, and one (man) is more clever wirh his
proofs and arguments than the other, I decicle in his favour.
Therefo~e,if unwittingly the right of one sllouid fall to
other, he ought not to take it. If he doer talCe it I
point hell-fire for him.' The men, indeed, pas&s grcltei rp-
eloquence and fluency of language than WC 60, and we
are afraid that 1r.e shall be discomfited in our evidence and
arguments by their plaasibility, and that they will prevail
over us. N711atin your opinion is the best plan
careful

CHAPTER X.
r s ihr Fir.ct .lIcsscn~er.
Otz the i ~ r ~ z t t < !(f
W H E Y the iirst lncssenger went to rlie kill: or thc xiild
beasts, Abji-L flffi.ii-ic. to the lion-he said, " A
dispute is going on between m m and beasts i l l tlie presence
of the Ring ofthc Jins. The beasts hnvc sent messengers to
all animals, calling upon theln to come and render t l ~ e ~ n
assistance. Theyhave sent me also to ~vaitupol; you. Deign
to send a gcncral with your army aIo~,gwit11 nlc, that hc n a y
go there and bcco~neCO-partnerwith his fc.llorvs ; an6 when
his turn shall come, let !iim conrend wich the men." The
king asked the messenger what claim the 111en xvel-c setting
up against the beasts, and Ilc replied, " They ~naintain,L all
beasts are our slaves and we are their jnasters?
The lion inquired, '' What thillg do the nien boas: of? i f
they boast about vigour, strength, courage, \,alovr, 0 ~ , ~ l a ~ ~ 1 l t ,
leaping. jl~mping,clutching? fighting, close combat? or in faet
any onc of these, then I will instantly despatch my army that
it may g0 there, and in one 0nslaug)it scatter and disperse
them." The messenger said, " They do indeed boast =bout
many of tliesc qualities, and besides this they are
with n u n y praciicer ancl n t s , fraudr and grabgems,
they kno~vhow La make shields and rxxrorcls,
javelins, dagge-, and knives, arroivs and boiu., alld
(other) weapons. Havin: r q a r d t o the claws and teeth
of wild beasts, thcy corer their bodies uith armour m s l
, >
1 ' striking with claws."
C/~at:~ul-aza'rt~Z-
double armour: felt a n d Ilel~ncts,so that tile claws and teeth
the beasts mxy never take cfi-~crupon tllcir bodics. They
practise many wiles and stratagems in craer to catch the
savage and other wild animals. They make nets and ~nzri-S,
digging ditches: pits, niid holes, they C O ~ C the ~
1igl:cly with dirt and grass ; when the aniill~ilsun-
wittingly walk upon them, they fall in, and then it is impos-
sible for them to get out. 13ut before rlle King of the J i n s
there is no mcniiurl of rhese charactc.risrics ; therc the). bring
forward proois and argumcrits for eloquence of statement,
activity of tongue, ancl superiority of intellect and judgment,
(in fine), for all thcse things."
When the Icing heard (thisj from the mouth ofthe messcngzr,
after pondering for an ho~:r,h- gave his orders, saying, :' Yes,
let all the wild beasts of my army come." I11 accordance with
this command, many varieties of wild beasts-iions, ~volvcs,
different sorts of monkcys, ~rcaseis,and, in finc, canlir,orocs
and lacefi~iingl nniml.?.s of ever). sort and kind-came io wait
upon him. 'l'he king related 10 t!lcn. evelything r:l~ich lie
had hearcl from the tongue of the rncssenger, and said, '' Who '
is tlxere arnolxg you wlto wi!i go tilcrc and be the coacljutor of
the aoimals? Whencver ally one procetds thither ancl prr-
vails with evidence and rensoni!?g,thcn\\~harsoeverhesl~sllclc-
sire of rile I mill grant, ant! I wil! conFel- gi-eatntss upon hiin."
When the wild bcns~sI~earclthis iii~ymcditatedi n thougl~t
for an hour, as to \.:hether any one was fit for the business
or not. The lcopard, w l ~ owas minisrer, then saicl t o the
kins, Thou art our king ancl chief, and we arc your depc~id-
ants and subjects. It lic.11o:~cs t!lc ling tbat in every marLcr
be sbould consult carefully 2nd clclibcratcly with the -rvlsc,
and thcn issue his orclcrs. And it behoves rhr: sul~jccts hilt
they should listen to the orders of the king e i t h the ear of
1 Chni?;r/,i-~ri.;'nzi-h,irc-li!." cl:,\v-strikers."
'Lit, .' U'lm is such a one? "
their hearts, and in evcry point should show obedience to
him. Because the king srarlds in the exalted position of [he
head and the subjects in [be places of the!imbs (oiihe animal
frame). When the king and. the subjects each keep to their
respective positions and courses, all &ai~s =C acljus:cd, and
due order prevails in thc kingcorn."
The king asked the leopard what sort of qualities those are
which are mcct for the king and for the subject, and told K m
t o derail them. The leopard said, I' It behoves a icing to be
just, brave, and wise ; in every transaction h e si~ouldcars-
fully deliberate; lie should show liirldrless and affection ta
his subjects, just 2.5 parents show aii'cction and 1;i~dnessto
their otispspring; (and) he should occupy himself in \vl>otever
may be for the welfare ancl comfort of his subjects. And it
is irLcumbenton the subject that in cvcry way he should be
ready in obedience, service, and devotioil to the Icing ; and
whatever ski1i and art he may possess he should make !<no~vn
t o the king, and infornl him of its defects and merics; the
duties of his service he should discharge in a befiaing man-
ner; and, making his wants known to the king, he should
seck from him aicl and assistaiice."
The lion said, " You speak truly ; but now, wlla? zdvice
do you give in this mactcrl" The leopard said, '' hlay the
star of prosperity ever continue bright and respleildent, and
may the king be always victorious and triulnph~ni. If there
be any nced there of strength and vigour, courage andam-
bition, then Geign to give me permission that I slay 20 there
and effectuaily provide for it." The king said, For tl>ese
matters there is indeed no one there!' The ounce ~f
there be any nced there of leaping, jumping, liceping and
seizing ; then I am bail for it." The wolf said, " If there be
any need thrre of attacking, plundering, and d e ~ : ~ s t a t iIn ~
will provide for it." The fox said, "If there be any need
there of craft a3d trickery, I am the one for it." The weasel
said, l' If there be any use there for fel-rcting, stealinz. and
keeping concealed, I am bail for ir" The monkey said, l' I i
there be any need there of clancing, jumping, and n~imicr)., I
am the one for it." The cat said, " If there be any need chere
of flattery, fanning, and begging, 1 will pror7iclefor it." Thc
dog said, ;' If there bc any nced thcre of watching; barking,
and tail-wagging, I am the one for it." The rat said, " l f
there be need therc of burning, kindling, and damaging, I am
ready for it."
Thc king said, "Therc is no one there for these require-
ments.'' Afterwards turning tnwards the leopard, he said,
'' All these clualificatio~~s
\vhich thesc animals have mentioned
are nccessmy for the armies of the kings and nables of m e n ;
and they indeed are fit for these matters, because although
in outward appearance their shapes and figures are like unto
those of the angels, still their dispositiolls are like unto those
of wild beasts and bru:es ; but cf such of thcln as src learned
tl~eologians~ and discreet, the morals and virtues are like
those of the angels. Who, then, is the one to send that hc
may go there and contend on the side of the animals?"
The leopard said, It is true ; but now the learned and
thc theologians among men, having cast off this course u.hich
they call ' angelic morality,' ha\-e adopted devilish clisposi-
tions. Night and day thcg continuc in strife and contention,
and in slandering and maligning each other. In the same
way rulers and kings also having turned aside fiom the prac-
tice of justice and equity, havc cl~oscnthe way of tyranny
and oppression." The king snid, " You speak ~ r u l y ;still it
is necessary that the king's messenger should bc v i r t u o ~ s
and noble ; from his duty he shouid not deviate. Then who
is the one whom me ought to send, in ml?om all the cl~~a!ificz-
tions of a messenger may be iound ? I s thcrc any one in this
assembly who may be worthy to go ?here? "

CHAPTER XI.
Dclilt~mtio7rcf n a s s e r ~ p l :
T H E Yopard inquire2 of the lion what sort of qualifi-
cations arc in a rnesscngcr? Tilc Icing
said, " ILis neccssa~ythat a messenger sl~ouldbe a wise
man' and a good spea1:cr. FIe should forget nothing
that he hears, but retain i~ carefully in meinosy. Hc should
not tell the secret of his hcart to any one. The duties of his
tmst and covenant he should fulfil as they ought to be ful-
filled. He should not be n grczt talker, nor npon a.iy rnatter
should he go too far ior his own side. Whlrt has been told
him, that alone should he speak He s h o ~ ~ lstritre
d a:~d ex-
hibit devotion for whatever may turn to the uelfwe of his
principal. If the opposite side sllould offer him m y bribq1
he should not he such a person that, from desire for it, he
SILOLII~ waver from the course of trustworthiness and fight-
eousness, and fall headlong into the pit of treachery and
perdition. If in a strange city he shoold in any way find
gratification, he shoald not remain there for the sake of it,
but be should return (home) quic!dy, and comnlunicate to his
lord whatcvcr he may have seen or heard. He should rendcr
to hii lnaster whatever the responsibilities of counsel-giving
and tnistiness requlrc. He should not for fear of anythinc
Tfe %n?tcrhere forgt:ts his xpolcg~e.
This signification c{ k 7 n c an& tznzd dgsa is not 'inI.it.-"
1
seilder."
t13e Cic:ionmics.
fail a jot in the duties of a mcssc~;,-cr,becatis: it is incurn-
bent upon a mcssenTer to dcliver all his mcssagc."
After this he said to the leopard, " 111your opinion is therc
any one in this asscmblagc xul~omay posicss ability for this
business?" The leopard said, "There is no onc better
fitted for this norl; than the brother of Raliln and Damna." l
The lion said t o the jackzl, "You have heard ~vllat thc
leopard has declared in respect of you? what do you salr to
it ? " The jackal said, "The leopnl-cl speaks the truth ; inay
God give him a good rcwarci, and bring him to the object of
his hopes." The king said, If you go :here and contend
on the sick of your fel:ows, when you return you shall be
in dignity- and s h d l rcceivc r e i ~ a r d . ~The jackal
said, 6: J thi: obedient servant of rhe king, still there arc
many foes or my spacies there-rrrhat plan can I devise against
this?" The king i.nquired who they were. The jackal
saicl, "Days have a11 invetcrate animosity azainst me. Is
not tllc 1;in~ aware that thcy %revcry fricnclly and fkmiliar
wit11 men, and assist the111 in catching wild beasts?"
The king said, "What is the yeason that they have become
so attached to men, and m ~ k eattacks upon wild heascs?
\T%y, having left their ow:~f ~ l l i j \ ~liave
s , thcy become the CO.
adju:ors of a diferent species ? " Xo one knew znyrhina
al,out this nlattcr except the bear, and 11c said, " I ~ ! I O T Vthe
The
reason of this." 'The king dircctcil hiin to state it.
bear said, The dogs havc struck u p n friendship with meil
in co!lsecluence of a similarity of clisposition and asfinity o i
taste, atld besides this, they get m a n y nice thi~lgsto eat and
&in]; tllere. And in their nnturcs here is greediness and
avarice alzd iuclil:arions, like as in men-this is a strOnjiC7
reason for rbeir intimacy. And tile ivild beasrj abstiain from
these vices. The reason of this is, rhat dogs eat flesh, raw
and cooked, ]awful ancl nnla~vful,fre3h or dried, Salted or Ull--
I ~ ~ lnn.~
i Dl ~~ ~ -,verc , ~crafty
- 1u.o ~ jrckab crlclmkd ill StOt?'.
 salted, good or bacl, just as they get it, and besides they
devour fruits, vegctablcs, bread, pulse, milk, ct~rds,sour or
sweet butter, oil, lloney, s~ee:ments, parched $rail:, 'and a]]
the various sorts of human food-they lcave n ~ t h i n g . But
the wild beasts do not eat these things, or rather, they do not
even notice them. And the greeclir~ecssand a v ~ r i c eof dogs
reach to such a pitch that it i5 irnpossiblc for t h a n to allow any
aninlal to enter a village, so that he may come and get some-
thing to eat. If ercr a fox or jackal enter a rillage silddenly
a t night to steal a fowl, or I;?;, or cat, or a carcasc of carrion, or
a mcrsel of bread, \!lit11 what violence do :he dogs b z r l ~and
attacking (the intruder), at length c1rir.e him atvay. Through
this avidity and greed how abject and vile tl~cyare 1 If they
see a piece of bread or anything eix to cat i n tilc band of
any man, womzn, or child, \v.vith what avidity 20 they xvag
their tails and s h a h their heads 1 If lie in pity thrcrvs
d o x n a little morsel before them, how quickly do they mn
and pick it up, so that no other lnay get it! All these vices
are found also in man, and in consequence of tllis affinity>
the dogs have ~ u i t t e dtheir own fellows, and ham go:le a116
joilled themselves to men, and render then1 &lp and aid in
catching wilc! anirnzls."
~.
The king said, * IS there any otl>a beasi bnider the dog
M;ho has fcnned a connection and friendsllip with man?"
The bear said, " The cat is also very iricndly nrjcll them."
The king asked, " What is the reason of that connexion ? B
The bear said, "For this also there is this one re>.son,
that the dispositions of theln and of men are co2formable.
The cat also, like men, has a desire and lol1ging-for food of
various sorts." The king asked, " Whzt is the caps position
tvith men?" The bear said, "She is somewhat better ofi
than the dog>because she goes into their houscr r l ~ da!eeps
upon carpets ; asd when the). dine she sits upon the dinner-
clorb. \Vhatsoerer they eat themselvesthcy give unto her also;
and \vhenever she gets a chance she steals some of their
food and drink. E L I thcy ~ do not allow the dogs to gct
an entrance into their houses ; consequently envy and malice
prevail between the dog and cat. Whenever the dogs see
her they spring from their place, and so artack her, that if
thev catch her thcy tear her in pieces and eat her up. The
cat also, whcnever she sees a dog, scratches his face and
tears his tail and hair, and with great- rage and f u ~ yshe
swelIs ancl puffs herself out. This is the reason why she is
their enemy."
The lion inqnirccl if there was any other animal besides
these two vil~owas also familiar with men. The bear said,
;'Rats also go into their houses and sl~ops,but there is no
intimacy1 between. them, on the contrary they are afraid of
them and nin away." The kin5 asked what was the reason
of their going (to men's dwellings). The bear said, "They
also go the,-e froln a lilcing of various kinds of food and
drink" The king then askcd if there was yet ally other
animal who thcrc, and the bcar said, " Weasds also
sometimes go therc stedthiiy and secretly for the purpose of
thieving and caWil;g off something." Again the king in-
quired, " Is there any other anill~albcsidcs rhese who goes
into their llauses 5" b c ~ rsaid, " NO other one goes ;
but the men violently seize leopards and monke!.s and take
them there, but these do not g0 there willingly-)'
T h e l ~ n asked
g from what period cats and dogs had been
frienay with men, and t h e benr replied, " Sincc the d q s
*,hen the descendans of Gain prevailed over those of Abd."
The icing said, fL did this matter happen? narrate it."
The bear =aid, " A t the time mhen Cain murdcrecl his
brother, \v]lose name was Ajei. the children of Ahel sought
retaliation upon the children of Cain, and warred with them.
4 t lenrrth rhe children of Cain proved victorious. Having
 inflicted defeat (upon their opponents), they ldi~nderedail bear said, " I n this way many dogs having consorted with
their wealth, and carrying off all their cattle, bullocks, camels, one bitch, get her in pup, and when she brings forth, she
asses, and mules, they became very rich. Thcy gave cntcr- riith great affliction and labour gives birth to eight, ten, and
tai12n:ents to each other, and had many kinds of food cooked. sometimes to even more young ones ; still no one has ever
Slaughtering animals, thcy caused their hcacls and feet to be sec, in the town or in the forest a very large pack of dogs,
thrown everywhere raund about their ci:ies and ri:iaqa. notrithatandi~~g that no one ever slrughcers~them. But the
When the cats and dogs saw this abundance of flesh, and ~ o t snotwithstanding
, that they bring forth only one or W O
this plenty of viciuals a~:cldrinli, hating abandcned their own young onCS in a whole year, and arc always being slaugl1tered.
species, thcy entered w i t h avidity iota their viliages and floci<s npon flocks of them are t o be secn in the towns:
beca~netheir bclper~and coacijutors. Up to the present and forests, so that the computation thereof is impossible.
time they continue in alliance." The r e s o n of it is this :very many evils come upon the
When the lion heard this story he bcca~mevery pensive, wuDg of dogs and cats through their faod Through the
and said, '' There is 1 x 1 power ncr strength buz in God the mfimess of thtir food they are subject to dive= diseases from
great and glorious, from xhom w e czme, and ro whom tvc.e ,l1j& beasts are exempt, and tlvovgh their own vice
must return,:' and several times be reitcrated this formula. and the crudty of nicn the lives of themsr~vesand of
The bear asked the king, :'What ground of sorrow is thcrero o ~ s p are ~ gshort ; thys they are xbject andr"lched." After
your majesty (in the fact of] the alienation of the cats and that lion said to the jackal, ' l NOWdo YOU depart-go
dogs from their own species." The lion said, '' I !lave no there d o the presence of the King of the Jins,and "CCom-
sorrow for their departure, but I zm brooding over this ~vord plisb that matter for which you have been app0inteL7'
which has been s p o h ~ lby th'e wise. There is no @eater
1 i(lnfih.-h,bfn~ ~!ai~ghter
for sacrificeor food-
mischief or detriment to kings in their govcrnme~~t sad ad-
ministration than this, that the allies of their a m ~ ys h o ~ ~ l d
secede and g. to join the enemy, because uphen they go they
make him acquainted with times of negligence, wit11 all tI>jn~r
good and bad,and with zll secrets. Infor~ninghin~ofalltl:in~~,
they make known the secret ways, and all his various con-
trivances. All tbk is m exceedingly great evil for kings ;md
armies. May God ncver grant a blessirg to those cats and
dogs ! "
The bear raicl, L'i All that which the king has desired, God
has already done to those dogs, and the p r a w of the king
has been heard : having takeier.from their race his favour and
hlesling, H e has bestowed it upon thc goats," The Kng
zsked how this llappencd, and to!d him to relate it. Tile

CHAPTER XTt.
171 of the Seroxd A C e q e r :
rz"z~~~i$ion
W H E N the second messenger irei~tt o the Shih-m;lrgh)
the king of t i e birds, and stated the facts, he having
heard the posErion of the animals, gave orders that all birds
should come and present themselves. Accordingly birds of
every sort and kind: of rheforests, of the mountains, and of
the waters, in colnpliance with his command, cnllle and
assembled in such exceeding great abundallce that n o one
but God could know their number. The Shih-n1ueb said;
" l'he men have set up a pretension that all animals are
slaves, and they are their masters ; on tllis account many
anilnals are disputing with the men before the King of the
lins." Arter this he said to the peacock, his minister,
'' Who among the birds is most fluent m d doq~lent; who is
fit to be sent there, so that he may go and contend ~ i : hthe
men )" The peacock raid, " The whole society of bid. is
Present ; Ict him go wham thou pleasest to command." Tile
S h i h - n u r d l said, " Tell me the names of all of them, 30 that
1may h l o ~ vfllem." The peacock said, 6' The hoopoe,
pigeon, partridge, bulbul,&o6akp a p r r d g e . T U ~ & ~ & , rralloxcr,
J
croup,crane, sn7ic~-fihmcs'~a) sparrow, do- turtle-dove, \vag.
tail' gms., heron, wild-duck, nightingale, ortricll, 2nd o&crs ;
these ail are hcrc p r e ~ e n t . ~
The ShA-lllurg?. said to the peaeoclc,
Show them to
me One by o:w, that I may behold them, and asertain the
" Royal ?,ird."
1
. d n ~ cazicrrcsr.
j
' T:TCzr-o
4
~ot/~rxix.
Stone-eater.:'
IS
2nd qualities of each, ivhe~herany one is fit for this
duty. Thc peacoclc said, " Tbelloopoe, tllc spy, cnlxpanion
of Solomon, the son of Dmici, is 1112 who is sitting (here)
wearing garments of Inany colonrs. When he speaks he
bends in the same way as if he were ~ n a k i ~ borvsl
g and pros-
cratiolls ; lle inculcates virtue and prohibits vice. H e brought
the news of the city of Sabd to Solomon, the so11 of David,
and said this, ' T h c wonders and miracles of the world
\vbich I have seen, your Majcsty has not seen ; ancl so 1have
brouglli a piece of intelligence from tlie city of Sal); in which
no falsehood at all is minglcd. Therc is a l\ronlan there in
the description of whose dignity and splendour? the tongue
is dehcient. The sovcrcignty of that country is in her power,
and there is a very- large throne upon which she sits. In
fine, all the good things a l the world arc to bc found at her
abode ; there is no \vant of anything. But she and the peoplc
of her tribe are terrib!~perrrcrts ; they do not ac1:nowlcdge
God; they pay acloration4 to the sun. lnasmuch as Satan
has prrvertcd- those people, they consider vice to be. the
very essence of dcvotioi>. Havii~gcast off that beneficent
Creator who made earth, sky, and heaven, and who knov-S
everything, whetbcr open or concealecl, they aclnowIed~e
as their god the sun, who is b ~ r at particle of His lighr;
wbcreas thcrc is no one worthy of n-orskip hesides that true
and only God.
" The cock, the crier of the s:lmmons to pn~yer,is he who,
with a crown placed upon his head, is stailiiing on the wall.
His eyes are red, his wings outspread, his tail cocked up;
he is exceedingly proud and generous, and is always engaged
in rnagnifyinghnd praising God. He l i n o ~ sthe time of
prayer, and reminds ancl admonishes his neighbours. 111 the
1 R~.&,¶, bending the body fonvard, and resting a l~nndan each knee.
1 Haslmnz-rerinue, suite. 3 Sijda-prostrztion, homage.
Takdfr-repeating the doxology, " God is great." fie.
 mom, in his sumnlons to prayer, he scys this, ' 0 dwellers in
my vicinity, remember God. Yoil have been sic-1ling '
for a
very long time ; you d o not thir.k upon death slid destruc-
' tion ; you fee! no terror of the fire of hell ; you at? not dcsir-
ous of paradise, and you show no gratkude for the favours
of God Call to remembrance that person who will anni-
hilate ail p1easurc.s. >lake provision for )-onr journey ta thC
next world. If you desire to be preserved fi-on1 the fires of
hell, then pr~ctiscdcvotion and temperance."
" And the parcriclgc, the i:ivieer to prayer, is he 1vho is
standing on the hillock with a pale face and variegated
'vings. From the frequency of his bows and pmitrations,
be is bent in form. At the time of invitntipn to prarrr he
reminds the heedless and gives glad tidings -5; alld after
that he says, ' B e tlwnkful for the mercies of Gad, so
that his blessings may increase ; and show no mis~rustof
God.' And frequently in his prayeTs he offers up this peti-
"0% '060" place mein safety from the ~ndignityof birds
of prey, jackals, and men ; ancl preserve me also from p h p
sicians, who declare that benefit arises to rick people from
eating m y flesh, for in this there is no saietyl for me. 1 am
alwa)l thinking upon GM : in the morning I the pro-
per invitation t o prayeq that all men may hear and act upon
the good counsel.'
"The pigcon, the guide oftheway, is he who, taxnp letten,
l ~far distant cities, and ever xrhen he fliera,vay he
t ~ v e to
says, wit11 great pathos, ' There is horror in separation from
one's brethren, and longing for meeting with friends. 0 ~ ~
show m e the Wry to my native cotintry, that I lnay find
happiness in reunion with m y friends.'
" And the &daL:l is he who is aliua).s walking gacefully
about among the flowers and the trees in the garclen, and is
engaged in singing with exceedingly sweet voice. With
Lit. "liie.:'
1
A kind of partridge or quail.
p r e s q t and counrel be cries continurily. ' 0 dcstroycrs of
liie and conslitution, plalltcl-s of trees in gardens, buiiders of
houses in roxvns, sitters in high places, why are you regard-
less of the peri! or rhe rintc ? Be telnperate ; do not for an
inutaot forget God ; tl~il?dcupon tint day when you will
leave this Inxnv at borne, and will dcsce~ldillto rile grave
2nlo;lg mal;cj and scorpions. If fro111 this time foril*n!-d,
before learing your native llome, you are m n d f i ~ of l this,
then so mucl1 tbe bc~ter,for you will there co~llcinto a
pleasant &eliing-pL?ce ; if not, you will fall into perclition.'
"And this is :he srcrkh-n'b Libc as a preacher rnoutlts
into his pulpit, so does he also at noan rise in rhe rir, and
z.lng '0 the 5t;lcb of cam, lie si11gs various strains m*.th
exceedingly sweet voice. And in his discourse h e says,
Where are thoje lords of commerce and mcn of agricul-
tmc, who By the mercy of God derive very large profir from
the of a single grair.. Oh, m y mr.stcrs, in the fear of
God take warning ; thifiking upon your dying dag~,'Before
y ~ u rdeceare discharge the duty of worshipping him, and
show kindness and bencvolcnce to his crcatLrres. Through
stinginess do not take this idea into pour mind-" TO-day
no poor or needy person will come to my house ;" for who-
ever now plants the tree of kindness will to-morroxv realise
the fruit and relish of it. This norld is the hrtl-;est-field of
f ~ r u ~ i twl~osoever
y; shall przcrise in it the cultivation of good
~vosks,shall find the benefit of it in the life to come. If any
d , one s h d l pursue a n eui! course, he ~villburn lilce dry litter in
the fire of hell. Think upon that day when God, having
separated the infidcls from the faithful, will cast these into
hell-fire, but will bring the faithful into paradise. '
"The bulbui, the story-tel!er, is she who is sitting on a
branch of a tTee. Hcr body is very small, in flight she is
swift, her face is white, and she is constantly looking t o the
g Lir. " dcath."
1 Ziril'uf-cultivation, ngricu!ture, crop.
 right hand and to the left. With exceeding eloquence 2nd
sweet voice she c o n l p o ~ her
s srmiils, and s ~ l -ill
5 the gardenn
in close intimacy with nlen-she even goes into their houses
and talks with them When they, unmindful of tilought about
God, engage in pleasure and dissipation, with admonition
and c o ~ ~ n s eshel exclaims, 'Gracious God ! how hcedkss
ye are : cliceit-ed by this existence of a feltr dayi' length, ye
~ 1 1 negligence
0~ in thinking xpon God. \LTby are ve not ab
sorbed in the ren~embranceof him ? Do ye not i;norl~that
Ye r e r e 111 born 10 die; nourishcc1 to n~ouldcralt-ay,brought
e rperish ? Ye are building this house that it may
t ~ . ~ e t hto
fa11 10 ruin. How long, deceired by the deligi1t.r of this world,
unll Ye conti~~ue occupied in p1enso1-e a d &ssipltian ? In
the end, to-morrow,' ye must die and be buried in the eafih.
Be wise even now ; do ye not knorv xv~lat GO^ i\irnigI~tyd d
t o the "lord of the eiepbai~ts?" Abrah, c.ho was cllief of
that band, sought, by stratagem and craft, to raze the house
of God. -qounting many men upon eiephanti, he ad\-anced
towards the temple of God. But in the end God made vain
his cunning and craft; he sent\mmns upon iiivarml of
birds against them. The birds, taking vp pebbles, podred
down such a shower of stones that a11 of them, together &h
their elephants, were riddled lile worm-ertcn leaves,' After
that she exdaims, '0 God, preserve me from the hankering
of boys, and against danger from all alin1a5 1 J
'L TIT' '
XIS1s the crow7the soothsayer, who reveals hidden mat-
ters. H e is black in cdour, and temperate. He giver infor-
mation al~oureverything which has not as yet tr-
H e is a t all rimes occupied in meditation upan GO^, -nspired.
and ever
Passes his ( 1 1 ~in~travel and wayfaring. Going into
country, he gets inforlnation about ancient annals. He threat-
ens the heedless with the evils of neglect, and with admonition
and counsel he cries, Observe temperance, and betvare of
l Le., very soon. '~ ~ f ~ ~ & Z i ~ z f - ~ p p oset
i n :orer:
e~,
tbar day ahen you will rot in the grave, tvl~cnfrom the dis-
rrrace of your dccdi your ,kin will be tornoff. Now through
delusioll you givc the prefcrencc to the life in this world over
;hat of the nesr. Havir~gfled from thc conlmands of Cod,
there is m resting-place or delivera~~ce for you. If you xish
for s2Alvation,engage in s:~pplicationand player ; perhaps
Cod, tBGng com~passion,~villpreserve you from llarm!
i s Herc ;S tllc s\lrallow, the rover in the air. In flight she is
l i g t ; her Pet are small, and her rings layc. She dwells for
Lhe mosl palt in rllc hmses of men, and thcrc inulp UPhL'
Always at jai~iiand at ere she utters prayeys and
sJpplicarion~for m e r e . 111 har journcys sbc proceeds to
p a t dist~nca3. In d ~ yofj heat she C ~ O O S ~her
S abode
in places, dufiirg the cold in warn1 p k t c ~ i . In her
and p r a ~ f she
i repeats this formula- ' H e is holy
,,rho the sea alld land, who established the mountains,
and formed alrrcnts of the stre~t~ns-1~h0according t o
onis dfiens sustenance and cleatb, from which
rllerc is never any deviation. H e is the llelpcr of traveliers
in their journeys, an$, is Lord of all the face of the eaYtii and
says? L I
of all creatures..' After this praise alld prayer
,,
have travelled illto every country, have scen all the 5el-vautS
(of ~ ~ a ) ,hav, COW hack to my own country. He is
hob, llasing brought inale and female togcthcr, hrtoived
them abundant oifrpriti: ; and, having brou:1lt them
out from the corner of nonentity, clothed ibem wirh gar-
mellts of esisicnce. Praise is due to Him W~:O is the crcaror
of all creaturzs, 2nd the besrower of all blessings.'
The crane, the wa;chman?is he alio stnnds upan the fidd
His nc& is long, 11i5 feet short, and in flight hc reaches half
way to 1,eaven. Twice in the night hc keeps vinila, and
in piaile of ~ o offers
d his thanksgiving, and rays, ' Holy is
that God who of his power crcated a pcir of erer). ( s ~ c c i c s
govtmor, ruler, of) animal, so that, consorting togethcr, the~lniglltproi;:!gat?
a& beget ofiprinp, and mi:L ren~eml>crtheir Crcnior.'
 'cAnd this is the sang-lih~vira(stone-eater), the inhabitant
of dry land. H e always dwells in woods and deserts. &Tom
ing and evening he repeats this forln (of puaycr)-C Holy is
He urho created the SIT and the ea-th. He is thc Maker of
thc heavens, of the constelhtions and of the stars, and these
a11 revolve by His command. The falling of the rain, the
movemenr of the air, the manifestation of the thunder and
lightning, all is His worlr. H e alone upraises from theearth
the vapoul-S by means of which tllc economy of the world is
(maintainc-cl). A xonderful Creator is H e rvho a f t u death
gives iife (again) to old rotten bol~ts. Gracious God ! \vhat
T H E third mrranger -,vent to the king-bee, chief of :he
di
the fliest 2nd recounted to him n!l the affairs
a Creator He is i The tocgueof 111an is incompetent for His
praise and eulogy; how is it possible that the unc\e~-standing ..i,n~lj. He, the kitlg ot all insects, as soon as hc heard
should arrive at (a Iaiowlcdge of) His nature ?' it, gave orCera for a11 the insects to coias before him. In
consequel~ceoft ; ~ ccom~nnnd,flits, i n o ~ ~ ( ~ i ~:.dflies,gnats:
to~s,
"The nightingale of sweet voice is 11c that is scatcd on a fieas, virsps, no:bs, ;ld, ;n Snc, all creatures r h o snil
branch of a tree. In body he is ~111211,in motion iivifr, and in body end fly ~ $ 1 1wir.gs, 2nd do not live more OlX
in voice sweet. After this fashion he meIodious!y poorsionh
,--me 2nd rtrcndcd The king set fOZl1 tO thml;ill the
his strain in praise of God-' Praise be to that Crearor ~ h o
informetion he had heard from the t c n q c of the messenger:
is the Lord of pokvm and benrficance. He alol~eis (God),
and *=id, " "jho i n t h n e nnxmg you \rho vi!l 0 there, ~ l d
for He has no equal ; the bes:ower of boons, the give:- of all
dispute with the men on. behalf of the ani~nalr." Tlle~211
blessings, private and public. Lilia unto the sea, hc ullgmdg-
inquired upon what point thc men were boasting Orer thelll.
ingly digllifies every man with the bo~~nties of His favour.'
~ h 1Ile;senger
c said, ':They boast upon this poinl ar.d say,
And sonlciimei with deep sorrow she speakn in li1is way-
ive aTe larger in size ancl staiurr, r c hare greater strensh,
' How happy was that rime when I roamed about along the and in every point we are superior to the mimls.' The chief
fl0ll7ers0-f the garden, x ~ all
d the trees ladcn arith fruits of the x a q l said, L: 1 .-ill po t b r : m d diiputc ~ L i ltl h men."
~
of many kinds.' "
The cllief of the flies said, I will go there, a u d act as the
Hereupon tllc Shjh-murgh said to the pencocl;, ;L Of all
these, 1~110in your opinion is the most fitting person to scnd deputy of my tribe.'' The chief of the moiyuitoes said, " I
there, that h e may go ?ad contend with the men, and be the go &re." The c h i d of the 1 0 ~ u a said;s " 1r i l l So rherc,
ally of his own species." The peacock said, ':All tbesc have and, k i n g the ally of my own species, I i d 1 discuss (the nmt-
rer) \Vith rhcnlen.'' In this wxy every one was rezdy tor the
abilify for the duty, because they are poetical and eloqtlenf,
but the i~ightingaleis the most eloquent and melodious of business.
them all." The Sh;h-n~urgl~dimcted him (the nightihdngde) brig said, 'c How is this that ye all, wirhout considcrz- T11c
to take his depal?ure, m d go there, p;~ttinghis trust in God, tion and thought, ~OITLI the project of going thn-r ? " upon
who is a help and support 1n evcry elnetxency. csngregation of g m t s said, 0 king, there is
the help of God, and certain it is that by His aid rvc shall The king said, 'l You all speak t n ~ l y ;hut in the presence
gain the victory over them, because ia former times thew the an$ of the Jins there is no mention of these things,
.v and manners,
have been very tyznnical kings, but by the lic!p of God u7e ~k~~ the dispu:e is about jus;ice and equi', ,
have always prevailed over then. Ofttimes thel-e has been di.scr~lion,and eloquencl and fluency. 1;
snd
proof of this." The king said, '' Statc the ci~.cumstances." any one amollg you xvlx lhas ability in these n~atlers? "
The chief of the mosquitoes said, "Among men X i m o d was of the king, they r e r e nil siicnt, and.
on heurillp
a king of the highcst dignity." He was csceeding!? arrogant hCnging do\\-n their he&, said notllin:.
and perverse, and in his pomp ancl dignity and splendour took a sage zm~ongthe flies ca1r.e out from the con-
~f~~~ the
thought of no man. But a gnat of our racc, who was very gregation, and, standing before tlu king, raid, "
sniai! ancl frril of body, destroyed this king so great. Not- upon this business, and there, actin:
liclp of ~ $ d I, u,ill
withstanding his dignity and might, his power ciid not avail as ally of tile ;mim&r, I will clisp~tewith rhe n l e n x h e
him anything." The king replied, "You speak tnrly." king 311the ~ i r e r n b l ysaid, " May God aid you in the
The wasp said, "At thc tinie when a man Fully furnished have onJerfal:m, and make yotl victorious oi'cr
with snns, with sword, jave:m, spear, knife, an-d arrow in the fincl haring given tohim nil proviliolls for
hand, is accoutred (for bat~ie)-.if a t that time a wasp bclong- :he journe)l, he dismissed him. This sage having d e ~ a m d
ing to us goes ancl srings him, and pierces him wirh a sting fl,e,lcc, in the presence of the King of tllc !ins.
(only) ecpal t o the point of a needle, then how wrctched does ,vllere of sorts and kinds were present.
his state beeome. His body swells up, his hands and feet
grow languid ; he cannot move, nor does he cver? rake any
h ~ ofd his shield and sword." The king said, ' l 1: is true."
The fly said, " lk'llen a king of men sits upon his throne in
great polnp and splendour, and his doorlreepers allcl guards
are standing all around him with the utmost devotion and
l!-illingnesl., SO that no pain or a1mo)ranct may l-esch him--if
zt thzt time a fly comes out of his bitchcn, or his necessary,
and, with its body all covered wit11 filtIlh,goes alld sits upon
his person or clothes and teases him, he can never Gnd the
power t o escape fro111 it." Thc king said, ': It ;; true."
The mosclr?ico said, "If any man is seated in society or (in
private) behir:d his screen, or with the mosquito-curtains
hung up, and one of our tribe goes and gets into his clothes
and bites him, then how restless does he beconle, and lvhat
a rage he gets into ! But he can do nothing to us ;he can
only thump his onrn head, and gi-;e slaps to his own cheel;s."

CHAPTER XIV.
On tlre rjzatfL.mofthe Foul?il J h t g - e r .
\ V H P N the fourth messenger went into the prescnce of
he phcenis, the king of the birds of prey, and made
known the circumstances, he also gave orclers for all the
birds of his species to attend. In accordance with the order,
vultures, phccnices, henlks, ~'Xcons,kites, owls, parrots, and,
in hne, all carnivorous birds having claws and beaics instantly
presented themse!vea The phenix related to them the
facts of the anin&' dispute -4f~erthat he said to his waii,
the shunkrir, (black-eyed falcon,) '' 1s there any one of these
birds who is bt for this business, whom we may send there,
that he may go and confront the men, and be m ally of his
own race in this conff ict ?' The wz-fr said, ('Tl~ereis no
One b u t the owl who has ability for this business." The
king askedwl~atthe reason was that no one besides him was
fit for the business.
The said, " Because all birds of przy are akaid of
men; and fly from them ; and bes~des,they do not under-
stand their language. But the owl dweUs nearth&rvil[;igas,
and often, indeed, in their old houses which have become
ruinous. His continence and contclltment are such as Go
other animal possesses. By day he fasts and weeps in fear
of God, and at night also he is absorbed in devotion and in
arousing the heedless. Hc laments over former kings
are dead, and repezts this verse, appropriate to their =ondi-
tion, (Arabic,) 'Ure have left behind the gardens and faun-
tains, the houses and cultivzted lands, and all the good
things through which we lived in pleasure, and now other
people have become the possessors of them.' " 1
The phcgnix said to the owl, " What d o you say about this
which the shunkiir has settled for you i" He replied, " The
shunldr speaks truth ; but still I cannot go thcre, because
all men nourish a n i ~ ~ ~ o sagainst
i t y me, and consider the sight
of me unluclcy, and they cast abuse upon poor innocent me,
never did them any harm. If they shoulcl see me there
at the rime of rhe argument they will become still 111ore ill-
jmicd, and through this animosity the day of battle will
again arrive. It is better chat you should not send me there."
The p h ~ n i then
x asl;ecl the owl, who among the animals (prc-
sent) was best fittedfor the business ;and he replied, " Kings
and al-nong men are very fond of ha~vlcs,falcons, and
dJldTflt~,Z and with great fondness seat them on their hands.
If the king should scnd one of them rhcre, it would be better?'
The king, iookinp towards the asseillblagc of hawks, said,
"What is advisable in your opinion ?" The hawk said,
owl speaks truth. But men do not distinpish us h-
cause w e haveany a s n i t y with them, nor because thereis any
great lImo\v!edge or gcorle mxnnners in u s throtrgh which they
sl~ouldhave a-iicc~isnfor us. They show a !!king for u s
merely for their own benefit; for they tear away our prey
from us, and apply it t o their own use. Night and day they
are engagecl in zrnusernent and pleasure. Those matters
tvhich God has made incumbe~~t on them, such as to perfor111
their devotions, andto have a dread of the account and boolts
of the day of judgment,--for these matters they never show
any inclination"
The p h ~ n i ssaid to him, " In your opinion u,l~omis it
advisable to send!" He said, '' My opinion is, that the par-
rot Gould be sent thcre, because among men, kin@ and
I K ~ ~ &sitrsr
-, sl~. v. 2;-27.
2 Chara&-.a bird off i e hawk kind.
 nobles, everybody, small or great, male or female, learned
shunkir also having fled from their oppression, ha.s gone to
or ignorant, is fond of him, and taI!cs with him. \Irhatever dwell in the forests, giving up his abode in his own country.
he says, they attend and listen to." Thc king aslced the par-
n u t with all this even, we cannot get deliverance from their
rot what he thought was 'advisable. H e replica, ('1 am
tynnny. Having no remedy, the time for a struggle has
ready. I will go there, and, on the siclc of the animals, will
contend with the men ; but I hope that the kiag, a r d all this arrived. ALthoug11 we arc so strong that any individual of
,;ght, if he liked, take up several men, and make spoil
congregation, will unite and render mc assistance." The of them, still it is not befitting for the good to do such e5~il:or
pllwnix inquired what he wished. He replied, " My object is regard to their wicked conduct, W e dciiber-
that the king should pray to God r'or mc, that I may prevail to p y
slew keep aloof and remit tLem to God, for in this world
over the enen~y." Thc king, in conlpliance wit11 his request,
there is no good in fighting and contendil~g. They will 011-
prayed to God for help, and all the congl-egation said, Amen.
tain the fruit and results of it in the world to come."
The o~vlsaid, '' 0 king I if prayer is not accepted, then
)Zfter t1r:hai he said, ': How Inany ships are there which
.trouble and labour are in vain, and unless prayer is attended b v e been in distress through adverse winds, and we have
with a11 the requisites, no rcsult foIJaws." Tire killg asiced
helped them upon their course ? and how inany poor fello%'s
what the conditions were for the acceptance of prayer, and
are there whose ships have been broken by fierce winds, and
told him to state them. The orvl said, " For thc acceptance
w h a , when they begnn to sink and to drown, \VC have
of prayer, sincerity of purpose and p ~ r i t yof heart rue neces-
brought to the shore, so that God Almighty might be satisfied
sary. Like as a person prays to God w h e ~ lin the decpest
and fleasea with us, and that we migl~tin this way shorn Our
distress, so should one fix the mind upon God at the time of
orati:u& for Iqis mercies! For He has made US porverful
prayer. And before offering our (special) prayers, the regular bestowed upon us vigour and s t r e n g h md
form o f prayer should be repeated, abstinence shoxld be ob- body, and
He, under every circmstmce, is our aider and helper."
served: and we should show some bindnesi to the poor and
needy: and then, whatever our state of g i e f and sol.row may I l,it. 8 , h:r'iingseen and known a!!."
be, WC should represent it to the Divine Majesty!' All said,
" H e speaks the truth ; in prayer these things are requisite."
The king said to all the congregation, " Ye know that men
have so practised violence and oppression over animals
that those poor wretches have at their hands bcen rendered
~sceedingiymiserable ; to such a degree, indeed, that, not-
withstanding our being so far away, they havc come to seek
refuge with us. And we ourselves, n~trvithstandin~ that we
have greatcr strength and vigour than man, and soar to the
skies, still we have f i ~ dfrom their tyranny, and have colne
t o hide ourselves in the hills and rivcrs. Our brother the

W H E N the 6R11lncssenger went into the pruence ofthe
king of the acgaatic aniinals, and conveyed to him the
infelligence of the dispute, he also asse~nbledall his depend-
e l ~ t sa d adherents. Accordii)~ly,the fish, t l ~ efrog, the
crocodile, the dolphiil, the turtle, BC., all aquatic a n i m l r of
eZ'Y variety, and of every for111 and shape, in accordancc
vri& the command, coUected together. The king set forth, to
them all that he had heard fiom the tongue of the messenger.
After that he raid to the messenga, (c If d ~ men e consida
themselves superior to us in strength u l d courage, 1 will im-
mediately go, and in one instant I will spun out fire on t h e q
and then dragging them down by the iorce of my breath, I
will slvallow them." The messenger repiied, The). boast of
no one of these things. but they consider themselves rtlperior
i n this respect, that they possas rhe greatest sense and wjr-
dom, that they are icquai~itedwith every science and a*,
and know crafts Zmd plans, maintaining that
these is no equal to them in sense and judgnlcnt.u
The king said, " Set forth in detail the facts of their
science and art, that we also may know them.'' ~l~~ me.-
senger said, * what ! does not the k n p b o w that by their
science and wisdom they go down into the ocean1 m d bring
up jewels froor its bed? By their stratagems m d mifiCes
lih?~h
*lilil?11. he Ocean, Or. i l a more i-esllrted sense,the ~~d
they climb up the mountains, and catcl~ing vultures and
eagles, b r i n ~them do!vil to the ground. In the same way, by
their science and wisdom thcy construct a yake of poles, and
placing it upon the shoulders of oxen, they lade heavy goods
upon their backs, and conduct them from east to west, from
west to east, traversinz every forest and desert. By thought
2nd wisdom they build ships, and embarking goods, convey
them about from sea to sea. Going on to the mountains and
hills, they dig and extract from the earth jewels of every kind,
gold, silver, iron, copper, and a great variety of things. If a
man goes to the bank of any rivulet, river, or stream, he can
by the force of his kno~vledgebind such a charm that if a
thousand crocodiles or dragons should afterwards go to t l u t
place, it would no: be possible for them to enter there. But
before the King of the Jins the discussion is about justice
and equity, argument and proof ; there is n o mention what-
ex73 of power and strength, stratagem and artifice."
When the Icing heard all this from the mouth of the mes-
senger, he looked intently all round upon those who were
sitting around and befol-e him, and asked what in their
opinion was the best course, and if there .was a n y one who
go and contend with the men. K O one gave any
answer except the dolphin, \v110 dwells in the salt sea, and is
exceedingly friendly with men ; for when a person is drown-
ing he drags him from the water and places him on the shore.
He represented, ' l Among aquatic animals the fish is best
fitted for this work, because she is l a c e in body and good in
f i w e ; she has a fair face, white colour, and snaigllt body ;
is swift in motion, and in swimming surpasses eveq-
thing ; in numbers she exceeds all aquatic creamus, and her
off5pr,g is SO abundant that every river and stream, sea and
lake are filled. And she holds a high position also in the
opinion of men, because on one occasion she gave refuge in
her belly to their prophet, and aftenvards brought h ~ m to his

home in safety. A11 men bold the belief that all the a r c h
rests upon her back." ..
-
Tile Ling asIxxi the fish what she Iiad to say about it, and
she replied, " I cannot in any uray go tilere, nor can I either
contend with the men, because I have no feet wherewith to
g e t tllere, nor have I any tongue wherewith to talk to them,
1 Cannot endure thirst ; if for one instant I am p i f e d from
the water, my statc becomes miserable. I n my opinion the
turtle is betier fitted for the business, because ile goer out of
the 1vater stays also 011 dry land ; d~vdlingi l l the sea 0,
On the is all one t o him. And besides this-, his bady is
s:rOfir and his back Lard ; he is exceedingly patient and
enduring under trouble and pain."
The king asked the turtle what he thought advisable, 2nd
he said, ''This work is impossible for me also. When 1wall<
1nY feet become heavy, and the way is hr. I am also a poor
~ ~ Iand cw 10. . speeches are impossible for me. The dolphin
is better suited for this, because he is very .nporous in his
movements, and has great powers of speech."
The king asked the dolphin ~ v l ~ he a t thought advisable.
He said, "The crab is best fitted for this business, because
he has many feet, is swift in walking and runnin his talons
are sharp, his claws hard, and his back nrong as if cove&
with armour." The king spoke to the crab, and lie replied,
'L HOW can I go there ? my body is ugly, my back ~ r o o k d ,
mY f i ~ r exceediugly
e bad. I should not like for tilere to be
a against me." The king said, Wily should t!,ere h
derision of you ? what fault is t h e n in you ? " The crab
''When they See me they will ail say, who is this headless
animal ? he has eyes ill his neck, a mouth in his breast, his
cheelcs are split open on both sides, he has got cipIlt legs and
they are crooked, and he goes alone face downwards as if
made of lead. All when they see me will c r a c ~joker upon
me:" . The king said, " Who then is better fitted to go there
Tlze Crocodile-
Tile crab raid, " I n my opinion the crocodile is very well
fited for this business, because his legs are strone
he has plenty of actian. He is swift in running his
is his t o n p c long, his teeth numerous, his body
hard, he isvery patient, to gain his object he waits a long
while, and rl,oiui no rashncsr l11 anything.'' The Icing asked
the uocodile, and hc replied, " I am not at all fitted for this
work, because tilere is great passion in me. Leapine, jump-
illL "d running away with whatever 1 can ~et.--these are
all derects of mine ; and, in fine, I am a thorougll cheat and
impostor' When r6e messenger heard this he said, " For
going on this business tllel-e is 110 need of strength, vigour,
, trickev,but sense andgrarity, justice and equity, elaquence
and fluency are the things required."
The said, There is no one of these qualities
2nd merits ill me ; b u t in my opinion the frog is the best
person for this buiinei;, because he is mild and patient and
devout ; right and lie utters praises in commen~omi0'J
of cod, morn and e r e be is engaged in praYer and fan-
ing, He goer also into fbe houses of men. In tlie estimation
of the children of l s r a d his worth and honour are great,
hecause once upon a time hc showed them this lundness that
, h e n Nimrod Abraham, the friend of Gad, into the fire,
he took water in 11is mouth and squined it on the fire, so that
the fire was exringuiihcd, and took no i f i ~ upon t his body.
Andat time, n hen there was a conflict between Moses
and Pharaoh, he assistcd Moses. And h e is eloquent also :
he vtterp words, and is ever e n g ~ ~ ine dpraising1 m%-
nifying, and g-odiying ( ~ o d ) . HZ r o m s about b o ~ hon the
land and in the water, moving on the land and swimming in
His nlenlbers atso are aPPr0-
the water ; this he knows.
pr, ; his head is round, his face go?d, his eyes bright, his
hands and feet large, in movement he. is swift, a d he goes
into the houses of men and show's no fear:'
 T h e king said to the frog, ('What is the best
YOU' opinion ? " He said, " I am ready, heafi ai1d soul; ar6
a m the king's subject ; whatever order he may
agreeable to me. If it is decided that 1 am to go there, is
quire agreeable to me. I having tllere tab the pn of itmy
Own fellows, will contend w i d the me% 0.1 1 hope that
king ivill Pray to God for aid and n s s i r ~ n c cto me,hansc
the Prayers of
on behalf of their $ubjec-s are
In compliance with his request, the king pray& to
alI Congregatioll said, Amen. Then the fmg ~ ~andd ;
of the king, too~cleave
procecding thither, he pres*nted himself
before the King of the Jins.
in
WHENthethereptiles-ic,
sixth mejsenger wcnt the dragon, hil~gof
to
chief of all theworrnsl andants-
and told him all the circu~nstancesof the animals, he as soon
as he heard it, directed that all the worms should attend.
Instantly all snakes, scorpions, chameleons, lizards, green
lizards, spiders, licc, small ants, earthworms, and, in fine, all
worms which are produced in filth, and crawl upon the leaves
of trees, all came and attended before the king. In such
multitudes did they assemble that no one but God could have
the power to c o u , ~them. When the king beheld their won-
derful and extraordinary forms and shapes, he was amazed,
and remained silent for a moment. Afterwards, when hav-
ing attentively considered and loo1:ed upon them, he per-
ceived that there =ere very many creatures small and feeble
in body, and deficient in instinct and intelligence. He
became serious (and aslccd), "What can be done with these ?"
He said to his minister, the scrpent, " I n Your opinion, is
there any one among them suficicntlg clever to send there
on the business of the dispute, so that he may confront the
men ? for these creatures are for the most part dumb, deaf,
and blind; they have no hands or feet at all, there is neither
hair nor feather visible on their bodies, they have no beaks
or claws, and for the most part they are weak and feeble."
1 Kira-a worm, p b , insect.
 them, He bestowed strength upon some, but kepi others
weak; to some H e gave bulky forms and to others m in the
bodies ; b u t in His generosity and beneficence He has kep
them all eqval To every one of them he has given suinble
means for securing zdvantage, and v!eapoos for-tl~c repl!ing
of injury.
" I n this blessing all are equal, no one has any s"priority
over anofhex When H e gave to the elephant a bully forq
and bestowed upon him enormous strength, He also made
for him two long tusks, by means of which he is prrarved
from the ferocity of rapacious beasts ; and by his trunlc he
obtains benefit If R e gave to tile gnat a lirtle body, t l l a
as a substitute He granted ta him two wings, exceedingly fine
and light, by means of which he flies and escapes from his
enemies. All, small and great, are equal in that blessing by
means of wl~ic11they secure advantage and remain preserved
from violence.
" I n like manner, he has not deprived of this blessing men
this species which out~vardly appear to have 170 hair or
feathers. When God created them in this state H e provided
for them all the means by which they might secure knefit
and remain safe from violence. If the king, having reflected,
ivould look upon the facts respecting them, then it wolI1d be
seen that those among them who are small in body and are
feeble, are Iight and fearless in flight, so that they rcmain
safe from every injury and are not disturbed about obtaining
what is beneficial.
"Among animals in general those w110 are lays in body
and have great strength, they by means of their strength and
courage keep off injcry from themselves, like the &phant
and l i o ~and , other animals berider theur who have large
bodies and great strength. Some by Reet mnninm and by
Right remain secure from every danger, like the
hare, the wild ass, &C.; and some by means of flying nrnain the
in securityfrom all horrors, hike the birds ;and some b diving
preserve themselves from peril, like the aquatic
animals.
"And there are some which lie concealed in holes, like
rats and ants. T h u s God Almighty speaks in the story of
the a t , ad says, ' Thc chicf of the ants said to all the ants,
Keep concealed in your ~ s p e c t + edwellings, that S O ~ O ~ I O
llis army may not a s 1 1 YOU u n d u foot, for they do not
know (,here are)? And there are some who* skin and
hide God has made very hard, by means of which they are
prerewrved from every evil, likc the turtle, fish, and those
animals which are aquatic. And there are some who, by
hiding their heads under their tails, reinaln safe from every
injury, such as rhe porcupine.'
"And there are very many ways d s o by which those
szi& obtain their subsistence. Some by keenness of
vision see, and by power of wing fly, and wherever they see
anytl~inuogCO eat, thither they proceed, like the vulture and
e@e. some by smelling seek their food, like the anti.
When God created these animals which are very Small a d
feeble, and did not give them the instinct and means for
pining their daily food, He of His kindness relieved them
from that labour and trouble.
Other animals are subject to t ! labour
~ and trouble of
running away and biding ; but there (insect4 are w e d from
thzt work, because they arc produced in sucll dweilinp and
hidden places a s are known to no one. Some are found in the
,,g, some are hidden in grain, some are placed in the
bellies of animals, and some in dirt and filth ; and for every
one there is provided its food in that verJ place, without (rile
necessity of) sense or motion, pain or toil. The power of
suction has been given to them, by means of ~ v h i c htl~ey,eu-

tracting the juices, make them the food of their bodies ; and
through the effect of thosejuices strength remainsin theirbodies.
" Other animals wander abouc i n search of food and run
away iron1 danger ; but these are saved from t h ~ :labour and
pain, because God has not provided then1 with hands an6
feet to xvalk about ancl p i n their daily food, nor has He
given them a mouth ox teerh to eat with, nor a throat through
which to srvnllow; nor a stonznch in wllicll to digest, nor
entrails and guts in which the ordure ntay be collecied, nor
a liver to purify the blood, nor a spleen to suck up the gall
of bIack n~clanchoIy:nor 1:idncys or bladder to dram off thc
urine, nor veins for the bloocl to run in, nor folds in the brain
by which to give sou~~dness of insticct. They a1.e subject to
110 one of the chronic diseases, nor ha\-e they any need or
~ h y s i c . In short, they arc exempt from all thosc evils to
which great and powerful animals are subject. Eoly is that
God who, of His omnipotence, conveyed thcm to the object
of their need, and preserved them from every annoyance and
pain. Praise and thanks are due to Him who besto\ved such
bIessings."
W I x n the locust closed this speech, the dragon said,
" May God bestow a blessing on thy elocluencc and elocu-
tion ; thou are exceedingly eloquent anci flumt, learned and
intelligent." After that he said, "Art thou able to go there
and contend with the men ?" and he replied, " I am ready,
heart and soul. At the colnlnand of the king I I V ~ Ugo there
and be the helper of my brethren." The snalie said to him,
"You must nor say there that you have been sent by the
dragon and the snake." The locust asked the reason of
that, and he said, " Eecause there exists froln of old a n un-
bounded animosity and enmity between men and snakes ; to
such a degree indeed, t h a t some men even cast censure upon
God, saying, 'Why did He create them? there is no good at
all in them : on the contrary, they are from besinning to end
injurious and hurtful'"
TLc Suahc. 85
The locust said, ': kT'h4- do they say this ? " I ~ rcplicd,
C
rlBecause the). say that there is poison in our months, anti
that use 2re of no use except (to cause) the desirr~ctionand
dedh of animals. Gut they babble thus stupidly through
their ignorance and sillilless ; they know nothing about the
true nature and valluc of a n y ~ l ~ i ;~consequently
lg God has
distressed them with tortures. In reality, ho\vcver, they all
have need of these (snak?~),to such a rlegrce that kings and
noblcs keep the poison of these animals in their r i n ~ that
s it
may be aseful on occasion. If they would carefully consider,
and would ascertain the facts ancl the uses of thcsc animals,
and would l e x n what is the use of this p o i s o ~U-hich
~ is in
their mouths, then they mould never ask why God made
them, aud say there is no good in them ; nor would they cast
absurd censure upon God. Althougl~God has made the
poison of these (snakes) the cause of the death of animals,
He has, on the other band, made their flesh the mcans of
counteracting that poison."
The locust said, " 0 sage ! set f o ~ t lsome
~ other (of their)
benefits." The snake said, "When God created those ani-
mals of which you have made mentio~lin your discourse, ancl
gave to every species of animal the means and implements
by the aid of which they might attain to what is beneficial
and be secure from danget; to some H e gave awarm stomach,
that the food, after being masticated might be digeted and
becon~ea part of their bodies. But the snake has no stamach
in whiclx to digest, nor any teeth by whose strength he can
chew, but instead rhere is formed in his mouth a hot venom
by means of which snakes eat and digest. F o r when the
snalie takes the flesh of any animal into its mouth, he casts
upon it thishot venom; then the fleshinstal~tlydissolves, and
he swallows it. So if God Almighty had not macle this
venom in their mouths, how would they have been able ro
eat anything? Kourishn~entwould not have beenF 111 an?.
wny procurable ; they \vou!d have perishcd from bunger, and
no snake \voulcl be seen in the world."
-.-
The locust said, " Explain this i What benefit reaches
ancl w h a t good arises from their
aniinals from these (s~~akes),
being upon the earth?" H e said, "Just as bellefit arises
from the creation of other animals so there is ;ldvanoge
gained from these also." Tile locrrst asked him to explain
t h i s m a t t e r fully, and he replied, God Almighty
c r c ~ t e dall the rol-id, H e perfected e v e p individual thing
according to His own pleasure. Throughout the creation
H e madc some creatures for the sake of others, and accord-
ing to His wisdom H c furnished them with (necessary) in-
struments. H e did whate-r he kneiv to be for thc welfare
of the world, but ever and anon, fro111 some cause or other,
mischief or injury happens to some. I t is not that God
Almigl~tyinvolves them in this mischief, althougll to His
wisdom the harm and evil of everything is manifest a1d
open : but it is rather that it is not the habit a ~ l dcustom of
the Creator to refrain from making anything whic11 may tend
to the colnfort and happiness of the generality of the world
I3ecanse of its being injurious to a few.
'' The explanation of it is this-When God Almigllty fonned
all the stars, among their number he made tlle sun to be a
lamp for the world, and caused its warmth to be the cause of
the life of all creatures. I n the wholeunivene the sun occu-
pies a similar position to that of rhe heart in the body. Just
a s the natural heat is produced in the heart, and, spreading
through rile whole body, is the cause of its life, so from the
heat of the sun also there is benefit to (all) creation. If ever
through the sun injury and damage in any may occur to a
few beings, It is not right for the Creator to set aside the sun,
and deprive the world in general of an universal blessing and
consumm~tebenefit.
"The same is the case of Saturn, Mars, and all the stars,
throug-11 whom there comes prosperity and happiness to the
alrhough in a fe\v inauspicious hours, through an ex-
cess of heat or cold, injuly hlppens to some (beings). In the
salne way God Alnlighty sends the clouds in every direction
for the benefit of His creatures, althougll at divers times
falls npon animals in consequence qf them, or the
houses of the poor are destroyed by excessive inunclations.
"The same is the case of all carnivorous and graminivororls
animals-~f snakes, scorpions, fish, crocodiles, and insects.
Some of these he has formcd in hlth and corruption, that the
air mry remain pure from pollution. Oh, may it never hap-
pen that the air should be poisoned b y the exhalation of
noxious vapours, and that cholera should come into the world,
and that all creatures should perish at once. It is for this
reason that all maggots and insects are generally produced
in the shops of butchers and fishongers, and thar they live
in filth. When these creatures are engendered in impurity,
e, their
whatever was the essence of that impurity they mal-
food ;the airbecomes pcre,and people arc saved from cholera.
~ ~ dlittle ~ h ~are the food of the big maggots, for
' maggots
these devour them.
In fine, God Almighty created nothing which is useless.
Those who do not perceive the use (of a thing) cast reflections
upon ~ o dand , say, L Why did He create it? there is no use in
it.' ~ u int truth this is all stupidity and ignorance, for those
who throw unmerited aspersions on the works of God, know
nothing of His art and power. I hiwe heard that same fool-
ish people hold the opinion that the kindness of God is in
accordance with the position of the moon.' If they wodd
consider and reflect upon the circumstances of iiU existing
things,they would learn that His favour andkindness is corn-
man to every one, small and great-for from His most boun-
teous source gracious favours proceed for all creatures Every
one, according t u his capacity, accepts His bounty."
Does not ueviatC from the orbit of the moon."
1 Er.

CHAPTER XVIII.
1N the morning, the reprcscntatives of a11 d e animls,
having come from every country, asse1nbIed together, and
the King of the Jins came and sat in the public hal! to decide
the quarrel. The attendants, in obedience to orders, made
proclamation-" Let all the con~plainantsand seekers of re-
dress, upon whom tyranny has been exercised, comc forward
and attend, for the King has talcen his seat to pass a decis,.on
in the case, and the judges and lawyers al-ein attendzncc"
As soon a s this notice was heard all the animals and men,
who had assembled from e v e q side, fell into rani-.S and stood
before the King-making their obeisances and payii~gtheir
respects, they began to offer their benedictions. The King
regarded every side, and perceived that r multitude1 of every
sort and kind, in great numbers, was in attendance Lost in
astonishment, he remained silent for a nloment. ~ f t e tint,
r -4fter that he stood up and delivered this speech-" Praise
turning towards a sage of the Jins he %id, Do Q KC this
wonderful and extraordmary assemblage of beings ? D
H e said, " 0 King, I see and behold them with the eye of
my heart. The King, having seen them,is amared, hut I am
wondering over the wisdom and power of that an-wise Creator
who created tlie111, and formed for them shape of so many
varieties and Idnds. H e always nourishes them, and giras
them sustenance. He preserves than fmm every danger ;
moreover, they are (ever) present to His omnipresent know-
KhiIRaf-lit. 'a creation."
for God Almighty concealed Hiinself f r o i ~the
of of discernment behind the veil of His splendour.
xvhere the imaginations of thought and fancy cannot reach,
He made manifest those miracles that exW-y person of intelli-
gm, might behold then1 ; and whatever there was behind
hij veil of mystery he brought forth into the field of visibility:
that men of perception, having sec11 it, might acknolvledgc
His miraculous art, His incomparability, might, and unity:
and should not be in want of pmofs and arguments.
':And the fornls which are visible in the corporeal world
are the similitudes and counterparts of those forms which exist
in the xvorld of spirits. Eut the forms which are in that world
are bright and transparent, and these are dark and dense.
L I as~ in pictures, there is a resemblance in every limb to
the animals of which they are portraits, in the same way these
fotms aIso bear a likeness to those forms which exist i n the
world of spirits ; but those forms are motive polvers, while
these are set in motion.' Those creatures which are lower in
degree than these are without instinct, motion, and tongue,
whilst these have instincts. Those forms which are in the
eternal world live eternally, but these are mortal and perisll-
able."
is due to that Creator who by His oinnipotence made all
creatures manifest, and produced in this world s creation of
so m n y varieties and kinds ; who having brought into exist-
ence aU those created things to (the comprehension of) which
the intelligence of no created being can attain, H e displayed
to the eye of every man of discernment the splendour of the
light of His miraculous art. Havil~ghounded the expanse
of thc world on six sides, H e made time and lace for the
comfort of (His) creatures. Having formed many degrees in
the heavens, he appointed
- -
angels to each. On animals hc
IiktJi-oneness. Active and passive.
 bestowed forms and shapes of many varieties, and from the
bountiful house of (His) munificence He granted them blesr
ings of every sort and End. To those who pray and ~ ~ ~ p p l i -
cate with tears H e has of His boundless favour granted the
honour of near appro;lch (to Iiimself) ; but those who allow
their finite intellects to pry into His nature he has h u l d
amazed and stupified into the valley of perdition.
" Having, pliorto A d m , f a m e d the ]ins from burning fire,
H e gave them surprising and transparent form3 ;and brbg-
ing forth all creatures from the hidden chambers of non-
entity, Hebestawed upon them divers qualities and different
ranks. T o some He gave a dwelling-place in the highest of
the highest heavens, some H e cast down into the lowest
depths, and some H e placed between these two degrees. And
every one in this bed-chamba of the world H e has led by the
lamp of prophecy into the royal r o d of saivation, Praise
2nd thank be to Him who dignified us with the grandeur of
the me faith and Islam, and made 11srulers on the face of
the earth, and allotted to our kings the blessings of howledge
and c1emencv.f'
-
- J -
When the sage had finished the delivery of this discourse,
the Icing loolced towards the congregation of the men. Seventy
men were standing there, all different in person, and clothed
in many sorts of garments. Among them there was visible
a handsome person, erect in stature, whose whole body was
qmmetrical. He (the King) asked the aadr avho this person
was. and he replied, " He is an inhabitant of Ifin, and lives
in the territory of 'I&" T h e King said, "Tell him to say
something." The wadi- made a sign to him He, !raving
paid his respects, delivered a speech, of which this is the
epitome :-
" Praise be to God, who for our d ~ e l I i n g - ~ g
those cities and villages whose dimate is ~ p a i o to
l~,~ c ~us
r that
of fhe whole world, and ~ 1 1 0bestowed on us superiority over
of ~i~ rewants. Praise and laudation be to Him wllo
e,g inicucct m d intelligence, t h o u ~ h t ,wisdom, bnd P ~ L I -
dcnce ; those \-ailous talents, under w~luhuseguihnce re
esublisl~edrare arts and wonderful sciences. He gave to us
and prophecy ; €iAmour race all these prophets were
born, Noail, E,IOC~, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad
the pure, (the peace of God be upon him, and rest !) In Our
tf,be many kings of great dignity have been born, Farfa1CdJn,
Darius, Ardashb, Bahdm, S n u i h ~ w ~and , several
nrrdovn and kings of
govern-
the Sassanian line, tvbo regulated the kin,
nlent, army andpeople. We are the quintessence of all men,
and men are the quintcsience of aIIimd5. Briefly, of the
whole world we are the essence of the essence Praise is
due to him F ~ Ohestowed upon us the most perfect blessings?
gave US taletits surpassing a11 living
When lllis man had ended tile delivery of his oration, the
King looked towards all the sages of the ]ins, and sxid,
Have you m y afinvcr ;o give to this man ah0 h~ Set forth
his own ancl bar made his boast of them ?"
They -id, He r p & q rhc truth." But the Skhibul ' t d -
who did not allow any one to speak before (lie had said)
hir OV,FA say, mmed towards the man, and wanted to give an
aaiwe,r to all those statements, and to detail the ignominy
md e r r o ~ of the ~ ~ e nAddressing
. the sag% he said. " Ulis
man has omitted many matters in his speech, and has nnde
no mention of several great kings!' The Kin: told him to
state them.
He - a T1-h 'Ir&i has on~ittedto Say in his s ~ e c h ,
.,
thraugn the Deluge came upon the war14 and as mrnY
m i n d s y were on the face of the earth were all drowned--
of our race excited great discord, their intellects r e r e
deranged, and all the wise men were bewildered. Among
Nimrod, the t ) - r a m i ~ lking, avas born, who cast *br.rhrm
 the friend of God into the fire. From our race Yebuchad-
nezzar appeared, who destroyed the Holy Tenlplc of ]emsa.
lem, committed the OId Testament to the flames, iiaugh.
tered the descendants of Solomon the son of David, and
the children of Israel, and drove out the race of 'AdnSn fronl
the banks of the E ~ p h ~ a t cinto s the woods and nlourta(na
H e was very tyrannical and bIoodthirsty, and lv2.s aluay3
engaged i n bloodshed."
The Icing said, " Urhg should this mail have steed
matters? There was no benefit to him from
ing ; rather it 6 ail a conclc~nnationor himself'. The speak.
,y&i-
h - 2 'fmi??~aireplied, " It is far from justice and equity that at
'he time of 1 dispute one should set fonh all oness otvn cr.
cdlefices and conceal one%faults, maliing neither ~penrance
nor apology."
After this the King again looked towards th- assembly of
men, and among them there appeared a person of wheat-
coloured complexion, thin, slender, with a long &al-d, and a
waist-~10thfastened by a red srring round hk Loin%
asked the wazir who it was? and he replied, Tllji is a
Hindu, dwells in the island of Cevlon." The King
said, '' Tefl him also to relate something about his affairs."
Accordinglh in Compliance with the Kings command, he
also spaLe :-
L'Thfinksare due to Him who for us granted an extensive
and superior coulltry, where the nights ancl days are al\vays
equal, where there is never excess of cold or heat, where the
telnperahlre is agreeable, the trees fine and green, the
medicina1, the mines of jewek endless, the herbage edible
vegetables, the wood sugar-cane, the pebbles rubies and
topazes, the animals fat and sleek, such as the elepbanq
which is fatter and bigger in body t h a ~all beastr. A , - J ~ ~
~ 1 draws
~ 0 his origin from thence. and in like manner
mimds-for the source of all is under the equator In our
and sages have appeared. Gocl Almighty
citieinlany
llas to lnm-ty wonderful and extraordinary arts :
magic, and diril~arion-all these sciences he gave
us, f i e men of ollr country superior to all in art
merit;. he So-~ibrr-Z'n~i>~zat said, " I f he bad introdticed
(these facts) also into his speech, ' We burnt our bodies,
r.orshihippcd idols, children rere born (among US)froin the Pre-
vl,eilce fornication ; and we have ail become depraved and
dirpced: it tuould have been consanallt with equitfl
*(er mat fie King beheld a mm, tall in stature, v r a p ~ e d
in a ,110~~rhet,holdiug in his hand a written paper ; look-
ing at it, md moving bacl;xards and forwards, he makes
gestures. He asked the warir who the person was ? and he
This is a H ~ b r t of ~ vthe tribe of the children of Israel,
aninhabitant of Syt-iC-The Icing said, " TeN him to SAY
something? and the wazir gave him the sign (to speak:. He
in ascordancc with the direction delivered a long speecll,
the pith and essence ofu,hi& is this : - - " P ~ ~ S Eis due to
that Creator who bestowed on the cliildren of Ijraci adegree
of excellence above ail the progeny of Adam. In their race
&o he bestowed the propheticd o f h e upon Moses, the
ipeilkerwith God? praise and thanks be to Him who made
U, the foll~i~seri of such a prophet, and granted for us bless-
ings of many sorts and ki;iddrl' The Sdiribu-Z 'azhzai said,
why does he not say this, L God in his anger having trans-
fomnlea us, made us monlteys and bears, and on account of
our idolatry =it US into ignominy and wretchedness ?"'
After t i ~ a t King again looked towards the asscmblagc
of men. There appeared a man in woollen g-ent.3 with
;Ibelt farrcned round his waist, and a censer in his hand, in
which he kept burning incense, and making smoke. He
spoke in modulated tones, and in a loud voice-'
~ e asked the warfr who he was? and he replied,
~ l i(ing
5 Intoning.
1 Who spoke with God."

. a Syrian, who is of the religion of the Lard Jesus."
L'7.h-ISIS
The King directed that be should be told to say so1nething.
The Syrian, in accordancewith the order, delivered a speech
of which this is the si~bstmce: " Praise be to that Creator,
who having produced the Lord Jesus froin the womb of
Mary witl~outafather, gave to him the rniracuiour gifi of
prophecy, and through him cleansed the children of Israe]
from their sins, and made us his followers and adlp=-rnts.
He produced in our race many sages and saints, and hu
planted in our hearts mercy, kiadtless, and love of devotion.
Praise be to Him who hzs given us such blessings. Besides
these there are many other excellences in us of which I have
made no mention." The SdhBwZ'mimat said, i c l t is tme,
but he has forgotten to say this : " LITe havc not discharged
the duty of serving Him; we *have become infidels ; rue
pay worship to the cmcifix ; we eat the flesh of swine &er
offering them in sacrifice; and we have used deceit and
.
calumny against God! v
After him the King beheld a man, thin, slender, wheat-
colo~red,wearing a waist-cloth, and wrapped in sheet,
standing before him. The King asked who it was and the
~ a z j %id
r he Was a man of the tribe of Kumiih, and an in-
habitant of Mecca. The King directed that he also should
be told to con~municatesome paniculvr of his aff~ii-5; a d
in accordance with the order be said, 'l Praise is due to that
God who sent for our sakes the delegated prophet Muhmmad
the Pure, (may the peace of God be upon him, and rest !) and
brought us into his religion. He ordained the reading of ~e
K ~ r d nthe
, five-fold order of prayer, the fast of the Ram&,
the papimage (to Mecca and Medina), and d m * gave
'0 U Smany excdiences and blessings, such as the night of
power,' public prayer, and theologicai sciences ; and he gave
r fsls! in c ~ E ~ R L of
laiZat~~'Z-Xadr, ~ nirht *lIen the Xuri.
~ othe
began to descend.
Speech of the Greek-
to ,,
the of bringing us into paradise. Praise b e to
him rho bc"oYved upan us such blessings Besides these
ihoe are many orher excellences in US, the detail of which
be v u y prolix." The Sdhib~-l'm*xfitsaid. "U%Y
don he not also ray, ' After the (time o f the) Prophet we
---
.-do& religion, 1~eca.mehypocrites; and for love of this
world slew the Imims ?' U
The King looked towards the assembkage of men?
and he Fceived a man of fair complexion holding an
arrdlbe and astronomical instruments in his hand. He
asked the wadr who it was, and was told the Person a
Greek: inhabitant of t h e 1;nd of Ionia- The Kingdirected
that he should be told to narrate some of his circumstances :
and accordingly, in consequence of this cornman4 he said,
cl Praise is due t o Him who gave US pe~fections beyond nlo*
of Hi5 creatures; in our kixd He M produced fluifs and
good ~ n g s all kinds and varieties. T h ~ o ~ His p h fayour
beneficence he has imparted to US v.~onderfulsciences
aeaoTdinaq arts. He h= taught us to discover the
v u e of e v e ~ h i n g to
, make astronomical instruments,
learn the economy of the leavens, the science of astronomy,
arithmetic, astrology, geomancy, physic, logic, P~~~oW"'
and many other sciences besides these."
The Skharz Ifi&n~ntraid, I t is vain that YOU boast about
these sciencs, because YOU did not found these sciences by
your 0~ wisdom, but you learnt them from t h e learned men
of the of l5rae1 in the days of Ptolemy, and you ac-
quired several sciences from the learned men of E m inthe
days of . y d ~ ~ i ~ t ~After
$ ~ that, having given them currency
in your countq, YOU now attribute them to yourselves." The
king the G r ~ rage,
k What is this which he says ?l'
and he replied, " It is true we have acquired many sciences
 said, If t h q h d not
from ancient sages, just as many peoplc now learn from us. his glov and dign ici ?"
adu~iel-ers, and C Y U ~inell, and had not
T h e course of operation in this world' is that benefit accrues been fornicators, ,,d m m n , the11 t h c r e matters
to one person from another. Thus the learned of Persia ac- the 511" a XVhen all the men
quired the sciences of astrolo,~ and astronomy from the have been a gmllnd of boa*-"
tlleir respectivc &!Pities and
sages of India, and in thc same way the chilciren of Israel ,l, h,yhea cried Gentlemen, the evening
got the sciences of magic and enchantment from Solomon, the court attendants
the son of David." ,,_
..- come ; you are dismissed ; again in
After that a person appeared in the last rank, robust in morning-"
form, wearing a long beard, and looking with earnest faith
totv;?~-dsthe sun. Tlxe King a s h d ii~liohe was ; and the
wazir said he was a Rhurrisinf. The King dirccted that he
should be told to nlention some few facts about himself.
Accordingly, in obcdience to the command, he said, ' l Praise
be to God, who has given us many kinds of blessings and
distinctions. KChas made our country to excel all countries
in the extent of its prosperity, and by the mouth of His pro-
phet He has introduced our praise into the 1)ivine L ~ o r d .
T h u s there are many verses of the ICurin which bear testi-
mony to our eminence and virtues. Verily, praise is due to
Him who has given to us a faculty of religion greater than
to any other men. I3ecanse among us there are many ~vho
read the Bible and Gospel, althoogh they do not understand
the meaning of them, and besides, they consider the pro-
phetic power of the Lords Moses and Jesus to be a verity.
And some read the K u r b although they do not understand
its import; but still they acknowledge in their h e ~ r t sthe
religion of the prophet of the latter days. We pnt on mourn-
ing garments in sorrow for Im5m Husain, and we exacted
the requital of blood from those who caused him to be slain;
and from His grace we are hopeful that the appearance of
the Im&n of the latter daj~s%ilI be in our country.'>
The King looked towards the sages and said, "What
reply have you to make to this man, who has vaunted
1 Ki~-Kfidna-Iit., workshop. T h e ImBm JI&d(.
 o~spring,like as the gnat prevails over e ~ h a n t sand
man." The King said, "What Son of
and fie fly
maimenntdoes he exhi\,it towards his subjects l'' He said,
,c ibo,vs great hnd,less and attcntian to his S L ~ ~ ~ Cii' C ~
d, this he Said, 1 will set forth at l e n S h his PecU-
CHAPTER XIX.

a s all the men and allimals were stand-

0N ingthe inthirdranksday,before the Kink he looked towards them
all, and the jackal appeared in the front. H e asked, " Who
art thou ?" and he replied, I am the representative of the
animals." The king said, " Who sent thee?" and he said,
a The Lion Al~li'lHaris sent me." He said, "U7hat country
does he dwell in ? and who are his subjects ?" The jackal
said, H e dwells in the woods and wilds. and a11 beasts and
cattIe are his subjects." He asked. "Who are his allies?"
The jackal said, "The hunting leopard, the hogdeer, the
stag, the hare, the fox, and the wolf, ali are his fl-iends and
allies." The king said, l' Describe his figure and character."
The jackal said, " He is bigger in form than all animals, and
superior in strength; in awe and dignity he surpasses all;
his bosom is broad, his waist fine, his head large, his fetlocks
strong, his teeth and claws hard, his voiceloud, and his form
terrific. No man or animal is able, through fear, to go in
front of him. H e is upright in every matter, and has no
want of friends and allies for any business. He is so zenerous
that when he has taken prey he divides it among all animals,
and he himself eats according to his necessity. W h e n he
sees a light from a distance he goes and stands near it, and
then his rage abates. He rends neither woman nor child.
H e has a great liking and love of music. He is afraid of
nothing except the ant, for this insect prevails over him and

F T E R that tllc King cast his regards on the riglit hand
1% and an the M, u-hen sudclcnly a voice Bii upon his
ear. H e perceived the locust imparting motion to his tneo
wings, and singing with an exceedingly soft voice. He asked
him who he was, and he tepiied, '' I am the represcmative of
all the wonns and ants, and tlleir king sent me hither." He
asked him who he (the king) was, and where hc dwelt, and
he answered, " His name is Dragon ; he dwells upon high
hius andmountains near the region of cold; where there are
n o clouds or rain, and no vegetation at all. Animals perish
there from the severity of the cold." The King aslted xvho were
his arm). and subjects and lie said, All m a t e h scorpions,
&C., are his army and ru!iects, and they live in every place
upon the face of the earth." The King asked why he had
sepal-ated from his anny 2nd subjects, and had gone to live
upon sucll an acclivity. He answered, 'l Because there is a
poison in Ifis mouth, from the heat of which ail his body
burns. Through the coldness of the icy region he dr\.clls
there in c0111fort." The King told him to describe his ap-
pearance and character. He answered, IIHis appearance
and character are exactly like those of the ~ea-re-pent!~
The King said, " Does any one h o w the qualities of the
sea-serpent so as to describe them ?'l The locust said, The
frog, who is the ambassador of the aq~laticanimals, is in
attendance in the presence ; deign to inquire of him." The
giq looked towads him. H e was swnding on a llilllock by
the *ide of the sea, and was engagcd in praycr and praise.
The King asked him ~ 1 he 0 rvas, and he said, " I am the
of the king of the aquatic animals." The King
then commanded him to colnnlunicatc his Eame and abode.1
Tile frog said, His name is ' Sea-Serpent ;' hedwells in the
salt sea ; a11 the aquatic animals, turtles, fish, frogs, and cro-
codiles, are his subjects."
The King told hrnl to describe his form and appearance,
and he said, In bulk he is bigger than all aquatic animals.
His appenrance is txtraordinal-y, and his figure terrific ; his
body2 is long ; a11 the animals of the sea are afraid of him ;
his head is large, bis eyes bright, his mouth broad, and his
teeth numerous. All the water animals he catches he swal-
lows in countless numbers. When, from over-feeding, he
gets indigestion, 11e bends his body like a bow, and supports
himself by the strength of his head and tail, and thus pro-
truding the middle of his body from the \vater, he elevates it
in the air. Then, by the heat of the sun, the food in his
belly becomes digested. But often, when in that state, he
faints, and then the clouds which rise from the sea rake him
up, and cast him 011 the d ~ land.
y H e then dies, and be-
comes the food of wild beasts. But sometimes being raised
aloft with the clouds, he falls tvithin the confines of Gog and
Magop, and s e m them as food for several days. In sl~ort,all
the animals of the sca are afraid of him, and flee from him ;
but he is afraid of no. one, except a small animal, about the
size of a gnat, of which he is greatly in dread. For when
this creacure bites him, its poison affects the whole of his
body, and a t length he dies, and all the aquatic animals
assemble, and feed upon his Aesl~for a long time. Just as
he devours other animals that are small, so do they all con-
Nishdx-mark, sign : seat, address, A7dm o nishdn-name and
address. 9 Kadd-lit. s!ature. C.
gregate and eat him. The same is the practice of birds
prey and other birds. Sparrorvs and others eat gnats and
ants, and sparrow-hawks and falcons make prey of them.
Then the great hawks and eagles and vulturcs prey upon
the sparrow-hawks a n d falcoi>s, and devour them. And
finally, when they die, all the worms and ants and small
creatures devour them.
" The same is the case with men, for they all eat the flesh of
deer, hog-deer, goats, sheep, and birds ; and when they die
little worms devour their bodies in the grave- I t is the same
case with the whole world. Sometimes the big animals eat
the liztle ones, and sometimes the little ones use their teeth
upon them. Hence the wise have said, L The death of one
is the p i n of another.' And so God Almighty has said,
(Arabic, i.e.) ' We make the times to change from vicissi-
rude to vicissitude among men, and no one knows this fact
but the wise.' "
After that he said, "I have heard that a11 thc men suppose
that they are the masters, and that all the animals are their
slaves. How is it that they do not perceive, after the account
which I have given of the state of the animals, that all animals
are equal?-there is no difference between them. Sonletimes
they fecd, and sometimes they become the food of others. I
cannot understand what the men have to boast about over the
animals, for their position is just the same as ours, the good
and evil will become manifest after death, all will mingle in
the dust, and in the end they will return to God"
After that he said to the King, ' L When the men advance
their claim to be the masters, and to have all the animals as
their slaves, this trickery and false assertion of theirs give rise
to great astonishment. They are exceedingly stupid to utter
a statement so contrary to sense. I am surprised I~owthey
can {venture to) declare that A1 rapacious, grazing, and hunt-
1 KrOn, Siirat iii. v. 134.
ing animals, dragons, crocodiles, serpents, and scorpions, are
their slaves. Do they not know that if the wild beasts were
to come from the forest, the birds of prey from the mounta~ns,
or the crocodiles from the sea, and were to n ~ a k ca n attack
upon them, not one man yould be left remaining? (These
creatures) would come into their countly 2nd destroy them
all-not one man mould cscape with life. Do they not d e a n
it a mercy, and do they not render tha11ks that God has
placed all these animals far away from thcir country ? But
those wretched aninwls whom they keep a t their abodes
in captivity they subject to torture night and day. Hence
(these men) are filled with conceit, and vithout proof or
argument advance such a senseless claim.
After that the King looked to the fi-ont. The parrot, seated
upon a branch of a tree, was listenin,0 to the words of every
one. The King asked him, ' L Who art thou?" and hereplied,
" I am the representative of the birds of prey-their ling the
phenix ('Ankd) has sent me." The King asked him where
the pilenix lived, and he replied, ' l He resides upon the loft):
mountains in the islands of the salt sea. No man can pass
to that place, nor can any ship even ~ r o c e e dso far as tllat."
He said, Tell me the particulars of that isla~d." He re-
plied, "The land of that place is v e q good, the climate
temperate, the fountains sweet-tasted ; there ate many sons
of fruit-bearing trees, and animals of all sorts innumerable."
The Ring told him to describe the form and appearance of
the p h e n i , and he replied, " In size he is bigger than all
birds, in flight he is strong, his claws and be& are hard, his
wings are exceedingly broad, and when he moves them in the
air they seem like the sails of a ship ; his tail is long, 2nd
when he flies the mountains are moved by the force of i t 5
motion. He takes up and carries off elephants, rhinoceroses,
and 0 t h -large animals from the earth." The King directed
him to describe his character, and he said, " His character is
 104 V~zr'iEticsof l T ! l .
excellent, and at some time or other I wiII espatiatc upan
it."
After that the King Iooked towards the congregation 0:
men. These, seventy persons of every variety of fonn, and
wearing garments of divers kinds, were standing there.
said to them, " Reflect and ponder over your answer ro all
this that the animals have spoken.'' The11he asked them,
Who is your king? " and they replied, "We have man)-
kings, and each one dweUs in his own k i ~ ~ g d oHIB
m his a m y
and people."
The King asl~ccl, !\hat is the reason of this ? Thereis
only one king among the animals, notwithstanding d ~ e igreat
r
numbers, while among you, notwithstanding your paucity,
are there many kings ?" A11 'Tdki (Arab) beIanging to the
party of men answered, 'l Men have many wants ; their posi-
tions are diverse ; coilsequentlg many kings are required for
them. But this is not the case among animals ; and among
them he is king who is biggest in form. Among men the
reverse of this often happens, for their kings arc freqllently
weak, delicate, and thin; because what is required from kings
is that they should be just, equitable, and benignant. Tbey
o u ~ htot have consideration and kindness for the lot of ever).
mnii
"Among mankind there are great diversities also in the
royal servants. Some are soldiers bearing arms, a h o repeI
every enemy of the king. Tlueves, knaves, romes, and cut-
purses are unable, in consequence of these (soldiers), to create
uproar and disturbances in the cities. Some are ministers,
financiers, and secretaries, by whose means the administra-
tion of the country is careec? on, and the funds are colIected
for the a m y . Others are they who produce grain by cultiva-
tion and husbandv. Some are judges and l a ~ + ~ e rwho s,
enforce the mzndates of the law among mankind ; for religion
and law are necessary evcn far kings, that their subjects may
gga astray. Some are merchants and tradesmen, %rho
,-my on i,business of buying a ~ i dselling in every country,
and some are destined for service only, like slaves and
dome~tics. In l i b manner there are many other classes who
necessary for liins, without whom business
lt~ouldbe interrupted. For the same reason men require
m y chiefs, so that these in every city may applytllemselves
to the Pvernment and regulation of their respective peoples,
and that no kind of mischief may spring up.
1L And it is not possible tlmt one king should carry on the
govement of all mankind. For in the whole world there
many countries, and in each c o ~ ~ n t there
r y are thousands
of cities, in which lms of people live-each one's Language
different, and fie various. I t is impossibie for One
man to government of ail countries, consequentl~
ad Almighty has set up nmny kings over them. All these
monarchs call themselves the vicegerents of God, for God
has made them the possessors of their countries and the
m.sters of their slaves, so that they may bus!' themselves
&out the of their kingdom, 2nd provide effectually
far protection of his servants. Th" they should have
c o m p a ~ i o oand show kindness for the condition of evely
mankind, and
one, enforce the mandates of the law amon,
restrain them from everything which God has prohibited.
Verilv, ,. is the guardian of every one. He creates and
gives food to ail."

CHAPTER X X I .
fie d f a i ~ ~qf&e Il'fitg qfZ/lr
W H E N the man ceased speaking, tile King fllrned hir
thoughts to the animals. Presently a gentle voice fell
YPOn his ear. H e perceived the king-bee,' tile monarch of
the flies, flying before him, and engaged in singing bepraise
and of God. H e asked who he was, and the mrtver
Was, '' I am the king of the insecn." The Icing then inquired
why he had a m e , and why he had not, like the ot 11th animAs,
Sent some one of his subjem or of his army as his messenger
and representative." He replied that he felt soIicituda and
com~assionfortheir state, so that no tmuble migllt reach any
M e of them. +he King observed, "This virtue is nor
(found) in any other animal ; why then have you got it ? X
He said, "God Almighty, of His great favour and ,,,c,,,
bestowed this ~ i n u upon
e me, a d besides this he haspiven
to me many ather distinctions and e ~ ~ e ~ l e n c e rr .h~e*
directed him to detail some little of his exccllca,-es that he
also might know them.
He said, " God Almigl~tyha5 gi, to me and to my an-
cestors many blessings, and has "t ay to
participate in t h e m Thus He has bestowed upon us the
honour of sovereignty and the prophetic o&ce, and llas ca-nied
down this inheritance to n)y ancestors from generation to
generation. H e has not given these two blessing.
other animal. Besides this, God Almighty has taught us the
' "yd$d6,'' supposed to he a male, not a qurcn-bcc
have ir
The BLX.
gimce of geolnctry and many arts, so that we constrnct our
habitations with great excellence. He has made the fruits
and flowers of the whole earth l m f u l for us, so that we eat
ficm without a ~ x i e t y . From our saliva he har made honey,
and from that comes healing to all ~rrankind There are texts
,f the KurAn which arc explicit upon this our exaltation.
Our appearance and character arc proofs to the heedless
,$ the skill and power of the hlmigl~ty-for Our forms are
very delicate, 2nd our appearance is exceedingly wonderful.
The Lord has placed in our bodies three joints. T h e n~iddic
joint he has made square, the louver part of the body long,
and the l~eadround. H e has also made for us four hands
, W
and feet resembling the ribs of L s e ~ n g u l a fr i ~ r ewith
b a u y , 2nd suitable to onr size, by means of which we alight
and rise UP. We construct out houses Upon such an ex-
uuentplan that the wind can never enter them, do any
mischief to ourselves or our young ones-
" the of our hands and feet we collect the fmit,
adf l o t , ~of~trees, and whatever else we find, a d
store than in our dweJlings. On our slioulders He has made
favr %6ngs,by means of which we Ay, and in our stings H e
h= placed some poison, through which we are raved from
the wrongs of our ene~aies. He has made our neck5 slende"
that 0, heads with ease to the right and to the left.
on both sides of our head He has given us two bright eyes,
the lighr of which we see everythmng. He has also made
mouth by which we know the plearuns of eat% and
lips also he has given us, by ihe aid of which we collect
g. materials of auifood. On our stomach H e has besto~ved
.U,+ powers of digestioi~that it makes the juices into honey.
which honey is food for oorse~vesand 0- Young ones, in
same as H e has given to the teats of quadrupeds such
p m , that by them the blood is transnluted, and becomes
,a %&g then that tli. .41mi~htyhas bestowed all these
 TAe Bee.
blessings upon us, to what extent shall we ahoxv our grati-
tude? It is for this that, having consideration and kindness
for my subjects, I bare taken all this trouble upon myre&
and have not sent any one of than."
When the bee ceased from speaking thc King cried,
Bravo ! a hundred times bravo ! You are very ffuuetmd
eloquent. T r u e it is that God has bestowed these bIeningi
on no animal besides you." After this he asked, (' Where are
your people and your troops ? " He repIied, " Upon the
hills and mountains, and upon the trees ; u~herevcrthey find
convenience there they dwell. Solne hax?e g m e into fie
countries of the men, and have selected their hauses far their
abodes.;' The ICm: inquired how they found secufiry from
the hands of men, and he saicl, " M a y hi& themselves from
them, ancl so escape ; but u~leneverthe men get an oppor-
tunity they annoy them, often even they breait their bonep
combs, destroy their young ones, and take away the honey
and eat it among them."
The King asied why they submitted patiently to man's
tyranny. He said, "We b e u all tYs tyranny; but same-
times we are SO distressed that r e depart iron, his terntow
Then men, to make peace with us, bring forward mrny de-
vices. They rend us all kinds of presents, it)-of rases, per
&c-: they beat dntms and tan~baurincn,and, in fine,
they satisfy us giuiag to 11s all sorts of presents and rarities,
h our nature there is no mallgnity or evil ; we make peace
with them and rctum to their abodes. But for all this they
are not satisfied ; without pmof or reason they assce that
they are masters, we are slaves."
CHAPTER XXII.
tllai the king-bce asked the King how the jins
their roverein and chiefs, a d
s~,owcd
beg& him to sate particulars. The King said. "They
show their obedience and S U ~ I ~ ~ to S St h~ i O
r chief,
~
and whatever commaad he issues they obc~.'' The X%-bee
=ked him to enter into details The King said, "In the
fmily of Jinr there are good and bad, believers and U*-
, a s there are amollg men. Those who are P o d
b e h v e r ~just
&orr o b e ~ c n c eand sybmirsion to their chiefs in.a degree
t t is impossible for mall. For the obedie~~ce a d subs-
viency of t the stars. Among these the
Jins is like ~ d a of
sun lloldl the dignity of kinq, and all the stars stand in the
position soldiers and subjectS. T b ~ d h l r S is comma11de-
iechief, Jupiter in judge, Saturn is treastlrer, M ~ C U is~ Y
minister, Vellus is consort, the moon is heir-appareni and
are sub-
like solldicsi and subjects, because they
to the sun, and move according to his motion i when he
aire~red,and they n e r o transgress 'heir as-
, , , ,S
- .. all
to,, znd limits."
~h~ ing-bee inquired where the s t a a had acquired this
pefiecti~n of obedience and regulality The King raid,
ulhis d e n c c has becn obtained by them from the
render
~vhoare all the heoldierr of the Almilht~,
obedience to Him.. he king-bee said, Of what cllaracte~
 is the obedience shown by the angels l'' H e said, such
obedience as the five senses pay to tbe reasonable soul ; they
require no regulating or directing." The bee said, PIeasC
to describe this fully.'' The King said, " T h e five sensfi
need no command or prohibition in bringing to the notice
and Imowiedge of the reason such things as are perceptible
by them. When the mind directs its attention to the inverti.
gation of anything, they, witlioul hesitation or delay, corn-
Pare this with some ather thing, and communicrre (the
to the mind. In this same way tbe ang& shoi7 Uieir
obedience and subjection to God-tvharevcr order js gi.en
they instantly execute.
Among tjK Jins there are villains and infidels, and although
in they pay no obedience to their king; still bey a n
better than villainous men; for many Jinr, nofrvitbstanding
their infidelity and error, m a h no failure in their obcrJjence
f O King Solomon. Although he, by the forcc of his occult
2% brought many suffcrings and hardships upon them, still
they stood 6rm in their obediom. Whenever a man, in any
or jungle, repcats a prayer or formula through fear of
the b s , they inflict no kind? of injury upon him so long as
he remains in that place. If perchance a Jin obtains the mar-
t e r i aver 2 W o w or a man, and an exorciser performs in-
cantations and exorcisms to the chief of the Jinn, for his
deliverance, they instantly fiee. And berid%, there is this
proof of the excelfence of their obedience. Tile hophet
(may the peace of God znd rest be with him !) was onceread-
ing the Kurdn in a certain piace where some Jins passed by.
AS Soon as they heard it, all of them became Musulman5,
and going back to their tribe, they called many to the
Mullammadan 1-cligion, and caused them to share in the
blessings of the true faith. There are severzl texts of the
Kur5.n n'hi~llspeak upon this subject.
' I Men are the V e V reverse of this. Their disposirions
hjl of inhddity and ~vickedners; the)' are a1to:dha puffed
Oft" to gain some advantase they
ap path of righLeousness and become infidels
side from
apostptes ; they a n always cnsaged in murder and strife
on the face d the eartl~. Fu~ther,they Pay no obcdience
m their own prophets, and noturithstandi~lgmiracles
and wonders they are became rank heretics. If they in
qpearance sho\v obedience, still their hearts are not
firehorn infidel if^ and wickednesg and inasmuch as they are
,*id and erring they do not mderstand an@ina. But for d1
this thur pretension is, t h a they are masters, We are s l a v e c
that the King continued talking with
mntile men
~i~ chief .ftEe flier, they said, "It i s V U Y extraordinary that
t,he chief of the insects shauld hold a position near the
which no &er animal has attained." A rage of the Jins
raid, G oar b e at this, for the king-bee in chief
ofthe flies. m o u g h he is sma8 and thin in body, h e is
still ve1-y intelligent and wise ; and be is the chief and Orator
of au the insects. He tezches t@ all animals rules
qowament and sovereignty. And it is the rule among
kings to converse with such persons of their own race a s
share with them in royalty and rule, although they may differ
in form and appearam. Do not take the idea into Ymr
head that the 6 n g , (or any object or desire, will show par-
tiality or indulgence to them.
m fine, the King, looking toivzrds t11e men, sai4 ''%*bat-
erer the m i n ~ a l shave made of Your tYrmny has
been au heard by gm, 2nd they have a150 Sven their answer
to the which you have made. NOWthen c0m1unimte
all that tllere remains for you to say." Thereeresenrative
of the men said, There are m y ercellencu and talents
in us uhich iestify to the honesty of our chin>: The
1 l' The Grzek."
'
directed him to a t e them. i h e man of R h said, " we

=e acquainted with many sciences and arts, and we excel all
animals in wisdom and counsel; the affairs of this world and
of the next ~ e f u l l provide
y for. From tllis it is obvious
that we arc the masters and the aninlals are our slaves.n
T h e King said to the animals, W h a have
about t120~emerits which he has described ? to say
gation of animals having heard these words, l~h~ o v COngre.
d their
heads, and no one gave any answer ; but &er an hour the
repre~cntativcof the dies said, This man opines that men
arc Wjuainted with many sciences and afijfices, in virtue of
which ihey masters and the animals their slaves ; bur if
these men ivauld think alld consider, they ivould ].-am after
what fashion We order and settle our
dam and counsel we are s~~pel-ior to them and
LVethat
haueinsucll
proficiency in the science of geometv that without or
compass we draw circles of a11 sorts, and tri;mgular md
4Uadranp~lar$ures : in our dwellings we connmct nu rafis
of angles. Men have learned the ruler of sovereignty and
government from U S ; for we station porters and guards at
Our abode$ 50 that no one can approach our king 7v;thout
letmission- We extract honey from the leaves of tree% and
when we have coIlected it, nve sit down m f o ; t a b l y in
houses and eat if with our young o n e . What&verremains
Our leaving., all these men pick out and tdce for their oJvnuse
" "0 one has taught US these arts, but they are
to US from the Almighty, SO that without the
fmchers we are versed in so many a r t s If the and menaid of
have
the conceit to think that they are masters a d tile animalr
are their slaves, then why do they eat our leavings. 1t is
nOf the practice for kings to eat the arts of slaves. There
are many matters in which men have need of us, but there is
not one in which we have m y necessity for tl1un. Therefore,
this claim without proof cannot be gain& by them.
'' If this man would only look upon the doings of the mt ;
Sfiill of the Atat, &C.
hblv7n o ~ p i t h r ~ ~ n his ~ form, he conStn~ct5all
d i ntiny
t_uous dIvellingr under the ground, SO that how great Soei'er
m2t, be the inundation, no water can ever enter therein i how
he Lollect5 and stores grain for his food, and hoiv, if any of it
rakes it out and dries it in the sun i
ever let5
tao the s d breaks in two pieces a11 the grains
iihich arc 1iILeIyto germinate. In the hot season lnMY ants
ulemb~Ein large carayanr and go about 0. evers side in
of food. ~f m a l t discovers anything which horn its
reizhr he is ~~1abl.e to lift, he takes a little of it 2nd goes to
, i s , . Then the ono ivho marches at their head
t h s 2 slnail portion it as r sjin~pleby which tlu r e c o g ~ s e
C and goes to the place ; afterrardr they 211 conF%Tate,and
~ t great
h foil labour carry it OK If any one ant is l a w
his u~rl; they beat bin, and drive him off Thus, if
this ivavld he would find out ~11;irs e a t science
and intelligence the ant possesses.
m the same \MY, the lomrt, eating and drinking d ~ i n g
the spring harvest, when she gets fat, goes and digs a hole
in some ~ f~ ot u n and d lays her eggs. She then Covers thern
,th ea,-th flies a\my. % nhe' the time of her death a r v e s .
the birds ear her up, or she perisi~esfrom excess of heat or
, , l In the fo~~o-,ving year, when the spang reason returns,
and weather becomes mild, a little young one is produced
hornthe egg like maggot, which creeps on the ground and
feeds upon the grass, W-hen its wing, are developed, it eats
and denks till it gm~v..I big, and then in the Wular it
lays ifi and hider them in the ground. 1" thisway
gear gear the young ones are produced,
~ ~ l ~ , which for the most Part live nPon
'g ~ i ~ , i l sik-\vorm.,
the eees of the hills, but more e s p e c i ~ ~0"~ ythe mulberry-
fie, wllen they grow fat h the days of S P ease. ~ S~ PLthcir
~
muas on rhc trees, and sleep therein in
up they lay their eggs in that same ~ o
 and then they depart. The birds then devour them, or they
die of themselves from heat or cold. The cocoons remdn in
safety all the year, and in the next year the young oner are
produced from them, and these crawl about upan the tress
When they become plump m d strong, they in the s a c wry
lay eggs and produce youl~gones.
IQ-~sPs forrn their colnbs upon walls and trees, and deposit
therein their eggs and young ones. But &y do nor amus
any food ; day by d r y they seek their sustenance, and in rb
time of winter they hide in holes and crewces and die. TIleir
skins relnain there all the winter, and do not decay or melt
away- In the spring season, by the power of t o d , life again
Comes into them, and they, in their usual manner, build their
drvellings, and produce their young ones.
''Thus 211 insects, having brougl~rforth their young, nourish
them entirely out of tenderness a d kindness, not the
expectation of services to be rendered by them ; different
indeal from men who always entertain the hope of kindness
and benefit from their children. Gcnemsity and liberdity,
which are characteristics of the great>are never m be found in
them ;thentvhat thing have they to boast about over US? Again,
flies~gnats7 mosqujtoes, and other insects which Iay eggsJfeed
their young ones, and build houses, do not do so merely for
their benefit, but that after their death other insects may
come and find comfort. Because e v e v one of them h% a
full assurrnce of his own death, and when the days of mar.
are complete, with resignation and cheerfulness it p a s e r
away in the following y a r , God in His power reproduce.
them. v e r z ~these do not under any ~ i r c u m s t a ndeny ~~~
Him,as many men deny that there is a resurrenion and day
of jud€Pent. If man could but understad these facts about
the animals, and how greatly they excel him in &e.r plans
for this life and the next, he would not boast of being master,
and having the animals for slaves."
when the ieprerntativc of the fie5 closed his speech the
King of the j i a a was nluch pleased, and Praised him. Then
~ " m i nto~the a s s e ~ n b l a pof men, he said, "you h?-ve heard
all that he hu ;h a w YOU any m r r e r l e t ?" Then one
penon of'them, m A d , said-u There arc man7 virtues and
in us, b y which our claim is established.' The
god
king directed bilrxto mention them. i i e said-'' Our life parsCS
by virilF e a t pleasure. Good things, of e\lery kind and Sort,
ae promrable for cmr food and. drink, which are not even
by animals. \Ve eat thc pulp and kernel of the fruit ;
,hey s,-aIlor d n d and stone. Besides this, eat $Weet-
meat,, cakes, and confectionst in VCat variety- For the "-
of our can5riiution~WC Call h ~ dal~cil% e and music,
lupbrer and merriment, tales and stories. we wear beauti-
ful garments and jewel. of all kinds, m d Tve lai. down (for
our US.) felt, t.a.pestly, drugges, cloth, and many different
so* of carpets- where can r11e animals all these artides?
They cat the grass of the forest, and bein% quite
naked brr night and by day, they are sub~ectlike siaves
toil and labour. All these things are proofs that we are
masters, they are slaves."
~h~ nighonpl+ the representative of the birGs, Was sitting
in front a branch of a tree, and thus addressed the
~i~~:-a T G man, ~ V ~ is O boasting about thevarieties of his
food and drink does not that all these are in red it^
woubler and torments him." The King asked howdat that *S,
and told him to exphinin. He said, " In this these
endurc many hardships m d troubles for the sake
comforts- Digging the ground, -ploughing, cOns@Ucling
reapbg, weighing and
bridges, irrigating with water ; Sowln-,
g-inding ; kindling fires in Ovens, c0oki47 wL"g-
ling rith bufchers about moat, keeping accounts with shop-
1 7bclixt gives t j ) ~~~~S
~ of S Y ~ but
,
are "' tmnsLubic
into English.
 keepers; cndurirlg toil for the salic of gctiin: moncyj rtudriol
science and art, giving pain to their bodies, travelling into
distant countries, and for two farthings standing n-ith t h r r
hands clasped in the presence of noblemerl. In fine, lvith all
this iaholv and effort they amass tvealth and property, vhicll
after their death Llls to the lot of others. 1f it has been
gained in a lawiul u7a>7,a a a t i s i a c t o ~account can be given
of it, but if it has not, it is torture and tcmcnt.
I' m'e arc sealred from 7111 thcie priss and torturer, because
Our food is merely regctablcr ; xihatever springs from the
earth, ire, without b l ~ o n ror troublq mrlie use of. We eat the
various fruits rllich God Almighty, of His power, bar crated
for us, and to Hiin we nl~vayspay our thallk. Care al,d
scareh for meat and drink never enters into oar n1ind.j ;
wherever 1e. go, by the grace of God, everything (we need) is
pmcurable ; but tlleie (men) are ever writhing in anxiety
about their food. h d as they consume many different kindr
of food, So do they- surer many pains and torlnella, and are
subject to chronic dirmses, vapours, headache, cholera,
palsy, fic-doiOreux, ague, cough, jaundice, fever, hectic [ever,,
boils, P ~ ~ P ~ itch,C S , nngl~orm,scrofula, gripes, diarrhea
W n o n h a a , e l e ~ l l a n t j a ~p~lypus-in
i~, fire, they are subjecf
'0 discascs of all Sons. For medicine and physic they run
and r=on to [he ~ O L I S E Sof docto~s;but for
impudence declare, 'We are masters ; h e y arcthis ourthey
~ l ~,~ifi
~ : r r ~ f
The man repiied, 'Sicl~nessis not a t ail p e r u l i ~to us ;
beasts d s o are subject to most d i ~ a s e s . ~ 'He re(orted, say-
ing, "When animals fall sicl;, it is entireh through asrociation
and intimacy with you. Dogs, cats, pigeons, ~ O W I ~~ , o d
animals who are in bondage to you, do not obtain their na-
tural food and drink ; consequently tI:ey fall sick. ~ h ~ s e
animals r h o roam about at rill in the jungles pl-eserved
from every disease, because their times of eating and drink-
ing are fired, and there is no deficiency or excess in thegum-
tits. But those animals who are captives to you cannot P I S S
thor &ay. in their natural manner ; they eat food a t UnSea-
sonaa~e~IOUTS, through hunger they eat t~ excess i they
no
- - not keep their bodies under control, and consequently from
time to time they fall sick.
There is also this reason for your children being diseased.
p n p a n t women and nurses, through greediness, eat that
uns$trblefood of which YOU boast, from which foul humours
a0 prodLlced; a l e milk is vitiated, and tllrougb its effects
cKldren are born ugly and always liable to diseases. Tlroroui??'
there diseases they ire rubject to sudden death, to the agonies
diaolution, and to sorrow and anger in fine, YOU are
in\rolved in these evils from the effect of Your own works, but
we are preserved from the111
i r o f all the kinds of food to be found in )lour houses, honey
h &c choicest and best. You eat it and emplog it in your
medicines ;but i t is the nwxS of ~ ~ S ~ ;C itI does S not arise
from any art of yours ; then what have YOU to boast about ?
and you equal (partners) in eating the remaining
f&is and grains, and frorn of Old Our anCeStOr5 and your
mce,, ha", mntinued to be on an equality On this matter).
In those dry$ when your great ancestors, Adam a d Eve¶
\vcredWellingin parsdisc, eating t l ~ fruitse of that place with-
out foil i a b m , and feeling no kind of anxiety (0' need 00
mrkion. our ancestors d s o there shared with them those
comforts and blessings.
'When ancestors, being deluded by their e n e m ~ , ~
the munsel f. GO^, and showed theu greed for a certain
g_,,they were expelled from thence. The angels,
a where having
there were
brau& them down, cast them into a plac-
neither leaves nor fruit : what mention can there be then of
(deed) fruits ? Fol- a long period they kept weeping "their
gjef. .At l e q t h God accepted their repentance, and P ~ T ~ O P
their sin. He sent an m g d to them, who Calne and H tau~ht
 them how to till the ground, to SOW, grind, COO?<, and to make
garments. In fine, day and night they were subject to these
troubles and labours. When many children were born to
them, and these began to live in every place, whether wood
or field, then evil doings began against the (animals) dwell-
ing on the earth. Their abodes were seized, some were made
prisoners, and some fled. Making all solis of snares and
nets, they pursued them in order to capture and confine them.
At length, matters have arrived a t such a pitch that now you
stand there boasting, expatiating on your dignity, and rmdy
for contending and quarrclIing
'<And when you say that you have parties of pleasure, that
you are occupied in music and dancing, and pass your days
in luxury and enjoyment ; that you wear fine clothes and
jewels of all sorts, and that you have many things besides
these which we cannot get-this is aU true; but ycu havefor
every one of these things its opposite of pain 2nd toEnent,
from which we are exempt. Thus, instead of parties of pleas-
ure, you sit in the house of mourning ; instead of happiness,
you endure grief; instead of music and laughter, you weep and
feel pain ; instead of fine houses, you sleep in the dark grave ;
instead of jewels, you wear a collar on your neck, fetters on
your hands, and chains upon your legs ; and instead of praise,
you are subjected to derision. In fine, for every joy you feel a
corresponding sorrow. But we are exempt from all these
evils, because these are the troubles and pains which befit
slaves and miserable creatures.
"Instead of your cities and houses, we have this boundless
plain for our use. From earth to sky, wherever our hearts
desire, we fly. We pick and eat the green v e r d ~ ~ ron e the
banks of the rivers without let or hindrance ; free from toil
and labour, we eat our suitable food and drink pure water ;
there is no one to forbid us ; we have no need of ropes or
buclic-ts, bottles or pitchers-all these t h i n g are required for
p,rhat you may take tl~emon your shoulders, c m y thcm
&out from place to place, and sell (the water). You are ever
liable to labour and trouble ; these are all distinctive marks
of slaves : how then is it proved that you are the masters, \ve
the slaves ? "
The King then asked the representative of the men if he
had any other answer left. He replied, " W e have many er-
ce11ences and distinctions which testify to our ddlrn!' The
told hihim to state them. A Persi;ml runong them said,
<.God Airnighty h= bestowed upon us distinctions of many
bds-religioh prophecy, and the revealed Word,-dl these
biersings He has given to us. Having made known to us
what is lawful and unlawful, good and evil, he liar restricted
this (kno\vledge) to us, in order to bring US into paradise. ..
Ablution, purification, prayer, fasting, sacrifice, a b s g l m Z ,
sxying prayers in the mosques, preaching i n pulpiu, and
many other acts of devotion H e has taught us. these
distinctions afford evidence to this, that we are masters, they
the slaves?
The representative of the birds then said, " If you Were to
and conrider, then it would be found that these things
are troubles and hardships to you.'' The King inquired.
w h a t k n d of trouble.'7 He said, " Gad Airnighty has
established all there modes of worship in order that their
sins maybe forgiven, and that they may not be able to go
asway. bus He rays in the KurPn, ' Good deeds prevent
evil ones:' ~f they do not act upon the rules of the gu,
b e n they a n disgraced in the estimation of God. In this
fear they continue occupied in devotion. We are Pure from
and have no need of the devotion of which they boast.
And God m i g h t y has sent prophets to those people, althaugl'
1 m, pfi,ed ~t has . f i y d d , , it is obdo= that the
~ e b r mbut
q&er is a Muhammadan. probably an l n f x i Or P e ~ i m .
2 K&", SJrat xi. v. 116.
 they are infidels, idolaters, and sianem, who do not per(orm
worship to Him, but are occupied nigl~tand day in debauch-
ery and wickedness. W e are free f r a n ~that idolatry and sin ;
we know God to be one and vithotlt putner; and
engaged in His worship. The prophets and messengers 2,
God) are like the physicians and astrologers. These people
find the need of physicians when they are sick and ill,
and they entreat the astiolo~err(to tell them) d things inaus-
picious and 111-fatcd.
UAblution and pnrification have been made duties for you,
because you are always snciean. Night and day you pass year
time in adultery and .. . . . and your bodies are of foul
odour; hence Uie command of purification for you. \lTr
abstain from these things; during the whole year we apprrn&
each other only once, and that not for lust and gratification;
for the sole object of the perpetuation of our species we do '
the deed. Prayer and fasting are duties with you an this
accocnt, that thl.ough them your sins may he pardoned. We
do not comnit sin; then ~ h should y these be duties for us l
Sacrifices and duxgiving are incumbent upon you, because
YOU mulate late great wealth by lawful and unlawlul means,
and do not bestow it upon deserving people. If J-ou expended
it On the poor and needy, then why would alm.-giving be
made a duty for You ? We take compassion and pity upon
our fellows, and never accumukte anything through
avarice.
"When you say that God Almighty has revealed to
texts of t h e Kurfin relating to things la$dul and
penal laws and the laws of retaliation, all thin to
for your
instruction, b c a c s e your hearts are dut Tbmllgh smpidiry
and ignorance you do not know what is bene&iai, what in.
jurious ; consequentIy you require teachers and masters.
But God Aln~ightymakes all things h o w n h us ,vithouf
the intervention of prophets, as He himself says inthe K ~ ~ L ~ ,
: ~~d slid to ay, build your house upon the hills.' -4nd
PnYer
in one place he says, 'Ever)- animal kno~vsits
praise.' And in another place he says,' ' God NmightY
rent a crow to go and dig the ground, and show Cain that
he also, in the same way, might dig the c a d , and b u y
of his brother." When Cain saw ir he said, ' What a
pity it is that 1 have not got as much sense as the crow, that
., similarly inter my brother's bier.' Indeed he felt
I mi&t
great regret on this matter.
V~&nd f l ~YOU
a ~talk about YOLK going into the mosques
religious houses for the purpoK of ~ u b l i pra>-er
c ; but for this
we have no necessity at all ; to us every place i s a mosque
m d temple;' wherever we c ~ s our t eyes we perceive the
divine presence. Neither have we any need of prayers on
Sabbaths and festivals, for we are always engaged night and
~. in prayer
- and fasting. In fine, all those things you boast
about we do not aU require."
When the messenger of the birds had thus finished speak-
ing, the IGng looked to the men and said, " If you have any-
thing &p left to say, then speak." An li&f out of the
assemblage of men answered, There are still many superior
qualities 2nd excellences in us by which it is establisl1d that
we are the masters and the a n i ~ n d ares our slaves. Thus we
have various garments to adorn and beautify us-shawls,
goid embroidery, silks, brocader, fun, mixed fabrics of silk
and colton, prz-badan, muslini, fine Mahmbdi rnus~in.s f l h
satin, flowered muslin, lace, chequered ~ 1 0 t ;hv~~ i o * kinds
of carpets, dnggets, and felts ; and besides all these,
get many other fine things. Hence it is a s c e ~ i n e dfhat
we are the masters, they the slaves, for where can the animals
net all these things ? They wander about stark naked in the
a K&", Sfirat xxic. V. 41.
1 Ku&. SSlrat xri. v. 70.
3 Rurin, Sli-at V. v. ++
A
11 altars are the mountains and the bil~s."~&'~*n-
 jungles like slaves. All taese gifts and blessing. of God are
proofs of our domination; it is right that we should E,
lordly authority over tbem, and do with the~nas we tmuble of ours. ~ u you
they,are all our slaves." x e involved in trouble about it. your ancefors l'cbelled
The King asked the aninzls if they had any answer to give againn ~ o d and
'0 this. The jacW, the ambassador of the rapacious beast$ t<is trouble."
said to the man, "As you are boasting SO lnuch about your
fine and soft dress, tell me this, Where Were ail &ere d$-
fcrel~tguments in the first age? perllap~you to& them
by tyranny and riolei~cefram the animals." he m m asked
wht.time he was spcaking about ? He raid, Ofall the gar-
ments that you possess; the finest and the softest are the bra-
cades and silks, these are made of raw silk, and that comes
from the mucus of a worn ; and this rvorm does nor bdong
f O the race of Adam, but is a species of insect, whicll for its
0% Protection spins (aweb)with its mucus on &trees, so that
it may be sheltered from the evils of cold and heat. ' npforre
md t w ~ YOU y have torn it from these insects; conrcqucoily
God made you subject to this punishment, that you have
to it, with labour spin and weave it, and then to get it
sewed by tailors, and washed by rashermen. Indeed you
suffer SO much trouble and kbour about it, fiat you carefully
keep it and sell it--you are always writhing in aniietynbaut it
" So there arc other garmenu which you weave fmm the fur
2nd hair of many animals, and your finest garments are gene-
rnll~ made fron1the wool of animals; with force aad.yjo]e.ce
You tear them from the animals, and then appropriate t h m to
Y O ~ ~ S ~ I V3'~0S make
. such boar of this is improper. ~fwewere
to boast thereof, it would become us, because God Allnighty
produced it on our bodies, that we might malce it ,-over.
ing a d dress. He, of His compassion and kindness, be.
stowed this dress upon us, that we might be protected from
cold and heat. God Almighty brings forth this dress upon
Our bodies at the time afben we are born, and of His kindness
it ail withiil our power, without any labour or
t aixvays, till your dying breath,
, in requital thereof YOU arc subjected to
The King said to the jacl;ll Relate to US the facts about
11, beginning of the race rf Adam." H e replied, '' when God
created dam and Eve 11e provided food and covering for
the,ll like as he did far the animals. Accordingly, the= two
li* in the East upon the Ruby mount*l~%under the
equator. ~t the time He created thon they Were quite d e d ,
but &ir emire bodies r e r e covered with the hair of their
heads, and by means of this same hair they u7ere protected
from the cold and heat. They used to stroll about in the
and eat the fruit of all the trees ; h e y underwent
now forced
kind of toil or labour like as these people
undeqro he divine command Was, that the7 were to eat
the fruit of the garden, with the exception of one tree
\"hiCh they not to approach T h m u d l the hg~il". of
satao they &isregarded the direction of Cod- Then the)r
lost their superiority ; the hair of their heads fell off, and
became quite naked. The angel+ by divine
expelled t h m from thence, i n the W 3 Y that the doctor
of fins the circvmrtances length in a fOnner
chapter!' of the rapacious beasts had thus
w h e n the
a man said, Y 0 M~U, it is not fit and right for
, before us; it is better for YOU to be silent:' The
jackd asked for orhat reason ? He said, " B e r n S e
the h m a bthere is no one more wicked and vieious than
you; no more hard-heam& pnd none '0 greedy to
good for nothing but to wO*N ani-
devour cadon you
.nure ih- bmt upon their death and destruc-
mals,
tion." arked, HOW i-) fiis And the man replied.
 Because ;11I rapacious beasts prey upon a11d devour ani-
mals; they crush their bones and drink tl~eirblood, md us, this is dear, that benint comes t o all of ).Qu from Our
never take any compassion upon their condition." swand hr. The birds of prey XISOv110 are in bonds with
The representatire of the carnivorous beasts raid, 6. ~f p u , hunt tl~eirprey and feed you with it. But t d l US what
do inflict this treatment on the animals, it is all through you, ad,~anta, the animals derive from you. The injury is a p
instruction, for without that we knew nothing rv]1aterer about parent, for you slaugi~terthem, and eat their flesh. But
it* Becore the time of Adam no rapacious b e s t preyed p, sti.gj11e~~towards US. is rucll that YOU buP/ Your dead
upon aninmib; when any animal died in the woods and d d s , in the earth, so that are cannot get to eat them-
they used to ezt its flesh, but they did no injury to living " you ray, that tile rapacious beasts kill a d ravage 2"-
SO, have
beasts. SOlong as in i n y place they found flesh lying on rhe ; but the rapacious beasts having seen YOU
groulld, they did not tearauy animal; but in the time ofwant the usage. From the days of Gain 3'and "ie d1'w5
0' Abel ta the
and extremity they were compeUed to do present time, continues to h.seen
'Vere created, and you began t o catch and confine j!:hm g o a ~ , Thus, Rustam, Isfnndiyhr. Jam-
engaged in war
sheep, COWS, own, camels, and a r m , you did not allow any ihfd, z u ~~k~ f i dAfr&jiyib,
h , \liodchihr, Dbr& Islcandar,
animal remain in the jungle ; then h o l ~u;rs their flesh to and were d,vay-i occupied i n massacre and slaughter,
be obtained in the jungle? Having no rcsouxe, we tool; to and in it passed amy. Even now YOU are in dis-
; but far 111 this YOU boast
preying upon living animals ; and this is lawful for just turbance and
as it is alloaable for you to cat carrion in time of earerne a b u e the rapacious beasts, and unfh fraud and fake
necessity. pmenrions to YOU' authority orer t h e m Have
' When You say that the hearts of rapacious beash aye bard you ever the engaged in War and *rife, and
and mercilas, we do not find any animal complaining of us to i n j w
other like as YOU 60? if YOU
lilce as they complain of you And you my dro, that .-ami- of the wild animals wit11 considera-
inquire into the
vorous beasts ear open the bellies of animals, their tion and c a q you would learn that they are far better
blood, and eat their flesll; but you do just the fbiEg. yourselves"
You cut them with hives, slaughter them, flay thenl, rip ~h~ d r r s a d o r of the men inquired if there was any
open their bellies, ~ u r h
their bones, roast them, and eat t b m poofof this,and he replied, " Those of you who are
-all these practices oure their origin to you. WC do not do devout your dominions, and 90 Out into the mOuntGns
W- If you ~ ~ 0 consider
~ l d and reflect, then you would un. md jungle., where the wild beasts have their abode, and
deTstand that the tyranny of the rapacious beasts is not equal kepup A warn, acquJnfance night and
t o your o m , the representativeof the cattle has stated t h e day, nor do the wild beasts te-?T them. Tbexfore~ if your the
first chapter YOUalso pursue such a course t o b ~ a r d=,~-h wild be=u were not better than YOU, then t'h~
other, and towards your kindreed, as the animdr h o w no- holy ma devout men resort to them ? Far pious flee
thing about. perate pmple do not resort to the wicked, rather do better
" w h e n you 611 us that no goad comas to any one from t_ hornthem. This is a proof that the wad beasts
than you.
 "Anotller proof is this : when ).our t y r a ~ ~ n i ckings
d haire
any doubt about the probity a11d purity of zi)y man, &ov
drive him out into the jungle. If tlie wiid beasts do not tear
him to pieces, they understand fmm that fact that he is right-
eous devout ; because every species recognises its otvn
fellowJ and the wild beasts k n o r i i ~ ghim to be righteous do
not molut h i m True it is ' One u i n t hors anofier*
VeiilY there are bad a!~dvicious ones among the wild beasts,
but is tbjs ? nlE there not good acd bad in ever)-spedn'
Even the beasts which ere bad do not tear to i w e s rile good all the men and animals attended the
ancl riCteous, but tlleyclevour the evil men. Thus cod AI-
mighty declares, ' 1 make tyrants to prevail over tjr'm~s, IY
he
L
of justice.
proof
King told the men that if had
of their ciaims to adduce, they we" to state
that they m y obtain the recompense oftheir rills:JJI any
it A Persian raid, fi There are many laudable The King qualities in
directed
ivhen the anbassador of the rapacious b e a t s finished this
speech, a philono~herbelonging to the company ofIins said, us 4 \\.hich our claim is established."
He him to set tlhem forth, yid he 5.14 In 011' race there are
the truth ; those people who are good d u n the
bad associate l*itIl the good, although these belong to a fings,ministersl not,les, ~crretmcs, financiers, revenue Offl-
mgyate, arsiaa~\u,mace-barerg ~en~allt',
diffmnt species ; and those who are bad flee from fie good cers, mab
and many other dasser besides these i devotees,
to go and associate with the ~vicked if were nor evil and humane men, scientific me" holy
Ssllould heir devout and holy nun go and dwell
V ~ C ~ O U Ywhy poets, learned rnell, virtuous
in the wiids and mountains, and there conceive affection for abstinent people, preachers,
the wild beasts, n o ~ ~ t b r t a n dthat
i n ~they belong to a distinct ,m, judges, lawye"&a, grammarians, logicims1
thsayers, physi-
interpreters of
species Get~vcenthese and those there is no appveot dmi- cians, geometricians, a s ~ ~ i o g e rSO0
s,
Lrity ; still in good qualities they surely mu* be ~ ~ f i ~ ~ r J J dreams, dchemir~~, and magiu- ; men of trade, buildus~
All the congegation of Jins said, "He $pc& the h t h - weavers, cottansar~ei~~ h o e r n a k ~tailors,
s, and other m-
there no doubt Or ~i'I~ertai&y about iL" The nlen on merouE chssri. Of all thew classes each one has i t s dis-
every side, mrhcl~ they heard this condemnation 1d . censure, tinn mords laudable q"Liitie5, and its distinct and
Were greatly ashamed, and hung down their heads. Mean. apppprovrdinstimtes and arts An these "e'lences and
while evening came on, the sovn rose, and all taking leave, qudiues are peculiar to ; the animals do not share thethecmani-
and m
went to thek own dwellings. .-
rqnm
-..-this it is evident that W e are the manerr,
mals our slaves."
Kudn, SJrat. vi. v. rag. ha& ended his statement, the parrot said
When the
to the E(mg, This man is boasting about hi. m w
6'
the varieties of the birds, he
11 he would
undastrnd that, as opposed tO these, the varieties of men
 '30 Thc SoztL!
and kind. All this is a proof of His kindness and
mercy."
Tile King asked who \%asthe chief of ti~oreangels r h o had
been appointed for the protection of m n . The %ge replied,
'' The reasonable SOU]; for since the tinle of Adamps crea-
tion this ha5 been the partner of man's body. Those
who, a the divine command, paid homage to ~ d they ~
are 'Animd Life,' and they are subject to the reason-
able soul. Tlley who did not pay bomzge are the pasdon of
and the sensual lusts. They caU this also rblfs (devil).
reasoll2ble Soul StiU remains among the descendants of
Adam, in the same Way aS the Corporeal form of A d a m rtifi
survives. are born, and they continue in that form, and
in the day of judgment the sons of ~ d will m fire jn that
form, and enter into paradise."
The King asked how it was that L e angels m d the senses
were not visible. The sap replied, It is because fiey are
erhered and &ansparent, and are not perceptible by the
nlO*al senses. The prophets and saints, h o w i , thmugh
purity of heart, behold them, because their s e a r s a e free
the gloom of folly, they are watchful against the slum-
ber of h e e ~ e ~ ~ n eand
s s , their senses are similar those of
the angels Hence they see them ; and hearing fheir words,
they communicate them to their felious.J7
The King having heard these detlilr, s ~ i d , $hy~~d re-
ward Then he looked towards the p m t , and told
hill1 to finish his qeech. He said, This man mainwins
that there are many worlcmcn and mechanics jn his race ; but
this is no proof of his superiority, because among us also are
many animals who share with them in those
fly (bee) possesses greater ability in building and repairing
~h~~
than their architecrs and engineen,' for it buildr itr house
without eaRh or bricks, or lime or mortar. 1 . (he drawing
L Lit. " geometr;c.ans."
dlineP circles it ha, no need of r u k or cOn~P~"Cs;
marciialr and t o o k So JSO tilere is the
it,ese (men)
is t h e wvcakcrt of all insects, but V'hich, in
%,,irninlagand,vca,.iog, bsgrexter &iil than all their wealrers-
fintplace, he draws act a thread from his sdix-a i aftc'
~ wardn,
, having formed it into a kind of ladder, he firmly at-
tWba it ' 0 al~ove,and keep5 Open a smdl IPaCe
in fie centye, for the p~rporeofcapturing %er. in this
of h e has no need of materials ; vhereas their r e a v e r s
cannot weave anything without stuff-
:< So .gain there are silk-WOrmS, whiih 7.t-e verl feble, but
which pmsess g"*et- s & n e and skill than fit+' irorlaen-
when have and are satisfied, they come to their
dwclling-p~ace. Then, i n the first place, they ?in some fine
kind of lines from their saliva ; these they afiewards at16LCh
(0 Overhend, and make it firm and suong, so that
*.ither nor water can get iioo it, and h 4 accordin?
their cllstom, thg.simp. i ~ this 1 ski11 they have acquired
(he t e d ? n g of parents or mastern ;neither do they
or thread ; but t h e i irrriiors
~ and damers can
b nothins "thout them. The s w a ~ ~ o also a r build their
hanging in tile air under the cave+ and require neitha
ladders nor al1fihing of the kind t o get up to t h e m
constructs her house i t h o u t mud Or watm,
h e white
requiring nothing for the work
beas= and bird5 make houses and neds,
Y ln fiLle,
and supPO* their offspring. They have greater intelligence
and skill mm. For instance, there is the ostrich,
is allled both to bird and beast, with what When care does
the
.hE1 for the ~ w i s b m e nof
t her Young
em_
oa to or thirty, she divides them into three
lots: she SeCUres in the &h, some she exposes the
beat of therun, and some she keeps under her ""3-w h ~
I ~h~ ter( rqrnscnts tke male 3s doing thisis.
 a g o o d many Young ones are hatched, in o d e r to sustain 51udrnts and rmenlI>ranccr~;1 bxt if you undentood the
them she digs up the ground, p i c k out tile ivorlns, and feedr language of birds, the praises of the reptiles. CXP~CSS~Q"

her !oua,a ones. But among mankind no roman nowjshcS d faith of tile insects, the laudations of 111~~ C ~ S theSre-
,
her children in this nay. Nurses and midvviucn attend m citdsd the IOCLIS~., the p r a ~ c r sof :he frog, the s:llnonJ of
them. soon as they are taken from the womb and are fie ~ f ~ f b i r the
( , lecturer of the sait~-.Elirvd?r,the Sumlnons
born, they bathe and mash them, \\-et nurses feed and to of the cock, the cooing of he pigeon, the predic-
1~11d1.m in cndlcs-they do everything ; the motIler of the urn,of the C ~ O \ the ~ ~ , eulogies of the sraiiow, or fhc iarl1ing to
child takes n o heed of it. fear by the owl-if, besides these, you knew the Far-
'' Their children also are excessively stnpid ; they h o i v licularr of the devotion paid by the anti, flies, &c-, the11P*
"0th'"' at .l11 of what is beneficial, what injurious. After ,iroo~d l;notv that amens them also there are fluent and e h -
the). arrive a t fifteen or twenty years of age they get to years qnenf poets preachers, studeots and rnemori&sts. Thus
of discretion. Still they require mast,, and teachers ; they God Almighty says, C Everything pays its devotion in praise
Pass their d r r s in reading and writing, der they of G ~ J lIut
, gall do nor L ~ O it:l N ~ o has, d tl~erefore,given
'main the biggest fools in existence 6 u t \!,hen our W n g you inclination towards ignorance-that is to SzY.
Ones are born they are from the first instant aware of what is you do not underr&their praises ; but to Us He has given
good and what is bad. Thus the young of fowk, paeedges, a turn far k~~oxxledpe, and has said, ' Every animal knows
and quails, a s soon as they come out of the egg, run peckiing ifs form of pRise.l -0 then, as the ignorant and the
ab*uq and if any one tries to catch them, they run away learned are l,ot anequ$ity, we hare the superiority over Ym.
from him- This knowledge and inteliigence has hem corn- ~h~~ .hat maltcr have you to boast about, and with frmd
municated to them on the part of Grd Alnlight); fiat their and ulvmny to say, We are the masters, t l l e ~the slaves ?'
may knowwllat good and what is bad. The reason of ~~d then have made a Statement about astrologers,
this is, that among those birds the n1a1e and female do not but asvology is practised only among ignorant people-
assist other in feeding then% as pigeons and orher birdr womenand ,-hadren believe in it, but it is held in no eslecnl
d o ; for DOnng there latter the cocl; and hen unite in feeding wise. Some a ~ t r o l ~ g e rin
s , 0d" '0 delude fo01s7
their Young It is for this that God has bestowed on young declare t b t i o n x prrtict~luincident will happen in such
fowls such int~uigencethat they do not depend upon their such a in ten or twenty yead t i n e ; whereas they
Parents for support, but of t1lernselves peck and feed. They kn, nothing about their own affairs, what will happen to
do not need to be supplied d t h milk, or fed with grain, like them, or xvill be the condition of their chiMr- fhe7

the Young of other animals and birds. Then, is the nremenrn about some distant countli some time
hishest in the estimation of God Almigilty? Bight and -beforehad, so that people may think they speak tmlj', and
are employed in prayer and praise to Him, and mxy haire faith in them. The only people who place reliance
consequa~tlyhe h s taken a11 this compassion upon our on the of astrologeri are those who have erred and are
state. I L&+, remembm, w110 f e3k gratitude.
d. %)L+.41. ~ r e s s c iis
'' You say that in your race you hare poets and preachers, 3 I(urjn, Shrat d i . 49. I
 rebels (against God) ; such as the tyrannical and violent
kings anlong men, who deny. there is any future state, and ~vho
is certainly possible, but not in the way the astrologers main-
do not believe in destiny-Nimrod and Pharaoh. for instance.
tain. I t is (to be effected) b y secking the help of God, who
These kings;upon the statements of the astrologers, had
is the Creator of the stars." The Kingaslced how the help far
hundreds, even thousands of children put to death. They
this was to be sougilt of God. H e replied, "B); acting o n
usedto believe that the regulation of the world rested upon the
the commlnds of the law, by weepil~gand lamentation, by
seven planets and the twelve signs of the zodiac, They did not
prayer, b y fasting, b y making offerings and giving alms, and
know that nothing happens without the command of the Lord,
by worshipping with sincerity of heart-this is (tl~eway of)
who made the constellations and the planets. True it is that
setin. help of God. 14henrver any one implores God t o
' 'Gninst fa:@ no plans prevaiL' prevent (the inampiciour influences of the stars), assuredlr
After all, what God willed came to pass.
God does preserve him. The astrologers and soothsayers
The l%istoryof this matter is, that the astrologers had in-
givf information before the occurrence of events, and SaJr
formed Ni~nrodthat a child would be born in iiir reign, ivl~o,
Gob Almigllty will Mng this event to pass; but is it not
after being brought up, would attain r hi$> pontion, and Oc-
better in matter to pray to the Lord to prevent
overthrow the religion of the idolaters. When he asked
cu~rcnce,rather t11a11 to act upon the rules of a~trolo?ZY('
them a t what place and in what family the child rould
The King said, If by acting on the com~nandsof the law
be born, and where he would be brought up, they could
not tell Xiin; so they said to the king, 'Give orders that evil is averted, it follo~vsof necessity that what is predestined
by ~dis set aside," He raid, " The divine predestination
all children born during this year r h l l be slain ;' tbeir
idea being, that ilre child would be killed among them At does not change, but whcn people make their supplications
to ~ o ford its pevention, He preserves them from the event
length God Almighty created Abraham, the friend of God,
and preserved him from the malevolence of the infidels. so the astrobgcrs informed Nimrod that a child ~ o ~ l
be who ,~ouldbe the opponent of the religion of idols-
This u n l e kind of treatment Pharaoh dealt out KO the
children of Israel; but here also God Aln~igl~ty kept tile
, and ,110 ivauld throiv all his subjects and m y into
co~~fu5ion, it .uri Allraham~% the friend of God, who was thus
patriarch Moses safe from his malice In fine, the predie.
indiclted ; and Gad Almighty having created him, brought
tionl of astrologers are all fables ; fate is never to .b ended,
low rind dcstmved Nimrod al,d his army by His hands. But
and yet you boast and say that you have astrologers and Eager
if at that time 2;imrod had prayed to God for safety,then the
in your race. These men are only fit to delude sil~ners,m d m h t y in f i r mercy would have brought hinl into the
those who put their hurt in God pay no heed to tlieir words,
relidon of Abrah;lm, m d he and his anny would have been
Whell the parnot had reached this point of his speech, tile raved from dishonovr and d e s t r u c t i o ~ SO d s o when the
King asked him, " If the prevention of evil through the itus
astrologers ~ I I O U Dto~ Pharaoh
~ ~ the. birth af M o s s , if he
is impossible, then why do astrologers study them and llad his supplications to Cod for safety, Gad would
establish (the fact: wit11 proofs Z and why do they fear them i:'
hatre brought him also into his religion, and have pruerved
He said, " The prevention of the evil influencer of the rtu.
him from di=hallour ; in the ssiine manner as the *ilnight5'
gave to his !vice, and bestowed upon her blessing
 of the true faith. The tdbe of Jonas zlso, when they were
beset with troubles, prayed to the Lord, and He gave thcm a
refuge from their ills."
The King said, " I t is true-the study of the stars, the
prediction of events before they happen, and prayer to God
fur prevention of thase evils-these all are things of which the
adwntagc has been understood. For this reason hloses gave
this admonition to the children of Isracl, saying, ' When you
are in dread of any calamity, then pray to God with earnest
supplicatio~land mourning because He, through the sincerity
of your przyers, will preserve you from that occurrence.'
Begincing from Adanl, and (coming down) to the time of
Muhammad the Pure, (may the blcssing and peace of God be
on him !) this practice has always prevailed, for them to give
this direction to their follorvers ~ v l ~ eany
n accident befell them.
Tlterefore it is proper for us to act in this way as regards rhe
behests of the stars, and not a s astrologers in these days
delude people to forsake God, and fly (for direction) to the
revoiutions of the skies.
"For restoration to health of the sick also, one should first
turn to God, for a perfect recovergmay be obtained from His
grace and kindness. It is not right that we should turn away
from the court of the true Healer, and resort to physicians.
S o a e men, ar the beginning of their illness, apply to physi-
cians, but receiving no benefit from their remedies, they in
thcir despair bctake themselves to God. Frequently even,
with great importunity and lamentation, hey write out state-
ments of their cases in petitions, and hang these up on the
malls or pillars of the mosques, and God grants them a cure.
"So it behoves us to resort to God against the influences
of the stars, and not to act upon the delusions of astrologers.
Thus, there was a certain Icing to whom the astrolagers had
given information that an event rvould liappen to his city, full
of danger to the inhabitants. The kixg inquired how, but
they could give no explanatlon ; still they a c r e able to tcll
this much, that the event rvould befall on such and such a date
of such and such amonttl. The king inquired of his people
what ccurse ought to be pursued to avelt this calamity, and
they who were Ieari~edin the law replied, that the best thing
was that on that day the king and all the dwellers in the city,
small and great, should go out of the town into the fields,
and there make supplication-and weeping before God, for the
averting of the evil ;then, perhaps, God might save them from
that calamity. In conformity with thcir declaration, on that
day the king left the city, and many people also went forth
with him. Then they began to pray to God to preserve them
from the evil, and kept watching all night.
Sundry men felt no alarm at the predictions of the astrolo-
,,S, m d stayed in the city. During the night it rained with
great violence, and the t o m being situated on low grom&
the waters drew towards it from all sides, and filled it. All
the men who remained in the city perished, but those who
were engaged in prayer and lamentation outside the city were
saved, just as Koah and those people who had faith were
preienred from tile deluge, while nil the rest were drowned.
God says, ['We gave deliverance to Noah and to those
people who embarked in tbc ark with him ; but We over-
wllelmcd those ~ 1 1 0deemed My words false, because
were a perverse eeneration." l
<'The philosophers and logicians whom you make your boast
of, do you no but rather lead you astray" V-ben the
m m inquired how, and asked him t 0 explain, he replied,
"Because they divert men from the xay of the lax, and
through the many- inconsistencies (occurdng in the holy
book) they set aside the commmclments of religion. The
opinions and religions of them all are antaaonistic ; some of
+em maintain that the world ir p r i r n o ~ d some
,~ maintain the
? ICadint-ancient-
I K&, SJnr vii. v. 42.

pte-existence1 of matter, same adduce proofs of the priorityl
of form S o ~ n eof them say that there ale t x o pnme causes,
some maintain that there are three, others are co~~vincedthat
there are four, while some say that thew are five, and others
increase them to six or even seven. Somc are satisfied o i
the CO-existenceof the Creator and the creature. S o ~ n esay
that the world is infinite, and others adduce evidence of its
being finite. Some acknotvledpe a resumcction, others L n y
it. Soine believe in prophecy and inspiration, but others
object. Somc arc bewlclsrid and dizzy with doubf others
reject all reason and evidence, and others are convinced that
all is deli~sion. Besides these also there nre many ather
diverse beliefs to which they are all fettered.
"But our religion and way is one (only). We acknowledge
God to be One, and without equd. Xight and day we arc
engaged in His worship and praise. We do n o t make our
boasts over any creature of His ; whatever is ordained in our
lot we are thankful for. We do not reject His authority, nor
d o we ask the why or wherefore of anything, as men (do whm
tl~ey)carp at His behests, His will, and His skilI.
"Then as to the mathematicians and geometricians w11om
you boast abaut, they puzzle themselves night and day in
thinking about demonstrations. They make pretensions to
those things which are beyond conceptioli or imagination,
though rhey do not h o w it. They show no inclination for
those sciences which are suitabIe for the- and pursve those
vain trifles which are quite unnecessary. Some dircct their
attention to the me2surement of bodies and of distances;
some are distracted in ascertaining the heights of mountains
and of clouds ; some go abaut surveying rivers and farests,
and some ponder and study to find out the system of the
heavens and the centre of the earth. They take no heed
about the physiology or measurement of rheir o u n bodies.
Physicians.
They do not know how many cntrails and intestines they
have; what space there is in the cavity of the chest;
what the state of the heart and brain is: what the natureof the
stomach is ;what the shape of the bones, nor what the fashion
of the joints. They never know anything about those things
which are easy to understand, and right to investigate. But
it is from these things that the art and power of the Almighty
are discovered, for, as the prophet says, " He who L C O ~
himself, knows God." And, with all this st~~pidi$ and i p o r -
awe, they rarely read the Divine Word, and do not heed the
dccreos of the Divine law, or tbeordinancer of the Prophet.
"The phyjicians whom you boast about are not required
by until you fall sick through eating unsuitabk food in
greed ;md gluttony ; then you go and wait at their doors
with your uriile botrles. The man who goes to the door of
the physician or druggist is sick, just as the crowd rvho wait
ypon artrologcrr are ill-starred and unfortunatr after
d, thdr resorting thitl~eronly makes them more unfortunate,
because the astrologers have no power in anticipating or
delaying favourable or unfavourable momenti B" notxvith-
standing this, many aitrologers and necromancers, fake Paper
and write rubbish upon ir, in order to delude their dupes.
The same is the case with the physicians, for S ~ C ~ isS only
S
aggnvated by resorting to them with your complaints, and
they recommend abstinence from those things by which sick
people are frequently cured. if people would leave it all to
nature, then the sick man would soon well. So, boasting
about your astrologers and physicians is sheer f0W We
bavs no need of them, because our diet is of one sort, and
because of this (simplicity of our diet) we do not fa11 sick, re
do not go to the hauses of physicians with our complaints,
nor hav-e any need of draughu and electuaiesi. The
course of the free is to have no need of any One, but the
of slaves is to run about to the houses of eve~bod>'.
 <' The mr.rihants, architects, and f m e r s whom you boast
abour, are worse than slaves, ancl are more wretched even
than the poor and needy. Night and day thry are inx~oloed
in toil and labour, and cannot take a moment's rest. They
are always building houses although they themselves do not
dwell in thein. They dig the ground and plant trees, but
t h y do not eat the fruit of them. There are no p a t e r fools
than these, for they ~ccumulatewealth and propeny, which
they leave to their heirs, while they themselves always lead a
life aT stan-ation. The merchants also are always intent u p n
alnassing dishonest wealth. They buy grain, and keep it, in
the hope of its becoming dear. and in the days of famine they
sell it for a high price ; they give notl~ingto the p m r and
needy. IZll a t once the wealth which they have amassed
during a long period is destroyed ; it s i n b in the sea, or
thieves cm-ry it off, or some tyrannical king seixs it. Then,
being wretched and abject, they go begging from door to door,
and all the remnanr of their lives is lost in vagrmcy. They
think that they have gained some advalrrage, and do not per-
ceive that they have thrown away for nothing that valuable
weaIth, their precious life ; that they have sold the next world
for this, and have not even got what they purchrred; that
they have thrown religion to the minds; rhat they are divided
, no rest. If you m a i e
by doubts, and have found d e l ~ d o nbut
your boast about this seeming advantage, then we curse it.
"YOUsay that you have kind-hearted people in your race,
but this is a n~istalce. For the friends, relations, and neigh-
bours of these people go about poor and needy, naked and
hungry, begging from street to street, and these take no heed
of their condition. Do they call this humanity, that they
should sit a t home h1 ease and take their pleasure, ,while their
friends, relations, and neighbours pursue a life of mendicancy?
YOUsay also that you have writers and revenue accountants
among your people, but stilt it is v e v ill-judged of you to
boast about them, for in the \vl~oIeworld there are no men
more villaillous and rascaU~~.They are constalxtly enga*
in thc endeavour to supplant their rivals by cunning, craft,
and pbau5ibilify. Openly they write friendly letters
in a vcry florid, ornate stylc, but in their hearts tlrey are ever
i,~tcniupon their designs of digging up the root and basis of
(their competitors). Day ancl night they are bent upon their
schemes of dismissing onc man from his office, and of securing
a dovrricr for the appoilltment of another; and so by fraud
and deception they get him dismissed.
':As to the devotees and worshippers whom in your corn-
pla-cy you consider righteous, and whose prayers and in-
terccssions YOU think to be acccp:able in the right ofGod :
these have deceived YOU by (outwardly) exhibiting their
e V n a pity. For this public ioorship of the*, their
cultivation of their beards, their removing the hair round their
lips, Uleir wearing of the recluse's gument, iheir satisfaction
with coarse clothes, their laying patch upon patch, tlleir re-
maining silent and speaking to no one, their instructing men
in morals and teaching them the mandates of the inn; their
making of long prayers so that their foreheads become in-
dented (fmprostration on the ground), their eating but
little food so that their lips hang (flaccid), their dried-up
brain$ their emaciated bodies, their faded CompleGonsr
all this, from begi~~ning to end, is fraud and falsity. Their
hearts are m full of malice and rancour that they do not
recognise the existence of any one (but thmselva). *hey
are always censuring God, and saying, Why did He create
the devil and Satan ? why were i~horemongersand adulterers
brought into exi&ncc? and why does H e give them Suste-
nance Such talk is improper, and their hearts are filled "fh
sin~iiarSatanic notions. T o your eyes they Seem good, but
in, the right of God there are none worse. Why do YOU
boast about them? they are a disgrace and shame to You-
 '' Thcn as to youl- doctors and iatvyers : they also, for the
sake of mammon, make the unlawful to be IacvfuI, and t11c
iaw-ful, unlawful. They put senseless interpretations on
the word of God, .and for the sake of gaill pervert its ori-
ginal meaning; what possibility is there of devotion and
piety (in them) ? Hell (is prepared) for ihese very people
whom you boast about. And your jurists and lawyers, be-
fore they get i3to office they g~ morning ancl evening to the
mosques, say their praycrs and preach to md admo:lish the
people ; but when they becolllc mngistratcs and law-oficers,
they take away the p:operty of the poor and of orphans, m d
collvey it will1 flattery to tyrannical Itings. They ukc bril~es
and pervert the right, and if any (suitor) is dissatisfied, they
silence hiin with threatening and broiv-beatil~g. In b r r ,
these people are terrible rascals ; thsy make the wrong right?
ancl the right wrong, and have not the least fear of God.
Tortures and punishments are in reserve for them.
Your khalifas and kings you have mentioned as being
heirs of the Prophet, but their blamewol-thy qualities are
manifest. Abandoning the coursc of the Prophet, they have
slain the children of the prophets. They constantly drink
wine. They exact service from the people of God, and con-
sider theinselves better than aIl d e n . They prefer this
world to the next. When any one of them becomes ruler,
the first thing he does is to imprison the lnan who from of
old has served his ancestors. The claims of his service are
antirely banished from the mind. In their greed of this
worldythey
their frie~ldsand brothers. These are not
the characteristics of great men. To boast about those
kings and lords is injurious to yourselves, and to assert a
claim of lordship over us without evidence or reason, is from
end to end trickery and deceit."
CHAPTER XXIV.
Whjtd tL'A,!t.
HER the parrot had iiished his speech, the King
looked towards the congregation of Jins and men, and
How is ir that the white a1lty altllough he has no
hands or feet, nlies up e<arthand builck his vaulted habitation
hb body? Erplain the facts of this t o me." A person
out of the Hebrew party said-" The Jins raise the ealth for
this inred, bemuse tbcse (insects) did for them the ser-
vice of eating up the staff of Solomon. He fell d a r n , and
fien , e jes perceiving he was dead, fled from thence, and
obtained release from their troubles and hardships."'
~h~ King inquired of the jin sages whether h e y knew any-
thing a b o a the m a t t n which this person had spoken of,
mey replied, a How can we say t h i t the Jins t a l e UP the
esth md ~ ~ ~ ta edrgive , them to this insect? For wen if
r Jins that kindness which this person
&is insect did s h ~ i the
1 Rllwres exPLrmtion. Solomon, by his supemat& POxver.
ford eejjns 10 labour in the c o ~ s t ~ c t i oofn the TempL Ad\"er1
of his n p T m & i n ~ dissolution, and aware th3.t the Jins wmld. afrer
his deslll, eau m labour. he p n y d that his decese might be Con-
ealdhorn them. A staff u u miramlousb p r ~ % i d rfor d k=.Inning
upon \,,hich, prayingin his private ceil in the Temple, he died.me=-
The
rnpp.*ed him, and the Jins u m t on working. * white and
\>.hi\e, kept devouring the staff ; but a5 the wood m" Veq
,,,,, it for a When it rr( =ten through. S ~ i o m o n ' ~
hod, fell do\,.n, and hir dab was discn~ered: but the Jins had accom-
pli5i,ed meiylvo&, the Ternpie was finished.-&rdn, xuv- ;
TabarL, chap. scvii.
 T ~Ant.
E ,
has stated, they are still liable to that work and labour, alld
have not been delivered from i t ; for Solornon used to make
them raise earth and water and buSd houses, and did not
trouble them in a n y other way."
A Grcek sage said to the Kin5 "One reason for this is
known to inc." The Ring told him to eqlain, and he said-
" The structure of the white ant is wonderful and marvellou~;
its temperament is very cold, the articulations and pores of
its w!~olc body arz constantly open. The air which enters
into its body is condensed by the great degree of cold, and
becomes itrater ; this exudes on the surface of its body, and
the dirt which falls on its body being formed into mud, coagu-
lates. lial-ing coilected tl~is,it builds t l ~ ehouse over its
body for its protection, so that it may be safe from every
danger. Its two lips are very sharp, with which it bites
fruit, leaves, a d wood, and bo1-es holes into bricks and
stones."
The King said to the 10curt--~~ The white ant belongs to
the insects, and you are the representative of the insects ;
explain then what this Greek doctor has said." The locust
replied-" He has spoken the truth, but he has not given a
complete description o f the ant ; there is something yet left.'
The King desired him to explain it fully, and he then said-
" When God Almighty made all His creatures, and bestobved
His Wcssinp upon each one of them, in His wisdom and
justice H e kept them all equal To some He gave a body
and figure large and heavy, but H e made their spirit v c ~ y
mean and despicable. T o others H e gave forms small and
ha,but He made their intelligence acureand wise; thus the
excess and deficiency of one side or the other was rectided.
For instance, there is the elephant, who, in spite of his huge
form, is 30 mean-spirited that he is obedient to a child, who
mounts upon his shoulders and drives him whither he will.
And there is the camel, who, althougb his neck and f i g r e arc
l r q 7 long, is yet such a fool that he follows the lead of W ~ C -
s o e m seizes his Gse-cord ; even a rnoase n~ightdrive him if
it liked. Then there is the scorpion, who is small in size,
bLlt gill \\-hen he stings the elephant, he kills hiin In the
,V&, this which they call the ivhiic ant, although
it is very diminutive in size and very feeble, still it is VeQ'
sil-ong-ivi]\ed. In fine, all those insects which are small are
acute and wise.
The King asked the reason why all the large-bodied ani-
nmls were stupid, and the little creatures sharp. Where:'
said he, "is the divine wisdom in this?" The locust re?lied
-lL The Creator, by Ris omniscience, perceived that animals
of large body were capable of (inflicting) pain nnd uouble,
and so if a high spirit bzd been given to them, they would
never have submitted to any one ; and if the little creatures
had not been acute and wise, they nrould always have been
in trollble and difficulry. Therefore H e gave to the f ~ r m e r
an abject spirit, and m t h e e a sagacious illtdligence." The
King directed him to explain this more full}', 2nd he replied
-Lc The (chiefl excellence of every art is th& that the art of
the artist and his mode of procedun should not be known to
my Thus, tliere is the bee: r h o in her house constructs
all kin& of angles and circles without luler or compasses,
and LIOWS how she does it, or from %+henceshe
brings the war and honey. If her body had been large, this
art of hers must have been disclosed.
Tbm, again, there is the silk-worm, whose rnetllod of
spinning and no one has discovered. 1' is the Same
C S e with the white ant, for the exact Way in which she builds
her house has never been disclosed, nor is it even known how
a.lifts the dirt and works. Doctors ofp11ilosoph~deny that
the =irtence of tile world is posiil~leoitlaut matter. God
Alncghty has made the art of the bee a proof (in refutation)
1 Lit. "l¶}'."
 of this, because she, without matter, builds her house of wax
and collects her food froln honey. If it is their opinion that
she gathers it from the flowers and leaves, then why do not
they also collect some, and make something? If slle gathers
it from the midst of rhe water or the air, rhen if they are
sharp-sighted, uehydo they not find out how she collects it,
and build d\~ellingsfor tIlcnlselves ?
" In the s a n e way God has made creatures of little bodies,
to serve as proofs of his power and skill to tyrannical kingS
who h a w relxlled and turned ax~ayfrom H i n ~ For instance,
a gnat kilIed Ximrod, although thc gnat is the smallest of all
insects. When Pharaoh chose a wickcd course, and rebcUed
against the patriarch Moses, God Allnighty sent an army of
locusts, whicll went (to his) country, and brought great clis-
tress on h i m So wl~ellGod bestowcc1 on SoIomon the royal
and the PI-ophetic office, and made all the Jins and all man-
kind subject to him, there were solne cvil persons who doubted
his prophetic dignity, and declared that 1le had obtained his
sovereiguty by fraud and artifice. Although Solomon told
them that God, in His grace and bounty, had co~lferredon
him this distinction, still the doubt was not banished from
thcir hearts. At length God sellt the white ant, who went
and ate up the staff of Solomon ; he the11 fell down in his
cell, but neithcr Inan nor Jin had the hardil~oodto face him.
This (exercise of the) divine power was exhibited as a warn-
ing :o thosc persons xho glory in their size alld dignity. For
dthough they see ail His arts and all I-Iis powers, still they
take no warning from them, and boast about those kings rvho
are powerless against the smallest of our xvot.ms.
'' The shell (pearl-oyster) in which pearls are produced is
smaller in bull: and more feeble than any aquatic creature,
bul in wisdom and kno~1ecIgeshe is wiser and more sensible
than they all. Obtaining her food and sustenance in the
depths of the sea, slie dtr,ells t11e1-e; but on rainy days she
comes up fro111 the bottom, ancl places ilelself upon the sur-
facc of the water. Shc has two large ears which she opens
out, and 5vhm a drop of rain Fails into one; she instantly C~OSES
it, so that the salt waier may not mix with the rain-drop.
Afterwarc'~~ she goes back to the bottom of the sea, and for a
period lcecps the two drops of rain shut up until the water is
decomposed: and becomes a peal% Well, where is 5~ch
science to be found in inan ?
Gad has inlplanted in the hearts of man1:ind a love for
brocades and silks? and these are produced from the ~ n U c u s
of those litile worms. They considcr honey a most delicious
food, and that is produced by bees. In their assemblies they
illuminate with wax candles ;for tllcse also they are indebted
to the bEEI. ~ 1 1most e exquisite of all their decorations is the
pearl, atid this is prodnced by the skill of that little Creature
of \vhom a descripti~nhas just beell given. God has pro-
duced from those creatures such excellent things illat men
might see then1 and acknowled:e His art and poiver. But
although they behold all His powers md all His a*, they
still r&garc~ic~r ; they waste their days in rickedness and
inhdelity, and they show no grati~udefor His biessinp, but
violence and o p p ~ n s i o ntoward; his poor and help-
less servants!'
T\?en the locust bad finislxed this speech, the King asked
the men i( they llad anything else left i0 Say. Tl1ey replied,
The= are wt m;lm; excellent qualities in us by which it is
proved that \ware the masters and tlleyour slaves:' The King
dlrecled thun to rf them forth, and a certain maa said,
4; Our forms are identical, their forms and shapes are diverse,
and thin proves us to he masters and tlienl t o h slaves ; be-
c a u a (identity of figure) a proper for rule and master/, and
diversity is indicative of &~vcry.'' The King asked the ani-
i<7hafanswer they could give to this? and tlie). all re-
maLnedfor an hour pensibe and downcast.
1 it. "cooked."

Aftera little ~vh-hile
the nightingale, the rrpresentative ofthe
birds, said-" The man speaks truly, but although the f i ~ i r e s
of anilnals are various, still the instincts of all are alike ; and
althougl~the forms of men ate identical, their minds are
very different." The King asked for the proof of this, and
he said-" The variety of reljgions and crecds substantiates
this statement, for among men thcrc are thousands of sects
-Jews, Christians, Magians, polytheists, infidcIs, idolaters,
fire-worshippers, star-worshippers. Ijcsicles this, in each re-
ligion thcre arc many sects,just as in oldcn times the opinions
of the philosophers were diverse. Anlong the Jews there are
the Samaritans, the 'Ab2li and the J;!dti ; among C h r i s t i ~ n ~
there are Nc-storians, Eutychians, and folIo\vcrs of hIalk5;
among the Magians are ZarBdushtis, Zal-wPnis, Hannis,
Llazakfs, Gahrdmis, and h l i n m i s ; ainocg the hlusulmhs
there are Shias, Sunnis, Khdrijis, Rifizis, Nbsibis, Murjis,
Kadaris, Jahamis, MGtazilis, Ash'aris, and others. What a
great variety of sects there are ! All their rclipions a l ~ d
creeds differ, (those of) one religion thinking the others in-
fidels, and cursing them. W e are free Iron1 dl diversity ;our
creed and fzith is one. I n fine, the anirnals are all uniform
in their belief, and faithfuL They kno\v nothing of idohtry
or wickedness, fornication or adulter): They have not the
leas: doubt or scepticism about the porvcr and unity of God ;
they know Him to be the true Creator and Provider, and
night and day they devote themselves to meditation, prayer,
and praise. But these men are not zcquaintcd with our
prayers."
An inhabitant of Persia said, "We also bdieve God to be the
Creator, Provider, one and without equal." Upon which the
King asked hiin how it was that there was such s e a t diversity
in the religion and creeds of man. He said, " Reli$on and
belief are the way and means by wllicl~the ol~jectsof lifemay
be obtained The aim and ol~jectof all is one and the same,
Rcl;,dion nszd Politics. 149
by wliatevcr road they reach it. Whatever direction we go,
we proceed only towards God" The King asked, "If the
sole object of all is to reach God, then why does one (party)
kill the other ? " He replied, "This is not for the sake of rc-
ligion, for there is no hatred in that ; it is rzther for rule,
which is an institution of religion."
The King directed hinl to explain this fully, and he replied,
Rule and religion are twins ; one cannot exist without €he
other, but religion is First, and rule is secondary. Religion is
necessary for rulc, that (through its influence) all men may
be honest ; and religion requires a kins who, with authority,
can enforcethe commandments of religion mlong the people.
For this reason some ministers of religion liill other persons
for the ends of rule and government. Every minister of
religion desires only this, that ail men may adopt his creed
and and the oldinances of his law. If tilt Kingwill
attend to me, and listen, I will adduce a clcar proof upon
this point." The King directed him to proceed.
Hc said, "The mortification of the passions is an ordin-
ance in all religions and creeds, and mortification of the
aion should sacri-
recpircs that the aspirant for reli,
iice llilnsclf. 50 in rule, it is the practice to slay ally other
f 1 . ' The I<inq said, " T11e killing of Linz5 in
g, pursuir of &minion is obvious ; but uhr. do professon
of ,ligon Stae their own passions?-ten me this." He
$=id, In of Islam this is certainly the clearer
conllnand, for says, ' God ALnighty has purcllased
pas"ons properties of true believers, m d h= provided
for them, that in the service of Gad they may slay,
and be slain themsdvcs? There are many other texts of the
i K ~ ~ShyatL ~ix.~r n, , Sa~es'translation is-" Verily God hafh pur-
chased of true believers their souls and their substance, p ~ o m i s i n f ~ h t . ~ ~
z ay fight for 111. ~~ of
h. jo!mont of p a m d i r m ~ a n d i f i o ~fhat
God, whether they slay or be shin.'' K
 KurCln besides this which are explicit upon the point, a d in
one place, according to the c o m m a ~ ~ of
d sthe Old Testament,
God says, ' If ye will turn unto God, mortify yourselves, for
this is best for you in the sight of God.'l
"And when the Lord Jesus said, 'Who will be m). assist-
a ~ l t sin the service of God ?' a11 His friends repIied, 'We
rill be your helpers in God's service' Then the Lard 1 ~
~eplied, If you will !Emy assistants, then be ready for death
and the scaffold, SO that you may go to heaven with me, and
live with yoar brethren. And if you will not be my asistanis,
then you are not of my flock.' Finally, they were all slain in
the seiwice of God, and did not forsake the religion of Jesus
1" t h same~ way,the people of lndia,the B n h m n s adorhers,
kill themselves, and in pursuit of their religion burn them-
selves dive. It is their belief that the 11ighest of ail
in the sight of God is that repentant shners should denroy
themselves, and burn their bodies, so that their sins may be
forgiven.
'' Thus men l a m e d in theology reskain their pasdon% ap-
petites, and lusts, and take upon themselves tlie burden of
devotion, until their passions are subdued, and not the least
desirc or lust of this world is left. I n fine, ail religious men
i~nmolatctheir passions, looting upon this a s the h i g h s t a a
of devotion, through which they find deliverance from the
fires of hell, and attain unto heaven. But there are good m d
bad to bc faund in ail religions and creeds ; but of all t11e
wickd, that man is by far the worst who denies that there is
a day of resurrection, who has no hope of the reward of
virtue, no f e z of the punishment of sin, and svho does not
acknorvledge the unity of God, althougl~all men retun to
Him."
When the Persian stopped, after making this statement, a
Hindu s p o k , and said, " The children of M a n l , in the =urn-
be? of their species, and varieties, and individualities, greatly
exceed the beasts, because in all the habitable quarters of the
world there are nineteen thousand countries in which a great
variety of races dwcll. Thus there arc COina, India, Sind,
Hijjk~,Yemen, Abyssinia, Xajd! Egypt, Alexandria, Cyrene,
~ 6 i b d d u s i a , Constantinople, 'Azarbaijdn, Armenia, Syria,
Greece, 'IrAk, Badalihshbn, Jurjbn, Jilin, Naishapur, Kar-
m&n, Rbbul, Multan, KiiurAsbn, Miwar Au-n Nabr, I<hw+r-
irm, FrrgliAna, and others, rhausandn of citin and countries
wllich il: is impossible to enumerate. Besides these cities,
thousands of men live and make their abodes i n forests,
mountains, and islands, all differiop in language, colour,
manners, consritution, creeds, and arts. God Almighty sup-
plies them all with food, and keeps them under his protection.
This vastness of number, variety of circunlstames, and
differmce of pursuits and objects, prove that the humall race
jn better than any other species. Besides this, ~batevcl- other
,,-of allimalr a i s t , ihzy hold superiority over it. F m m this
if is clear that men are the masters, and all the animals are
their jlavcr. There are still fu-rther exceliences in US; the
detail of xvhicl~would be very tedious."
~h~ Frog to the King, This man has adduced the
about it ;
great nunlbei of men (as an argument), and
but if he \"ere to see the aquatic animals, a d behold their
mulfifarm sl~rperand figures, then in comparison with them
men would seem very few. he cities and countries also
which he has mmcioned would also look still less. Because in
the habitable quarter of the arorld there are fifteen la%e seaS:
the &lediterranean, the Caspian, the Lake of Giian, Red
sea, the Persian Gulf, the Sea of Hind, the Sea of Sind,
sea of china, the Sea d Ydjuj, the Indian ocean,
Weltern S a , the Northcm Sea, the SS. of Ab~ssini"
.$,oufl-&rn Sea, aod the Eastern S e a And there are five
lluo&ed small rivers, and two hurdred l x g e ones, such as
 Ij Z Knsi L ' V ~ I ~ D Z ~ C ;o~f- S A 71i71zL71s.
the Oxus, the Tigris, the Euphrates, tllc Kile,&c., the lengiil
of cacli of 11111ich is from a hulldrcd to a thousand kos. And
in addition to these there are the small and larger streams
:und rivers, lakes, pools, &C.: which are to be found in the
woods and wilds, and which it is impossible to enumerate. In
these there are fishcs, turtles, crocodiles, porpoises, alligators,
and other aquatic aninlals of thousands o: kinds, which no
one but God knows of, and no one can estimate,
" Sonle say that there arc seven handrecl species of aquatic
animals, without reckoning the varieties and specialities ; and
of anirnals which dive11 on dry ],and, beasts of prey, cattle,
&C., there arc fivc hundred spccies, without reclconing x~arie-
t i e s an(! specialities. All these are the sermrlts and slaves of
God, whom by His power he has crentccl, whom I-Ie suppons
and continually protects from evcrp ill. There is nothing
which is hidden from Him. If the men would consider this,
and could comprehend the (nunhers of the) swarms of ani-
~nals,then it m,ould be clcar that the number and concourse
of men afford no proof of their being [he masters and we the
sIzves."
CHAPTER XXV.
On the World of S$irif5.
HEN the frog ceased from spealting, a sage from
aman5 the Jios said, " 011 ye partier of men and
bcasts, ye are cjrcurnscribed in your knowledge of the great
variety of creatures. You do not know those beings which
are spiritual and ethereal, and have no affinity with corporeal
forms. They are incorporeal souls and elerne~ltaryspirits,
which dwell in the regions of the sky. Some of them tvl~ich
belong to the angelic class are placed in the highest zone of
the heavens, aud those who dwell in the broxd espansc of
the cold sphere are the Jins and thc tribe of devils.
" So if you could bnt conceive the full amplitude of creatcd
beings, you ~vouldknolv that, as opposed to them, men and
beasts hare no (appreciable) esistence. Because the extent of
thc cold sphere is t e n times greater than h e (terrestrial) sea
and land 1 and in the same way the lunar sphere is ten times
larger than both these spheres ; and each superior sphere
bears the same relation in its extent to the one beneath it.
All rhcse spheres are filled with spiritual beings-not one
span of space is left. All the incorporeal souls dwell there,
as the Prophet (may t l ~ cpeace of God and rest be upon
hiin 1) has declared : In the seven heavens not one span is
empty in which the angcls are not either standing, bend;%,
or lying prostrate in the worship of God.' Therefore, ye men,
if ye could but see their hosts, ye would know that your race,
as compared with them, is of no account, and that your num-
 154 God's PI-omisiscst o :PTLZZ.
ber and aggregate affol-d no proof of your being the master;
and all others your slaves. -U1 the servants of God are his
soldiers and subjects, but some are subject and suborclinate
to others. In fine, he has issued the orders for their regula-
tion among them according as he in his supreme wisdonl
deemed right. Praise and glory are due to him under all
circumstances."
When the ]in sage finished his specch, the King turned
towards the men and said, "The animals have given an
answer to the thing you were boasting about : if you have
anything left to say, speak." An orator of Hijjdz then said,
" There are yet many esccllei~cesin us by ivhich i t is proved
that we are masters, they slavcs." Tile King directed him to
speak, and he said, " God Almighty has pro~nisedus many
blessings : resurrection from the grave ; spl-eadjng over the
whole face of ~ h earth
c ; the reclconing in the day of judgment ;
the passage over the bridge of Sirht ; entrance into para-
dise ; heaven ; the garden of delights ;the garden of eternity;
the garden of Eden; the garden of refuge; the mansion of
peace; the mansion of permanence; the home of rest; the
glorious abode; the Tu'ba tree; the fountain of Salsabil;
streams running with wine, milk, honey, and water; elevated
dwellings ; the society of the 11Grfs; nearness to God. These
and many other bIessings, which are mentioned in the KurPn,
God has prepared for us. Can the animals anywhere attain
to these things? This i s a proof that we are the masters,
they our slavcs. Besides these blessings- and excellences
there are many othcr great qualities in us which I have not
mentioned."
The nightingale, the representative of the birds, said, '' In
the same way as God has made you many excellent promises,
so has he passed upon you many denunciations cnf punish-
ment. Thus, there is the suffering of the gravc, the interro-
gations of the two recordi~igangels, the dread of the day of
judgment, the terrors of the account, the going into hell, the,
tortures of helI, the hdls called Yalrinz, Sakar, L a x , Sa'ir,
N Z L ~ and ~ I Hri?uzya,
Z~, wearing the gaiments of liquid pitch,
the drinking of foul matter, eating of the snkklisn: tree (the
fruit of which is the heads of devils), dwelling near the
ruler of hell, lixbility to tortures in d ~ companionship
e of
devils ; these are all prepared for you. And, besides these,
there are many more punish~nentsand tortures mentioned in
the Iiurkn, from which we are exempt. God has made us no
pron~iseof reward, and so he has madeus no threat of punish-
ment. We are satisfied with and are ,%tehl for the com-
mands of God. No benefit o r injury accrues t o us from any
of our works or actions. Thus we are equal to you in
evidence, and you have no superiority over us."
The Hijjhzl replied, ':Ho\v are you equal to us ? For
\ve at all events shall exist for ever. If we show obe-
dience to God, w e shall dwell with the prophets and saint%
and sl~all be associated with the great, and learned, and pious,
and just, and eminent, and pure, and dcvout, and good, and
holy. These beings are like unto the angelic chembims, for
they take the lead in good works, they long for the Divine
presence, they devote their lives and wealth to God, and put
their trust in him ; they address their prayers to him ; their
hopes are in him, and they fear his wrath. If we are sinners
and do nor obey him,still our salvation will be effected tl~rough
the intercession of the prophets ; more especially will our
sins be forgiven through the mediation of the true prophet,
the chief of messengers and seal of the prophets, Muhammad
the Pure, on whom be the blessing and peace of God ! After
that we shall all dwell in paradise in the society of the
nymphs and youths, and the angels will say to us, 'Blessing
on you, be happy, and enter into paradise, there to durel1
for ever.' But all ye tribes of beasts are deba~~ecl from
these blessings, for after your departure from this world
ye wiII cntircly pcrish, and no name or trace mill remail1 ot
you."
On hearing these words all the representatives of the ani-
mals, and all the Jiu sages said, " Now you have advanced
an effective argument, and have adduced a conclusive proof.
Boastcrs inay boast of such things. But now tell us what is
the nature of the attributes, and excellences, and virtues, of
those beings who have been the objects of your praise and
eulogy ; if you know, tell us fully. " The men all reflected for
2 while, and kept silence ; no one could tell.
After a little while a holy person said, " 0 just King!
the truth of the men's clairn has been established in the royal
presence ; and it has also appeared that there is among them
a class who are near to God, whose graces are laudable,
whose virtaes arz estimable, whose characteristics are pleas-
ing, .\vhose tempers are angelic, whose habits are holy, and
whose nature is wonderful and miraculouj~so that no tongue
can describe them. The mind fails to understand the nature
of their qualities, and all the preachers and orators are en-
gaged during their whole lives in follorving out the descrip-
tion of their excellences, and yet do not in reality arrive at a
true Icnowledge. Now, just Icing, what order do you give in
the matter of these foreign men whose slaves the animals
are I" The Icing said, " Let all animals be submissive and
obedient to man, and let none depart fro111their allegiance."
.l-
&he animals consented, and being satisfied, they all rc-
iurnzd in security and peace CO their honlcs.

TIIE Em.
JQSEPH WALL,
 PREFACE,

TRE patronage with which the first edition of

the " Translation of Ikhwan-us-S~xffa''was received
by the public, during . the author's life-time, en-
couraged the pubIiwher to take u p the second edition
of this popular story of the Controversy between
Mau and the Beasts. The original with t,he trans-
lation had become rare, as all 'the copies printed
ior the first time had been exhausted. Jl'itfi a
view t,o preserve the memory of the departed, Mr.
Joseph Wall, and to allow to the public an oppor-
tunity of enjoying the fruits of his valuable labour,
the publisher begs to present this edition to them.
The corresponding original pagea in the Nastalik
character" have been omit,ted, in order to make
the book moi8e handy and chea,per.

LUCKNOW
:

Z7!ie 5th. June 1880.

 PRAISE
Beyond iin,aginat,ioa to that God is du,
\v110 to existing bodies, notwithstanding their bein;
of one origin, has given various shapes, and wh,
has colnposed Man of body and spirit and to ever.
individ an1 has given different talents.

13oiindless praise is due to the Creator who,

having bro right ma~llriildfrom hidden non-existenct
into the ~vorldof existence, gave hitn a position,
above all creatures, and adorned him with the gift
of speech and clothed him with the robe of lcnow-
ledge. What power has frail Inan to give thanks
for His blessings ; and mhat power has 1r.y poor
pen* to pcrfornl the salnc duty. Couplets :-
Well, how shall I fillfil His. praise when the
efforts of prophets fail ?
--
+ Ehikastn rnknu, liiwcilhj, broken writing.
A
 Him, holy men say nought but tbis,
In
We do not understand Him."
Again, when shall this poor creature attain to
such wisdom ns to gain access to the Creator ?
What power has man to express His praise ?
Roulldless praise is due to the highest, the Inrt
pmphet, Mnhomed Diustnfa, who havillg taken sin-
neri out of the crooked paths of rrickedncss put
t,heln in the right m7ay ; through him we have
obtained superiority to all other races. As it says
in tbe sacred text, Ilh~intumkhairn zinlufin-" Your
race is superior to Jl." conpletms :-
Ynhomed is the I , o d of the world arid of every
p1ace.
I~Iiiirhoinedis the guide of tnnn and of genii.
'Shrongh him sinners are pardoned
I'raisc and blessings be to his race ail4 to his
oompaoions, throog5 who~nthe faith was confirmed
and who showed us the light way. After this, I
I k r h Ali, who am n sinner, [yes] a1together sinful,
now write. When I came to Calcutta at the kind
suggestion of Mr. Abraham Lockett the renowned,
honori~ble,the greatest of this world's philosophers,
higher than the highest among the wise,* the giver
of blessings, may he ever be f o r t ~ ~ n a;t eand at. the
invitation of my brother and tutor, my respected
brother, the worthy Moulvi T ~ l r a bAli Sahib (may
his shadow never grow less,) by means of my
good fortune, after the honor of visiting him [Yr.
Lockett] I became t,he receiver of lrindness from him.
Since the said gentleman desired t o do me some
good, he got ille employment under the Honorable
(':ompa.ny, and secured my service under him. After
a few days, at the suggestion of Captain John
Willinm Taylor Saliib Rahadur, (whose rnnk is high.
tbe essence of the learned men of his age., the cbief
of the highest of the wise; Professqr of Hindi) he
ordered me to translate the book fi~bzru?z-ru-,6Sn :
oy The Controversy betwee,r, Nnn nnd Animals, in
a very easy style, without any difficult ~ o r d ; s and
* Hadi asbr, literally, the eleventh,

to leave out the scientific terms aud prayers that
are put in for ornment. 'He only rvisbed to
have the substance and meaning of the cont,roversy.
In accordance witlu this wish I only a r o t e the
substance in Urdu, leaving out t*he p r y e r s , and
sometimes the scientific words t,htit mere not ncces-
snry to the narrative Biit certain texts, and Bindi
expressions, I hnoe that vere closely con- j
nected with the story. In fact, if you look illto
the figures and elegallce of the texts,-every one is iI
a inille of eloq~~ence, sad every sentence :L treasury
of beautiful co~nposition. Though common pe,ople:
from what a,ppenrs to be vritten, ~villsee only the
narrative of the controversy ; subt,le-~ninded, wise
Inell, froin understanding it,s drift will ge+ a tzste :
of the mysteries and lieowledge of God. Ahls
Salnznn, Abul Husan, .kbu Ahmed, &C..t,en rnt:n
joined together il-i Uoasorah and wrote this work.
They J ~ v a y sspent their time in the investigation
of' science and religion, and have colnpilecl fifty -one
books. They fisequently mrote on ~ o n d e r f u land
excellent subjects in them. This hook, which is
m e of thrm,js about the coutroversy between Yall
.md A2~~imals. E:ttional and traditional arguments
311 both sides are nicely narrated, and at last after
~iluch discussion nian is declared sictor. Their
object in t h ~ work
s is silllply to describe the perfec-
' tions of man. d s i t is myitten in thc end of this.
1
book, " Those qnalitieh by which Inall overcame the
:ulimxis mere [sinq?ly] a Xnozctedye o j the Cveiltor,
rvhicb we have described in 5 volumes," and the
,,bject of this volume is to describe the pttrti-
1 ulars and give a brief account of the faith of the
~ gGod:
Luimals and their l < i i o ~ r l e ~of e that the wise
'
from seeing this inay bc inclined to acquire simi1:lr
$ood hrtbits.
The translation of this work. was completed in
the timc of (the cssellce of the highest standard of
nobility, the best of the best co~nlnnndersof tell
thousand, the gellcrous Ilatiln of that age, t h e
h r n e d 1'l;lto of his time, the chief of chiefs, f11e
bravest of the brave,) His Excellency the Governor
Clellera1 Lord Minto, d. H. 1225, 9.I). 1810.

CHAPTER 1.
Of the bgbwiny of the Crrntion of .bfaan and o f
their pt,nrrels with the Animals and a their
d ~ m a n d i njustice
~ br the presencr! of Bezuai.asb,
Hakeon, ICi?,,q of tL Genii, and of the JUCLJC
sum?)zo?~i?zg
tlzenb.
Historial~sh8ve written of the probable state of
Ynn in the begiimi:~g. While they mere yet fen?;.,
t,hcy $rv;iys )lid the]-nselves ia car7es from fear or
the animals ; nild took shelter in the hilts,m o ~ l d
nuountilinr from dread of rnvenoos bans te. i here
was not secndty enough for two or t'hrea to join
:ogether to cnltivate. the earth for their support :
weaving cloths to cover their bodies was out of the
question. I n short, whatever fruits and herbs of
the forest they could get, t h g lived upon, and
covered t]lcir bodies with the lewes of trees. In
cold meat,her they chose rrasm spots to live in, and
in the slrmrner cool p1:iccs. When tbis stnte of
things had lasted some time, the family of man
j then the fear of wild bensta which
i~~creafied
had filled every oone's heart, entirely disappeared.
Further they built Inally forts, cities, towns and
villages, and began t o live comfoortably.
Having made agricultural implements each en-
gaged himself in his own work, and having taken
nnirnais captive in snares, began to use them for
riding, bearing burdens, a.nd for a,gricultural pur-
poses. The e l e p h a ~ ~horse,
t, camel, ass and many
other anilllals that had always wandered unre-
strained' in the forests and wilils mheresoever tliey
wished, feeding on freslr pnstnres wherever t.hey
found them-no one ~lioleatingthem-had. their
sho~~ldcrs skinned tbcir backs g:illed by incea-
snnt labor. Xotnit.hstnnding they sl1011ted and cried
ant esceedingly, noble mail rever gave ear to them.
l o s t of the wild animals from fear of being captured
fled illto the 6a.rjungle. The birds also !eft their
homes, and taking their voung with them flecl from .
j the dwellings of man. Every maii had the idea
i that all animals were llis slaves. With much
;. cunning they made snares and neta and pnrsued
... -
Literally, c 'as a calnel without a nose string.'
them. In this conflict Eome time passed until the
Great God sent Ifahoinecl Mustaftt the prophet o f
latter clays (on whom be peacej to guide God's
7r
creatures aright. ].he good prophet pointed out.
the riglit way to those who had go^:^: :~strnj-.
Several o f the Genii 3150 obtxii;ed the blessil~gsof
the faith arid the ho~;ors of Islam. JThen soli^:.
time had elapsed l3emar:~sb, the &eat Genius snr.
n a ~ n e d Shah Murdan, becnrne Icing of tile Genii.
race. He was SO just that throughout his dominiona
the goat and the lion dmnk at the same stream.
Iiow could tI~z.igs,thieves, a n d snrindlers fir:tl n
place in his dominiolls I The islnnd of Balnsagon:
situated lieas the Equator, n-as the capit.21 of this
just SSonsrch. I t happen.ed t,hat a ship f1.111of pco-
ple, through c o a t ~ a r y\rinds, was mreclied off the
coa.st of this isla.nd. All the merchants and wise
men that were in t,he ship landed a i d began to
mallc about the place. They snw that it was w o a d u ~ -
f ~ ~ l beautiful
lg ; fruits and flowers of every kind
on all the trees, water-co~zrsesflowing in all direc-
t.ions ; the nni.mals fe,ediilg in green pnstures, very
fat and pl~ulzp,were ga~:~bolling vith. each other.
The clinlate was very pleasant asd thc land e s -
txemely fertile. No one wished in his heart to leave
the place.
Fiaall y , they Luilt .honscs of differcilt kinds,
took al> their abode in the island, and ha\-ing
taken the animals captive in snwes engaged thern-
sclves in their different ernploynlents according to
custom. ?Then the ~ i l beasts
d saw that there was
110 rest there also, they took the road to,the desert.
Men had the idea thzt these r e r e all his slaves.
They mn(2e all kinds of s;lnr<s. nild engagecl them-
selves in the captnre of mirnds as before. TYIze11
the animals perceived tliesc bad ii~tentions they
collected their elders, nnd assembled in the jnstice
hall, and ill the presence of Eewarasb Halrim: gave
a detail of the vhole tyranilical treatment they h a d
rcccived at their (man's) hand. Directly the ! < i ~ > ~
heard the whole of the staten~elitof the animnlq,
he there and then said, '. Yes. .let messengers be
quickly sent and nlan be brought illto my presence."
Therefore 70 mcn from aniongst them, rwidents of
differe~ztcities, eloque~ltmen n11d fluent, attended
in accordance r i t h the Icing's summons. A nice
house was set apart for thcrn to live in. After two
or three days rn1.1en the fatigue of the journey had
gone off, he c:tlled them before him. They saw the
ICi11g on hia throne, and asked blessings, then pay-
ing their respects took places accordii~gto their
rank. This Iiing m2s very j ~ ~ and s t upright. He
had taken a ~ ~ the~ a p2lm
y for courage and genero-
sity from his conteinpo~aries. The poor of that
age came to hiin and foonrl support. Throughout
his dominiollv no despotic tpranr; wzs able to tyrm-
njze ove:. the poor a i d helpless. Those things
which ape ibrbi6den in t?ie 13~\*,altogether disap-
pea~:.cdjiz his reign. Esc2yting the mill and
pler.surc of God: no rct wcs tbvught of. He very
kindly s ~ k e dthew. " '?;Ly did you come into my
eountry ? Thcre has never been any correspond-
ence b e t m e n us. For what hwe you
encro:lched so fi~s? " One man arnongst them,
who was experienced and eloqnent. made obeisance
and began to wy, '' ?FTc heal~cl of the justice and
rxprightness of your nlqjcsty a d have come into
your prcscnce, Aud i o this day no petitioner haa
gone ltmsy from this blessed threshold without
obtaining mercy, and m e hope that your n~nje~sty
mill give us justice." He said, What is your
petition ? " IIe replied, " 0 j 11st King, these ani-
mals arc our slaves. Amongst them some are an
abhorrence, and others though forced t o serve us,
dispute our right of posses~ion." The Ring asked,
'' Is there any support to this case ? For a case
without evidence ifi not heard i a the justice hall."
He replied, " 0 Icing, in this case there arc many
prooSs both rational and tni,ditioaa.l." fIc ordered
him to reiate ihetn. One of them, who was of thc
race of H ~ r z r ~Abbas
lt (may God be pleased with
him) ascended the pulpit 2nd began eloquently and
clearly to deliver this sermon, " Praise is due .: :)
the God*: of truth, nrho for tbe support of His
creat,ures has prepared all things on the surface
of the e n r t l ~and made eveyy convenicnco, and
created all kinds of anitnnls for the nse of frail man.
Happy is the coildition of those wbo by walking in
His ~ v a y ssec.ure sa?.vntio~-L
in the' last day. What
&hallme say of t1:ose r h o disobey G.od and rebe%. ---.
* MahLakd, lite~ully>tbc adored God,
-.
sga,inst Hirn ~'itho'ilt a ca,xse ? And boundless
blessings are due to the true prophet. Mahomec!
Must&, whom the Great God sent last of all t . l e
proiihet,s to show the right vay to His creatures
;-~nclmade him Lord of all. He i s the Icing of
a1i genii and men, aild will be the salvntion of %Ill
in the last day. Blessings be upoil his holy de-
~cendant~s by whoill the worlci aa1c3 rhe far tll were
arranged [or diuposed] and Islamism sp~.c;ttl. And
thanks be ever to the our unrivalled Creator who
made A d m from a drop of water and by His per-
fect Omnipotence made hi111 fiather of children, and
from him, having made Eve: penpled the fcce of
the earth with thonsands of men, mzlrinp; them
s:lpcrior to all creatures giving thew ci~rilinion
over land and sen.. IIe gave Eiiln good food of vari-
otls sorts as he himself says in the I<orni~: JYala-.
1-1Ama I; hnlnlcaha laic i11n fiL& ciifnn ITa munafeo r a
rninh& taku!ill~a lnlci~rnfiha jan~$,lunhina, tar;
hfinn we h i m tasrah6na. r1'he meailins of n~hicll
L-.
is this : " All ailin~:ils were creatsd fey you, use
them, eat t,hem, mnlie Karm clothes fkom their
skivs and hair. Sending tLcma out iato the pas.-
tures in the mornilzg and bringing them again to
their homes in the evening, shall be evidence of
your grandeur." And in another place he says,
FVst ala,ih&wn alalfulke yohmhlun,' i. e., Ride upoll.
camels and boats by land and sea. And in another
place he says, ' Jn'alkhda wabigdla walhanlirn
letarkab~ihii,'which means, The horse, the nlule
and the ass were created for you to ride upon.
-4nd in another place he says, ' Litastau ala zuhfi-
rehi surnm:t tnzkurh ilelnats rabek6m i z a s t a w e t h
alaihe,' which is, Ride upon their backs and be
mindful of the blessings of God. A l ~ dbesides
-
these there are many texts of the Iiorail in support
of this case, and in the Old and New Testan~ellts
this fact is understood, ' l Animals were created for
us, me are in every sense their masters and they
;Ire our servants." The11 th.e King turning to-
wnrds the animals said-"'rhis man has brought
iorwnrd texts of the Iiorail to. support his case ;
you call now reply as you think fit." On hearing
this the Mule began" to say, "Praise be t o the.
- -
* Zabaa-i-hnl, literally, spenking by signs. Zibm-i-lral, l i t t ~ r r l 4 ,
speaking with the ruoulh.
 holy Being Eternal, who =ants for nothing, who
existed before the creation of the world, Infinite
and Omnipresent, who with a word brought forth
the universe from His secret treasury. Having
naade the Heavens from fire and water and raised
them to their position ; He with a drop of water
created the family of man and sent them into the
world generation after generation to inhabit it, not
to ab~lseit, 2nd to protect the animals as n ~ u c has
they could, and benefit by them, not to oppress
nor hurt them." After this he resumed, ii 0 King,
it is not shown from the texts this man has
repeated that we are their slasres and they our
masters, for the subject of these sentences i s ' t h e
blessings which the Grcat God has given them,
which is supported by the following texts of the
Koran : " Salthkharahd l a l i h n kama sal;hkharast~
shan~samalkamara rwry&hwassa216ba ; i. e., God
has made the uniinals subject t.o you the same as He
has the sun, moon, wind, and clouds. ; from this it
is not uilderstood that they arc our owners and we:
their slaves, bu: the Great God made all things in
heaven and earth, one dependent on the other, that
they may benefit by one another and save one
another fi-oin harm. Hence the Great God has
made us dependents on them, only on this ac-
count, that they Inay benefit by us and save us
from 11mm ; not as they imagine, alld. deceitfully
and calumniously say, that they are masters and
we slaves. Previous to this when man was not
created, we and our parents lived on the earth un-
molested, grazing every where, wandering wher-
ever we wished, and every one was employed seek-
ing his own livelihood. In fact, we lived socially
together in the jungles, hills, and wilds, and sup-
posted our young ones. l\rhatever God ordained
we were thankful for ; spendink day and night in
His praise, we thozrght of nought but Him. Each
lived comfortnbly in his own dwelling-place, no
one l~lolcstedus. When n period had thus passed,
the Grcat God cre:it,ed hdain out of earth and made
him sovereign of the world. \'hen lnen increased,
t.hey begm to epyead over the eart,h and outsbretch-
ed the ha.nd of tyranny over us weak ones. They
seized the horse, ass, nlulc and camel, m d began
t o make t;hern serve ; and those troubles which our
 ancestors had never seen- mere brought to pass bv
force and oppression. What could me do ? We
were obliged to Ay into the jungles and deserts.
Further, these men desisted not from pursuing us.
With many artifices they made snares and nets
and pursued us. If they laid hands on t v o or
three tired and weary ones, do not enquire their
fate, how they were bound and taken and in
every way ill-used ? bloi~cover their [consta~~t]
employment is cutting our throats, skinning us,
breaking our bones, taking out our sinews. ripping
up our bellies, plucking our feathers, spitting
us, cooking us in the fire, roosting and eating
us, and more than ail this they are not satisfied,
they claim that they are our masters-me their
slaves, and that those that escape from then1
commit a crime. There is no proof nor evidence
in this case, it is a1toget:etLer tyranny alld oppres-
sion.
CHAPTER XI.
This Chapter gives tin account qf th.e King o j the
Genii Eistewilag t o the qzccc~..~-clbefzoeen Jdilen ci7zd
A?zii?zal,sin 0 1 ' d ~to~ decide bbetzaec,iz thenb.
\Then the King heard t.hese statements, having
given his mind to do justice to this dispute, he
said, "Let the judges, priests, and a11 the nobles
of t.be Genii be present." They immediately, in
accordance with the order, presented themsel~~as
before the King, Re then sa.id t o Man, " The
znimals have given me a full account and complaiat
of your t p n n y , what reply dn you now ms,ke ? ''
One of them made obeisance and began to say, " 0
shel~erof the world, these are our slaves and rt.e
their rnnsters ; we sl10~1ldhave a ~liaster'sauthority
over them, and nza,lce them do whatever we miah.
'Those anlong t.hem who have su!)mitted to 1:s :we
acceptal~le with G,od, a i d those who have turned
q a i n s t us have as it were turned against God."
'I'he King said, " -4 claitn wirhout proof is not
heard in a court of justice ; give us some documents
or p~oofs." He sniil, ;' There are manj7 proofs tra-
clitioqal and ratiofial to establish oar claim.'; Be
B
said, :6\TThatare the proofs ? " The Man then re.
plied, '' The Great G,od has mncte us of a comely
farm ; every limb is proportionabie, given to as as
they ought to be. Our bodies are graceful, [zceli
~ o ~ ~ ~ our n e stat.~~re
d] upright, our sense such as can
distinguish betwecn good and evil, and nndersta~~c?
all about the heavens and describe the same. 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~When the Great God made Man, be was d t o -
besides us has these adva~~rages ? From t , h i ~it
follows : v c are their n~asters,they ere our slaver."
The King asked the Animals: '' TTrh:lt. do you say
;
.
a o m ? '' They ~ e s p e c t f ~replied:
dl~ :' The cl aim is
not est.ablishecl by these proofs." He said, ':L)c;
y011 not lmow t,hat.good breeding is the characte:--
istic of a superior! and ill shape and c~*ookedliess
the stiglna of slaves T " One of them replied, The
fact is! (may the Great God bestow good inten-
tions upon your Sfajesty, and protect yo.,: fron~tlip
e s the morld,) the C'reat.or dicl not. nlaks
c ~ l ~ l l i i t i of
Ifan c:^ :his for111 and ststnre t.o be called our mas-
tcr. create us with these ways and habits to be
their slaves. He is Omniscient. There is no morl;
~f His that does not show His wisdom. JThatever
s!lnpes He considered best? He ha^ given to nll.'l
CHAPTER TTI.
Ckqpfer is about t 6 2 d<fes-e,~cui l i st.;lirr~~
u ~ shape.
d
Ic. is as follows :--
gether naked ; there was nothing on his body to
protect him from t,he heat and cold. He a.te the
-fruits of the forest: and covered his body v i t h the
ieares of trees. On tbis account he was mnclc-
erect and tall, that he may easily pluck the fruits
to eat and tlie leayes to use. O L Zfood ~ is grass ;
for This reason our sliape is bent that me mna-
graze ensilr and experience e o kind of imnoynnc~."
b e I said, ': TYbnt do ?or1 ex\- t o this rrhicii
the Great God 11a::l said, L;~k(.zdkh~zlE~a?mi.l in.3iin ,f;
ohsalLe f ~ k t ~ i %. ~ ; I bnve given L\1:111 a n e s c e l l e ~ ~ t
n e.,
,Lap ? Be replied, 'l 0 shelter of tbc world :
l'
I :esides the litera,l nmea,niags of Go cl's ~ 0 1 . d.theri.-
nre many i ~ t e r ~ r c t a t i o n[or
s hidden n1ea:llnp.j
~ h i c hare kllornn ollly t o leamecl u:en : 'yni:
sb0uld a& rrise men to point them ov.t." T ~ C S C -
fore 2 wise sage, in accordance with an oscle~of the
espounded the drift of the tests thus:
JYhe~l God created Adain: i~ ~ 3 as propitious
Inmncnt : the stars shone forth in their most favor-
aI)le posiiions, and the cl~aos of elements was
x,lr,st ready sild xilling to assume definizc forlns ;
e received erect sts2~1reancl vel'J fonn-
r h e ~ e f o ~blan
ed limbs! and ' the propitions moment ' also has
;~not,hermeaning. ' Fa ccda7nka .fi cniys szu.izbin ~ i / , . i
sh/ilr&~akkccbaku,'that is, the Great (Cod created
3Ian proportionable, neither too small r,or :c0
large." The King said, i ' This proportion of tbcir
limbs is enongb to show their superiority.;' l Lie . >
nuimala said, This is the case ~ ~ i us t halso. Ci-ori
has given every limb proportinnable t o us. lu
l a ~are equal." Mall replied, '' Flom
rllis l ) a r t i ~ ~ lwe
;:re yonr linlbs in propordon ? Yonr fcmms nl-c.
odious, stature not suitable, linlbs ugly,-since one
nf SOLI, the camel, is great in stature, long necked,
siiort tailed ;and the elephant, r h o is of a greg;
heavy slln.pe, has two long teeth sticking ont of his
:lmut,h; his ears are large and spread oi~t;his eyes
. smdl. The tail of iJle ox and of the b ~ f f . 1 ~
...l)
X.O 7 yro~lnd,and that h2 m?- reach ,hi: ~vh~ll.:
is large, t.hr horns thick? a ~ l dthey have I>O upper
The fat-tailed sheep has heavy horns wit.h
fit buttocks ; and there is the goat with a !ong
lrenrd no I:l:ttsclis.
P\ .
l l i e rl;:re is fi:<i:i!l. e:?d has
a e;:.l.s, 111
iara:,e mpaner these are mauy wild
aiid domestic nnilnnls <:.nclBirds: whose fonns :tre
~ ~ proportio~~rtble.v
o t ;-In hearing this! one of the
ztl;im:~Js begal t o arty, ' i It is a pity that you think
~,:~thilig of the slrill of tLc C'wntor. We are 11;s
- c.;eatus..es. The correctness ancl bear~ty of OUT
limbs are 5oxn I-Iim, therefol-c onr fi:!~lt~are of a
hnrcty- His f ~ ~ u l;t do s you not krron- ~ i i a t God ui'
His wisdom created every thing for some g o d
pxrpose. ?;G one besides aHimself sztl ~ i a eme:;
kr;o.cc IIis secre~s." 'I'he Man said. '' If you tu.e
:,ue of the philosophers of the animals, then os-
pln:in ~ ~ ! i aist the advantage of the cnmel's neck
,,,,nog so long." He replied, Fo:. this reason, his
I.~:
legs are long thei-eforc if his neck had been shor:,
i t mould have been difficult for hi:;-, t o graze. His
necl; was made long that he may graze in comfort.
alld by the strength of his heck get ~ 1 . 0f r ~ x xtLe
c.f his
body with hi3 lips and scratch lii~il~cli'. i i l L'LI~
same way the elephant's trunl; is made long in the
Place of a long neck, and his ears Inrge that I:e
Inay dtive away,the flies and moscluitoes. t.hat rile y
Inay not get illto his eyes and mouth. For ]:is
:no~zt,h always remains open on account of his
tneks, and cannot be closed. His tusks are lone
that he lnxy protect hili~seiffrom the attack. of
vild beasts. The ears of tile hare m e iar*, !'or
Lis b ~ d yi~ delicate 2nd his skill t!liz>; t I l n t in r!te
winter he may cover himself? and in rlle s ~ u u u l ~ r
i:;xead them (to lie upon). 111 short, the Great God
has given every being such limbs as I-le thil:$s
suitable- for him. S s he has said ill the n-ords of
31oses the prophet, ' Ratbanal lctzi dtd k~i!l!z,j.li(;,iiz
srinznla Badci,' rrhich means, God gave every
i~bnl1;alr~i
creature existence and afterwards gave the% his gc;d-
:rice. OP more fully, He has given evely olle limbs fjt-
ii:.o for himself and shown him the right W%),. You
L
Ecnst of things which you think superior,!and in yonr
own opinion you are masters and we slaves, which
is wrong. Beauty every aaimal is that
in adaired bj, its own species, through which they
ijecolne attached t o one a-i~other. This is the sourc,e
r:f continued population. For the elegance of one
is riot appreciated by any other ; every anima!
is attached GO the female of its kiad. They uerer
lore the females of aliother race, eve11 shoald they
I,e lllucll superior. hlan also in this may is indined
rowards his own species. 'fhose persons that are
],lack do n o t wish for those vho are white, nor
;hose that are vhite love black people. And cer-
tain men who cohabit with boys have no desire for
the most beautiful women ; ancl those that live
-.~ithTomen c10 not thinlc of boys. Therefore yo:ir
beauty is no proof of superiori~y,tbni g o ~ isho?ild
rhillk you~selvesbetter t.11an us. +%ndthis vhieL
oou sny, that your undtrataniliilg is superior, is
;\is0 a mistate. Certain animals har-c n3ore accie
sense than you. For instance, there is the camel,
with its large feet and Iong neck, whose head talks
with the vin1.3,(i.9 tall,,) and get is able to see places
for his feet in dark nights, and to travel roads
~ h i c hare difficult to pass, where you reqnire
torches a.nd lamps. Then there is the horse also,
who from afar hears the somd of any one coming,
C)ftentimes it has happened that on hearing th2
slpprosch of an enemy, he has awi~l;eaed his lnaster
nl:d saved bin1 fl.om his enemy. If ally one take
ail 3 5 3 or a ~uUOCI;a10113v a strungc roncl m d let hi12
D;$
- -.
in n-hich yon dornlneer o ~ e ?11s ;
l,b.iais merely case airhoot eir;oenee--oZd, strife
ri-itIiout a cause."

,".
,.' he $7;;;w i t h o t ~ t ~ l i f i ; ~ ~ i !rct!:l'u
ty ic Jiis o v : ~
h,;me, he does liot in axy n-ny fb:.c.t.,t. If \.U!: go
L,

:,!one a road se;~era\ti~iles:~udI1a~>~)2li 10 L:~ve to

p.3 ngfiin. >-on are perplesed tu:d forget. Slieep iuld

goats r h o byir:g fcrth liundrec!s oi' rolIng in one
.A,L,:L :.?.I
-
go UN; t o the past~~ree in the ifil>rlli~g.m d in The l<jEo.hrgia,o ioirr,rds IIen snid, ' l P o a
,.,
- - !.fie\- a i i ~ ~ ~ ''e There,
*.
t h e ereaii~? vhcn the;,- return, t h e you~1g ones haveheard their kLr
v-o?,lr.*' d~
i-noiv h e i r lnotllern a i d the)- their young uller. zre yet mall? proofs i-crno?n!.lg h: w?lich oor claim
jf r n y une of ~ L J .r e m ~ i narray for :Lshort t i m p . . WC some of' them, ' Buying
c m be er;tsbli~hed--thcse
mc!,ccilrre home, yon fo~get~xother,sister, fat.hrr i\lem- them, glrmg them food find drink,
::A brother. Then n h e e is your &scerllment ciothing the=, i h e from
~ ~ coid 2nd heal.
:W:; CLCLIE sense o f d i c h ~ O L boast I SO ? shutting our eyes t o their faults: pmtccting thcm
T-. " --: , ~ a any sense a t all, yon would ~.lotboast
had horn the a.ttacks of wild aaimn!.st mhen sick treating
oE tliase t h i ~ ~ g swhich , w i t h o ~ tl a l or ~ Cxer-
~ ~ ~ tEexIl kindly and cruring them.' This our treat-
.. the Great God has giwn you. For vise rind
~1.2~:.
*.I. 1:lcnt of then, arises from kindness and mercy. It
cJaser a r n boast only of those things they
is the custonz of a11 masters to watch over their
by their W !cbor, or of :he religious knorr- s!s.ves vith mercy 2nd kindness (at all times ncd:)
lzclge a d good h ~ b i t sthey l-arn by their onn ill The Ring henring this, said to
e::er~ioioas. This L r o i she case with you 2 3 - tlle animals, "Give a reply." They ~eplied,"If
;his Afau says that they buy aliinlals a i d ~ drhen~,
i
this custom a,lso prevails among !nen ; for instaace.
when the inlaliiai~tsof l'ersir ecn,loer TurkeJ-,
they sell the Turks ; m d nhen the Turks coirquer
Persia, they trea.t the 1'er.sians the salilc. The in-
haI~itant,sof India ~ i t hthose of Sindh mid the
people of Siildh with the Hindoos, the Turks with
the Arabs and the Arabs nitb the Tnrls brirlg the
same into practice. lu short, +hen one overc.omeg
inother a.nd gets a ~ i c t w yhe
, considers the
race his slaves a d sells them. Who tell, q~]lo
-are in tri1t.h slaves nnd \vllo masters ? These are
t h e vicisssitudes of life, which me11 are
according to t,he laws of astrology. I
As God has
written, W ; tillcat aiydnz izuduuilohd bai~zannds;'
&at is, I give every one prosperity and d v e r d t y
in his turn. This fact' is well knolrn to the wiae
among men. And that which they say, that they
feed us and do other things for us is not from kind-
ness, bat from fear that if we died they would lose
Their prosperity and be inconvenienced fop dding,
transporting burdens and many other thinga. After
.t.hb, each animal in the presence of the King, made
s~pwatceolnplaint of &I:LII's tyranny. TLi ii~s
;; the moo;ent I a n s taken by Jlan, they
loaded me vith bricks and stones, iron, wood w d
fi:a,lly other burdens. In their hands are sticks and
;rbips, with which they belabour my bnck. If ~ . o i ~ r
)l\ldcsty could see me a t t.hat h e , you woldd have
on me. Yqi'Lere is the fondness xi~d
kindness in them, which this 31.1;m62s. yieillrcd ? "
T&n the bullocl: said, G Since I became rnbjeci is
>liul,1have yoked to the p i o r ~ ~or h ,f ~bou!ld t
ZnJ! or the ~ ; . l - ~ r e s;athe i l l ~ ~ z z lin
e ZNY
5.,,7 :
ill our^: my erer $&llc!.Toided, the whip and e n 2 a .n
i,Ileir hands beating me 011the face nnd bnck .'' A ~ X Y
&is the rut-t&J sheep said, " From the honr X
lvas take11by &Iali, 1 D2i.e borne much nfiiction.
In older t o drink the milk of my children, they
separate my little p o u ~ ~orlea g fls01Il their liloike~-,
and binding their lands and feet t;ikr t h t ; : ~ic ;he
slaughter-konse-xiever
I . listening ro their crier 2nd.
!,mt,tions. i here. mittloni food or drink they
slaughter us-tear off our skins, rip up onr belllei,
open our skulls, tear out our livers, take i l s
;Q Ela;?g.&r-hc~se, nsd art w nith b n i ~ ~

titcn as on the spit, roast 11s in rile ovens. arld ne
r,adergoixg these aflict,jons seluaj:~ r!iiie t anil say
r~thing." The camel soiil. '.Prom the honr I w:s
.taken captive by then!, this as l >c.cl:I=.::I- C ~ : (lI .rtloll,
.
123pcs are p ~ through~ t our noses: the cni~:e!-driver
..
l i d i s them, hemy loads a1.e pu:, on our. L:~i:!,s :)!it!
.we are taken over hil!s nnd nlol!tit:~i~!sdnrlng r!!i
dml; night; our bncks rire galled h\- the s ~ l u. ~. ; l r
1
c f tLe saddie ;the soles of n:ir &et 2r.e ~vonnclcd1 2 ~
.the stones, and hungry ant1 thirsty they tnlie :I>
r;h:;ut rherever they wish. \;E-e ljoor tl~lrlgsaye
:.s!igec-! to serve them:" ,,
' L be eIe!,hrtni scid. .'D;-
:.zr:tiy we becnme subject to t112112, tlley p n t ro1,es
;,.-#r;ndoisr necks 2 . 3 d chn.i.ns ronnt-l onr feet: ::d
t::iiirlg the driver's iron sp'lke in ihe lia~lds,tht.:
i.:?ui US rigfit and left i\ll('f 011. the hen;."
.,
:i,:jrse 5 5 4 .-l;rnm tlla t.i\ae Tre Lccallic slil~ject:S
+,.,; . t,hep hare fastetled brjdlcs in otlr mouths.
-,.cn.1:
s:rddlcs on our bxk?.. bel!y-hnr:d on our m:aiets:-.-
::::cl ride io T:lr n-rRringel~nianrmocr md p u l l : .
1ct.s. 'iT<e go into battle field hunzuv a:ld thirsta-.
..-
.. .,$,our cpes filled tvirb c ] , : i ~ t~1ii1 di~t-~~-~~d.
:;;.:ite :is .c)n f;2C.c. ::lid s p e ~ y ~ ~ y C,LL ~ ~
( 29 j
. * m . 1 - 7 ,
the breast,., an.d \VC s m i ~ nrn xve1.a or i ~ i ~ c c , ~ ; . 1 iiF:
,v.,
!nule mid, L;F1-omthe time F e were take:: c n . p t j ~
by them mc have snfTered monclriius troubles 3 on c?:!.
feet they have bouilcl ropes?in ourmout,hsbridles llllii
hard bit,s ; they leave us not. one inoluent that we r n a y
.
r,o to our ~lltltesa11J remove the longings I\-kich
;ire in onr he:~rt,s. 'l'he grooms and others p11~
saddles on anr bncl;s and ritle 11s: and takins sticks
a d whips in their hanrls beat u s before and bebincl;
and all tLat comes inro their. ~iloutbsis abuse and
obscenity. 'l'hcg attain to S ~ I XC degree ~ of st-upidity
that at tirrles they give obscel~eabuse t o their o w n
s ~ sisters, and i1:tnghters. - k i d they say,
~ e l v e their
:. y o ~ ~ r
onmess' snc! b:lyersl n ~ ~ isellers7
l ~ i v e s , "&c,
+: Q * *. *? -411 t'his:abuse is of them, and
..+ ;:f their mnsters. True it ist thcy are clesel-ving cf
I f y o ~ J[a+iestp
r mill only t.hink of t.heir igl~s-
r:mce, stupidi t.g a n d obscenitv, you will ~ulderstaxrl
rhat they are fill1 of the whole of this world's TFi~fi-
liness and ignorance. lyal.t,her,thcy are unconsci-
n x s of these evil tendencies. l hey never give ear
I '
to the i n s t r ~ ~ c t i oofn the C r e a t o ~or the last, advice
~
of the S
prophets. Noteoi~hstnndir?gthey thernseives
wad t&se texts : ' f a iagdfil rrb 1ayasfaLli di;
iohilbhna anyagfira dllaho lnk6m.' The meaning
GP mhicl~is,-If you wish forgiveness from God,
let the crimes of others pass-' Kcl liilazinah rnallfi
yngfini lilazina layarjims rijim allihe.' That is.
Order the believers, 0 Mahoomrned I t o look over
the crimes of the unbelievem. V7a m;i lmin dbbba-
tin Rlarze nald taerin yutiro bijanAyati1 omam am-
s&lnkum'; ' that is, All cattle' vild beasts, and birds.
tbai wander on the faee of the earth or fly m iLr
&,'are sociable like yourselves. ' Iditastau nlh zl:hlt1-
rehi siimma,aslihrri nemata rabet Gm, iznstnn-ehini
alaih ; wa t a k i l 6 subhdnnaliazi sak hk hnrn lans
h4,zL ; wa ID& kunna lahii mGkrebna ; wa. inr?Qi l i
rabena larnhkalebimna ;' rrhich means, A t the
time you mount [your] camels: think of tile ?~lcssing,
[ o r he?U$t8] God has given you and en.y, G-od is
pure r h o ha8 put such tin anillin1 nndey ns. m-e
rhouid never have been able to subdue him. Mye
211 depend upon God ." T h e n the n~lilehad finish
rd this speech, the eanlel said t o the boar.
XfiUSt tell of the tyranny yoor race has reeeiv -
"d the handof RI&,and detail :Le s.ame before
this very ,jr:st. King, and he of his kindness a.nd
mercy wilI probably release those of us who sre
slaves, from their. hands. Fcr your race are also
beasts of the field ( g m z e ~ ) , " A learned one .re-
marked, "Pigs are not gmzers, brit. they are beasts
of prey; do yon not Bnow that their teeth are pro-
jectilig, and that they eat carrion ? " Another said,
L i r 7
lhey are grazi~ganimals, for they are cioven-
footed and eat grass also." A third said, " They
- are a compound of n mild beast, a grazing aniplal
a i ~ da brnte, in the same way as the camel-leopard
is t,he cor:~pnund of the ox: camel, and leopard
and the oa~rich,~cllichLas the shape of a bird and
a camel combiaed.!' The boar said to the camel.
"1 1;now nothiilg (about- it), what can I say ? and
against. m-llom shall I complain? There is great
flit-ersity of opinion amongst nien concerning 11s.
-.
'lhose x ~ h oare bIussul~nanst,hink us metamoryhos-
ed2 and accursed, they t.hini; our fbrni disgusting
and ollr flesh unclean ; and they abstain from men-
tioning us. IYhile in Turliev- t,hey eat our flesh
*. There isda t~.adition among the kIussulrnans that mon-
krrs allcl swine were origi~lallp ulel), \vr.l~ofor offending sorrie
p q h e t , probably Lot, merc changed into those shapes.
m:& relish alld think it a Biesseti :~~lorsd: nzJ
us 2 very eirectaal sacrifice. The Jevs (ifs-
pise ELTld hate -us, they give. us a $ i i ~ ewhen innocel..t,
curse us, because tlicg a,re at enmity mitli the
Nczarenes and T~uyks. The A::1.1:i?ni;ii1~col~sider
t s the sa,me as oxex and goats, they t,hink better
cf us on account of our fitttness, extra flesl-1, 3 ~ i G
. .
prolificness. The Grecian physicians often use o::r
fat for lnedicj~les; further, they preserve tlieir 0 1 ~ 1 1
~nedicineain it. Herdsinen and grooms keep s s
in the pastures and stables with the c a ~ t l eand
horses. 13ecause their cattle and horses! fi.0111 orlr
lising there, a.re protected horn many evils. 3lzgi-
cians and exorcists keep our skin in their boo1;s
and charms. Boot and shoe-mafiers very e a p l y
pluck and preserve the l~ristlesof our r m k a!;d
face ; for they are of great use to them. I an] per-
~ l e x e d; I am not able to speak, whom shall I p k s e
or whom shall I blame ? " V'he.n t,he boar bed
Snished all this, the ass looked towards the hare,
0 standing aeay the canleI, alld said to him,
~ 1 1 was
" Relate all t,he oppreasio~~ that yacr species has
~iifferedfrom 3Im, in the presence of the I<ing, ;uld
perhaps the Ring nil1 bc kin:] enoi~g-11to 1e1're^ I
rhose of us who are prisoners, from their hands."
The hare sxid; '. We live far from them, having
left the country where they live. ltTe choose ti:,
live in ~ I ~ Y P O T and
S jr~ngles, therefore we escs.pc
.111s
.
y , but we aTe extrenlel y harassed !ly
r;j:~~aat~
(logs a115 beasts of prey who as-jist. m3n lsy leading
him towards oa t o take us, and my brethren the deer.
ox, camel, goat and other animals: who have taken
- shelter in t h e hills, causing 11s all to fail into the
Lnncls of man." The hare again said, -' The bounds
itre excus:~bie111 this athir, for t'hey ~ n u s assist
t mar!,
:is they also have a longing ro eat our flesh. They
:ire not of OLIP speci.es:they are of t!le beasts of prey.
But the horsc r h o is of our species, a i d who does
not ear o u r flesh, why does Le assist man ? So, it
is altogether. his igool-ailcc aucl st.~:l>i(.Iif~.''
CWX]'TE!: I-.
C / L C Lis~ i~i L~p ~
r c *~ i y zo/' the Uiir.~~.
\Then mail heard all t h e ~vorr.i,s of the h:.rc.
he said :-'' Enougl1, be silent ; vo:;. h a r e 11111r:h
s1andei:ed the horse. IF you bad !izoc-n thar the
C
horse is the best of animals, and subject to man,
you would not have (given) so much absurd
chatter." The King said to man, '' What is t,here
superior in him ? " I-Ie said, " Sire, the noble
horse has many good! excellent qndities ; he has a
good ap?earance, every limb is correct, (or propor-
tionable),-in form and shape pleasing, his senses
acute, his color clear, superior in intelligence, fleet
of foot. obedient to his rider ; wherever he is guided,
right or left, front or rear, he quickly turns, and
never turns his back* on nrort : he is so respectful
that when his rider is on his back he never attends
to either call of nature. If his tail gets wet in the
mud or water he never shakes it, that a drop map
not fall ou his rider. With t,he strength of a,n ele-
phant he takes his master: with his helmet, armour
(or cuirass,) his coat of mail, and his own saddle,
bridle and armour, f and with rhis load of 40:001)
lbs. Ile goes along. He is so ptlt,iellt and forbenrillg
that in battle he receives wounds from spears and
- -- pp
* h1unll morna ; iitet.ally, t o t u r n away the facc.
t P i k o r ; t h e ci~ailiarluonr won1 on the hind quarters of
the Ilorse.
arrows in his breast and heart and remains silent.
He is so (swift,) when galloping that the wind
cannot keep up with the dust, (he raises) he is as
stately as the holy bull, he is like the Chetah in
bounding (~.unnin*q).If his rider make a bet he
wallops fast, and taking his own rider in front,
O
quickly arrives (at the goal) ; are nny of a1.l these
q~ialitiesin any one besides t,he horse 3" The hare
replied, With these good qualities, there is also :I
areat defect, and all his good points are hidden in
L3
this." The King asked, "TTThat is that defect.
describe it.." He replied, "He is altogether foolish
and ignorant,, he never knoms his friends from his
enemies. If he get beneat,h the stride of his enemy,
lle t,hen becomes subject. to him. And in war, at
the directioil of his enemy, he rushes and attacks
those of the house where he was born and sup-
ported all his life. This chnr,zctt?ristic of the horse
is like that of the s ~ o r dnrhich lies lifeless and
cannot distii~guishbetween friends 2nd foes. Like
as it wonucls irs enemies. so tloes it un11esitatingl~-
separate the head from the body of his n1asi;cr o r
maker, if it falls upon their necks. It k n o ~ ns o
 riifference bcimeen its friends nnil stl.augerr. This
is also a ~Larwtoristicof rnan ; he is ar e~irr.itpsi6
.ills. filther, mother, brothel.. sister: illld r1eii.r rela-
?ions. ar.d causes (them) to &!l into many snares
;md allurements. TT, the mnnuer the)- slloald treat,
their enemies, tlrey treat iileir acijanirLiallces. To
ril"me.2nd to mhorn tIe ~ I R Snot given smile
pwe1iay benefit vhicb He 112s nor bestoned on an;.
'
silcli one does not p r i j i ill file r ~ c r l d
God bus g i r m ~ eiai,y ~ u i a. r. i.o rriodily
nlid beuc&t. blessjiiirr of ibe (1is:fit~rebtd . .
I

their infancy! they receive milk f;om t,hcir parents

""-.l are nourished iu their arms, and in the tilne of
youth they hecoine their ( p r r e ~ ~ t scilemies.
') h
m n r way they get milk from tile n:iim:tl,~; id . - 1
'mefi: tl~emseiuesby m a k i ~o', clothes of their sl~ia,
7 ,rivell ri-ie s ~ man!! mooil \.cry high P O S ~ti0i7 (r2r.k);
C
and fur, and in the end cot Qe throats of there hrifitnpss,
. U
benut!-. e;ni?iilrcc: sill,iril>riip ; 211 ~ L c i t - :
anilnds, skin them. and rip up their bellies. .d ~ e r n .sfi
perfcctiolls s:d r i r r u e s Iic 52s givcli .
rijast them nit, givi?2.gthem the f l ~ z ~lli.
: o q;r$i.~,i a ~ i j mllch g o that certai:~ fi~tiaiisin L ~ ~ C I?~P,O?:~I:CCP
u'liiindlp, unmercifuily forget entinlir the oljligz- tllelxi t o be tileis God ; yet $rill tliev nrc uc>-i.
and benefits rhey receiy-ed from pl;einpt. from one defect_ t1;e edilisc--that the wiac
X. -v

the hare had finished r ~ ~ i ~ nilono

i n g rnel: mav .z ayrise at illis {:kit: : if thev are (;oils r i a j
k1ll-l the horse, the ass said to him. :: E~jor:~h! you lvonerer ulij 1,- ( t h n s ) d::rl;ened (or the IIKXI:
: - ,~ ~not
C[i< l d S" ~nilcll to tbeir diaparag-e~ncl~t. increase) or dccrexse : ('tl)i,+. to the p,kxsea ?is
1s
there such a person to whom God hhs given ilie nlooll. j In this ~ 2 God 9 has giren light and
slli~eriortnlent,s and biessings, and has not reteru- brightness to all the stnre! but with this (provi-
some p a ~ t i c u l n rr72c rrhicb Be has not ~ e s t a ~ . 2 ~ ,ion) also. they disapper.~in tbe Mghrness of t h i
"i)ou him ; 2nd nllo is he LG rrhom He hag denied ,,, alnlthep d g a:;4 night, that ic r.:a7:
 be evident they were created, (and not creato~s.)
rlhis
n is the case with genii, man rtlld angels. Jf
olle has many superior qualities, he has also sorne
little defect. Perfection is God's done, and no
at}iers." \?Then the ass had finished this speech
the OS said, "He to whom God has given many
talents that to others He has not given, should be
thankful in this manner,-share those blessings
vith otbera-thus as God has given brightness to
the sun, and he with his splendour sends blessings
to all creation, and considers no one u~tderoblig-a-
:inn, end in the same ma.nner the mocn and stars,
each according to his ability, gives light t o netare
thinking no one under ohligatiol~:-in t,he same
'in?-, 3fan to whom God has given so many bless-
ings, should bestow them on the animals not
. :hi!& them indebted to him." \Then the o r had
fiirislied saying this: dl the animals weeping and
clm:tshing their teerh hegm to say : "Just Kin$
.-
hive mercy upon us and deliver us from the
xgrsnny of this oppressor, man. The Icing having
heard this, looked torards as many of the Philoso-
ijhera and learned Genii as were present and
::Have you heard the tyranny: cruelty and oppres-
&on of man, which the anilnals have described?
They replied, ':We bave beard, and it is a11 correct.
\Ve see it day and night ; their tyrnlzily is not
hidden fl-on1 any wise, ii~telligentperson. On this
account the Genii also left t.heir country and fled
illto jungles and wilds, and entering the hills,
mountains and rivers hid themselves. They al-
together left off p i n g t o populous places through
man's bad ways, and their ill-usage (of the Genii.)
Yet they (the Genii) are not free from their sus-
picions. They are so far suspicious and without
faith in us, that should any child, ~voinaa.or man,
whether ignorant or insane, becorne sick. they say
this, :.This is the influence or shadow of the Genii.
'They Jmaj-s suspect us. and seek shelter frotn the
niischief of the Genii. Yet no one ever saw that
any Genius ever killed a man, wounded one. snatcl-
ed awajr his clothes, o r stole any thiag, broke
into any one's house, picked any one's pocket, or
tore my one's sleeves, broke the lock of any one's
shop, beat any traveller, rebelled ,against the king.* p
" E u r u j ;-saily, egress, irruption.
?.*nbhedany O I I ~ , or ~ o i ~ f i l~ ~U~ Cdoile, 1 these
iig ~ g c . 5aEiiIr%,coullsel
.. 1s nii.cess8l-i-. 111 the C o i i n
are all practices of theirs, TLer- are day and night se] of t , h ~ e or e foxr a tbirlg 1)econzes clear. v i a e
piotiing against each other. TheJ- ilrrcr repcfit nlen o~rghtnot to enter into s ~ c h
;LnJ
nr tdie wztmillg-'' T
LPII t l i i ~
T
filiishsd, the importiLl1~aEtiu.s mi:llouL co~msoland deiil~emtion."
lliacc boiirrr cried ont :,ad sabl -.Get) kl?lilell: it is l n compiianec with iyhat be soid. xhc 1 G .~. gordered
:%naerening : the Coi;l*t illilsr cloic; taiie iesve. go
tllnP: 4: let. tile ministers c):' the Genll he p ~ -
t o ;-o:lr OLI-nhome_ and Go liclse in tllc liijnlln.;. ., seilr,'' (rliosc Nile cklna yen:) ?LS Fo~I.o\Ts : Th?
-- ,i!lljFs "f lace ei;:j,,'.?, the I;LI~~~ETS@fthe r8L.t.
<.!E
A p ' ~ r7i.
~ ~ ; ,.I - ~ , . ~ ] , - ; : j . lnen of the tribz of B n i d ~philoso-
,
i,:Eyfi" tl.;c sclloo! of ;!<.,,;;y_ t,ho e ~ ~ ~ c r i c n csons
ed
. . fro ienrr-~cdcbi!(lmil of l h i i c n n ~and ~ ! L C
jTcrji)!z,:,
eilrerlxlg1ag men of Brhmii~. ?.'hp. Icing s ~ i dto
Directly the Court nmse. ti:e ging sni(j
.. theln: "'l'hcse ilnd nr-;i:;~n!s hn.ve come C C ~ -
niinlster Bedar, in p r h a t e : "EnPe yoil llenrd hi;
i~!:tinillg to us; and entcrcd oi:r cooniry and tclicn
~:~S~~O I I Sanswers of these me3 2uld
and
7:f-j ? s21elte~. All the auimds complain of the tyranny
t -'at do p i g now advise ?
this bp o p p ~ s sofi ~mm.
~ Advise 113 rrhat sLon!ri
(i-ci<?ed7 What course do YOU thhl1; the best
7'' be do.ie them: ancl I.lolV their c 152 shoilld h+:
; he l!idstell was ?L ve?y nrise and intelligent,,,all
nfz:cr paying h i s respect.;. mid asking blersinss; be decided ." X !c?nrncclm n l ? ofthe Tsce of ?tTnhid
w i i ; 'l I think it is hest t o stuntnon and fake 3couli- 1msent : he said?L : In my opinion it ~ o u l be d best f01.
sei in this ease wit11 tlio jtidrres: priests nd l l,he animalls to ( a detail of) the e i r c u m s t ~ ~ c e s
W
scphers of the Genii! for this is a reig-htY nqmnect nlld of oppressio~~ theyhave receix-c-ed at thi.
: ~ > itd i s :lot knosrn n-!lnse ,side is in the rigl,t, handa of man. and rake :.he opinion' of the Lenrned
f ~ ~ r i l i ~ t .
If an jr thing be decided for their release; the J u d g m
and the Bench $hall order h e m to be sold, or freed,
or to have their sufferings lessened and to be treat,.
ed kindly. If man obey not thc orclel*of the judgesv
and the animals fly from their oppression, i t shall
he no crime or sin of theirs." Hearing this, the
King asked all of rliern what they said in t>his
(matter.)
They all said it was excellellt and befitting the
occasion. But one of the men of Behram did not
npprove of the advice, and said, " if rhese rnen aye
n i l l i q to sell the aaimda, who will give the money
for them? " The religious man replied: Tbe King,"
L(
The other said, " W heere will thc Tiing get such n
s u m of money at. once ? " He answered, From the
p~tblieTreasury." Again the other replied, C: T h e r e
is them such a sum in the public Treasury that
vi!! aaffice for their purchase ? Some lnen will
never sell them. Animals are very essentid to
them, while lnoney is not cared for. For instance,
liings, minis ters, and many gentlemen who cnnn ot
n o r e about without a conveyance, would never
agree to their being sold : they would dlject t.0 the
decision." The Killg sairi, "What do YOU then
thil& best ? " He replied,
- 'Ch my opinioo, it. Is
ndvisable that t.he King order the animals to agree
together, and on some .light escape from confine-
ment and retire to a distance from man's abode. -
.
In this way the deer, the bufialo, and many animals
have left man's abode aiid fled. In t,he morning
when man does not find them, on what will he
load his goods or mo1111t ? He will not be able by
U
reason of the great distance to go in pursuit of
them, hut will remain q ~ i e t . Tllus the release of
these animals will be eEecter3." The Icing was
pleased with this proposal, and ci~quiredCram all if
they thought what he had said was best. A philo-
sopher of the descendants of Xsop was thei-e, n ~ r l
he said, " This is not at all advisable? and this p1811
is verv co11trnr.y to reason ; it c211 in no V C Lbe: ~~
J
because a t night many animals are in close con-
finement and their stable doors closed, a.nd watch-
men placed on goard ;how then ill they be able
t o escape ? " He of the men of l i e h a m said, The
King may give order to the whole of the Genii to
go there on that night and open the doors ~f the
rk&lrs, and untie the heel-ropes of !hc nlrinrnls ;llJij part of this (propoeiiior:)
T h King said, ': 11-1
I-t iheln out, and seize all the x~ateilnrei~? sr<Ilror
have yoo no confidence 7 Tell ns, that Fe may . .
let :.hem gc until the miilnals had esr:~peii t n R i;i,
alsoknow.'' He replied, Si1.c; he who has devlseri
:::ice fr0111,the abode of' m:i?l. Tile i i i t - l o l r j i l rh;lr this plan for thz xiease of r.bn nni~nnlshns mnde
' >:. a rcry great nc;. I pit,y t!icir cnnilirioit. rnil 2 g-refit mistake. Tfhec lilari gets up in t.hc morn-
~ic?eforehovethosnilvi;zdrhc l i i n r . ,s!lorl]d th.:
-7. n i nc7r and doe3 n ~ 6.nd
-- t tlrz cattie tind l~ecomesawarBt:
-?:ls Umnke m attempr to ; . S g act; the
of their flight, he ~ i 1 1know tii;rt it is nor man‘^
I :.:.
.. ~ n Cod
.S. 3 t wili r.srin: bin1 : ,. Ili]p aiid reiicnt it wss impossible fix minxils t o
work; %~l.nd
L:;' opp~csszdare oar best t j ~ z ! : ! ~ ~ God for liis ,.
but that this rrick
h'..
- , .
blessings. People say that in solnc tile l)ooj;s (,f
i~ccomplishthe same tirc~uielres,
.. .-- of the Genii.'' I he King said, '' Trne i t. is;-
t i l ~prophets, God has s ~ i d :I' 0 l;i~:gs ! I hare no;
theye is no doubt that t,iley will sns;ject n s 01kl.p.''
;clit you 011 earth tlint p i 1 2zay :LccnmllILi~eiTeal:b
- 'The philosopher said, " 0 shelter of rEe univcrse !
Jr i~lvoireyouweiver in rl?r arn!$rio~ aud arfirici:
SE t'uc =orid ;but fcr this; tBa; the oliprcjsc-J m a r When rhese snimds escape from t,hcir hands, cnJ
ther, are deprived of the henelts (derived . . froiii
c.; he:ird as I rnysc:lC give t o tllem, P~ThOllgi: J

tllem) t-hey vill grieve and lament excessively, s)i:i

i:rey lniv be heathen." T1:e E:in% agaill
become the ellemy of thc G$nii. They were ar;
:'lerr, all, What d o yen ray this ?
D ~h~~
bchre, no\r t I ~ e yviil e n t c r t ~ nextm hnt,rcd.
L-
:F,: ,- . all picxsed r::.i mid, i' TJlis is tile cS1.rcEt vi&nce
and m21icc." The learned have sr,i;i, :' Jrle alone is
i g l E:it 0::: of t h phi!osol>hers of did
W j l e that mrires p e x e bct:ireen foes, and keeps him-
xct ngree rnirh ii. Aftcl. blessing nlld the
i h S " This is n very difieolt flbffa,ifair
: any
self clenr of their quarrels." Iiearing this all the
.t.;sy this cannot be, it is fi.?-.u~gl~t with mllch sbj& Genii s;iid, :: IIe speaks the t,rutl~." After this a
:!' danger which it will be il~l)ossitJ!eto aroip~ philosopher remnrked. Why shoulrl we be afraid of
their erulity ? Their enrnixy cannot d e c t us. Onr
 bodies are (made) of fire, and are subtle md airy :
we fly.up to heaven, vhile man's body is of earth,
and he lives below : he cannot ascend on Mgh. M7e
go them unrestrained and see tbem, they
are not able to see us ; then what is zhere to fear?"
The sage of Kaiirran gave answer to the above :
L; Kt is a pity you understand nothing at all. 31rn
a?.tlxough of earth, has heavenly breath, and a!;
a.ngelic spirit, 'nd is superior to us? and iinoi~x
many stratagems and arts. I11 former times bet~veeli
men and the Genii there vns much contention, from
the rdation of which every one trembles." The
Billg said, " Tell us the particulars also ; what was it.
all about 1 let us know it." The philosopher said.
': Innate and natural bntred have existed between
m m and Genii for ages, the na~rationof hi eh vould
he very tedious " Tbe King said, Give us a little
the commel~cementso far as you are
The Co~~tention
detueen ,Wan and the Genii
The philosopher in compliance with the Ring's
order, thus related the particulars : "In a1leient
timer when God had not creat,ed Adurn, the Genii
i~lbabitedthe whole of the face of the earth ; all
forests, inhabited places, and rivers were under their
way. Aft.er a long time had passed. and they re-
ceived prophecy, lam; and the faith mcl many other
blessings. they then began to be disobedient and
i t o go astray, and not to heed the teacbing of the
1 Iwophets, and raised strife throughout the vhole
enrth. On account of their oppression, the earth
and its inbabitauts complained at the throne of God,
groaning and lamenting. When some rime more
had elapsed, and their dissensioll and oppression
day by day increased, God sent an army of ansels
on the earth. They came, aud h:tving beaten the
Cienii turned them out, nnd confined many of them ;
und thcy themselves took up their abode on earth.
And hraail, Qe nccussed Satan, who deceived Adaln
and Eve, was among those a h n were contined.
Be ~ 2 vary
s young and line^ nothing ; he was
b r o ~ ~up
~ lamong
r~ l u e angds, and he adopted a n
their habits ar~dcostoms. When he had learnt a11
t,heir ways and had grown up, he W ~ made
S the hhend
md chief of that race (nngdsj. He continually
 issued hvs (to obey) and proLibitio11s (to ohservc].
2nd mhen another age had passed, the Great Go<
$aid to these angels. who were living on the earth;
dzni Jdihn $l nrnt i;hul<Jirtira ?,ii i i,i.rrir-t?k:7r,'
m . f i k ~ i ?&S~ snmcir;' that is, I n-i!! rnnke !rim
ai' the earth, who is nor Loin ntnong yell, and
wcail YOU t o heeven. The a11ge1s that had iirefl
here so long, a t the idea of being aepar~tedil-orn
the earth, thinking rills oniel. disno.rce:tblc,
b
ihis answer to God : dtojri2o -filin yi~,~il/+#ii(.Lin. -,fih~a
loft ymfe fsknildiiisihd, ?mnorm,?,izt~,gaM~ho &/:n,j~&!
""h~%k~ kzkka: '. Thoil wilt crcntr a persoil nllo
ill bring war and bioods!leti on the earth like ;:S
the Genii did ; while me adore Thee, find think Thsp
holy.'' The Great God eommnnded---;. h2rj,j <i!ct,,i;;
'?~cildfdl6nz!ln, i. e., y o u he,ve no idea o f what 1
consider best, a ~ l d1 smear hy myself, that
.,!dam and his race? I mill place neither dlls-p;,
(;enina, nor beast upon the earth." In short,
rile hour the Great Creator forined ACTuln and
byeatbed into his body a soni; anri otlt of hilli nlade
j:ve, he ~ommandednil rhe :\ngels.
, - Gnther
:,her all Fe; and borr do-ix-n to AdalU,'. ~ ~ c c o r d i n g
ta the Divine order, they boved d o e n and became
subject to Adam. Bnt dzazil did not how dovn.
Through obstinacy and envy, he refused the order
of the Lord. Re thought; I n r s formerly lord and
master, and shall I now become subject to them ? '
Therefore through hatred and malice, he became
Adam's enemy. Then God commanded the .h~gels
to put Addam into Paradise ; and mhen he was in
Paradise, this order came from the Divine Being :
Y&ddhi~6skLin nsta toa Zn~+~kn2jna~,.ntcbn a kuhi
minhd rugad~xnh ~ i s oShetdmb, zm Zdtcik.~~tbc~
hlileish
hnjaratu fatakzina rninot strlimk. The purport
of tbis text is this : " 0 Adam, lire in this Paradise
with Your wife, and eat with joy whatever your
heart desires, but go not near that tree ; if you go
near it,, you mill become a sinner." This Farm-
"
disc which the Great God gave nnto .idam' to
live in is a in rhe East, on mounPains of
rubies ;no man has power to go and gain access
M tbi~i. place. The lai~dthere is fertile. the climate
healthy, the season of spring continually abides.
many vater-conrses flow there?the various kinds of
* Eazt.ut,
D noble.
fruit trees are extremely prolific, bearing all sorts
of flowers and fruits. The animals there molest
be zt once told their names ond described the ad-
rantages and disadvantages derived from each.
no one, beautiful sweet-singing birds of all color3
TJ7hen the Angels saw this they all became sub-
sit marbling or, the branches. Xdam and Eve
ject to him, and thought Adaln superior to them-
went there and lived happily. Very long hair
selves. Azazil, when he saw Xdam's position, his
hung from the Head of both of them d o m ~ to~ their
malice and envy increasing, began to consider how
fect. The vhole of their bodies was covered bv
he could in any T a y by finud a d deceit effect his
[their] hair ; this added greatly t o their grace and
diaorace. Therefore olie any assuming the disguise
elegance. On the banks of %he stl-ean~letsand
of an adviser, hement to him ancl said, " TheGreilt
amor.g the parterres they wandered fi-eely, eatin?
God who has given you the ucco~n~ilishnlentrof
2.11 kinds of fruit, and drinking of the water of the
eloquence and reason, to this day has given soch
"reams. For them, emry thing wirhout labour advantages to n o one else. If yon eat of this t ~ e e ;
and exertion, was provided. Ploughing. tilling.
you will obtain knodedge a,nd gifts supedor t o
grinding, cooking. spinning, weaving cloth: wash-
these, 2nd you vill live here conticudly in I I C ~ -
ing-not one even of these taslis Lad they. In fect happiness and peace ; death mill never come,
this age their descendants are subject to these cares : you miI,l always eu,jo>7yonrself. llTl!en the nccors-
Lilie as other animals lived there, so these ed one svore and said, I n r ~Z iU ~ Z L L$I ~ ~ t i i n n j~lcLsehi)lct,
i
t w o ill perfect safety and trni~qoillit~
pass their
'I give you good advice,' he fell into the snare ;
time. They had no care ;a11d all the names of the
t,hro.ougl kb covetousness he went beyond all
trees and animals wldch mere there the Great Gocl
told to Adam ; and when he asked tlle h1,oels bounds and ate of that tree. of wbich the Great God
forbidden him to eat. The hearellly robes in
their names they knew them not, and b e i q pel--
plesed remained silent. ]Then he oslced Adanl, ~ O i c hthey were clotlled inulledi.ate?y fell from off
their bodies. They tocl; leaves of trees and begas
 to cover their bodies. The very long hair that
was on their heads a110 fell off. They became naked.
and from the heat of the sun their complexion
changed and became black, and they became dis-
graced. When the a~linialssaw them in this state
their appearance became hatef~zlto them, and they
Bed with disOaust. Man became very much degmd-
ed. The Angels were ordered to cast them out
of Paradire and throw them out at the foot of the
n~ount,ain. The Angels threro them into a. lace
where there was neither fruit nor leaf-
Than on
the earth for a long time in grief and sorrom thev
- -
made lamentation, and became extremely ashamed
of vhat they had done. When some tilne bad been
spent in this grief and sorrom, the Great God of His
mercy accepted their repentance alld forgave fieir
h d t , and sent an angel to the earth. tie ba\~ing
k
nrrived here [ t a ~ ~ g them]
ht to dig the ground, to
~ l o ~ ~t og hSOW,
, to reap, to grind. t o brev, to bake
b r e d , to weave cloth, to sew, to make clothe&; all
these he taught them. When their race had iiucrens-
ed, the Genii came and mixed with them, and
t-ogbi them how to plant trees, and build houses
and rnany other arts. Friendships arose betveen
them, and for a long time in this way they passed
their time.
Gnt \vlxenever mention of the treachery of the
accursed
--
-
Satan was made, through a-ery inads
lnind passed 3. suspicion of the malice and envy ot
.the Genii. When Cain slew Abel, Abel's fimily
' -
From
~
had the idea that the Genii prompted him.
this their v ~ i a n c ewith the Genii was increased,
. -
alld they begm to devise stratagelns to get rid of
them. Through hatred they nsed magic, spells,
curses,
---- charms, confineme~ltin vessels, and many
other means to annoy the G-enii, and xere alrrays
fuil of this speculation. When God sent the pmphet
.
Enoch, he calxe, and made peace between -I t a -n- a116
th Genii, and shemed them the mays of relipon
and piety. The Genii also came into the king-
doms of iilan. and they lived together on good
terms. In this way until the second deluge, and
even afterwards up to the time of Abraham, the
friend of God, they lived happily. When Kinlrod
cart Abraham into the fire, man again rras of
the opinion that ttL Genii had Ximrcd

rc innLe the sling. lZlld J T ~ ~ Ithe I brethren of
Joseph put him into the mell, they thought tBia
also x ~ a s a trick of the Genii. This g w e fur-
;her rise to differences [between ihem]. T C h e ~ ~
the great prophet Xoses came into the n-orld,
lie also reconciled them to one another, aild mnnv
Genii embraced the religion of Moses. IYiTIjcn ( h t . 1
:nzile Solomon, the son of David, sovereign of t L 2
ahole world. putting all the kings of the eartll
~mderhim, 311 Genii and m m bzceme his ubjecii.
..nen said the Genii to IIlan, with presi:nlptionl
. r",
r h c \ i - the Genii that Xan was superior to thetx.
ihese do~nil~io~ls came to che hnnd of Solon:ori
197 our help ; if the Genii had not given h;ln assist-
a c e he vould be like other kings are ;" nnll they
-ere a l r r g s speaking of their pre-science, [or*
knozlccZge qi m y r t e ~ i e s ]throwing man into a per-
plexed state of mind. When Solorno11 departed
5c-nce, and the Genii got no news of it: all of them
5 e c m e puzzled to know where Solornon was. Thell
rnen beczme positive tha,t, if these had been omni-
s c i e ~ t ,they would not have been thus at fault.
And when the news of the (coming of the) Queen
af S h b a W ~ given
B by the Hoopoe to King Solo.
( 55
m,, he aslred all, l : TTTho is strong enongh to bring
her throne before she C O U ~arrive~ ? " A Genius,
whose name mas Bastooz, son of Hainan, bonstingly
~ : i i d ," I will bring it SO q ~ ~ i c k that
l y your %Iajesty
mill not have time to rise from ?cur senx." King
Solornon &aid, " I ~ i s hit to be brought more
quickly than that." Asif Unrhhya: the possessor
of n powerful charm, said; ':I brisg it ill a
second," and he did so. 'iThe~~ the Ring sa-iv the
throne he was stunned, and borred to God. Thel:
Thcy redmd abashed m r i vith drooping herds,
Every man follomed thern clapping Lia hands,
[ridicule,] and the Genii being very n3uc.h dcgrad-
ed fled thence, and became rebels. Icing Sololnori
sent an army after them to seize them, teaching
his men many arts by vhich they could confiilz
them, sqing, " The Genii can in &is way be con-
fined in glass vessels." h d Le compiled a book
of t,hese arts, and this book after &is death was
published. When Christ came into the world and
invited all Genii and men to the t r ~ ~faith,
e and
showed every one the right vay, telling them how
 ro go to Heaven m d gain access to the Angels,
several Genii embraced the of Christ and
hecame devout and temperate, and got the pl*ivi1ege
of visiting Heaven. Being told of the thillgs of
Iiearen. they continually corn~nunicated them t o
the inspired vritcrs. When God created clie lair
Prophet [hIohamed], 2nd their (the Genii's) goilig
t n Heaven was stopped, they mid, A s h a ~ r u ntij.icZa
limnn2 jliarze am ariidri 6ihi)?z ra(iboBsan ~~asdafiJo,
i. r., " I t is not evrdent whether this is to the dis.
advantage of the dwellers upon earth, or whether
God himself wishes to be their guide." Some of
tLe Genii accepted the true faith and became IfKs-
sulmans. And harmony has existed betrreen theln
and 31ussulmans to this dav.
*I
When the philosopher 11ad finished this narre-
tyon, he [turned and] said, " Gentlemen, do not
Yan, and do not raise strife arnollg your-
selves ;you are reviving old enmity for no purpose,
:he consequences will be ill. This hatred is Eke
the spark of the flint, which when struck sets fire
to a whole world. May God defend us ! Jnen
they oppose and eonclaer us, hat Ioss and
mill be ours ! " Wheli all heard this mollderfd
story, each held domn his head and was absorbed
in thought. The King asked the philosopher, "In
your opinon what i s advisable ? How shall I settle
the disputes of those who have come to me t o com-
plain and aslied protection from me, and let them
leave my country sstisfied ? The philosopher said,
;:Good advice is obtained ayter deliberation ;nothing
is accomplished in a hurry. I n my opinon it is
for fhe King to sit in ine public Court
in hmorning7and calling ihenl all, hear the pr*os
and cons of every one's ease. After this whatever
adrisable ~ n dbefitting the occasion,
SOU
so do. Iie of the sons of Eehra~nremul<ed, "11an
has much eloquence and fluency, and the animals
in &se are deficient ; they cannot t a l k If they
are defeated by the glibness of Non and unable to
reply to him; rrill you consig~lthem to the111 that
ther may keep them in pain and torment ?" The
philosopher said, " They should be patient and
quiet (when) in subjection t o them. Times are
always changing ; God will in the end release them ;
Eke as He gave the children of Israel freedom fro111
 the oppression of Pharao11,-the children of D a ~ i d
release from the tyranny of Nebuchaclnezzar-alld
.gsre relief to the race of Ba~neerfi.om the cruelties
of the tribe of Tubah ; ancl freed the Lonscs of Sasnn
and Adnarn from the tyranny of the Greeks and of
the King Artaxerxes. Fate nel-er treats any one
[ a l ~ a y s ]in thc some way. but like the circle of
the heavens continunlIy revolves round t.b':S vorld
in aeeorda~~ce =it6 the orders of the Creator. In n
t'ucosaad years one revolution, or in 12,000 years
or in 36,000 years, or hi 336,000 yye~~s, or in one
day, which is equal to 50,000 years, one revolution
is made. It is true that the revolutian of change-
-
%Mefate never keeps any one in one condition.
CHAPTER ~ 1 1 1 .
"
137hilethe Iiing mns consultii~gwith his minia-
ie:a in private, the men also in their residence (the
70 men, inhabitants of different cities) were col.
iected together, and consulting arcon,. themselves,
expressing whatever passed r h r o ~ ~ gtheir
h minds.
One snid, :' Ton have all heard the ~ ~ ~ ~ g u r bn een t
t r e e n us and our slaves t.o-da:~, and the disagree-
rneut has not yet been arranged. time you any
idea what the King will decide in our behalf ? "
They all said, HOIVshoold r e know ? Hovever
rre bnav this, thxt rbe Icing i n rnr~cchpuzzled iil
i s aifair ; perhaps he may not come out to-mor-
rnrp." Another said, " T lino" this, that he r i l l
the riaier in private t0-mor;olV P ~ O L OI l~l Y
Some one else s~icl, IIe is going to collcci
the plliloaophers rind learned men to--morro to
eonsl.lltthelp.." Arother szid,
T T
i
c l i n ~ mnot who%
the l"nilosophers i$dl adrise on our nccount, b z '
knom that the 1<iog is fa.vornble iorrar6s XIS, 8x3
that he has implicit trost in us." One remar.ri;ed,
There is a. fear of the vizier. May it not' be that
be turn against ns; and be severe in our cnre."
L$nother observed, " That is a n easy nffnb ; did x-e
give him samet,hiog valusble, v-e should bring him
t o ollr But there is another danger."
~h~~ all what it, wns. He said, " There is
great cause t o fear the decision of the jodges and
C
" TMs is ~ I S C an e r . y
lawyers," They all
xntter ; give them too a hrihe, and they mill lean
torards us, and finally they also will make some
iegal pretence in our favor and give a decision.
B L I Azilnat
~ [of the sons of Behram] is a vise and
EonorJle man, and will not be partial to nny one.
Should the King collsult him, there is fear lest he
colxlnand our slaves to the Icing and release then1
from our hands." One aairl, Yoa spe-6- truly,
hilt if the King consult the philosophers, they dieer
i~ ophion among themselves, one will contradict
the other : nothing mill be decided." Ailother
asked, " l f the King take counsel with the jitdeer
z:ld Iawyers, what will they say in our favor ?'*
One of them replied, " The decision of the learned
vill be in one of these three shapes, either they
order the animals to be liberated, or they wiii
' Sell them and take their value' ; oc tell us
z o t to give them unnecessary annoy'urce, but lcaeeE
t';e same and be kind to them. In law also there
nre three rays, [only of deciding.] Then id one,
If the King take the a d ~ i c eof the minister,
will he say? " A second said, I know he
s l y that the animals have coiue into the
,&,try and claimed pmtection n:ld they 3 ~ c
oppressed,-to assist them is incr~~nbent on tbe
Icing, for k i q s are called God's lieut,enants. The
Great God for this reason, gnve then1 authority
in the earth, that they r11ay do jnsiice, assist. tbc
.
aged, expel che oppressors from their doulinions,
and uphold the l a v amonp the people ; for in
the last day, kings will be a r ~ s ~ e r a b lfor
e all
these things." One of them said, " If tlie Icing
ask the iudae as to a dicision [in our case] the
d U
judge will decide in one of the three [above] aal-s,
and then what should be done? " They all said,
" The Judge is the propher's representative, and
the Kinrr the defender of the faith ;we cannot in
sly vny deviate from their orders." One asked,
'. If the Jltdoe order the animals to he let go and
left alone, what shall me then do?" Another
replied, 7Ye will ansver, \Tc a r e their original
masters ; from the time of our ancestors they ha-ce
alvays lived in slavery ; me have the option t o re-
lease them and let them go, or if me rrish, not to
let them go." Then snid another, " If the JJuge
say, l'rove by legal doc~lmentsor vitncsses that
 they are your origind slsves." One interrupted,
J17e will fetch our friends who are honest, and make
them witnesses." He replied, " If t.he Judge sag
that the testimony of mankind is not reliable for that
they are all enemies of the ailin~als,and the evidence
of enemy is not taken in lav ; or say: Where are
your deeds of sale and agreements ; if you are in t,he
rigbt, bring them and present them. !%'bat will the11
be deoised ? " On hearing this they all remained
silent, not one of them gave anamer, till an Arabian
observed, ' l We will t l ~ sreply : We had legn!
documents, but they were all lost in the flood.
Allcl if the Judge wishes us to swenr that they arc
our slaves, 'hen we mill say, that an oath should
Be required of those that deny the claim, and that.
rre are claimants." One sdd, '' If the Judge put
ihe animals on their oath. and they swear nlld s:.r,
they are not our slaves, then what &ha11be done? ''
Another replied, " TVe will say they have taken
fike oa,ths, me have many proofs that strengthen
this claim." Another said. '' If the Judge should
order us t o sell them and take the price of thei:?.
hat should we then do ? " The inhabitnnis of
said, Thev vould sell thein and receive tlieir
value." Gut those who were the denizens of the
viids and jungles, the h m b ~ ,TLV~E,&C., said,
c * This cannot be ; if we act tl~os we shall be ruined.
do not mention it." Those ~ h nere o milling to
sell tjlem said, " T17hnt harm is there in this ? "
They replied, " If me sell the animds, we shall
incrlr great inconvenience. Drinking m*, eating
flesh, making clothes of their hide and far, and
besides these puxring the= to other uses, all these
mill be lost. Death ~ o ~ l be l dbetter
than such an existence. Tlie same inconvenience
upon the dwellers in cities also. They
derive many f~-ori~
the anii1:nls. x e ~ - e r
beget the intention of selling them and letting
them fiee ; further, do no' entertain the thought
in )-our minds. If they ilre rvilfin~th;lt we should
lessen their labour a d be kind to them, it does
not matter. For these brutes hare life, and are of
the senle flesh 2nd blood as ourselves, and feel pdn
from excessive labour. YOUIleT-er Jld SO good
act, for which you received such n reward as God's
giving you dominion orer the animals. E\'or did
 they (ever) commit a crime for which God gave
them such a punishment as their lieiug cast into
this misery. He is Lord of all; and doeth rbnterer
He chooseth. No one ca.n evade His orders."
CHAPTER IX.
On the Consti?tc~tionapilony dz A4r;ijl,.&.
When the Icing got up from the Court, and all
had taken leave and gone to their respective homes,
ihe brutes also collected together and began t o take
counsel among themselves. One said, " Yo~onhave
heard the controversy between us and our enemies
to-day, and the quarrel has not ended yet. Sow
what is your advice ? " Another said, 'cTo-morrom
morning a e will go in front of the I i k and make
lamentations, and complain of their tyranny ; per-
haps the King will be merciful and release us f r o n ~
bondage. To-day he did shew us some kindness,
but the Icing should not decide without hearing
the arguments and proofs. Proofs and argun~ents
are strengthened by ~loqueuaeand fluency. For the
prophet says, h2~oLzZrnhlhtaaen2lino ilaiyk K. lanNn
b&z~lkdmalA0n.o lihij j.rtp?~( niin hizi71 $t dhbfia
bhli fa.inan kiliaito b 6 d bishuiyin n i i hakke c~khihe
yd,&c-tnnn rfiinho shainri fainn: i ~ ~ n i haktct.0
d
iahll ,kilntar2 rnin,c,.n nh~*e; that is; ' Of y o ~ r*ho
l are
at variance nnmng yoursekes nlld come t o me, the
in argunlent is more proficient than
0e.
for him will I deci,de. Therefore, should one
~ ~ n k l i o ~ i n oobtain
ly that which is the right of
allother, he should not tnlre it ; if h does, I will,
for that, (act) east him into hell fire.'
mom eloquelloe, and ingenuity of speech than we f
1fear that through Illis glibness of tongue Vf shall
lore in the arsurne~~t. ancl they xi11 be victors
~ ~in your h ~ t should then be done ? JTe
cpil~ion
shollld delibcy;ite well in th.s affair. If Be meet
nlt,oact.bey and deliberate alld think, then solne one
aood idea *ill certsinl~:come out." S& he
a
thonghi this advisable : Send messengers M all
(:
tile animals, and let them our condition, ;ind
tell them to selCi represent.ntsiires and orators to ns,
that thev may all come hcre and assi:-L us. For in -l
,,,q species thcrc is some excellence, some iiitdil-
oence, some gift of eloquenceE
irhieh is not in
 LLe:'~, When a ni?l-nl>er of friends and a s s i s t p ~ ~ i ~
a4-il

are collected, thcre mii1 certainly be some means

lu.ind.
1-, for our liberation and improl-ement. Rely
is of the Lord only vl:o assistcth those vholn he lyiien the f rst ~ ~ ~ ~ p ci;ule s ~ tno pthe ~ kiE~g
r of
c?iooxtl-." All the whnals said. " Euoogh ; this is l-pyenoua allin;s!s: t h n ~is: 81,iil F!Z.Y~S. the lion;
the (best) ndilice." i t iras arroligecl to selld i: a11 he rolJ.hiin t,hat hbettrccfi mzn 2nd ncilrinls there
directions six very tri~stxrorthymessenmra.
of them to tlie mvenons animals: a second .+ to Oneille
r a s a colltl.olrersy goillg on before t.he I<.i~ig C I the
~

:-
that the animals had sinc merse:lgera in
r ~ t ~ d sa. third to the Leasta of prey, the fo~lrtliro directions to the other n n i r u d i . tbht t h c ~ill^^
~ n ierrnccous
A, e animals, t h a t is norms, beetles. &C.! ..-

collie a:ld hip them. '' 1 ::m n!.o Sent i!ito your
ihe fifth to the poisonous reptiles: tile sua1<el lizard, mGeslg's presence. I$e plen~cdto scnd one of the
b e . : the sixth to the inhabitants of the ~ a t e r srpeyc
, eener,& of your army mith me, he )?laygo
L.

q'poiilted and desimiched in ereyJ: )-direction.
s i<ingdam of Barllrs:an, il,ri
ISorr.-Ti~e d i r i s ~ u ~in~tile
i t g r e i t . Tljens ;el
t:.r:ns apl.)licd to qnadropecis:-
!%ahaem; brutes, or t i ~ o s cthet Ilnri:
thal.e snd joill liis op.1 spccics, and ichell his turn
eolae., ilisllllte lrith ~ 8 9 . ' ' TIIC Icing ~.d<i;d i!:c
l?lejaellger, njlet lilnn cl:~ilneri of the animals ? He
, 6 : TIicy thil: illlilx~d~ ;re their s'tzlres.
so;ne of tll,,ir
r.nd tllcy om.1nnsrersA7? Tlie j:oll Z S I < C ~ '', 0:'n-hit
(par;icl:,.lilr) tliiilg do men boest l If of I>OTT(:~,
s;mngth; brilrer)-, c o n r a o . of daili, of holmcling.
leai,ino, n ljOCU~i~:! fipiltili" o ~ ~ ~ ; o s ~ ~ I ; ' -of- ~thew
II~
n o reason.
they Lonst, I Tyill start my :irmr i!keC!ri>- th:ii i r 1 a

Inn: go t,herf, slid in 9:;e ~ i i i i ~ kecparnm

messenger anid,
.
,,
~ L
,.P
nrid ills-
YL0iisI 0 '
prre them." ''
 6s 1 -- and rensels ; iri
EFlne of hose qualities even. In addition to these, WOIPCS,
vlrious kinds of monkeq 3
they h a r e mueh practice and skill. cllnning and
.
short e\TC1>
,-,f that eats flesh or pounc,es
itself before l i ' ~The ~
device, and are versed in the manufacture of shields, (upon its prey), Y
the king bad heard?
OE the messen,
swords! spears, lances, dagprs, knives, b w s ancl
be told to them i asked t h e m Is there any
[;

:urows, a d many other weapons. They cover them- vi\l 80 there nnd liccome One3
selves mith mail nrnioLw, with its lining, voollen one a.mong YOU ChrlYillgon t,Lis case)
clothes and helmets, against the claws and teeth of of the (that are ill
he bar been there and ore-conle
the beasts, that their teeth and c l z t ~ may
s not h a m lvbntteT.~erha nskr of llle I will g<vc
their bodies. They are very wary and cuilnillg u p m e u t ? the11
and I bestow (upon him) rallk-"
in catching the rapacious and mild animals ; they him, ;, o- tGs ix thought
m&e nets and traps : they dig pits, wells and calves, AU the mimals on heall-la was 3ny one fit for
and cover the mouths with earthand grass, so that for some time, T hThe ew
~ h Vns o the vizier,
whe3 the animals unxittingly go and fall into this task or not-
~b~~ art king and head,
them it is impossible for them to get out again. to the lion,
allcl mc are
and ~rtkjects; it behoves
But they do not mdie any mention of these prac- order j after colln~el,
tices before the King of the Genii. There they the king ill every act, to a
bring Forward argnments and proofs i n favour of t,alGng the adrice of wise -aloen-
rllelr eloquence, clearness of style, s~~periority, vis-
~~n it baoT.-esthe subject to obey the';l1.a
,TI;, to him in every
doin 2nd prudence." Directly the king heard the hi6 heart, be sum1su
for the kslg is like the head (of the body),
mosds of the messenger, he remained in thought thin:: ;
for half an hour and ordered (saying), " Yes, let d, the n&ject like the limbs i and so long as
his o m duty. eyer) n
i:itl,'
r~llthe beasts in my 21-111come
7 !" I n accordance king m~iu~,,, do ,ill ren-dllin the hmg-
with she orcler, different kinds of beasts, lions and go "Id order
 ( TO j
del-a." The king aslied t,lle chee'nh, '' What,
there is not even one [ ~ I I I Omen:. ~ ~ The
the quaLificntions req~~iredin a king and in a
said, '[If jtlmping, leaping.. ~d seizing
m+ject ? Detail them." The cheetah raid, The
of I:se there. I a m the one tb.zt will msver." The
king should be just, h a v e and wise, deliberate in 7 -

every t L i ~ q and? act with such lcindlless a,nd love

fi, Silid! if zttncjci~i~i ., pl~ulcieni~g, , destroy-
a 3,

in?;nre rretliliredtiie~e,I c211 nccompllsh 1". The

towards his subjects as parents do t,oiranla ;heir
oFslwing ; he s b o ~ ~ l calways
l be el~gagcriin nililr- t;,z rajd. If' there be : l l l ~use of tricks OF deceit
t,berc, 1 a"; for it." 'She weasel mid, " If
ever may tend to thc tranquillity nlld 1,rosperjq
these be mar.ted searc!ring, stealing, or hidifig, I
of :he subject. And the subject should in every
5 ~ l azlny,qmey
~l for it.." 'I. Le monkey said. " SbonId
way consider hiinself the iiing'b illferior, his scrvilnt
dancing, &ipping, mimicing be of use: I Nn Cie
m:d devoted slave ; and explain t o the !<ing lrlint
~ l i i l lor art hc lnny know hilnself; tell li:m of his
o n 1 'Ihe cat said, " i f there be rranied flattery,
nttschl12ellt or h&lity, 1call perform t l ~ ~ ~ e The .l'
ikolrs and of his good actions,; d n l ~ rpm'ibnn Iiis
dog said, If ~ a t c h f i ~ l n ebarking;
ss~ o r "r~egingof
service t o the fullest ; tnalie Icnovn his n-;,l;ts to
the tail be of any use? 1 irn tile one." The moose
t h e king m ~ dask assistance of hinl." Tile ]ion
said, G If setting (things) on 6re: b l o ~ i n gThe ,
said, '' YOUspeak the truth, now nhat sd\rice do 1

dnlnaging be of any us?, I am the oae.

J-o:: give in t h i s case ? " The cheetah said, c: Yay
king ~ j , d ,l. C)f these acco~xplishnr~nts: there is lrot
the s t m of your lxospcrit,~be always bright ni:d
lmiinous, and your majesty ever be successful
eve11 one reqrlired there." After t.his he tnrned
towards tile and said, " M1 these pniiries
1-ictorions. If there be strength, masteyy: bravery.
or ainbition required there; I am the one, let your the aninnls have mentioned are necesnfly
for the kings of and the armies of the nobless
majesty give me leave to go there, and effectoa]ly
p e ~ f o r m all these." The king said, ( ( O f there These qualificacons are j n s t suitable for tl:zm, far
although in appearance their form and sh??e are
 ( 73 j
like that of nngels, yet i-1 their nature they aR
similar to the beasts and brutes. But those who
are learned, versed in religion and l'mdent, have
manners and aceom~)lishmenits,are like the angels.
Who is there fit to be sellt there to go and plead on
behalf of the animals ?" The cheetah raid, '' True
b ~ the
t learned and versed in rsligion anlong mei.,
have left the ways thnt are called the ways of
-4tlgels, and have now taken to the m q s of Satzl.
They live night and day in contention and fighting,
g another. 111 this
ili slandering aud i ~ ~ j u r i none
way the governors and kings have forsaken the
paths of justice and equity, and taken to t ~ ~ a n r
and oppre~siol~." The king said, " You peak the
truth, but the king's representative should he a
man of parts and of rank ; he should not deviate
from the truth. Then who is there that me
send who has all the qualifications ofall ambassador ?
I n this multitude there is no one colnpetent to go
there."
CHAPTER XI.
Of the Quol~ficnfionsd mi B ~ L ~ s . ~ c L Y
The cheetsk asked the l'on, ''I'fbat are the
oo&6eationa necessary in an amnborsado~? Detail
them'' The king said, :'An ambassador should
be a wise man, an elenant speaker, one thnt forgets
llot but well remembers anything he hems ; not.
tolling tlie secrets of his heart to ally one ; preserv-
ing confidence, aild keeping hihis word t o the utmost ;
he s ~ o ~not ~ 8 great t ~ l k e ;r he shodd 110t add
l l be
to mything of h's o r n X C O Y ~ ; he should say 110
more than be is told. In whatever the sood of
the persol1 who sends him appears, he shot~ldstrive
and exert himself. If his opponents should ten@
him; he not break out of the paxhs of fide-
lity and integrity for the rake of siding with thein,
fall badlong into t l ~ cveil of bad fait11 pall
illfidelity In the city [to which he is sent], if by
any means he find ease, he should not 011 that
account remain there, bat come arsay unhlesitatiilg-
ly, W11ateye.r he bears or sees. he shot~ldgo a n d
tell t o hip master. Re should, to the extent of his
ability. carry out the vis'fies and i n e t r ~ ~ z t i oof
l ~ his
a
beasis ? .' The Iiillg ~ s l < r dh e rerson, w:ly ht
master. He should not onlit any item of the dn&.. beasts,
so femiliar with ~ n a ncs t o attack
of an emissary tEror;gh fear of anyrhing. For it is and leave h i s species t o join different one ?
the duty of an emissary to conrep his messnges iil
X. m e but t h e h s r ine er^ anything abont it, so
their entirety." a f t e r this he said to the cheetah.
he :L 1 the rroaon." The lring s ~ i d ,
-' 111 your opinion, who is there in this nsaembly
L. Detail it,'' The bear said, " On aecoant of sin?!-
like tlxis, that hns the ability for this r o r f i ? "
IXriryof disposition mid m t i i r d i~ttachmcnt;the dog
h
:e
' clieetah said. Besides the brothers of I<alela/~
m *
llas secured the frien6ship of man. Bebides this,
and Da~inz(rh,n o one is fit for this tasli." The lion tllem they obtain an nb~mrlmceof delicacies to eat
said to the jackn!, "What do you say to the pro-
311a drink. And ill their dis~:ositioi~ are covetous-
position the cheetah has made on your B C C O E ~ I ?~ " and bad ifialmess like ss in il:alis.
ness,
The jackal said, ': The cheetah speaks thc truth ;
These are the princitrd rcasolls for their friendship
mny the Lord recompense him well, and grant
and t,Le beasts keep a t a distance from their vices. . -
him his desires ! " The lring said, " If 3-ou go The renjon is this : dogs eat f i c ~ h ~, Z LOS K c~o~iec-l,
there m d plead on behnlf of your fellow creatures,
lnrrfdor h b i d d e n , sodden or dry, salt OS fresh;
when you retux-n you shall be promoted anrl re-
or bad, as they get it. Desides these, fruits,
warded." The jzckal sdd, ': l am your majesty's t5
hrestl, pnlse, milk, curds, acids, and
.;abject, but there are many of my species there
Saeetmests, ,q/>ee' sficl oil, honey nncLl i z ~ l t c : r~~ ~u ~ ~ c J G
n.ho are my worst ciicniies ; how shall I monsge ? "
alld every Lilld of food tizken by m:tn;--they eat
The bi11g aslted, f ho they were ? The jaclral all and refuse none. Other beasts eat none of these
replied, " The dog Sears bitter enmity againat me. C____
.-p-

Does the king not know tthat he has love arid * Ghee, clarified buttcr.
aflEection for i-uan, n3d helps him to catch r i i d t &t&oa, a swectxrleat reseutLlillg t o r e .
f Suttoo, parched grain groan&
 khings, they do not even k n o r of them. 1l11d in
the dog are covetousness and parsimony to ~ u e h
a degree that they v111 not by ally mc,ans a1lo-r
auother animal to enter man's habitation lest he
sl:ou!d get something to ent. If erer I)y any chance
a fox or jackal goes ilzto a village a t night, to steal
array a fowl or a moose, or anything dead, or a
3:inrsel of bread, how fi~rioasly they harIi, and
attncking them they eventaally turn them oat..
I hrough this stil~~giness
,i\
sud coretcusness, bow
cbnte~ptibleand degrzded are they ? If they see
tread or anything else eatable in the hmcl of man,
woliiail or child, horn they shake their t,niis and
heads through greediness ! If through modestv n
morsel or so is thrown before them, Low fast they
do run and pick it up tllat another may not be
to g e t it. r4U these bad qudities are in men also ;
ascl on aceoul~tof this simil~rititpthe dog has Iek
his owl1 species and gone and m i ~ e dvith them ;
- and they assist men to catch the other animals."
The king said, " Are there any other animals be-
sides the dog thnt are familiar or friendly wit!:
m m ? " The bear said, " The cat also is very mueh
p.ttached t o him." He asked the reason of her
sociableness. The bear said, " This d s o is for the
same reason, her disposition and man's are the
same. The cat is also greedy, and has B fondness
for different kinds of food, like as man has." The
king said, " On what footing is she Kith them? "
The bear answered, " She is a little better than the
dog, because she goes into their house, sleeps upon
the carpets, goes to the dining table at dinner time:
and they give her of ~ h s they t cat themselves,
and vhenever she gets an o p ~ c ~ t u n ishe
t y pul*loins
their eatables. Rut the dog never likes her to gs
into the house, therefom there is envy and hatred
between tbe cat and the dog. When the dog sees
her, he jumps up from his place and rushes at her
in a way that if he could catch her Le would make
mincemoat of her and devour her. The cat also,
when she sees the dog, swells out her face, and
sets up her tail and fur, end in furious anger puffs
herself out as large as she con. The reason for this
is, she is his enemy." The lring asked, if there
were my more besides these t n o who rrere familiar
[ ~ i t hnm]. The bear said, " The mouse a150
goes into their houses and shops, but he has no
coz:fidence in man ; f~lrtherBe fears him and flees
fro111 him." The king aslced, the cause of his going
there e? He said; '' He also goes through fondness
for di.fferent kinds of food." The king asked, if there
were 2.ny more still who fi.equentec1 his abode ?
The bear said, " The weasel also someti~nesgoer
i!we, irxrkiug about to step1 or r u n away with any-
thing." The king aslied agnin! " Are &ere ally
n c r e besides these mho frequent their houses ? "
The bear said, " There are no others, bnt man
forcibly seizes ancl takes a . v q the cheetah and
monlreyj though they do not colirent to their going
there." The king asked, " Since what time llave
t h ~dog 2nd the cat been familiar wit,h 111a11 ? "
ice bear said, " From the time the chilclren of
r"l
Gain pre~niledover the children of dbel." The
king said, " How does the story go ? Tell it."
i ae bear said, " \Then Cain murdered his brotBer,
0-v
who mas named Abel, the children of AbeI desired
t o be revenged oo the children of C,ain, ond foughr
wish them. In the end the family of Cain was Vie-
torious, giving them a defear ; they plundered the
of their property, and taking dl their cattle,
oxen, enntds, asses, and mules, becnme very meal-
thy. They feasted among themselves, and prepar-
ed kinds of food ; they slaughtered the animals
and scattered the hands and feet all round their
cities and villages. When the dog and cat s a v
illis abunclnllce of flesh a ~ i dso much' eating and
.-
~
dfinking, they left their orrn species, and thr0~1gh
[for these things] re11t into their habitations
Rlid became their fyiendi and aasista~lts. TOthis
day they hsve lived mined vith them."
JT-hell the ]inn lenrd this story be was grieved,
and said, 6 : Ld JLilqJa ua Id bivnta illit billaiiil aiul
I) *
aihLe iJ1nn/il[a]ie urr inea ilctihee r~tjetina, 7 and
repented this many timcs. The b e n mid to
tllc lcinp, w h y shauld you regret that the cat and
dog h:ivc kept aloof From their fellow species ?"
Tile lion said, I do not regret their going, but it
is a source of ~ - p r e that
t the rvise have said; ' For
--
* IG~lsal, capscity. space.
t \JTc cannot avoidsin 001 11~1.cwe pover t o do mytbing
punerful. \'P
but 4 the as~istanceof God, r b o ir great
a r e God's crc'atl~rcs,and we expect t o retorn t o (iod."
kings there is not a more serious disar~m?ngement
or cnIamity ill their administration and governnlennt
&an for the supporters of their army to desert and
go and join the enemy. For they mill go and ac-
cjxaint thein with [the king's] ungnarded moments,
n u his good snd bad points, and his erery secret,
and informing them of every thing, will tell rhe~n
of secret entrances and of many stratagems. -411
this will throw the king ancl his nrlny into great
confusion ?' %fay God never prosper these cats
and dogs." The bear said, " As your majesty has
wished so has God dealt roith the dogs, and accepted
the prayers of the king. Ne has taken away
the advantages and blessings from their race end
bestowed them upon the goat." The king said:
" How is this P Tell me all about it,." The bear
said, =3 S + e S
With great pain and laboor at, the time of delivery,
eight or ten young ones, and sometimes more! she
brings forth. But no olle ever saw, either in civi-
lized places orjungles, alnrge herd of dogs, although
no one ever kills them. -4nd the goat, notwith-
standing that in t,he whole year it only brings forth
cne or two yonng ones, nnd is nlsays being killed,
yet flocks upon flocks are seen in towns and in
jmgles that cannot be nnmbeucd. The 'eason of
this is, that the young of the cat and the dog are
subject to mnch suffering on account of their food.
Different diseases that other animals are not snbject
to they are s~~bject to, and throogh their had rvays
and man's persecution their lives and those of their
offspringase shortened. Therefore they are despised
and d e p d e d . " After tbis the lion said t o i ' i ~ k l n ,
you go now. Go there into the presence of
&heKing of the Genii, and that r h i e h you are np-
pointed to do, do it effeetudly ."
c--
CHXPTElE SII.
The d d u e ~ a t u iof. ~ ~the recoltd 2i')iii.irnl.y.
When the second messenger went to S h a h n ~ ~ g h ,
the king of birds?and macle linonn the state of things,
the liilig listened to the story of the animals, and
or&red, "Let a11 the birds be present." There-
fore all the different kinds of birds, of the jrmglee,
of the hilit, of rhe rivers, in p e a t abund~nce,vhoie
"amber no one but God could know in accordance
with the order, came and collected together. The
king said to them, "Men claim that all animals
are their slaves, and they their masters ; therefore
many of the animals are disputing with man in the
pmence of the King of the Genii." bfter this be
said to his ministe~,the peacock, " Among the bids,
who is the best speaker and the most eloquent, fit
to be sent there to go and dispute mith man ? "
The pefieoclr said, " Here is the whole assembly of
birds, ~ h o m s o e v e r your majesty orders vill go
there." The king said, " TcP me all their naruer,
that I may know them." The peacock said, There
are the hoopoe, the cock, the pigeon, the partridge.
the nightingale, the kabk*" the inrfi, the snallor,
the eron, the crane, the aangkii.a~a,f the spnrrorv, the
dove, the ri-ngdove, the wagtsil, the duck, the pad-
' 1 ~bird, the wild dock, the Persian nightingale,
the ostrich, &C., all are present. Shahrnurgh said
to the peacock, " Show each of them to me that I
"ay see them, and understand the characteristics
* Kabk ; a small kind of partridge.
7 sangkhara ; probably t h e ima.
qualifications of each, and r ~ h ois fit for this
task 1" The peacock said, ;L That is the spy hoopoe,
the cowtier of Solomon, the son of David, who is
sitting there, wearing n variegated suit. At the
tlme he should speak be warbles in gueh a way,
that it appears like praying md bowing" dawn.
He exhorts [all] to do good, and protests against
an that is bad. He it is ~ h conveyed
o to Solomon
the son of David, informtion respecting the city
of Sheba, and said, 'The wonders and curiosities
of nature that I saw there, even your majesty never
S To show this Z have brought facts connected
h city of Sheba for your majesty, in whicl~
~ i t the
there is not the sligbte st particle of fdsehood 7.
There is a lady there, in deseribiug d o s e splen-
dour and magnificence the tongue is at fault. The
oovernment of that country is in her hands, and
a
the throne is extremely large on vhich she sits.
In short, all the good things of the world are to be
had there, notling is wanted. But the people of
t ille bowing d o v n of the &11l~s1llmfillsin pl-g?pr3
Jso the form of wol-ds they ropea.t.
t ~ i l ~ iu~ aliich
~ i ifalaeliood
~ , never has adniirsion.
 her nation are thorough infidels ;they echomledge
not God, they bov down t o the sun. As Satan
has led those-people as t.my; they consider idolai,ry
to be the true worship. They have left the Benea
volent Creator who creaked earth, heaven and sky,
2nd r h o is acq~lab~ted ~ 4 t ha11 that is visible and
invisible, and have imagined the sun who is olllg
n particle of His splendour to be God, notwith-
standing that no one but the true God is worthy
of doration. That is, the crowing cock who has
n croirn on his head, and is standing on tbe ~ 2 1 1 .
His eyes are red, his r i n g s spread, his tail raised ;
extremely high-spirited and generous, he is nlsnys
repeating God's praise and name. He knorrs the
time of prayer and reminds his neiglrboors find ad-
monishes them. I t morning-time when Le cmms,
he Jays, 0 YOU that liw in this ,neighbourhood,
:]link of God ! you have slept long enough ;you
think not of death and destruction ; you fear not
the fire of hex, ~ O L have
I no desire for heaven ;you
t.llmlc not God for His blessings ; thillk of the Be-
ing who can deprive you of all (your) luxuries.
Aiafie preparation for the road eternity ; if you
lvisL to be &red from the fire of hell, be p~nver-
ful circum~pect.' And Le who is aitung 011
that lilllocl; is the pertridge ; her c o ~ i ~ t e l ~ ; is mc~
1' cr and 130 W-
fair ;her wings piebald, by much b e n ~ l n ,
ing her form llas become croolied. yv'heil she cries
she arouses the careless; and pleases th111- After-
llrnrds she says, ' Thnnlc God for l3is giit.e, that
they mny increase ;and think llot ill of God.' h1ld
often she mel;es her petitioll t o God h her hyillui
(thus) ; :0 God, defend me from the bexsts of p ~ ? j -
auld from jack&, ancl from the depravity of man ;
and from the doctors who tell the heHicted the bene-
firl be derived from eatillg my flesh, snve
I earnot exist under all these ; I ever tlG~ik
of the Creator, and a t morning time 1 i i l ~ i t e81:
God, that ail men may benr and practise good pre-
,-.-.prs.' ~ h is, ~ t lyi~e011R-110 3cts as a guide,
vho t&es letters and goes to the lfiost distant
; alld dosometinles \vliile flying, with great re-
gret ,& s;l!S,. l have a horror of separation from
(
my Kindred, have a strong desire to mix with
mJ7friends. C) God, direcr nlc to my n a t i ~ epi:lcc
tlat 1 hay obtain comfort by visiting ray friends !
 -4nd the small partridge (ka8k) is be who in
always moves gracefully over Aowers and t x e s ;
a.nd with a very melodious voice continually siogr
sweet songs-' He ever says, wbile preaching and
teaching? 0 thou who art t,he destroyer of life and
rank, thou who m-t the planter of trees in gardens,
the builder of houses in cities, that sittest in hi oh
places, why art thou indifferent to the tyrannyCof p.
the age ? . Res tr'ain thyself ! forget not thy Creator
a moment ! Think of the day when thou wilt lose
rhis pleasure and this dkelling place: and fall i r m
the midst of snilkes and lizards in the grave. If
before you leave this world you now become esre-
ful, it will be better for you ; that you may find I
cornfortnble home there [in iaear.. +P?* j and not fail in-
t o perdition ? ' This ia the lark-likc'as the priest
ascends the pulpit, she also at midday mounts
.
high in the air, and alighting on the corn heaps
mirh n sweet voice warbles all kinds of songs. And
in her song she says, Where are those rnereha,nts
or farmer who, from the sowing of one grain, by
the blessing of God, gained many benefits ? 0 man,
have a fear of the vengeance of God. Think of your
latter end ; and up to the time of your derth render
t o Km the worship that is IIis due, n31d do good to
oblige his slaves. Do not through onkindness, a
let this wish into your minds,--' Let no poor beggm
--7
,me to my home to-day ! For be who plants the
of ri~hteousnessto-day, vili gain the fruit and
- sali&ction thereof to-mor~-ow~ [he)-eajfer] . This
l the [hanest] field of the last day. He
~ o r l i is
who sows good works therein, will reap the benefit
in the end. If any one practises wickedness, he
burn in hell fire like grass and veeds. Think
of the day ~ h p Godn will aeyarate the ~~nbelierers
from the fsithfd and cast them into hell, and convey
the fuithful to heaven.' The nightingale, the story -
telles,is sitting upon the branch of that tree; snlnll
in foirn, in %ghz, fair iu appeal-ante, always
on the lool;-out right and lcft, with excessive
eloquence she warbles exquisite melody. And in
the groves she intimately associates vith man, in
fdshe enters his dwelling and converses with
~ l n .when he to remember his Crestor
and gives his mind t o pleasures, she says by
of precept and exhortation, ' 0 Great God, what
 tlioughtless~lessto be enamoured of these fen dgs
of existence and neglect to thinlr of God ! Why
not enter into cont,emplntion of Ninl ! Do you not
k i l o i ~that you mere all made to die ? You are
nourished that 9011 may decay, you are collected
together to LE dispersed, you make this a home
that it might be destroyed ; l o w long -rill j-oil
engage yourselves in t.hese plei~suresand be attraet-
ed by t,he luxuries of t 6 i ~world ? You are liable
to die on the morrow; and be buried in the dust-
be warned now at once. Do yoo not know vbai
the Great God did with Ashab-fil. -$haha, vhii
ans t h e head of their tribe, ipislled by some pTe-
or excuse to demolish the temple of God,
putting a maltitr~deof men on elephants tunled
toirards Mecca ; ancl God in the end rendered theil*
stratagems futile, and sent flocks and flocks of
birds who took stones and rained them down h
such a m y that they were all kiiled, elephants in-
cluded, and made like worm-eaten 1eax,ves ? ' After
this she says, ' 0 God, keep me from the eagerness
o f lads and from the cruelty of all ,inim$s.' That
the soothsayer t.he E ~ O I V , -LO lei:ea!S Ldden
He is of sable hrel and is abstemius ; be
makes us amare of eveq~fhingrvhich has not yet
I3e is honrig mindful of his Oreator,
been
aIld continonlly passes his time wandering about
trax:elling. He goes into every couutry, bfing-
ing illf0lformrii~nof the remains of antiqlliv. He,
,,.;,h the c$amities of t h e ungodly st~ikesterror
illto the cnye.le;s, and vitL addmonisbing voice
L Reetrdn yonneIres, and be afraid of that
daj- \vhell you will ba rotien ill the grave. For
your acts your sliiil vill be torn off. Now
throngh yOar b:indness ~ O L I prefer existence in
this world to that which is t,o come. If you evade
the Divine yan ~ i l have
i neither place nor
delircmce ally'here. If YOU desire C O ~ B ~ Oen-
~ ,
,, a = v
wurselves in praise and prayer ; possib1ly the
ereat -gill be mcvciful and save you from
&siructioil !' And there is the troreller in the air,
file sivallOw, swift of flight, snldl of foot, h a ~ i n
large lvinas, often 1irir.g in the houses of man, alld.
U
there nouri8hing her young.
Ewr, m o l d g and cvcning slle is prqing and
,hgfor,ire:wsh. She goes a great distance in
 her travels ; takes up her abode in cool places, anij
in the winter in warm places. This is ever the
~ubjectof her rosary and prayers : 'Be is pure
who created sea and laud, estnblished the bills,
and gives motion to the streams. He determines
life and death as is most f i ;~ and nothing ever
differs from His will. And He is the
help in his journeys. He is Lord of the hole earth
end creatures.' After this formulary and prayer,
she says, ' I have been into every region, and seen
every creature, and come back to my oxrn llatiye
place. He is holy who brought male and female
together and gave them numerous progeny,
took man out of the hidden recess of non-esjstence
and clothed him with the robe of life. Praise be
to Him only who is the Author of all creatures
and the Giver of blessings.'
U a fault. H o w is it possible for wisdom to penetrete
And the watchful crane is standing in the plain.
His neck is long, his feet small, and when he flies
he gets way to heaven. During the night he keeps
watch at two [different] times, and counts a rosary
in .~r!&e
. .. of God, saying, 'Pure is that God who
of Hi. might, made a mate for every creature, that
ihmugh rheir meeting each other they nmay be
fruitful and multiply, aud be mindful of their
Creator.'
Ancl this is sungkhava (stone-eater ), who lives
.0 the earth. He always resides in the jungles
and deserts. 91orn and night this is his task,
Holy is He who m ~ d eheaven and earth, Ele is
Creator of the heaven's constellations and stars.
They all revolve at His command. The raining of
the waters, the bloning of the wind, the bringing
forth of thunder and lightning, are His work alone.
Re uplifts the vapours from the earth, through
=hich the world is ordered.
WLt a ~ i s e
is He who after death $ves life to decayed and
rotten bones. Great God ! what a Creator, LO
prai~e,and magnify whom the tongue of man is a t
His hidden mysteries.'
And the melodious hazardastan' is sitting OE
the branch of t ht tree ; she has a small body, is
swift in motion, and of pleasant voice ; and she
* Hazardastan ; literally, possessing D tbou~audsongs OI
tales : the Persian Nightingde.
 ( 9-3 )
qns the king of all insects-
tion of the an\tnd~. Y CS,
.c5Laarblesforth tlie praise of the bmnipotcnt : the
jyhen he hna heard all, he gave an oyder?
Beneficent ! He is naequalled, and has 110 rival. let all the insects be p"sent-7' cInLlitoes co~npliance with
the Benevolent ! the Giver of' all see11 and unseen grass-bo~~-
the the flies, gl13t5, *"--'l
G!zssings ! Like nlito a river? He freely nlld boun- in factall the a n i m a l
p r s , fleens~,~ 2 3 lnot113,
~ ~ 7
tifilllp ~howersblessings on tdl mankind. And at fly wizb nin:r and do not
ill body can* pesented thenem-
times with great regret she speaks in this
longer than one year. heard
'' IYhat happy days were those 1~11enthe gnrdefis: ~h~ king ret&&d he h e ~ e m qhe
~elves. \vho srnollg 90"
were full of fiomers, every tree 1o:irIetl with rnrio1:a from the messenger, and 5aic1?
(4

ki~ldsof fruit.!' On this the k i q said to tht: & t&iling the side of
is there that can S O there, ?
7y They all said,
peacock, "Among these iu yol-~ropinion who is
the anirntls OX, with man ))

the best qualified to be sent there to dispute with does man boast biinrelf s n p ~ r i too~us ?
man, and join his fellon. s1:eci.e~? " The pel~cock 'rhe messenger said, :: 11~ b o a s i ~of this,--that his
etid-, All these are competent fbr the wo~l;, fdr form are large: his strength greater,
,t*Lll.e m the anjlual~ill every-
they are all poet and eloquent, but the hazarclil.s.ttrr and that he is supeyio~ Let as g0
is the most eloquent and ~neloclious.'' The king The chief of 'Xai\w
ordered him to take leave and go there, rind to D
mall." The elders of the
there and dispute
have confidence in God, for Re is in every may tthe
fies said, :L n:e will so there and representL ; $the
C

T ~
3ssistmce and support [of nil.)
insects.7 9 ~h~ head of the m o s q ~ i t 0 emid ~ 3
of the pass-hoppers
go there. ~h~
C,I-Z;IPTEI: SII!. go there md join our fellon?-cres-
said. \$re
:L

with In this va'j every

Tice Bdventures of the tIli7.d ii;Zssse7zge?..
t ~ ~ r eand
s dispute Tbe king
. When the third messenger arrived before the Gne was l.eady to -mde~-taIce the he'f~rlc-
chkf of the insects, Yssub, he gave a f~tlldescrip-
 said, What is this, that every one decides to go
f!
there without reflecting or thinking ? " The armp
of gnats said, " 0 king, we depend upon the help
of God, and it is certain that with His help we
shall get the victory, for in ancient days there wen
many kings who were great tyi-ants, and with the
assistance of God we always prevailed against them ;
this we have often experienced." The king said,
" Tell us all about it." The chief of the gnats
went on, Among men rras King Nimrod, a very
('
magnificent, extremely proud: and rricked king.
I n his pomp and splendour and rank, he never
regarded man. One of our tribe, s gnat, who was
extremely small and insignificant, tormented this
p e a t king so, that notwithstanding his rank and
power his strength was of no avail." The king
mid, " YOUare right." The wasp said, " mThen-
ever any man has completely armed himself, with
a spear in his band, and furnished [himself] with
swords, daggers, and arrows, if one of us wasps go
and bite him and insert his sting which is only
like the point of a needle, what a state he get
into !-his flesh swells, his limbs become languid,
be is nnable to move, and further he foygets
about his shield and sword." The king said,
('True." he fly said, L'When the king of man-
kind in all his pomp and glory sits npon the throne,
2nd his doorkeepers and watchmen a i t h devoted-
ness and loyalty are standing around him, that no
annoyance or pain may in m y vny reach himi
should a fly then come but of his kitchen or closet,
covered with impurity and alight upon h* body or
clothes and tenze him, they (the Cotart) have no
power to free him f l - o n ~the$p)." The king asid,
l' This is correct." The mosquito then said, " If a
man in any company behind a curtain, or covered
with B veil, be sitting, and any one of our race go
and get into his clothes and bite him, how he is
annoyed and made angry, but he cannot contend
wit11 us ; he strikes his own head, and gives his
oan face blows." The king said, " What you say
is true. Rut in the presence of the King of the
Genii there is no occasion for all this.
" There the clebate will be mith regard to justice,
impartiality, etiquette, morals, discrimation, elo-
quence and rhetoric. Is there any one of yob that
 ( 97 j
bna an insight into these things ?" When 'hep
the kite, the owl; the parrot, in short all flesh-eating
heard these words of the king they all beca.rn,rnp
birds that have talons and hooked bills, immediate-
silent, and held down their h e a d , not having a
ly came and presented themselves. The roc told
word t o say. After this n philosopher from among
tl.1e.m the story of the controversy with man, and
the ffy tribe came forward in fmct of the king, 2nd
after this he said to the falcon the prime minister,
said, "By the help of Gad I am going on thii
'' Who amongst these birds is competent for this
errand. There I will mix rritll the animals and
task, to be sent there that he may go and confront
contend with men." The king and all that were
man and join in the defence of his species ? " The
collected then said, " Xay God help you in the
undert,a!iing you are upon, and give you victory
minister said, "No one besides the owl has the
ability for this undertak-ins." The king asked,
over your enemies." In short, they gave him all
"What is the reason that no one besides the owl is
necessaries for the journey-: itnd let him go. This
Disc By vent thence into the presence of $he King
. fitted for the worl; ? " The minister said, ' T o r
of the Genii, where all the other nnimds of diffemt this reason : all birds of prey are afraid of Inan and
flee from him, . neither understand they his lan-
kinds mere and presented himself.
g u y e ; but the owl lives near his habitation, in fact
C _ _

CHAPTER XIV. in old dwellings that have gone to ruin- He has

The Tale of the f b u ~ t hi I f e , ~ ~ e n ~ ~ ~ .
When the fourth messenger K e n t to the king
of the birds of prey, the Roe, 2nd made his state-
ment, he also ordered, '(Let ail the animals of my
"h be present." In accordnilce with the orcler
the v~llti~re,the roc, the hawk, the white falcon:
devotion and contentntment such as not other agimal
has ; he fasts by day anlid weeps from fear of God
at night ; also be is engaged in prayer, and arouses
the negligent. He remembers ancient kings
have died, andlaments [over them] and appropriately
repeats the folloaing text : K i ~ nturakii minjannd-
tyas waoyd,,~~un zuadiiiyun
G woindkclntia kdri777.y t ~ a
 ( 99 )
at-ti?zkhnd $Jld fcikehina
aailch~ 2uzrileka wa a u ~ ~ p .
torrards h i s audience and sdd, " In your opinion.
~ d 6 r kawinnn
i akhnrin. The meaning of which is, what is advisable ? " The h a d said, " The owl
Their gardens, fountains, and palaces, their
speaks the truth, but man does n o t respect 11s for
snd every blessing through rhich they lived hapl,i-
the remon that we hare any collnection rrith therr,,
ly, t-hey hare lost. Others have nom become the
or that u e have extra forbearance and manners
possessors therecf." The ,ac said to the o d . filch them consider us their faroritea. It
'' What do 3.011 sajT to the proposition the fiilcon is ollly for t,hcir o v n ndvaliltage they cherish 11s.
lias made regarding you ? " He said, " The f ~ l c o i ~
They rob us of our lxey and use it t b e ~ ~ ~ s e l r e s .
speaks the t,ruth; hut I am unable to go there. for
and night they indulge irr pleasures. They
inen are at enmity wit11 me, and think it ominous
,,eves give their attention to tl~osetilbgs vhich
to see me, and they abuse me v h o am faultless,
God has required of tliein-to pm17 and live
and have never offended them. If they see me in few of the eonscclilencss of the day of judg-
there at the time of discussion, they mill become
,,,at.'' The r o c said to tllc h s ~ f i ", Then ~bo111
lzore opposed [to us] and from their ill-felli~g
do you tbinl; it advisable to send ? " He said,
quarrellitlg will come rouud again. It is better (' In my opinion, t h e parrot should be sent. For
not to send me there." The . ~ o cfurther nslrecl tlfi-: ronsou,-the liings of mankind, ~ l dthe
the owl, " d ~ n o n gthese animals, mho is best for
noMes; and every one, s m J l and great; n-onlm and
this nndertaking 1 " He said, ':The kings alld
man: foolish and wise; haye a fondness for him.
no'J1es of man have great nfFecrimi for the h a ~ l i ,
and taU: vitb him. Whaterer he says, they at,ten-
the falcon and the chc~,+gh,*alld with great fondness
tirely listen to.'' The king s:Gd to &c pasrot, "'111
carry them 011 their haads ; if the king would seild
U your opinion, xvhat is ndvisnbie 5 " He ""4 ':' I n m
olie of these it woald he better." The kinq looked
.
L
yeaay, 1 will go there, ~ . n on
d liehalf of the s n i m n ! ~
" Cha?y;nlr,a kiud of b n ~ ~ l i , contend ~it.11 clan. Eot I trust that ~ L cI~illa?.ld
 dl his company assembled, mill give me assist an^.^
The roc said, " What do you desire ? " He said,
" I should like the king to ask God this fnvor,-that
I may overcome the enemy." The king, agreeing
with what was said, offered a prayer for God's as.
sistance, and the whole assembly said, 'Amen:
The owl said, " If your prayers are not heard: your
trouble and exertion are in vain. For if prayer be
not in conjunction with every nlldertn1.-mg,no good
result will appear." The king said, " Ry what
means are blesaiugs obtained, tell us ? " The o\vl
"id, " To obtain blessings, implicit trust and
sincerity of mind are required. Like as a
io bouble implore God's help, so s h o ~ ~ be l d give
his mind to God when he offers his usual prayers.
d n d before asking a favor you s h o ~ l dgive praise
to God, and fast; and do good to the poor and
destitute, md then petition God regarding your
grief and sorroa." They all said that was correct,
that in prayer these things were necessary, The
king said to the whole assembly, "Do YOU know
that men have eserciaed tyranny and oppression
over the animals ? These afflicted ones hare be-
come so extremely he:pless through them! that
notairhst.anding their being so fir renloved from
us, they have sought relief here. ru~dal.tliough we
possess greater power and strengLb than man, a n d
mount up to heaven, yet on cccoout of their
l ~ havl Red: and hid in tile rivers and
I > e r a e u t i ~we
And our bro:her the falcon has fled
fwm them and gone and lived in the jungles, and
IcEr off living in their neigi~bo~~rhood, and still r e
,re not exempt from their atinclis. At. this crisis
n discussion is inevitable. Altbongh . r e are so
that? if one of us wished be could seize
1~owerful
..:
of them, and annihilate them, yet tbe $9013
d do such viclcedness, or bear in mind
r h o ~ ~ lnot
their ill-treatment. We knowingly allow them t o
escape us; and leave them to God in tliis world.
because from fighting and quurelling nothing is
get at the
zained. The fruit and result they
After this he saicl, " How many are
lapt day."
the ships that by contrary winds b a ~ ebecn nearly
.that F e have led aright ; and bow m5ny
mm m t h r e t11nt have had their boats wreclced
throllg.b bad winds that have golie donn and nearly
 been drowned, and we have b l ' o u ~ ~ it th e n to the
shore ? For the Great God is satisfied and please(;
wit8h us, and in this way we r e t ~ w nthanks for His
blessings, for that I-Ie has given us a strong con-
st,itution, ancl give11 =S power 02~1strengtl~: t-jt:
irj onr assistanr,e and help in every why.''
P
CEIAPTEIi S V .
\Then the iifih messenger went and prescnred
1:imselE to the king of the inhnbirnnts of the SF.:)?
mid told 6i1n the news of the dispnte with %an,
he also collected the whole of his subjects slid
adherents. Therefore the fish, the frog, the crcso-
diie, the dolphin, the turtle, &c,, all the anilnnlp
of the sea, of various forms and shapes, i~nmecliatcly
upon the order attended. The king told t-heln
what he had learnt at the ~llouthof the rncssenpr.
After this he said to the messenger, If me11
consider themselves superior to us in st,rength and
courage, I will go directly and in n molllent con-
sume them. I rrill drav them in by the pover
uf my breath md devour -hem." The luessenger
sdd, "They do not boast of any of these things,
but consider thel~~selvcssuperior in these part.iculars,
that, they have great wisdom and knowledge, that
they are acquainted with every science ruld art,
and know many invenrions and contrivances, t.har.
~vieijornand prodence iilie theirs is not in any one."
The king stlid, ': Give us a detzilcd account of
their knomledge ancl skill that we nia,y also knolv
of .t;hcin." The messenger said, " %:hat 1 does not
the king know that by their skill they descend into
the Red Sea and take out jerels from the bot.tolxl,
and by different strat,nge~nsascend mountains a ~ d
seize the v~lltnreand the eagle, and take t!:esn
below ? Tn the same may, by means of tLe;r
knomledge they lnalre n wooden yoke and put it
on the shoulders of the bullock: and loading heavy
goods upon his back take him from east to mesi
and from west to east, and they cross all deserts
and jungles. By invention and skill they make
boats and put goods thereon, md hake them over
seas and rivers. They go over mountains and hills,
and dig out of the earth all 11;inds of jewels and

6
old, silver, iron and copper. and many orhey
things. If one man, iu any river or sea, o~ desert,
,noes to the edge and by neans of his great. &;]l
bnild talisman (of art), then if a thousand el-oco.
diles and dragons go t o v u d s that place, the)- xi11
not be able to approach it. But before the King of
the Genii it is n question about justice md equity,
co~ltentiou and argument:-power, s t r e ~ ~ g hor,
stlmatngemwill have 110 weight." Mhea the kinl
heard these words of the messoilger, he turned
towasds thoae who were s i t t i ~ ~round
g him. and
said, "In your opinion, what pian should Le
adopted ? What person will go t h e e and disp~,ute
with man ?" ?;ot one g a w an answer, except the
dolphin who lives in the salt sea, and has p-'eat
affection for manur. A h y person that is drovning
be talres out of the water and thmrrs on the shore,
He said, " Of the creatures of the vaters the fish
is fit for this work, for his body is large, his appear-
~~~c~canle1j7, his face pretty, his color clear, his
bo* proportionable, swift in motion, in swimming
"0" than perfect, in number more than all the
creatures of the vater, so very prolific that ek-,n--y
( l05 )
stream, m-ater-course, river and pond is filled [with
them]. In man's estiruation also his rank is high,
because he at one time gave shelter to their prophet
in his belly, and aftervmds conveyed him in safety
to his own place. Eves? lman believes thnt -the
whole earth x s t s on his (a ~irlr's)back." The
tir.g asked the fi&. ~ L 5 he t said to this ? He
said, I cannot in allp way go there. neither can I
eo~xtendwith man, for I have n o feet thnt I may
p0 there, neither b a r e T s~eceh that 1may conyerse
U
,iih hinl. Thirst to me is unbearable. If I remain
away from the vater a moment, my condition is
Ildpless. In my opiaio~ithe tortoise is better for
this business, for he lenves the voter and h e s 011
the land. To him living in sea or land is the
same. Besides this his body is strong and back
hard ; he is very forhearing, and can enduye pain
sld grief." The Icing asked tile tortoise, " w h a t
do you think advisable ?" We said, " This task
c m never be done by ine. Vhen I rralk my feet
become heavy, and the vey is long ; I am also one
of a few words, ~ n much
d talking cannot be done
by me. For this the doilrhin is best, for he is a
 good malkfl', mid h36 more of the power of Bas~n.
ing-" The king then aslied the doil,hin, \vhnt 1; I~oLI~ ?,, his tongue long,
ia: ~liirae his teeth nuner-
,Ll,: his body firm, he can bear a great deal; nnil
in your opinion is ~dviszbie8 " i-Ie :r
this affair the crab is most fir, ?3eenuse his fea
re, lie is 17e.erypersevering iil striving to gain his ends ;
a y m a n y . In jmlking and r ~ m l i n ghe is sFift ; he is hasty over nothing." Ti" king ciuestioned
his cla~vs p ~ naila Lard, hin back
~ h i ~ rhis the crocodile He replied, '' I am in no %ayfir ror
Strong; YOLl 111aj- SZY 6r; nears :rrmonr." ~ b , this ulldert&iag, for I nrn very pnssionnte, sl~ip-
ping, jumping; r u n n i n ~ with any thing &at
king mentioned this to the IIe How
5.

I canget, me my defects. Tn short, I m 3lt0ge-

slldl I go tht1.e ? My fornl is 1n;- bacIr L-er a &stiirber and all io~postor." The messenger
D
h~lm~eJ'~
d shape w r y eoilterupiiblc ; p e ~ l ~ Ia ~ s
heailup &is said, o go there, strength:
'"9 be 13ogLed at tlitre." l.11~ king said,
"OLI!~ yell l-
ponyer, adstratagem are 1102required, but wisdc:~,
laughed a t ? l:?hnt,debcts arc tllcre f i ~ e n ~S yE 111
,I,igity, jnst,ice, equity, ~1,jCi~~Ilce;
in you ? " The cl-ab 'ihe crocodile said; ': 111
i6 011seeing mo they ,equired there."
This animal is Lea&ess, ],is eyes eye
his necic) his lnouth in Lio chest, nolle of these qualities and acquirement S arc ; yet,
telnples al.e in my opinioll, f01- this business the frog is t!:e
Open On either side, he has eight feet, md they also
bent,for be is 3 physicia: is patient, ~ n dis &h-
are cro'Jiced, be goes headlong on his face ; be is; so
stewious. s i g h t day thinking of God he
as if m d e of lead.
me of them on seeing coonrs his rosary, and morni~lg a ~ l devening Ell-
make me n laughing stoc],-." The Ling $ages hintself ill prayer and fustiag. He also
said> " The11 Whom it ~ i beu best to send there ?"
The crab $aid, "h my opinion, the crocodile is ~ s ho~ises. 1" the eyes of the cbil-
f r e q l l ~men's
dxn of Isrze1 his noyih and esteem are gred ;
most 'or t,his task. PO, hi, feetare strong, olld
because on One oecnsion he served them thus :-
b e hye'g much. In r w L l g g is swifl, hk
ll-heu xinlrod oast A b n h m , the friend of God,
 110 >
asked his minister the dragon, ('In your oPinioii,
is theye any one of these fit to be sent the,
and dispute with man, and confront him ? For
a l s dumb, deaf, and blind,
most of theee a , ~ ~ i n ~are
They have neither hands nor feet. There are no
"igns of hair or feathers on t i ~ r i rbodies. Beaki
and talons also they have none. and they are geu-
erally- infirm and weak. I n short, the bing be-
came mueh grieved and sorro~vfiilover their cm.
ditiw, and feeling regret in his heart lie began an-
res trainedl~t o cry irith sol*ronr, and loolcing io-
x~ardsheaven he offeyed this p a y e r : " 0 Thou the
Creator and Benefactor, Thou alone takest con;-
passion on the condition of the weak. Look dovu
0fThy goodness and favor on their cimomrtauces.
Tho~iart most merciful." And tLrougL the king'r
pmjer all the anin~alswho were collected thsrc
b~ga11to converse mith great eloquence and fluency.
C___
CHAPTER XVII. "
The Sellnzotz qf the Locust.
When the locllst saw that the king *as inclin-
ed to he kind and considerate towards his subjects
troops, he staod np by the wall: and having
cleared his voice began to sing melodiously in the
of God, and to repeat this sermon with
eloquence and duency : " Praise and thanks are
due to that true Benefactor who has provided so
many blessings in this rrorid ; and of His perfect
p o ~ c having
r bcongl~tauilnels out of the depths
of non-existence into the field of life, has givcn
rbem rvtrious shapes. He existed before time and
place-earth and Len~~en.He shines forth with
unec4~~alled glory, ~111alloyedmith anythillg creat-
ed. He produced the first eascneeii in pure
briglltness vithout convection with matteT 01-
shape. Further, by the ~periiing of' one word
he brought them from bellind the veil of non-
esistencc into the x o ~ l dof bemg." After this hc
slirl, " Do not grieve over the frailty and in-
al~ilitv of this assembly, for the Creator who
d
made them and supports tl,em is ever mindful of
--
W Aic\-i-fil~,L \ S~ W~ ~e s e n c e or principle of action, vhich
God cre:rted before Ise fiid world. Ac..ording to % I I I ~ s u ~ -
lllans tllerc r e r e ten of these essences or pritleiples S U C C C S S ~ ~ ~ ~
ji~odueedent of the l n t . T l l q nr also perio~libcd,t h e first
is represented by the angel Gabriel.
 them. For when God created the animals,
made their forms and shapes of different kinds, Be
gave one strength: and anot,her weakness. Some
he gave large foi-ms, and to some he small
bodies, but in His blessings He is impartial to all.
He has bestowed means to acquire cornforte. and
weapons of defence suitable to every one. In these
advantages a11 are equal ; no one has inore than
the other. \&'hen He gave the elephant a tremen-
dous body and excessive strength, He also made
his two tusks long that through them be may be
saved from the attacks of ~ i l beasts
d and use his
trunk. If he has given the gnat n small body, he has
ou the other band given him two wings, delicate
and light, by which he flies and is saved from
his enemies. In the means by which they enjoy
their (particular) privileges, and are protected from
harm, they are all alike, sn~alland great. I n this
"ay this assembly also, that apparently haye neither
hair nor plumes, are not exceptions to the rule.
n7hen God placed them in this condition, ererg
means bp which they could enjoy their gifts, or be
caved from harm, Be gwe them. If your majesty
wait a little and loolc into their condition, yon
see &at tbose mhose bodies are small and frxil,
21-e swift and fearless in flying, that they may be
safe from all harm, and not be disturbed in the
enjoyment of their privileges. All the animals
that are large in stature, and have extraordinay
Strength, save tkemselvss from harm by means of
t,heir strength 8nd intrepidity ;like as the elephant
and lion, as also other animals vhose bodies are
large, and strength great. And some, by swift ~ U I -
ning and flightht, are saved from every harm ; for in-
stance, the deer, the hare, the wild ass, &. Some
live free from care through their ability t o fly, like
as the birds ; and Illany by diving into the rivers
save themaelvea from danger, like as the animals of
the waters. And r n q there are who hide in holes,
like 3s the mouse and the mt. And the Great God
says in the story of the ant :-
1<dlat namlafujz ya ayohan namlcldhdld arasdlrin-
aklr* lnynetemanakun~Suleima?to wa 2ca-
hum iciyas1tau.l-tin.
That is, the chief of the ant,s said unto all the
in his ovn honse:
tints, Let each one hide himself
K
 :ost Solomon nad his army trainpie yoa under foot,
for a,hey are unannre of (yooip~rsei2ee). And there in mLici-and fil~h. And God sends the food of
are severni vhose skin and hides God bns made jlBY,j one to tL& rsrp place, without t h o ~ ~ g l l t
or exertion, trouble or toil. They have the power
'Y lnenns of nhich they me safe fimn ewey inj
2
"'
61
instmce, the tortoise, the fish, of absorllti~n g-ivcn to them, by vhich they draw
2'

aq~laticanimals. And there nye lnnnp hide in moistore and support their bodies, alld
his moistllre bodies %ye srrengthencd. 0 t h
b e d s llnder their tails, ncd are safe from danger:
,,limj,s have to "rander about; to fly at the np-
3s the porcupine. d u d the nleons of obt,ajninu.
proacb danger: f o t~h e i r food, nud these are
food these animals have: are vgriaos. Solxe of3
esemlted fiaom toil and t ~ ~ u b l e Therefore
.
them that see with piercing sight, by etl-ength
wing 8)- and ?&&hthe spots hi lrhich they diseoVel' ~~d &J. not make them hands and feet, to D - O ~
fol. their d;r.:iy Food ; neirher give 'them rnou.th
i r ethe eagle. ~~~d some
food: like as the ~ ~ i l t ~rind
teeth by nhieb ta eat augthicg ) nor a llalate
seek their food by scent, like ss the ant. \JTben
God has given mute sense and means of obtain.
by rrhich to sm.llom ; no' a somacL with which
t o digest ; nor intestines or entriiils which E R -
i:2g fo3d to those anirnnlr that are extyem2elysludl
""{l feeble, Re of His liindness has lessened their digested n;arter may collect ; nor liver to purify
the blood ; nor spleen to absorb ill-humours ;
i'bgr~ ancl t~onble. For justallce, onimnh killc~lllneys,nor b],lrddrrs to h131 the urine ; tlor
:'"depgo trouble of Beeinrt. rud
l biding them. bloocl o~ayROW ; nor nerves
~ ~ l i ' e;p those are exempt froina this labor. in vlJicb
thmugh v"h& the senses in the brain are .kept in
"LY br0~1,~ht forth in such. places and llidden
that no one is amare [of them]. Some are order. Of chronic diaenses they never get one.
broilgLt forth in grassl some They r ~ l i t110 medicine. 1" short, the)y
exempt from the calamities that l f l"1'~
J in the bellies of animnIs; and hidden
~ " ~ ~
in found
m;llly ere nmin.
ihollg ;nlimdh are subject to. Pi""$ tllkt
 who of His omnipotence has provided them
a11 they want, and has kept them free from every
grief and torment. To Him be praise and thanks
who has given such blessings." ?Vhw the locust
had finished his sermon, Saln?z add, Jiny ~~d
bless thy eloquence and fluency, thou art er.
cessive?v eloquent mcl floent, nod extremely learn.
ed and wise,'' and added, "Aw you able to go
there 60 dispute with man: " He said, ,m
every may at your service: At the order of the
king, I will go there and mix with my brethren,!'
The snake said to him, Do not sap there thst yoli
"re come sent by dragons and snakes." The locust
a,sked why He said, " For this reason betwen
snakes and men excessive enmity and opposiiioll
I1"e been for ages, SO much so that certain men
have blamed God for creating them. Saying,
..
,,
They are of no use, but altogether hurtfr~i md
injurious." The locust said, why do they say
so?" He replied, '' Because there ia poison jn
their mouths- Excepting the r u i ~ land death of
m u ,no benefit is [derived] from them. But it is
throu% their ignorance and stupidity thqv hlk
the. rudely. They know nothing of the nature
and use of anything. For this reason God has
,,bieCted them to afiictioo. y e t they all Csnskesl
,,, of use to them, so much so that kings and
nol>iea the poison of these animels in their
rings, to when required. If they a 3 tbink e
,bile understand the condition aud U ~ ofS
these animals, and perceive the u s e of this ppoision
is in their mouths, the37 will not say, ' J T ~ ~ J -
did God creat,e these? tbey are of 1'10use,' M C ~
sill not impertincnti~blan~eGod. Although God
has t k i r l'oison for the purpose of kiKiug
animslr,yet Be has made their fiesh XI antidote
for the The locust said, " O DOC~OP l
describe me other advantage." The snake said.
%Then God created those animnls you mentionecl
ill your sernlon,
t o every clcss of aninlals
md means by which they gniu comforts and
are from annoyance, to some He gave poner-
fill stomachs (or co?vlitutio?v)tbat after mastication
their food may be digested and strengthen the
body. For the snake there is no stomach, that it
may digest, nor teeth with vhose strength to mns-
 ticate, but instead of these in Lis liio~ltha ~t~,,, ~~d throws them into tl-eshca1amit.i~~AlthougL
poison is pmdoccd, by ~ L i c hhe eats and digerr; . , His rr-isdm the Lnd resuite and mischief that
;
XTlien the snake t,akes the flesh of ally animal inh, lilny aceroe fro111 i ~ l ~ y ~ i larei l ~ open
g and C ~ C S t o
his 1nour.h and puts thereon stro~rgpoi8oLi; j i jn,. Him, not to c r e n t e anything in which the
mediately dissolves. and E T T B ~ ~ O Wit. S Then if *he alefirer p u t of t,Jlerrol-ld mny tilld ber:~fit or ad~3.11-
D
k e a t God had not created this polmii iTl his looolb rfi,ge,thOoghR few m27 be i n c o n ~ ~ ~ e n thereby:
ced
lionr wnauld be be Ale to ear f i ~ ~ y t b i n ? o Hisfo,,i is R~~ belo\r the Creator. Tbc f;icts are these :
r;culd never be pi-oenrtble ; he r c a'7i d God created all the stnre, out of then1 HC
bi~npr. n ~ i l d i e~vouldh: scrn ill the s ~ ~i ~i ~4 d , ~ blade the sun the light of the rrod2, slid made
Ilie 10ccst said, '' Describe to us ~rllftnGvmtcges
r.7

MS heat the supporr. of the esistnlce of %S cse-

man gets from them, N ~ C I 011 L?)? ~ n ~ i q-liet !l belle- nturea. To the vhole world the suil is like thii
Bis h::ve come froin their exisrelice ? '' ~1~sct;cjj henrt the body. as in the heart nstturnl
'' In the same may 3s benefits arise hill t ] 2 eex- lieat is l-l*oduced and spread t h ~ * o u g ? lthe ~ ~ ~bodg
t
istence of other ailimals, so from t]jpln also solne is the cause of life, in h e same r i r & j ~fro1ri he
good is gained." The iocrirt szid7 cij)egCyit,e b a t of the sun ereatic,~~ is benefited If therefore
this c k a r l ~ . ' ' He said? :; IThen the AllllightJF no y oue should bp any means ercr irclsr miy hwin
created the W ~ ! S \ r ~ l d and , nn:lilgcd eme,ything or igjuyy from this beat, i~ would not be correct
~ ~ ~ ~ p dtoi l l y $'ill: of the ofiimn]a He created for tile C,reat~i.t o stop it on their account ;ind
"me for the Llse of others: lnnking thein rIieir depriye tile nol:lC\ of this nniversd blessing and
~ l ' o P e r t ~ .dcccrdiu~gt o thir wisdolll, that ahst coamon ndoantzp T h i is ~ the case with Saturn,
He thought best for the wor.Id 13e did. Rl,t $Iasr, m all
iJ the stars. By them the vol'lrld gains
sO1netines from certain causes this ]jeeolnesecfi. g 3i cert'ain u i l l ~ r o ~ ~111t i o u
llealtb and p ~ O s y e ~ :i iyet
ft'sion and hurt t o s3rne. It is nor that the Great h a t or cold mnug sll$er.
times from
 ( 10. j (
the same God sends forth clonas in
direction for the good of K-1s creatures. yet
at times the animals are inconlTenienced
them ; or from excessive floods the houses
the Poor are destroyed, This is the case
''l of Prey, grazers, snakes, ~ c o ~fish.
eroendiJes insectp. Of them some
and stench, that the air may be
its and t h t from the rieillg of bad
mpODysthe air may uot Be offensive; l,lague
come upon the earth, and all the aJlimals sud-
perish. Therefore 311 these aorrus and
are generally produced jn butchersv and
houses, and live in 61th- jt\-hen all
these are produced from this inlpuritp, they make
the eshalations of the filth their food, and the
air
Pme, and people are saved from dis-
ease. And these small worms .re also food for
the larger
for they are their food. .l f&,
Great has made nothing uaeleJs.
is not aware OFthis utility criticises the almighty ;
and
these were made, [saying, J C L they
are
no use." Although they are dsoignorant
121 )
and stupid, they uncalled-for objection to
works ; they are no way acquainted with His
skill pow,ar. I have heard that certain ignorant
Iprsons of opinion that the goodness Of
beyond the region of the
doM not
~ i ~ ~ IT~ , and think of the condition ofel''
wholeof nature, they mill v n d e r s t ~ n .that ~ His
mercy estend to every one srnail
goodlless
pOr the Jolldancc of His grace l'
tion ia e a c e s s i r ~ ~
blessed.
~ Every one according
to hi3 desert receives of Ifis bounty.
~ 1 ~ ~ I " J " lXT7III.
t
Thi,5 chaptel. a descyi~tio?iof the gatheriflg togethe'.
the ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~of ~the~ Aniinals.
n t ~ t ? k e
the morning when all the representatives
the animllsfrom exrerp country had Come and
leoted together, and T ~ C ! Icing of the Genii had
himself in the P L I ~Court ~ C for the PurPoSe
rho of deciding the& dispute, the macembearer as he
ordered shouted and saidaid, " Au ye com~lainnnts
of justice who are 0 ~ ~ r e 9 s e d'Ome
y
formaTd and present yourse~ve~.The Iiing
seated in order t o decide disputes, end the judgei
and l a w ~ e r s are present.'' Hen~i:ip this the
sniillals and men tLnt had come from ever). rjnArtcr
nud coilected together, si-~:ingeed tilell~selvesmd
stood hfore the Icing, aud having piid their l*espeefr
begm to Mess [Llm]. The King tool; nolice d all
monnd; 2nd s n r t h t rnrious killda of c;za,tilr(<rb d
presented themselrea in great nmnbors. Be irss
fov a l ~ ~ o m e astonished
ut and remained motionless.
After this be turlletl towards a pl;iiosopl!cr of the
Genii ~ i l dsnid, " Do you see these n~oilderfiila d
excellcat, creatoms ? " He replied, :' 0 hiiig: I am
looking a t theem enmestly," and observing them.
Toor majesty is arnazed looking at ~lrela. I a111
nstonisiled at the sliill iind power of the s i r e
Authoi mho 111ade t11.m and gave them different
kinds of shapes, who nlnnpn supports the111 mid
gives then). hod, who protects them from every
harm. Further, they ore [ever] within [the panel.
of] his ornnisehnce. For when the Great C40d
became Bidden from the view of man b r the curtitlll
of brightness: here fa]ncy and t.hougl-~t
could nesrcr
-- - up
,h tile eyes of my heart.'
wlcb, Be nlxnifested EIir skill [h His vwksj
Q a i every sensible man may perceive it. And
~vhatsoeverwas in His hiddeo treasury He made
in the vorld of mture, that men of obser-
.atiofi may see, 2nd adiiioriledge His skill! supl.e-
,nzc;7: power and matchlcssncsa, ancl not be in nant
l~mofsand 21-glunent. And these f o r ~ n i?bat
G ; > ~ N . iil the visible vorld r.re copies and sbxies
of forills that arc fcn;ld i : ~the spiritunl vorld.
Those foplllstllnt 2i.e ill that ricrld are 1~1:llinonk
' And subtle, and these aye ; i ~ l i l ! ~ m h a t Z~ Xd I ~d211se.
Like 2s in i>ictures oT?crylimb ia in prcportion TCJ
;,he anilnnls which they 2 . 7 ~pictures, i u the snr:?.?
rg tkese forms clso cre h prol>ort.ion t o t hl> f o
Ernlns that found in t l ~ espiritual I T O ; . ~ ~ . ~ n t
tk-oje forms given vitality io others while these re-
ceive vitality fpom tl;s::~. 411d those who cre b ; i c ~
[ m mj nl.2 .o-it,houtbelizg, or motious, or speech.
They are perc&yed by us. Those i > . t c ~ + i ~
t]l3t in t:le world of eternity live for ever, 224
these 8 ~ 2lllortnl and i~a~isha.ble.7'Aftcr -t5is . 1-C
.
repente;i this address : '' 12r:fise 13
h e t,o that adcreil oile xho of Bit; -13OJVE1' 226 pci'-
fection b ~ o q h tforth all creaiilres. And 011 the
fttce of the e a ~ t hot-ested a11 the various binds of
and having provided every thing mhi&
is created far beyond the understanding of a~lp
created beiqg, placed the ssme within the view of
"
c.i-eiayrational creature t o s l i o ~ rcrc;r!
i 1
t,,'::i., G~i~E.,ti;~g~
~f His-glorious haadivorli. F-ie has bounded tile
e u t h i11 six directions, a:~dfor the eol~renienceof
Hie creatu~eshas created time and place. He h : ~
made many storeys of the lieavenn and ~ppointed
the angels in every place. He has given the animals
different kiuds of shapes and forms. From His
treasury of benevolence He hns given every kind
of comfort. Upon those who pray and lilmeni, of'
His infinite goodness He has bestowed places
round about Himself. Ancl those who use their
OWE imperfect abilities in judging of His mysteries
He has placed in a plain of ddnrkuess, perplexity and
uzlcertdi~ty, He made the Genii before the time
of Adam out of the burning fire and gave them
wonderful forms and very subtle bodies. And
having brought forth the rrhole of the creatures
frm His hidden treasury, gwe them different na-
tures and made them different in rank. To Bone
He has given a, resting place in the first Heaven,
others H e has cast into the bottomless pit of the
lokest Hell. Many He has placed between these
two positions. Bud He has set every one in this
world by ths light of H is prophets on the highway
of salvation. Praise and thanks be to Him, who
has exalted us by means of the true faith and wor-
ship, and made rulers on earth, ar,d haa give3 our
kings a share of the blessings, TPisdom m d for-
bearance." When the philosopher had finished this
sermon, the King looked towards the multitude of
men. Those seventy men of different forms mea4r-.
ing different kinds of a,pparel mere standing there.
One person from amongst them, good looking, up-
right, well pyoportioned in every part of his body,
was noticed. The King aslied the minister, " %There
does t.hstt person live ? " He said, "He is an inhs-
bitant of Persia. I-Ie lives in the .region of Irak."
The Icing said, " Speak to him that he may say
something." The minister beckoned to him, and
he made obeisance and began to repeat a sermon,
of which this is an extract: :' Thanks be to that

&;-oil-rho fos our dmellillg place has given those
cities and villages whose climate is the best in the
whole world, and has given up superiority over
m o s t creatares. Praise and hoi~orbe u n t o E-Iim
r h o has bestowed upon 11s a11 these gifts-wisdom,
pr~rdicace, reason, knowledge: perceptioiz, and by
whose assiatxnce v e have made excellei~tinven-
tions, nild [learnt] ~ o n d e r f ~ sciences.
:l It is Hc
rrho has given us authority ailcl the g i f ~of prophecy.
From our race %onhi Knoch, ,%brallamy Xoses:
Jesns, 3Iahoined, the chosen one, 03 rvhom b p
blessings and peace-,211 these prophets have de-
.scended. From our tribe many noble l;il?gs have
descended :Fa,raidoon: Dmius, Brtaxel-ses,EL&rarn,
Kourshirman, and many sultans of the race of the
Snssanides, who me11 nlannged ihe government, the
provinces, the army and 1,he subjects.
lTTe are the esseuce of mankind, a s man is su-
perior to animals. In fact,, we are the crenln of t l ~ c
whole w0~1.d." To Him be t h a n l i ~-rho Lns gir7u1
u s the most perfect Isleesinge, 2nd given ns s ~ q ~ e r i -
ority over all nature." When the man had finish-
ed this sernion, the King said to all the philoso-
( 127 )
pbers ofthe Genii : '' TOthis man who has detail-
ed his privileges and boasted of t<hem,nhat reply
can yonmnlre ? " They all said, '' FIe speaks the
irnt,h." Rnt Azimst allowed no one to p ~ ir. t s
wcrd before his, ancl t,arni~igto;va.rrIs thc man he
desirccl to reply to the ~rholeof his speech, ancl
describe the vices and bad cond:lct of man. Ad-
dressing tlie philosophers Ile said, " 0 philosophers,
t.he rnaa in his speech omitted 11ia11:v' f::ct,s, and did
not 111cntion many great kings." The king said,
Describe you them." He procecdcd : '! The Per-
sitin in his address did not say that on the'Ir a c c o u ~ t
the fiood came upon t,Lc earth, that all thc enimnis
that, mere on the earth mere all c1rorl:cd: that in '
his tribe mnn has done much xvrnilg, that their
reason hnd deteriorated, all their wise lnen mere
-7.
in error, t h a t among them 1113%simrod, the tyrant
was born, who threw Abrt~ham,t-he friend of God,
into the fire, that in their 1-2ce spl~.earedNebnchacla
nezzay who destroyed the Temple, burnt the Old
Teat.nment, and killed Solomon, the son of David,
md all the children of Israel, and clrove out the
mce of Sdam from the l ~ l l l iof~ the Euphrates
 into the wilds and mountains ; he nas a great
tyrant, and one who continually deIighted in blood.!'
The King said, "How could the man relate these
things ; no benefits would accrue to him from men-
tioning them. Further, this is all to his disparage-
ment." Azima replied, " It is far from justice and
equity to describe adl ad~antagesat t.he time of dis-
pute, and to hide a11 faults, not repenting of or apolo
gizing for them." After this the Kingloolred towards
the crowd of men, and he saw one of them, olive
colored, slightly made, with n Iong beard, his holy
thread round his body, and bound with a red a&dIe,
and he asked the minister, ?That person is that ?l'
He said, "This is a Hindoo of the island of Ceylon.'!
The King said, " Speak to him, that he also may re-
late something about himself." Accordingly he
also, in compliance with the King's order said,
" Thanks be to Him who has given us an extensive
and good country. Day and night there are equal.
There is never excessive cold or heat. The climate
is temperate, the trees flourishing, the green grass-
es of that place are all medicines, the jewel mines
w e innumerablej tthe herbs are eatable, the reeds
fire sngarcane, the stones of that place are r ~ ~ b j ~
and emeralds, the animals fat and plump ; for in-
stance, the elephant, who is the largest of animals,
having an enormous body. The creation of niaa-
kind also took place these, as also of the whole of
the animals, for every thing originated on the other
side of the equiiloctial line. From our cities many
prophets and wise men have sprung. The Great
God has endued us with many wonderful and ex-
cellent gifts. Astrology, magic, divination-a11
these sciences has He given us. He has made the
people of our country most proficient in every art
and accomplishment." Azirnat said, " If you had
. given dmiseion to this also in your speech, that
you burn bodies, worship idols, and in adultery
bring forth n numelons race, thzt y011 are r~~inecl
and disgraced, i t would have been in accordance
with justice." After this the lG11g saw a man; tsll
of stature, covered with a yellow shawl, lookhg
at a written paper in his hand, swaying baek-
w a d s and forwards, arid moving about ; and he
asked the ministel. xhat person t h a t was. IIe
add, " This person is a Hcbrem of the tribe of
1
 the cLiidren of Irmcl, a dseller in Syria." B,
(irclered him to tell him to speak. The mhisieP
ljcckol~dto him. He according t o the order
pented a l o ~ l gnddress, of rrbiefi this is the sub-
::':XI"
., Thanks be to the Creator who orer t,Le
:---'.
" I:& race of';ldarn to the children of Israel gave
+:[pcriority, and fi-om among whose race gave MO~eb,
wllo tallied with God, the rank of prophet. Prise
nlld gratitude be to Him who made us subject to
E I ? " ~ a pl>opbetand gave such a variety of blessings
11:) [:S.** Azimat said, M;hy do you not say that
God his w ~ a t hchanged you and made you into
and monkeys, and on account of idolatrg dis-
graced and ruined you." Bfter this the Ring %ail1
loolted towards the assembly of men, and noticed
8 1 ~ 3 .wearing
n woollell clothes : round his loins was
bound a lenthern strap, in his hand was a censer
full of b u n t incense which he was aaring. Wit11
8 lollcl voice he a s s repeating something in a
dironting tone. He asked the minister what persol1
that aas. IIe said, 'L He is a Syrian, a follower of
Christ." He ordered him to tdl him to speak.
The sylian, in compliance with the order, repeated
an address of which this is the substance : '' T b n ~ k s
be to that Crestor who brought forth the 91essiah
illcar.maa from the rrolub of hlary and gave Him
prophet's miraculous power, and through Eh
prified the children of Israel from sin, and made
us His dqendents and children. Pron~our race
He hna brought forth many wise and pio~xsmen.
He has put into our heart,s compassion, kindness,
and a desire to worship Him. Thanks be to 13im
has given us such blessings. Besides these
ae have many more privileges which I have not
nlentioned." Azimat said, ': Tme ; have you for-
wtten that you have not fulfilled your dtities
a
towards Him as you o ~ ~ g ;h you
t have become ill-
fidels, you have adored t h e crucifix, and having
sawificed swine, have eaten of their flesh, deceived
and mronged God." -4fteter this the King s s r~
man who was slight, olive colored, wea~inga' nar-
row slip of cloth, covered wirb s sheet, standilig
there: and asked who he Was. The minister said,
He is of I<oreish, a resident of %fecca."
King- said, Tell him t o state his case also."
Accordingly he commenced: ' l Trdse be to the
 ~ilmightywho sem the prophet m ~ dapostle Nabo.
x e d the chosen one, on whom be blessLiga and
peace, for us, md entered us into [the list of] his
hilowers, and com~uandedLIS to rea.d the I(oran;i,
observe the five times ofsprayer, the dsvs ~ f f ~ ~ t , i ~ m
i 11 Ramazau, making piigdmacges aid crivino Z)
prilrilcges and blessillgs He b b
given
instance, the night of Iiad).;' pra57er asselnblier us, for
pld
lcnomledge of the faith. Also He has prolnised us
elltl.ac@into heaven. Thanks he to Him who ha?
b e s t o ~ @ asuch favors upon us. Illany moye ad-
vantages we, the detailillg of which would
be long. and tedious." d z i ~ n a tremarked, (:Sq
also that you renounced the faith after [ Q e
of] the prophet, and disngreed, and for worldly
~ ' j j e c t s Pllt to death the patriarch." The King
looked tomards the assembly of men, and
he saw a mall of f2ir colnplelion wirh an
and astl~ouomical apparatus in his ban d.
He asked who it was. The minister said, This
'nan is of Rome; a dweller in 'he p r o ~ c e
* P r ~ ~ i t inight,%
zever refuses a request.
-
~ u ~ i n tho month of EarnaZan
when God
{iTeece." The King said, " Tell him t o descC!c
1Ga case also." Therefore in compliance with the
,,q~est he also began:-(' Praise is due t o FIim
who has give11 us superiority over most creatures.
our country various kinds of fruits and zood
things are produced. Of His favor and gooclnes.
ITe has revealed to us the ohtnlse sciences and
bemtiful arts, made 11s to understand the use of
e p e y thing, to make obsesrations a.nd learn the
p8rticulars of the heavens. A S ~ . I - O ~ O ~3Iathe-
IP,
rnatics, Astrology, Geomaney , &feclicine, Lo$c,
PLJosophy; r n d besides these many other sciences,
to "S." Arimat said; '' YOUare
has He
vain boasting of these sciences, for But~ 0in1 ;
.,ver them of your onill ability.
the t,imeof ptolemy you learned them from the
Israel, and certain arts in the days of
psmmeticbus you took from the wise men of
Egypt. Afterwards you introduced them into your
ovn country, and now you take the credit to your.
relL.es."The King asked the Grecian philosopher,
:L t\.hst does he say? " He said, " It is trite, we
many sciences from the ancient sages, ia
t';le same may as at, present other people learn fro111
S . This is the way of the world ; one derives
benefits from another: the wise men of Persia took
the sciences of astrology and astronomy from the
s a p s of India. In this way magic and the talis-
manic art went to the children of Israel throzgll
Solomon, the son of David." dfter this a man
appeared from tlie last row, stout in body, with a
largish bead, looking towards heaven with great
confidence. The Icing asked who that was. The
., said, '' This man is of Rhorasan." He
~r~inister
said, -.Tell him also to relate his own circum-
stances." And he in complirsce n i t h the order
v e n t on : " Thanks be to God who has given us
-rarioas blessings and privileges. In the number
of population he Has made our country to exceed
ail countries ; and by the mouths of His prophets
4as inserted our praise in the UTord of God. Pany
texts of the Koran prove our superiority and rank.
In short, thanks be Xis, who has given us stronger
fsith than the rest of mankind. For some of us
read the Old and New Testaments, though they do
not understand its meaiog, but of the prophecy o f
>$o~es and Jesils they aclcnowledge the tmi?l,
Sollle read the Koran ; and although they know
not its meaning, yet they acknorrledge in their
hearts the religion of the last prophet [ H a l o m e d ]
We through grief for Ilnnm Hoosain wear moor::-
ing appasel, and have revenged his blood on his
murderers. Ke hope that of his grace, the ! s i t
Jmam will first appear in our country." The King
looked towards the sages and said, '' To this man
who has described his pretensions and p o s i t i o ~ ~
what mply do you malre? '' L!* philosopher said,
': If they were not adulterers, fornicators, and cruel,
and worshipped not the sun and moon, then cer-
tainly these things would be worth boasting of."
Wheu every man had finished relating his pod-
tion and superiority7 the macebearer shouted and
said, '' Gentlemen, it is nonr evening, depart and
be present again in the mol~ing."
CHAYTEM XIX.
Description of the Lion.
On the third day, vhen dl the animals and
men in the presence of the King w r e stand-
 ( 136 j
; i n a runr_ the King t ~ r n e dtowards :Lem
and looked [at tben1.j The jackal was aec:l in
the front. He asked, " Who art thou ? " He repli-
ed, 1 am the representative of the beasts." The
King said, " Who sent thee ? " Be said,
Haris, the king of the beast6 of prey, sent
B e enquired in what colintry he lived, end who
rvel-e his subjects. Tlre other said, He lives in
the forests and wilds, and ail the mild anjmnls
2nd br~ltesare his sobjects." He asked irho rrere
his officers. Re replied, '' The chetah, the bog-
deer, the st,ag. the hr~re,the fox, the wolf-all are
]:is friends and ofieera." The King said, " Describe
h i s appearance and chzrac h i s ties." The jackal
said; " In size he is greater than all anima!~, il:
strength beyond them, most terrible, and mosi
dignified, his chest broad, his loins slight, hi8 bead
Inrge. MS limbs strong, his teeth and claws hcrd,
his voice lond, his appearance terrible, no man or
aniniimal is able to approach him through fear ; he is
correct in everything, and is not dependent upoil my
fiend or assistant in anything. He is so generous
that when be has taken his prey he divides it with
?Le other animals, aid Le himself eats j u d what is
neoessar?. When from e distance be sees a light.
he goes nesr md stands, and then MS anger iri
tppeased. He does not molest any womnu or
child. IIe has n great desire and fondness for
i . He fears no one but the ant, for he can
o\-ercome him ancl his sce. as the n~orquitoover-..
corns the elephant and ox, and the gy, inan.
The I<ing sJd, :-1Io-i~dues he treat his subjects i'"
IIe replied, ': treats them vith nlac'u hindneaj
aild regard, ~t +some ti~:!a L xi11 give n detniied
apcoant of the same."
C8BAPTER XX.
Aa account of the Seipe?~tand D~sagon.
Afteter this as the King v a s looking right and
left; suddenly a noise reached his ear. He saw that
rbe locust was shaking both its wings and in a very
t o v mice singing a. song. EIe asked, " V%o art
thou ?" He said, " I am the representative of 211
the norms, their king has sent me." He esked;
': Who is he, and nLere dues he lire ? " He repkd,
 Aia name is Salan, on high hills and nlounrains
he lives, near the region of iniense cold, where clouds
and rain and vegetation are not. Animals die there
from the intense cold." The King asked who a ere
his arluy and subjects. He said. 'L -411 snakes, rcor-
pions, &c. are his soldiers and subjects, and they lire
in every place on the face of the earth.'' He asked,
'(7Vhy has he separated himself from his army md
gone to live at such a height ? " He said, " Becnuse
in his mouth is a poison, and from its heat the whole
of his body bums, thus in the regions of cold he
lives comfortably." The King said, " Give an rc-
count of his appearance nzld qua1ificstio:ls." He
said, " His shape and qualities are like those of the
sea dragon." He snid, " ITho 1;noros the nature of
the sea dragon and can describe the same ? .' The
locust snid, " The representative of the inhabitants
of the waters-the frog-, is present in front of your
~najeaty,ask him." The King looked towards him.
be was on the bsnlis of a river standine on a hillock
.- -
engaged in repeating his rosary. The King aaslceil
U
who Le was. He said, ' I am the representdre of
the king of the ceeatixres of the sea." He said.
Describe his name and residence." He said, " His
is Tanin, he lines in the salt sea ; all the in-
h y t s n t s of the waters, the ti~rtle,the fish, the frog,
the crocodile are his subjects." The King said, " Des-
cribe his form and shape." IIe add, " In size hc
is greater than all the inhabitants of the m a t e ~ ahis;
form is wonderful, his appearance is terrible, his
lengthgreat ; all the creatures of the sea a r e nfrnid
of b, in his head am his bright. eyes, his face is
large, he has Inany t.eeth. Of the inhabitants of
the sea he devours ns man' as he cm, beyond all
calculation. When he beco~nes gorged through
excessive eating, he then bends himself like a bon-,.
and, by the strength of his head and tail, erects him-.
and thmwing the middle of his body out of tka
vatey raises it in the air, and by the heat oftthe suil
the food in his stomach is digested. Often times
in this &ate he becomes seosaless. At that time the
clouda which rise from the ocean, take him up a d
cast him on the land, then L dies and becomes the
foodof the beasts of p e y . And sometimes he rises
the clouds, and goes into the regioll o f God
and Yagq, and for some days he is food for ibn.
Tl1 sl:ort: all the creatures of the sea are a,fraid
2:;d flee frolu him. He fears no oae, but a small
clyature like a rt~osquitoof which h e is very much
R&aid. For when this animd bites him, the effect
c-,f t11e poison penetrates the mLc!e of his body, 2nd
i n the end be dies. Then all the inhabitants of the
seas collect together and for a long time feast on his
iiedl. Like as he devours ather snlall animals, they
f ~ the
t same way collect and erit him. This is the
cxse with beasts and birds of prep. The spn.l.rows?
&C., feed on gnats and ants: alld tlze sparrom, h a n ] ~
falcon hunt them 3 q a i a the hawk. enpIe 2nd
mlture chase the SPIL~'WFFhank, and falco:~de\-anp
t.hem. At last when tbey di2 all the volms and
sn~stllanimnlg eat them. This is the case vith man-.
kind,-they ail eat the flesh of the deer, hog-deer,
goat; sheep birds, and when they die very small
-ii-orms dei7ou-r their bodies. This is the case witIL
the mhole of the ~~orl'ld, sometimes large animals
eat small ones, and sometimes small ones put their
teet-h into large animals. Therefore philosophers
have said, " From the death of oiie comes the befie.
5.t of,another." - .
pot the Great God has said TiZa2 c i ~ a m ofi.&dh
ailohn barnandse zculegdalnzulE6 hzZI lnzinn ci,nay2c
2MYILttd~~o n~lnkunzshohdddd raalaho Zrcytolribbiiz
;that is, God regulai-ly circulates fortuni:
z,j!e71z"n
amidst mankind, that He may know those people
whotrust in Him, and take ~vitnessesfrom amongst:
, God is c o t friend with a tyrant." -4ftec
this he said, "I have heard that :l11 men are of opini-
on that they are mneters a ~ i dall animals their slaves.
I have described the co~~dition of a11 the anitnds,
and mhy do they not perceive -therefrom that a!;
aninds are equal-di s tlinction tbere is none. Some-
times they devour [others] and sometimes they
beconle the food of others. I cannot understaxk!
in what instance inan thinks himself superior to
the animals. For the fate that is ours is his dso.
For after death oidy are the good and evil to be
distinguished. All will be 11Gxedin the dust, .md
turn towards God in the end." After this he said
to the king, That Inan should make this aesertiox
that be is master and all animals his slaves--t-he
~vesumptionand aspersion is very astonishing. He
is very stupid t o say such an nnreaaonable thing.
 1 am why he should imagine that all
beasts of prey, cattle, hmting animals, serpents,
cl_.ocodiles, snalces mzd scorpions are his slaves.
They do not consider that if the mild beast froln
tire forest, the beast of prey from the hills, and the
crocodiles from the waters were to come forth and
attack them, not s man mould be left ; t'hat they
could go into their country and annihilate t,hem,
and a single man mould not be saved alive. C.nu
they not see the ad~antngeand be thankful that
God has kept a11 these animals at a distance from
their dwellings. No, they persecute tllose help-
less animals that are in subjection to then1 day and
night, and for this reason they have become inflated
and ~ i t h o u tproof or argument have made such
an unreasonable complaint." After this the King
saw before him a parrot sitting on the branch of a
tree, who was listening to every word ; he asked,
" Who art thou ? " He said, ''I am the represen-
tative of the birds of prey, the Roc their king bas
sent me." The King said, "Where does he live ? "
He replied, '' In the islands of the salt sea, on high
mountains he lives. No one can enter there: neither
,, ;wy h i p go so far." He said, " Give partic~ilars
1 of &at island." He replied, " The land there is
I ,.,,y good, the climate temperate, the fountains
pleleaaing,the various kinds of trees h i t f u l , different
kill& of ai~irnrtlsn u m e r o ~ s . ~The King snid, L'Des-
tribe the appearance and form of the Eioc." I-Te said.
Re is in size larger than all birds, strong in flight.
his tdons and bill are strong, llis n - i ~ ~ g s very
broad and thick. When he gircs nlotion to them
in the wind, they are like the sails of' :I ship. His
tail is long, and when he flies t l ~ ehills tremble a t
his strength as he moves. Ile takes uy~the elephant,
rhinoceros, &C., and other lnrse.. animals from the
earth." The King snid, " Describe his qualifications."
Re said, ': His abilities are very many, I mill detail
them some otlzer time." After this the King looked
tovrards the assembly of men. Those seventy men,
of different forms wearing various kinLsJ of clothes
vere standing [there]. I-le said to them, " Think
and reflect on an answer to what the animals have
advanced." Again he asked, " Who is your king ? "
They replied, " \Ire have many kings, and every
one in his own country has his own army and sub-
 iects, and there lives." The King asked, " What
Is the reason of this, that among animals, dthough
: they are so numerous there is one king, and mith
you you are few there are many kings."
From amongst the assembly of men the h k i gave
answer, Men have many wants, their conditions
,zre various, therefore they require many kings.
This is not the way or castom with the animals:
among them bc is king that is greatest in size.
l7rrith man it is &ell the coat.ra~y,for often with
hei in the 1ri.n.gis thin, slight: and weak. For kings
zre oilly required t o be j ~ s ti~npartid,
, and protectors
of the subjects, to have mercy and compassi.on on
every one's condition. Among men the servants
of the Iring are of all Iiinds, some soldiers rrho
mrry a m s , who keep those who are Icing's enemies
at a distance. By them thieves, swindlers, honse-
breakers, and pick-pockets are prerented raising
strife or disturbance in the city. Some are im-
nisters, secretaries and clerks, by whom the kingdom
is managed, and tribute collected for an army. Sonle
there are who by a g r i c u l t ~ ~ar;d
~ ehusbandry produce
corn. Some are judges and lawyers, mho among
men enforce the commc~ndsof the iav. For religion
and the laws are necessary t,o kings, that the subject
luight not err. 3fany ape lxerchants and men
basiness, who carry on buying and selling in every
country. 3 n d certain ones are only for service
like as slaves and attendants. In this way there
2ye many more classes thst are very necessary
1.0 kings, vithout whom their affairs would be
at. a stand-still. Therefore me11 require rulers,
th2-t in every city t.hey may remain engaged
in the government and management of his own
race, that in no way may disorder be admitted.
And it is not possible for one 1;iag to govern the
mliole of mankind. For in the whole worlds are
:nnny countries. In every country thousaiids of
cities are built in vhich rnillioils of people live.
Every one's language is di%creut 2nd religion dis-
tinct. It is not possible for one man to manage
* Hnft Akliln ; the serc,n climes, or t h e seyen divisicns
i!,to w11icJ the vcrld ia divitlad accordiug to eastern Geogrnphy.
YLeg nlnp be defirred as 7 zones of about 1 2 degrees each from
the Equator to t h e Xorth Pole, hut eastern ideas of Geography
are so iinlited the moat absurd coi~fusionoccnrs a t limes sit11
regard to the position cf pinccs.-
 Therefore the Great God has for
all
:hem appointed many kings. And all these kings
or! the earth are called God's lieutenants for God
has made them r~xlersof the count,rg, t'he governor
of His slaves~that they may employ themselves
in colonizing countries and dr11y protect His
ject,s, have compassion a.nd mercy in every one's
condition, and enforce just laws amoilg the people ;
that they nlny restrain the creatures from those
things God has forbidden. In truth, 13e is the
Protector of a11 : He creates all and gives theill
sxpport.
CHAPTER S S I .
A descriptio~aqf the Chief of r l ~ d R i e s .
X'lzen man obtained relief from his speech, t.he
King inclined towa.rds the animals. S ~ t d d e n la~
l o v sound met. his ear, 2nd he saw t h e chief 01the
f ies E.~.szr6 flying in front, and siilging the praises of
God na he counts his rosary and repeats His name.
Ke nslced, " Who art t h o ~ l ?" He said, I am
the king of the insects." He enqnired, 'l T h y
hast t,hou come thyself ? As other slnimsls haw
sent their messengers and representatives, why
didst thou not send some one of thy subjects er
soldiers ? " He said, " I took compassion upon
their condition, that trouble might n o t be given t o
of them." The King said, This cluality is
in no other animal, how is it that it is in tbce?"
He said, ': The Great God of His kindliess and
mercy has bestowed [upon us] this quality. *411d
reore than this, He has given ns many privileges
and comforts.'' The King said, Describe thy pri-
vileges that 1 may also kl:om them." IIe replied,
-. The Great God has given nle and 1ny fathers an4
grand-fatathers many a blessing. f1e has innde no
uuimal a, participator in these. For instance.
has given us the privileges of roydty a ~ prophecy.
d
hid from our forefzihcr's ge~~erutioa after genes,?-
tion this iiiheritx~lce has descendecl. Thcse t ~ o
lririleges He has not given to any other creature
Besides these. the Great God has tnugllt us thc
science of BCnthemntics aild many arts, for ire make
our dmelli~~gs in a very excellent btyle. The f r ~ ~ i t b
sud flowers of the hole world arc concecird to U>.
m(i r e eat them unmolested. From oilr e a l i ~::
lcney is produced by which all men are Le&&
Ailldthis position of onrs is supported by texts of
the Koran. And our form and qualities are proofs
of the slcill znd polver of G.od to the ignorant. Our
strncture is extremely delicate, OIIT shape wonder.-
ful, For God has dividecl our bodies into thi~ee
p a ~ t s . The centre part IIe has made square [ni,
ct~bical],the hinder rnernbw long,-the head roucd.
Tour hands and feet like the sides of n heaagol~,
nrlth great taste in proportion to orzr ~ i z ehas Ile
made, by whose help we sit or rise. Our honscs
n-e build vith such exactlless that the ~ i a cdz n
?lever enter then1 to disturb us or our yonng. Ey
ihe strength of our limbs the fruits of the twcs,
leases and flowers, that we may happen to get, R P
collect and store in our houses. Upon our shoul-
ders He has made four -rings, by which r e fly.
And in our sting is a poison produced, through
which we remain safe from the mischief of oni.
enemies. Our neck Iie has made thin that we n ~ a y
easily turn our heads to the right or Ieft.
And on both sides thereof He has giren t w o
bright eyes, by rrhose vision vre see every thing.
He has a,lso made a, moutll by wiiich nre perceixpc
the flavor of our food. Two iips has H e also given?
rrLicL a e collect things t.o eat. And in ozr
sroll?nchs ZTe has given such p u r c r ~of digestion
that it tnvlls the juices [of o:tr bodies] into homy.
dlld this honey is fooJ tbr 1:s and our cLilc1ren.
the same may that in t,he Lrensi.; af c l u a d r ~ ~ ~ ~ e i
lie given t1:e poicer 1.1)~ v'i~ichthe blood is
ehaiiged allcl be con:^; :nil!<. In short. the Grezt
(;od has ns 111nl:~:blcssiilg~. TIi:m E~uc'LI CHli
we thanl; E-Iil~l ! 11, \r:~s thro:igh this I took
eolnpnsjioll upon the contlition of the sul~ject,azd
took the ti-onble rrpo:l ~n;-seifnncl did i10t send one
them." \$-hen J'usub rras relieved from his
sl,eech, the Icing sr,id, '' D:~Yo ! :iii~urdredhurrahs !
Th01-r art extremely fluent imd eio:iuent. True,
besides thee, the Grent God has not given these
odrantnge~to any anilunl ? AEcer tkls he asked,
TVhere are thy subjects 311d soldiers? " i-Te said,
o n Iirlls, mou~ltainsand trees, v h e r e ~ ~ ethey
r
fir,d rest they live ; some go i i ~ t othe liirgdoms of
m m , and take up their residerce in their dweli-
;,,o-q
-?
The King asked. " I!or is ii t h y are
 tolerated at their hands? " E e said, .' They
. save themselves by hiding from ; but when -
ever they get opportunity they [nlen] annoy them.
F~rrther,they often break up their hives and kill
the young ones, then taltirig out the honey ear ir
themselves." The King aslted, " Then rrhy (;.,
you pstient,ly bezr this oppression?" He eai,l.
" IT)Tc cndu1.e all this ty~anny,yet sciilet,imec sr
nre so persecuted that ~e !ome theii- d \ ~ e l ! i ~ ~ , ~ ~ they carry out."
:I.'hen, for the sake of peace? they esen:iio
.
'-""S'
iirctagems, they sead us many rarities, oir(x,.rc-3fi,
C . , ihey bent dri::ns and cyrnl~ais:sii-l at i:lsL all
o;lr seeing these difTem:it kinds of food a c d tjiiilea
i r e nre reconciled. In or:r dirposIt,ion tllem i ,
inischief or strife, we even lilake pec.c.3 vitb t,bclli.
we g o baci to them, and eveli the11 they arz ilot
satisfied ~ i t us,h they c o m p l ~ aagoinst ep ri.iici,;
- ~ - -
reason or canse-that they 3re masters a~ll:?we:
slnves."
~ i ,4ccount
l of the Obedience qf the G'etiii to tliei~n
fCiqrg ancb Rule,.s.
-1fter this 3 ' ~ , ~ 2 ~saidb to the King, L'How (10
the -Genii obey their king and governor ? Be
to giv. an account of the same." The
Iiiug said, '' These pei.Vorm their duties to their
to perfectioii. Whatever the Icing orders
l'ci.su.b said: ': Re pleased t o give
L ~ S the details." I'hz king ssid, In the race of
'L
the Genii are good an3 bad, hithful and infidels:
like as tliere are amcng nlen. Those that are good,
olwy and rcspect their chiefs in such a way that
eveu nlnu could not. For tlre obedience and res-
pect of the Genii is like that of the stars. For
she San ij Icing nli~oi?gthem, an:l all the stars are
)L: his sol,!el-s
. -
:uld s~~ijjeccs.Thus Mars is the
general, 2 upit-ec is the ,judge, Saturn is the tseasur-
er, J,Ierc;~ryis the prime minister, JTe;=us is queen,
the Ezooil is the heiy-impweut, and the st:.vs like
subjects i l :d soldiers. For they are all dependenta
of the Sun, an6 move according t o his niovenlents.
If'he stays, they all stay also, they never exceed
 the routine or 1imit.s [laid out f ~them r 1.''
asked, JTThere dic3_ the stars ahtnin these acquire-
m
ment,q, obedience and order' " I he Iring said,
c : These graces they obtained from thc angels ;
they are all the army of the Al.mighty and oher.
Him." Y a s z ~ said,. " What is t,he n n t n ~ eof the
oBedie~~ce of the angels? '' The Icing saicl, Like
t h a t of the sccses obeying the spirit: not requiring
e.
lllstruction or correction.!' I'i:.v~tb snicl, ': G-iye 11s
the details." The king s d- : --...,. l he fice s e 3 . ~
ascertai~~ for the spirit ideas of ol?jects: reyniriq
1;ot orders or prohibitions. S:!r:~~l.d the spirit no-
tice a thing and wish t~ ~?i:ricr~tandit: they (;he
sensts) without rzflection or hesitation comijnre it
with some other thing and give the spirit the Tdea..
In this vay the angels live engagecl in obeyil7:
i i ~ i i l serving God. Whatever order is giveii: they
E mrnediately ful61. Ai~damong the Genii those
who are ill-disposed and unbelies7ers, alcllough. theJ?
do not. implicitly obey the king, >?ett h e j ~arc bet.tcr
t.han the \vicI<rd amoug men. For rnally of the
Genii, notwithstanding their infidelity and erro?
in their allegiallce t o Solomon, never committed
themselves. A!thongh he by the ;lower of hi6
spells gave them much grief a.nd trouble, y e t the,--
iz his ses-vice remained staan.ch. And if evzr any
jl13n i11 any desert or jungle from f e z ~of the
Genii repeats a prayer or text they give him no
trouljle while he remains in that place. If it hap-
p911 that any Geni'c?~has any influelice over malz
or. woman! and ail? n?ngician sunmlons or invokes
one of the elders of' the G-cnii they immediately
~ ~ depart. 13esides this: lze1-e is a proof of this pei-fect
s u b l i : i s s i ~ e ~ ~ e s-4~t. ORF: time the last pi-ophet
L Jfuhonlcd] or! whom l a blessings and peace, mas
the Kori~ni11 s c,ertain place and the Genii
ectered there. and ox listening they a11 becZlni?
liussnli~~aas ;and going to their own tribe, invited
lllelly t o Talanlism and gave them the privileges and
blessillp of the faitb. And many texts of the IIorr7r1
wive evidence of these facts. Mankind are the re-
C
\Terse of th.is. Their dispositiol~sare full of infidel it:,.
and hypocrisy : they are altogether haughty ant1
proud. Ofteildrnes for the sake ofgetting audsainicg
they break out of the road of honesty and becorn-
insde'is m d apostates. They live on the face of %Le
aaTthslaying allcl quarrellizig c~lItir~nally, nloreover
they respect llot their own prophets : not,~~ithstanci-
ing their mirnclea and wonders, they are open
: if they do at any time appear to
respect them in their hearts, they are never free
from unbelief s:irl mistrust, Th011gh they are
i g n o r a ~ ~nud
t in errsor and understand nothing.
mrith this there is this clainl, &at they are
masters 2nd all at-e their slaves." When the men
saw that the King remained talking vith the chief
of the flies, tlley begun to say, '' !t is v c ~ ystrange
that tl;c chief of the iiisects should hst-e this p r i ~ i -
lege vich the fii~lgabove a11 other afitmals." Oae
of tb; race of the Genii, a philosopher mid, " Do
not be surprised at this act, fix I'a.s.z~bthe head of
the files, though srunll in body and dirnil111:i.i.e; js
very r i s e and leanled, nnii the chief and mouth-
piece of tlie ~ h o l cof the insects. Every aniuai
that exists he instructs in the rules of rank and
gover:imznt. A I I ~ with kings it is a custom to
collsTeraewith those of their fellow creatures who
are equal to them in ra,rlk and power. Although
in shape and appear3nce he is different, do not lei
the thought illto your minds that t,he King f>om
;my selfish motive is partial to him or pays him
such attention." A t last the Ring turned towards
man and said, " Have you heard the conlplaint of
che animals against your oppression mhich ]IfLs
been related ? They have given a reply to t h e
claim ~ L i c hyou made. Xow: whatever you Lave
to say, :]:S it." '.!'he representative of man said,
In us cre nlany esccllent (1:lalities and privileges,
which prove ours to bc a just claim'' The Icing
snid, :(Describe thenz." -4 Grecian said, L: W e
];nor l~rinyscicaces and arts. In learning- and
invention we excc! all the animals. We t h o r o ~ ~ 7 l ; l ~
fillfil the ciuties cf this wcrid 2nd the next. Frcm
&is if, is k l ~ o ~ thzt n K.? zre lnasters an&anilrl&
our slaves." Th2 Icing s:l.iG to the aaimals, 17'0
him thnt has mentioned his superior privileges, R . ~ c :
ansmc;. do you give ? " The nsserubiy of mifilals
hearing this. bijired their heads [in thought]; l;os
-
one gave any reply. U a t after half'an hour the
y~~resentatit i :the 2ies said, " I t. h
has an opinior;
that he k a o r s c l a l l y sciellccs and devices, and fw
t h ~ rezson
i he is master; and alimdtls his slaves,
~f mnll M-illbut think and ccnsider, it; wiil appear
\\-\th \~h;ltmethod we aild manage our
n.oyl;s. In wisdom arid tL~ugl;lt are ~ ~ ~ p e r i ~them
to them. J5-ith the science af lnathrmatics we
hax-e such accluaintance t.hrtt ii.iti?out rule or cc.,:~~.,
pzss me &scribe many ci;.cles: and f i g ~ i ~ ~trian- s,
gulzr and square, and in cur owil houses Lrn.1 I.;:any
1;inde of z,?~gles. The 1-111esof govei-~-rment~ , n d
ycnk, mnn a.lso learlit fro111 for x e appaint ir,
osr hogses doorkeepers a.nd vatchmen that no olle
mithout permissioll may BC nllo;~-ecI to go I>efore
a m Icing. 'FVe obtain honey fro~l2 tLe leaves of
., .
trees and collect it: m d st r::s:ire WC ssi ti_a opr
houses, and eat wit11 O u r >?OLiIig 011es. Alld what-
eT7ey refuse remains, ail men take o u t and prlt t o
their o v n use. This art nc, one ever taught as, it
is an inspirat.ion from God. V'i'ihout the help allcl
assistmce of a mnster .p;e ~ I ~ O FSOT lfialijT arts. But
ruali makes this Boast, that they are masters and
211 animals their slaves. Then why do they eat
oul- leavingrs ? Kings are not in the h b i t of eat-
ing that mhich is left by slares. And they ir,
many thing6 are under obligation to us j aud we
atie in no v a y dependent on them. Therefore this
unproved claim does not extend to them. Let
~ look at the condition of tlre ant ; although she
is small in body, horn she, underneath the earth,
makes various minding prtssa.ges, and if there be
ever such ZL flood, the water never enters them.
She gatllers and stores grain for food. If any of
it gets met, she takes it out and dries it out in the
sun. Of those grains which she suspects to he
germinating, she takes off t'he peel and cuts them
into two pieces. I11 the hot season many, many
ants, troops upon troops toll-ect and go off in every
direction for food. If any ant gets sight of a thing
2nd by reason of its weight is not able to lift it: she
takes a little of it allcl goes t o her company and
gives t'he news. She vho takes the piece of the
thing to recognize it, guides those who are in front
to the place. Tlien they all collect and with great
labor and pains take it amay. If any ant in the
worlc acts lazily, they heat her and turn her out.
If m:ln will reflect oil this, i t will be seen mhat
wisdom and prudence the ant has. Similarly tllc
locust in the spring seasoil feasts and drinks, and
becomes stout and goes to some soft earth, digs a
hole and lavs her egg, then covering it with
flies away herself. ?Vhen the time of her deat,b
comes, the birds eat her, or from extreme heat or
cold she perishes. The next year again jn t,he
spring season, in those days vhen the weather is
mild, from that egg a snlall young one like a p u b
is producedl m d it creeps upon the earth and feeds
on grass. At t.he time her vings come out and she
has eaten and drank and become large, she also in
the same way lays her egg a.iid hides it in the earth.
I n short, in this nlanner year after year the yo1111g
aye produced. Likewise the s:ll;-worms that live
on many of the hill trees, especinlly upon the mul-
berry, in the days of spring, r l l e n they beconle
quite large, they weave their \rcbs* on the trees
and repose in them with every co~nfort. K h e n
they awake they lay %heireggs in their cocoons, and
t,hey thelnselves go ayny. The b i d s eat them, or
they of themselves die fronz heat or cold. The
eggs during the whole year safely remain in them
[the cocoons]. The next gear the young n.re pro-
* Luab-liternllg, aliva.
duced.from them and cra.wl about on the trees,
when they beconle plump and strong, t,hey in tile
s a a e nay lay e g g and bring forth young. The
,,,ps also in the mails and trees make nests, and
in them produce eggs and young ones, but they
nothing to eat. Day by day they seek for
hod, and in t,he .winter d:~ys in holes or pits they
I
llide and die.* Their bodies tllroughout the winter
remain there, t.bey never decay or hither ; again
in the spring reason bp the pojver of God life comes
into tbeln. I n the like manner again they make
their own houses and bring forth eggs and yonng.
In short, i n this way all the insects produce their
j-oung and noilrish them, simply from love and
kindness. T t is not that they expect any return
fronl them ; which is the rcverse of nlanlrind who
live in hopes of benfits aiid advnntage from their
descendants. Generosity and liberty that are the
graces of the virkuous are never in t,hem. Then in
~ h nthing
t do they think themselves superior to
us. The fly, the mosquito, the gnat, &C.; who In)-
eggs md nourish their youllg and make houses, do
* That is,-: become dor~nmlt.'
not so. for their own benefit, bni for this, that after
:heir death Inore insects may Be prodnced and be
comfortable. For of them every one has a po<ti;re
of his death. 7IThen their day to die
comes, with willillgness and plezsurc they expire
of themselves ; the Great God of Iiis power rex-i~i-
fies them the next year. I n $act, they never ill
m y vay deny that they will die, like as mauy
deny the resnrrection and the judgment. If mall
vould nnderstand the coilstitution of these animals
aud that they in worldly and spiritual afiaira are
acquainted with more facts than he, he would not
make boast that he is master and animals his slaves.
CBAPTER. ISSIII.
At the time the represenir~ti.vcof the files finish-
ed this speech, the King of the Genii being much
pleased praised him and ti.~ri~ing towards the as-
sembly of men said, "Hare you henrcl all '.hi; ht:
has said ? Now is there in your opinion any
answer remaining ? " One of them, n man of
Arabia, said, '' In us are many tnlents and good
by mhich oar clr?iin is p r o ~ ~ d . ' The
cl~~alities, ' c!: atidition of al~~:onl',s,p i s i a r I ~ i onnts and raisins.
Icing said, " Relate hen^." Iie said, :' In grc:it
enioj.mel~tour lives pass. Various kinds of delica-
cies to eat and drink are provided for us, which the
a i G m ~ lnever
~ get a sight of. The kernels and
llllp of fi'llits Ri'e food fbr US : the skin and stolic
1-
they eat. Besides these, different sorts of hod,
.$hil.l.i,,al*, 6 ~ 7 i ? , - K h d i ~!;lc-lo.cliL-lu,
~, gao-za~~tll.,bis-
cuits :, smcet pil!,zus, zi~-bi.?.yrh2,aaEron pillans, rice
;ind milk, roast, stew, b:iq*ci?~i, j i . ? a i , milk, curds,
lihi ; all kinds of sweetmeats, t,ofee,jnlahis: 2taci7~kls;
uclyus,. Lill:fis, amarti: lc~uziyclt!$c.;--rre eat. And
.
t o nllluse ourselves we have dancing, laughing,
joking, stories and f2b!es :,vailable. Rich robes and
jerrellerg of rnnuy Iiinds we rear,-coarse- iroollen
-
* S)lir-m&l, baker-kl~kuc,gao-dicls ailrl pao-zsban, arc 211 a
a i c nrilk. T!~isfirst is a flat rnallii
qrcet ];ind o f bread ~ ~ ~ awitli
enkc ; illc 111c snnie o11lp lal-gcr ; the thircl sllapcd lilie
lilt eye of a (:OTT ; t l ~ ofonrt11, like tlje co~v'stor:guc.
Zir-birran ;-a 1;iuti c , f lliliau nhicll is brownec?.
Eurani ;--the fluit cjf tile egg-plant cooked in ci~rtfs,n-irh
sjliccs.
Firni ;-l)oileC nliil; w i t h a srnzll q ~ i a n t i of
t rice and snpar.
(If the swcctmcats only two out of the seven have zny-
tlli~:gf i p p r o n c l i i ~ lt1:cn:
~ in England.
B a l m n sohull ;-is like toffee ; and l n u z i ~ a il:c
t saolc: niih
Yi
 clothes, carpets, sheets, rugs and mally other things*
we Where are the animals provided with
these things ? They always eat the grass of the
foRst. And day and night entirely unclot,Eed,
like slaTres thev labour and work. All these tlzin,gs
are proof of this, that me are masters and theS
slaves." The representative of t.he birds, the Per-
sian nightingale, was sitting before thein on the
branch of a tree. He said t o the king, " These me11
rho boast of their different kinds of food and
drinks, do not remember that in reality these are
[a source of] great grief and trouble to thern."
The King said, " T h y is this ? Describe it." She
said, "For this reason,-on account of this ease
they undergo much toil and trouble,-digging the
earth: golring the plough, ciriving bullocks, dr8.v-
ing water, sowing corn! reaping, weighing, grind-
ing, Iighting fires in ovens in cooking, quarrelliilg
with the butcher over the meat, lteeping accounts
and books with the grocers, toiling to collect wealth ;
lear~liag,science and art;, afflicting the body, go- ,
ing to distant countries, standing before a noble-
-- --
* Parash-o-farosh ;-a general term for carpets.
,an with folded hands for a couple of pence,-in
short, it is with a.11 these exertions they acquire
and property. After death it frills t o the
&re of others. If they have accuillulated wealth
137 fair means they hare its reward, if not they
have its punishment. lye live exempted from this
orief and punishment, because our food is simply
5
gnss and leaves. Whatever things are produced
from the earth we put to our own use without
labour or exertion. The different kinds of fruit.
that the Great God of His power c~eatedfor us Ke
eat: and we continually thank Him. Thought or
al~xietyfor food never enters our minds. Wher-
ever F e go by the providence of God every thing
is povided. These are continually wandering
and flo~mdeling,and by eatjag certain kinds of fooci,
they also experience grief and trouble. They are
s~bject to chronic diseases, to fevers, headache,
cholera, delirium, epilepsy, distorfioll of the face.
ague, coughs, jaundice, consumption, boils, pim-
ples, itch, ringvoi-ins, gripes,*Y" elephantiasis:
and diseases of the nose. 111 short, all kinds of
diseases are they s ~ h j e c tto. They rush to tl:f
 ;,hJ7sicifins for medicines, and after all this tile
s~lallleles~!~ assert that they are masters and every
ttnima1 their slaves. I7 Xnn gave flnsver : '' Diseae.
es al-e llot to us : azlilnnls often catch dis.
eases." H e replied: " h ~ i m ~ l lhccolne
s sick onb
from ll~isillg and becoming fidini:iar wilh you.
The dogs, czts, pigeons! cocks, &C., aninlitls tllnt
are confined bp you, get food ancl drink 111lfit for
them and thcl-efore fa11 sic]<; zald tilosc xuiaals
r h o ivnlzder of their own free r i i l in the forest gyp
fl-ee from every disease because their tin~evf ~ r
eating ancl drinking are fisecl. There is uo irregn-
Iarity in it [the t i ~ ~ z e ]ancl
, these nuii.i?als that ape
c o ~ ~ f i ~ lbye d you are not nllo~retl to spcnil t:icir
time i n their own m y . They eat their fooi! 81
i n ~ l ~ r o l xtimcs,
r or throagh h~ulgcr cle~ournlors
then their usual cjuant.ity. Tlley rc.s;t:rai!l cot,
their n,ppt,ites ; t1;rongj-h ..his they s o : ~ i e t i ~~~ ~I r 1s
sick. T h i s it; thc rensnn your chi1dri.n bc.comp
sick :--pr.e!gnaat :rorneu n 1 ~nurses1 greedi-
i-!~r.o~~gl~
mss eat: improper food, snch ns you bonst of. Thcls
the humours nre pY~ilucet3 gvoas, the mi!k is spoilt,
and fi.om the effects of &ese tL-incs the child is
-.
b o ~ nugly and lives continual!y ~nl!ject to diseases,
Tlkrough these disenses they live li&le to sudJel:
denrli. esti-elm agon;:, affliction ancl anger. li:
f:lct. throl~ghthe ill effects of yoxr ~ m nacts j.i>:I
ljecijn~esni!ject to these cal:lit~ities,ancl v-c arc cs-
cttlptcd f i o i l - : t!~cin. Of the diZep:.nt kinds af li,oll
\-!jli ];as-e: honey is the purest :LT:dtile ~ J C S ~ , . YoL1
t.;lt it ;ifid Llse i.t in 3-OUPmedicil-!~~.ilnrl it. i.s tl:<!
s:!li\.n of bcca. IL is rrot i:-~v~nted
lvl-rnt tllii~gd o yofi bozat ? Ecsitlt:~i:i catillg Crni?
7
:!li% crr:ll~>,nlc 2nd you arc cclni~l!:11lc;l for ilgcfi m:?-
.
z
-
!.,yycjil. tllm r : :
:llIC1y~11.1~ tti:ctt(:)rs l ~ n v e::ln.>ys Leen an all eqna-
i t - . In tlic . rl:i~-i: v:Le11 3r0111' g1-.~!nt3ncestor-.
,$t,{mn :uncI Eve, livecl in the GnrJen of Eden nr:,l
\\-itllout Iilbo~ror esertion ate of' the f?t!it of thi\t
-l,laceT\-l~en there T a u n o Iiind CC xl1tl7siet.y or toil.
vnr f ~ ' ~ : ' e f : l talso
l i ~ ~\vel.e
~ sllnrers ~\-\-;thtLe1.n in
t,llosecomfosts n~idblessings. Jl71:en your elclew
t.hro[,gh the gnilc of tlreir Enemy forgot thc coni-
lllnlld of the Loilcl, oild begot a desire f o n~ grili!t
:lniP r e r e t~imeclout thence, tlie ai~gelstook them
bclorr and threw the111 into a place rrhere them
;vns not eve11 vegetation or icaf, IIom could f~*nii;
 enter there I For a period they wept in this i:.tHic.
rion. At last their repentance was accepted. God
forgave t5e offence. He sent an angel, who came
there an2 taught them to dig the earth. t o e a r
to gind, to cook, and to nla!ie clothes. In short.
day and night they lived ellgaged in this xoil a ~ l d
l abonr. T h e n their race was greatly increnszd ar,J
they hnd begun to settle in erery spot, in the forests
and cities, then begun they to oppress tlie inhahi-
tmts of the earth. They seized their houses
caught many acd conlined t h e ~ n; many fled.
seize and confinc them, tEcy made various kinds of
snares and nets ; and pursued they them. And a t
lasi; you have arrived a t this pitch-1-ou now stand
and detail your pretensions to supe~ioritjr. You
ai.e for coutrorers~-and quarrelling, 2nd
this that you s q that 7011hold pleasant meetiogs,
engage in the plensurz of dancing, spend your tilne
in delightful pleasures, wear rich ro!>es and digere)lt
kinds ofjcmellei*y, and Isesides these many other
things that are nor; oLtaina1:ie by us, is true. El1t
you have also a corresponding suffering for every-
one of them,from mhich we are exempt. [As a set
off] to your pleasant parties, you sit in the honse
of mouluing. y o u have music, pleasure and mirth,
but you weep ancl suffer grief. you live in your
elegant house, and you sleep in the dark gra\,e.
(:orresponding to yoxr jewellery you Tear iroll
colIiirs 011 your necks, fetters on your hands, and
chains on your feet. I n the place of praise you are
;zttacked with irony. In short, you suffer a c o y -
responding grief for every pleasure. And me are
exempt from these calamities. For these exer-
tions and troubles are only for slaves and unfortn-
,late ones. We, instead of your cit:es and houses,
with this estetisive plain. From the
earth to tlx heavens wherever our heart wishes we
fly. In fresh vei-dme. on the banks of rivers, we
@razeand eat mithour; restraint. '\Yithout labonr
b
*P exertion me eat our i a ~ f food, ~ l and [drinl;]
pare lr.aLer, there is no one to pye\-ent us. 017 ropes,
buckets, Tyater-skinsand r;i.Ler vessels, we do noc
depend. All these things ere necessary for you.
youtnl;e them upon your sioulders and go from
place to place with t h e 3 and sell them. YOU
drFayS live in rhe midst of toil and &tress. These
 h d g r s of slarer~-. Prom lrhat it pro~ed
thnt you are masters and n-e sl:~rrs? " The I<$$
iLskedthe delegat,eof mankind. " IS there non- ::m~-
lal'ly lenlaining of thine ? " He ~ d d " , In US
J n l n j . eseel~~llt and silperior qi~xliiiesihnt go ro
I)Tol'e oilr claim." The Iiing raid; 'LDescribe t h o ~ . ! '
tjlle of t;jcln, 5 Bebyerr, exid, '' God I ~ L ~gi;-:>x, s 1:s
* . .
l:.:nlly rnil viLrious 1,rivll~~g2~-rellg1~11~ pl'ciphcc3-:
tile of' (>ocJ-:t.ll rhese blceaings L:ls iie
Tie llas jnforll:ed ca of ~v!;nt ;S I t ; ~ i ' ~ i:1l11d frji..
biilJell! is good and !.)ad, set 11s :~p:~rth r l:jict
pl?i.1j3se of cfit,ei.i:lg llt.a~-e:l. Xnrl bntlliilgl l>lu.iti-
ectiou, prayer, fasting, a h s , tit.hes, p c r b r l i ~ i us(:r-
v i c e s in the llzosclncs, rending serinons in t11e1)t?lPi:,
ti;ld nlfiny kinds of ~rurship!IIe has ti~:~glt u s . .A!!
these privileges go to prove tllut rre nre 111nste~~ci
;incl tlley .slaves." The representntii-c of the hirrjs
cni,.;, ;: Tf you v i l l pause and refieet, it will Ile scel.1
t ! ~ t.hese
t things are [a source of] grief n ~ l d suEeri~lg-
:0 poll." The Icing said, '. K O ~are T T these a trotiI~ie:'''
He replied, " X11 these services the Great Goc! a;,-
pointed, Ohat their sins may be forgiven, alld. tllex
- 'oe allomed to go astrnj-. For in the !io~:~n
n ~ a j not
gt.5:tYS: ' h 2 ? 2 d ? l d . ~ & ? ~yt~:idyla~
dfe s ~ l ! j d t e; that
!
is: . Good acts hide crimes.' If they act not accord-
ing to this r ~ ~of l e religion, they ill be disgracciL
I:,efore ! h d . From this fenr they relnnill eugagc~t
in devctiuns. I\,'c ape free from sin: we ha\-i:
1:o necessity for tlie ~ ~ o r s hof i p npllich these bwAss
so ~nucli. Xnil thc Crcat &cl sent Cx
tI1o3(5l)eople ~vlir,arc Ixcretics, polytheist.^, ancl sic-
l!ers. =i:l those \ r . h ~110tlot His services, )rho da;;
'
lligljt ill :~i'1(? fo~nicitti~n izmain cngnged,
Trlli!e frc~lnthis \ ~ i c l i e ( l l a~ ~~~sin
ds vr, are exempt,
\ye 1,elieve God to lje ~~npnrn!leiedand uueqi.~:lleci?
~ nlrd live eagagcd in Ilis 1~raisc. And t.heir propllets
1.Ln\3 n1,ostlc-s are like pl!yaicians and astrologc~s,
IJ]lYsici;il!s to tliose 1 ~ 0 1 ~ l r nenecessary
w who have
disorders n:~d siclcness : and the astrologers are only
~01!~llt by the unfortlmate nnd be~itchecl. .An!:
IJr?thiy and purificntioa for you is made n dn!j-,
\>ecau..;ey o i ~are continnally polluted. Night a!!d
day J-OLI pms you- time in ad~~lterjr and beastlineis.
And youy bodies arc generally filthy, and for ~fih
repson you got orders to purify yonrselves. R e lice;)
holn these things. In the whole year we go net:]
lourmatea] once ; and then erell; not from liist
desire ; olliy for the puqlose of propagating the
sJEeier Ferform tbis act,. Prayer aid fasting
j$ your duty, that through them pour crimes may
be forgivell. X-e commit no crime, then why should
iq~,ey be a duty to us ? .4~rns and tithes arc
cece,,,,y fi,r this reason :--you coilcat and
keep, honestly m d dishonestly, ri~~xeh nealth and
wive zot to the deservirig. If YOU snpported the
C
why silould giving alms be made
pooy Rnd
duty-? v,-e are io:*iny and kind to~rnrds our
speci2s. JJTe never hoa1.d Z I R ~ ~ ~ th?o:augh
I~~IIX
nvaricce. And &is, vb:3i you sv, that the Great
ha4 sent dow:~directions coli.cenling
Inwf~l! and fm-bidden, and about comecticn and
1.et&~ion: these are fc-r your iustrnction. For
your m b d s are ia ilarlincss. Tllrongh ignorance
and stnpi2iq jron mdrrstaod noL [your] advan-
tages or disadvantages ; therefore yell rec;uire teach-
ers and masters. And ~vithout the i-~terventi~n
of prophets, the Great God acquaints a s with every
thing. For He FIimself *hns said, ' T a audd rcb
boku ilannal~leanit t a k ~ z minn
i jibale b d y d t ~ n;' t h z
is, God said to the Ay, make your house on the
i 1 s And in one place He d:recta thus : ~ ~ l l z j n
&ad u l h a salalahi wa tasbihey;' the meaning
nhich is this : Every animal b ncqua.i~tedwith
prayers and formulalies.', And again it occurs :
L Fabcr nsaUaaiio gurVban , ~ ~ b n bPo Z le,,,,jl.ao
~ ~
Iaifa y t ~ h snu
l aten aklz~hekdln yd ronilat&
amkhdna nzisia HdzaJgCiihe .fi~od,-izasau atn ak)li
fasbohn rninnnnocJi?~lb~ ;' that is, ' The Great
sent a crow t,o go and dig the earth and teach
that he may also in the asme may dig a hole and
b o y the corpse of llis brother. A t that time
saw him and said: ' U a s I that I am r.x
eqad
to this crow ill wisdom, to know how to bury +,k2
is]
corpse of my brother.' In short, fi.om tl;;.~:incident
he was i ~ u c hh~milint~ed.And this that they aa?, ,
that tl;zy go to the mosques and monasteries ti,
rend congregstional prayers, is not at a,ll xpuired
of us. To us every home is a mosque and a &sine.
Whichever way me turn, we see evidences of God.
And me arc not obliged to read the uravers f c , ~
- - ---
Friday and Eed.* We continual!~, day end nig?,t,
J
S
-. ---
E& ;-the Easter of the Nusmlman, rommc"laratinq t --k e
sacrifice of Isace. Etgmolo,cicallg, it means recurring, or a&nz!,
::;-c cngnged iil prayer and fi:~irng. Thcll for those
things of ~ h i c you ! ~ boast Ire hnve no nccessitT."
of ~ i l cb i ~ d shncl ijl?islleti
t .leii the ~.eprese~>tative
'IT-:
sajing this, the King 100fd. .to~:lrdsthe nlen ;illl!
said, " K o w whaterer yon h%;-erelnniiling t o S-:!,
saj:.'' The Tmb man fi-0111alnnng :lie nss;.e:nbIy of
:; ,,
:nen gave nnsver, I here are sti.11 many pris.ileges
. .
ixar! superior rjunlities rcm:lin:ng :!u us: from n:hicli
i~is proved that n7e are :uastc.rs nlici animals c,~!:
slnres. Yor adorning and benuti.fying, -xe ;~o.;;-
scss mmy and various kinds of n:-!l~::rel, s h :wls.
l~rocade,sntins, silk, sable skins, pol,lIiis, st,l-ipei:
sill;, muslin: fine muslin: calico, silk, f i o ~ e r c dline::,
drill, chcqne, different kinds of things to spre:td.
carpets, coarse woollen cloth, rugs: sheets, 2nd
hesides thesc mmy other boons. Prom this ir is
finown that n e are masters and these slaves ; fill.
m l l e ~ ehave the animals ssch things procnmble :i
Entirely naked they wander about in the jnng1es
like slaves. A11 those gifts of God and blessings
are proofs of our authority [over t,llew]. 7TTeare
entitled to exe~wckethe authority of masters over
them: arid to treat them ill sny may we wish. Thcgc.
are all our slitves." The King said to the aniinals,
:.\That reply do you now give hi111 3'' lialelah,
the representative of the beasts of prep, said to
this nian,--" If you boi\.st of this rich and soil
clothing, ansver tl.lis,-where were these various
garments in ancient times ? Why you have oppress-
ed and tyrnnllizcd over the anirndi and st.olen
them." The lnnn snid, ? ' What time do you refer
to ? " KuZrlnlr, snid, " Of $1 your clothes the most
delicate and soft are silks, szttins, and strong silks:
~ itnd they are the saliva af a grub, and this grub is
not in Adam's $amily brit is a species of insect,
who for her own safety weaves her web on the
trees, that she may be protected fro~llthe serefities
of vinter and summer. ITou by force and opprea-
aion steal it from her. Therefore God has put FGri
to this inconvenience,-you take it from her ancl
stretch and weave it! then yon get it sewn by tile
tailor: and wasbecl by the washerman,--in short,
you have so much trouble and labor that you kc6.p
it carefully and sell it. You continually live
this ansietg, perp!execl ~ n duncertain. It is the
same with all the other clothes, they are generdly
 of the skin and hair of animals ; especially
your rich robes are offen made of the fur of animals.
You, with severity and oppression: steal them from
them and take credit to yourselves. To boast so
much of this is out of place. If we boasted of
these things it would be to our credit, for God
created them on our bodies, that me may corer and
clothe ourselves. He of His love and kindness gave
us this clothing, that me may be protected from cold
and heat,. From the molllent me are born, God
provides this clothing upon our bodies. By His
kindness, it is all prepared for us without labor
or exertion. And you ever to your la.test breath
remain wlbjeot to anxiety. Your ancestors dis-
obeyed God, and you have this punishment in
cansequence." The King said to XuleZah, " Relate
t o us the be,&ning of the creation of Adam." He
said, " A t the time God created Adam and Eve,
He provided food and clothing for them like as He
did for the animals. And in the east, on the
mountsins of rubies, south of the equator, thep
both lived. When they were created they were
entirely naked, and by t,he hair of their heads t,he
whble of their bodies was covered, and by means
of the same hair they mwe protected froin cold and
heat. They walked about the garden and ate of
the fruit of every tree ; they underwent no kind of
labor or esertion vhatever snch as at, present these
people are ~ubjectto. The order of the Allnighty
was this,-' Eat a11 this heavenly fruit, but go not
near that tree.' " Through the gnile of Sata.11the3
forgot the instructio~~s of the Lord. and than all
their dignity was lost ; all the hair of their heads fell
OF : they became naked. The angels, st the order
of the Lord, turned them out of the place and put
them outside ; like as the philosopher of the Genii
has fully detailed the facts in the first chapter."
When the representative of the wild beasts had
related these things, the man said, '' 0 wild beast !
it is not fit or proper for you to a8rguein our pre-
sence ; it would be better for you iu remain silent."
A-aleluh said, For what reason?" He said, '' For
this,-that among animals there is none more mis-
chievous or wiclced tlmn yotl. And in no a11hcl
is there such hardness of heart as in you, and 110
one has such a longing to feast on dead bodies.
 Except injuring the animals there is no good qndi-
ry in you ; you a , ~ econtinually killing and mining-
them." He repliecl: '' f-Iov is this ? Describe it.''
Re said, "Because all the beasts of prey h u r t the
animals and eat them, brenk their boiles n.nd drink
%heirblood. They never have pity on their con.
dition." The representati r7ea of the wilcl beastss
said,-" We who act t h ~ r sv i t h mimals only dc
so from your esa~npIe, n~hermise rre shonld not
lcnom aught aboxt it. For before the timc of
Adam, the xild aoimale hunted not any animal,
they a,te the flesh of ally animal that died in
the forest or desert. They gave no trouble to
living animals. In short, so long as they found
:he flesh that fell here and these t1:ey molested not
any living being ; but were collatrajlled to (10 so
I\-hen they reqr~iredfood. lJyhcn gou r e r e cmnted,
nnd seized the goat, sheep; cow, ox: camel and ass:
s.nd c o m n ~ c ~ ~ cconfiiling
cd them, and left no-, nr,
nnimal in the forests, then where could we get ihcir
[goats, $C.] flesh. We %ere obliged to commeilce
I ~ n n t i a gliving anilnals, mhich is lawful f o us
~ to
do, like as you in exl.1-erne cases are alloreil to eat
dend bodies. And although you say, that the
disposition of the wild beasts are hard hearteh~ess
and unmercifulaess, v e never find any animal a m -
plaining against ns like as they complain against
con. And r h e n you say that the wild beasts t.ar
rm
- - K the
- bzllies of the nuimda and drink their blood
md eat their flesh, ~ O L I$so do the same. Cutting
,
aith knives, killing and sl-inning, ripping up bet.
lies, breaking bones, roastins ancl eating-all these
nets are pracbised by you. nTenever do such, if
you mill think and pause you r i l l understmd,
that the cruelty of the mild beast is not eqttal to
yours ; like as the representative of the animals
has described in the first chapter. And you among
yoiirselves do such things to your brothers and rela-
tions, that the nnirno!~ are not even nvare of. And
t.koogh you say, that from ns no one gains any beocfit,
it is evident that frcim our sliin and hair every one
of you is benefited. And ercry animal that llunts
that is subject to you, hunts fir y o and
~ ~feeds you.
Bow tell u s this, from you vhnt benefits ncelve t o
the animals? The evils are manifest-)'on slaughter
the animals and eat their L flesh. And you are SO
 " man said, i s there any proof of tliii ? " The other
deadin the earth that n e Inay not get thein to eat.
V> derive no bellefit from you, living or dc.a(l.
An? you silj-; that the beasts of' prey liill : I I ~des-
trry the anirnnis~nlrile it n n i fi-0111 yonr exat~ll,le
12-e beasts of prey took t~ tbc same. And from the
tine of Cain and Abel to the present time, t l ~ e y
n v e constzntly witnessed that y o ! ~continu:lllp
!ive at rrar with them. For Xustmn, Asfundynr,
Jarnabid, Zohok, Parnidi~n,dfrasinb! 3lanaeLbrr.
Davius, Alexander," &C., zlmays lived ill liiood and
war end ended [tllcir career] therein. Aacl a t
present also yoa are e l l ~ g e din strife ancl dissen-
sion, and yet you s?ralnelessIy boast and ipenli evil
of the animals, m ~ with d deceit a i d pretension roll
desire to assert poor si~periority. h the rrny tL:lr
~ O L coilatantly
I live in war and disaensioo, have you
ever seen the ~:.ild bca.sts living, girinc. tro~zbleto
L .irtilous and
cnch otbir among thotiirelves ? If you will mq~:ir~+
illto the condition of the anirnals with due delibcrn-
tion and thought, you will understnnrl that they
are much superios to you.?' The representative of.
.- . ----
* Kings of Persia.
Those of your race rrho are acstere and de-
rout, leave your dn-eilings and go into the hills
fmests, resi:jcnce of beasts of prey,
mnilltli!l a a a r m friendship with the^^ continually.
ille bcnsts of prey: also lnolcst them not : there-
C"
fore if rhe Lcasts of prey vere not hetter than you.
~ h do v I - O L ~hermiti n~lddcvout nien go to them?
the yirtoolls and abstemioar $0 "Ot llear tile
rriclied, but keep them at n distance. This is a p ~ o f
a ,
fiat the hea.srs of prey me better tha11 you. nna
this is allother proof,-If your t]7m11nical liillg~
5 .,
ll1nls do ~ o molcsi
t Li1nl rlicy 1;now tlint the man
is virtuous nlld ,mood. For every class recogl~inesi:c
o v n cliLir; Lencc the lieasts of prey knowing tl:c
do not interfere vith them.
I-es, a.mong the beasts of prey there arc also ~'icli-
ecl and low jcxnmplesj ; rrl?eTe are the)- not ? I n
erery class there are good and bsd. Yet, tbosc
 ( 181 ) .
who are viched among the beasts of prey da ]lot
molest the good and ~Crtuoua,bst dccour wicked doKn their bends. It was now erening ; the cocrt
was dismissed, all of then^ took leare 2nd wen:
men. God has said, Ntircali Basnxn'Zim.u'n bdzan .
t h ~ kSn8
n gainbihi8 ; that isi ' We have p ~ tyrznt,~
~ t each t.0 I l l s onli house.
---..-
against tyran te, that t h o ~rn?;j7feel the eKects of Cfl-4PTXK. S S I V .
their omn sin.' " When the delegate of the beasts
[ ' ] L ~ I l ~ ! P IG. 288 r)isj?rr!a b e r l c r n ~?Ia!z. d ? x !
had finished his speech, a pbilosop!~er from among l.!!e ]'ar:.ii!.
the race of the Genii said, '' This is tl.i~lpsaid,
those who are good pereons flee from the rcicked I:~:~;!\-in tile moraiug all the m e n and :mimsl*
and a,ssocia.te with the good though thev may be ,,,, p s m tin ~ the court of j n s t h : ~ . The I<l:ig
&,: 19 :?>cn, If' yo:i I~ii~-c any Innre proofs C)[
of a different species. And those who are wicked,
they also floe from the gooil and go and Inis with T,iII, ,!Li;, to Rdi~;;2ce, rel:l;;ie tllcrn." The p e r ~ i n ~
1 1 21.c
~ IllSnY i ) ~ a i ~ e w ~ iql?i~liS~a-
.th~
the wiclced. If man h d not been -wicked mrl ,X . ,

vicious, why should tl-eir derrout and ~t~?stere men tj-..*,,L1L> br a-llich o1.r Jili:ll is proved." The Kil:$
go and live in the forests and mor~nteinsand cnl-
. - Isr " U i our race arc
tivate a friendship for the beasts of prey, natwitll- kin,n, a . millistars, n o ~ , I e ~ , seerei;aries, stewards, tax-

standing the difference of species ? For bcimeen rili~lcmrE

L. ) c~oilfri:!s, i.crrlda, macebenrers, serma~~ts,
F

t,heln there is no limilarity cpparent. But undoubt.-
edly they am on n level in their good qualities ."
The wLole of the assemL!? of t h e Genii said: '' This
is true, there is no doubt of this." The lnon on zll
sides, mheu they heard these reproaches and sarcasm,
became extremely abashed and all of them held
fris1:;di, ailcl2bsdsmnte, ancl besides this there :we
1:13IlJ a wriv;les ; the rich, :he noble, the generous, the
of h e beri.iirit~,the devout, the temper-
ate, t.heorators, the poets, the learned, the accom-
plished jud F l a ~ e ~etymologists,
; s , gmmnln~-innS.
logieims, doetors, matherr,aticinna, asi~oiogers.
aoot~sayera,interpreters of dreams: chenlists 2r:6
 ( 182 j
. . ; and among tradesmen tl~ereare bG!dcrs,
moglwans
rreniTers. cortoil dressers, si~ocmakers, tsilors. L!.,!
of many ?ii~d.$. -4od ere:*:; class hns its orrn ( : ? l 2 -
rate good 1raq-s &IICI chnraeter, its religion aidpe-
culiar accomplishments. it11 these good rjufijiries
iin
generzlly equal t o r h m in goad quali-ies
manners. For in our race also ore chiefs,
..
noblcs, friends: and gefieuous persms. Bnt
ci:!efs are gnporiar in the art of gorernmellt kfid
n,dmiuistratioilto the kings of mankind. For. the)- 7

w d charecterisiies are pecuiiar to us. I.

1llc nair.lals [,m] take cnre of the subjects and troops s i m ~ l y
have not a share in tLem. Froln rhie it for their oivll objects and benefit. $Then their
k!,.,zil
t h a t F e are master; niid tile lllilnal o!lr slaves. - '
desires are obtaiiied, they give not a t h o ~ ~ g to
h t the
IVhen msn had fi~>iabedthis, tile 1,nyTot to tjlr condition of the army a.12d the subjects. These are
I T

King, This man bonstr of tile ~

:( ~ of their
~ ~ j not the ~ duties
t of ~nobles. i h e duties of govern-
classes. If he enquire abo:it the difirrllt kiiidv
rnent and cllic?fta.inship require G a t the icing SIIOE~~?
birds, hc will perccive t h t compfired wit), tller:i
d w a y ~treat his zrmg md subjects with love and
they are very few. But I csn point out for e;.erJ- kindness. In t h e same -nay as the Great God
good trait of xbich he J~oastsa coyyespondhg. hnd
d v a y s meroifr~ll~ t.rents his slaves, so should erer)-
trait, and in the place of every Yirt~oLlsOne king similarly look with. kii~dnesrL I ~ his O ~ SUIJ~j e c l ~ .
lnentiOn n vicious one. For of their races are
-\nd the chief of the nniluds i ~ l r r g shiie love nnd
Ernrod, Pharaoh, hweeticr, fornicatora, polTibeiste,
+ielldsbip for the army nlld subjects. In this Kaj.
at,heist,s, mlbelicrrrr, faithiess tymnts, highlmr,
t ; , chief of the w t s and d the birds lire engagecl
robbers, thieves, ? i i l a ~ ec~n, t p u r s e ~fooipaddr,
~ linrs,
in the discipline find crder of their si~bjects. And
t?icliccers, swiildlsrs, eunuchs: adulterers: prderastp,
if they act ever so kindly or obligingly tomnrd-
ignorant, fools, misers, and besides these mnny
t h i r t m o p or suSjeits, they desire n o h i n g in
classes SO whose ~ o r d sand nets re not fit to
return. And they expect no Geoefit in r e t ~ l mfor
be mentiol~ed. -4ild rre are above these, bm 2l.e nourishillg tllcir o'fspriilg. iThile rna? provider
 ( 184 > 1s; )
: f o ~his children and then requires them to se1.r~
hi1ilil,the ailimci.1~
bring forth yaung,-nourish them. in the r x e of angels there al*e nobles and
md then desire nothing from them : simply Goln chiefs, who act lcindlg and friendly each towards
love and kindiiess, they hring i,Lem up and iced his oen tribe.'' The King asked, "Whence dicl
'hem ; they aye strict followers of God's mrij-g-.;:or this kindness and friendliness arise among the
cr:?s.tcs His slarcs m d scllds them food and :ingels ? " He replied, " They by the grace of God
~ X ~ E ncr C ~ erail
S thmicr f~2111thcnl. If tjlerc had hare obtained this good quality. And in c o m p ~ r i r o i ~
kindnaas m4.h nllich He acts tovwde Iiis
pa,ctices Ilnd not k e n il: man, $];cn irj;s :llc
Grent. coaim2:ici:-' c:.- • i' t,I!;..-::~s
i t o IY!~?asd tc,
slrhjects-the kindness of aii;i one in the world is
t h ~ ~ ~ ; i ~p tadnt hFor ~ b c n
4

iFOE? ~ 2 " 1 : ~ . ' :<C l p ~ ct , ! ~ i c to filly m,,?. not ailc l~ul~-(liyd

for mz do nokil;:~ir i r y ~ i i ~ . i ~ ~ ~ created His creatures, HE oppainted ~ l ~ p for ds
---a .2 ~j;so:.,,c~j~c,nr.~~
When the p::r;~t !12d ~ - 9ttl l i l ~fflP in his apreeli, the~ ~ t ~ of ~ each. ~ l ~rilape olld f ~ mKC
t , i Tlair ;
3
lll:iiosophi::. of thii G,,..;'
~ ~ 1ill60
. i s~.id, Ee speaks
'( esci.ilent ~zfiued. l i e gave t h e e the
'be t ~ l t h . " ?'lie is.3 h-came nb:iahcd c:ld b2jr! powers of obsaratiou. He ii~adeall of them ac-
-7

qilhintedn;i,lh u a s good Lad. I.or thak

down their hezclu; not one con16 gil~,: Pils,;-pK
In tb? rnsnrirrh!ie t h i Ki;ig s::id to n?ii!osoii3er e,o!llfort He the sull and t h ~ moon, t.ha coil-
..;le Gesii? "Tiie kijlgs v?~ihoscabiiitiFs FOII hIITFe
L: s t c ~ l n t i o l ~and
s stars. We sent t h e m t . h fruits
~ 311d
ienree of trees for food. In ~ilol't,l i e p~ovidel
been d i s c n i s i ~ v:h,
~ , mat their s o ~ f c t Dlld s a!Tl?y
$1 bindn luxuries. T1xsmre dl proofs of His
with such lore 2nd kindness,what liings are they ?l1

The sage ~ e p l i e d , By these kings angels are meant,,

if
The angels me appointed by the Great God for the
Wrvice of every genius, species or individual cni.
md: for the!- p~cteetand hn;~e regard for thm,
lore 2nd kindlless." Tile King ns!ied, '' Ofthe
angelawho are nppoiided to pmtect man, r h o ifi
the ? The philosopher said, " The breat.11
of life ; from the Pery moment Adn~nv a s created
$Ic. has dwelt in body. Those R I I ~ ~ who E
 according to God's 0~de1.s1m1~e.dd~i.11 to Adnln LR
t l ~ yspeee'l." He replied, '' This man bocarn
ealied the second grade of angels, they arc subject
that of his race 2r.e nleiiy ~kilfiilmen nhd trades-
to t.lle firat grade. Al;d he ~vliodid not 1,orr i-.-!L
-J $ v

men, this is nothing to boast :of for zlii02g 1:s

ille spirit of anye:. ! ; S I:e is a!ao enj]ed
Satan. The 'Lrcnth of lib' still remains in the
IJOCI~ of the childreii of Ad;~nl,2s tile bodily
cf A d a n n!so riinni~;a with mnn. In t,hij fnrlii
they ere ~ O Y U itad lire ; and in this form :lt ;X,
inst CL^ "ill the chiiJrcn of Adam rise and entey
j~eavcn.'' The iiing asked, \TTLat js the
that acgeis n.12 sllirit,sare not seen ? " T]le save
rcpiicd, ' L Sccnore t.6ey are essential and
They are llol perceived by the senses of the bady :
but prophets and holy lnen by reasoll of their
pureness of heart ssc them, becal~.usetheir soulij sl.2
unsollied n7i th the darkness of igllorance, ~h~~
;Ire ca~efidnot to fall into the sleep of forget.fGi-
ness. T b r e is something in common bctmeen
rhern and the angels, therefore they e e them ; and
receiving their words communicate them t.0 their
fellow creatures." The King heard this,
to the sage, " May God reward thee ! " And afrer-
aards looking torrards the pqrrot said, a Pinigh
certaill are in these arts their equals. For
instance, t,he has Inox proficiency bfiilding
tha~l b~ilclers and engineers
nmoilg men. For nirhoct enrt.h, bricks, lime, or
jinir they build their 1a1ir.e~; they draw lines mid
eil.e!es
- -
and are not dependent OR chalk-line; or
:olllpass, nud these [[e~un]require tools 2nd instl-1:-
b
meilta. So it is vitb the spider, which is the
rrea\iest of i n x e t s , but it1 q i n n i q and ~ e m i n g
Inore Skilful t,hnn their ivdnvcrs. First she d r a m
cut the &rend fr.y)rn ber sdirs. After that s l ~ a
stretches it in lines, and then completes i t from
Ill the, midrllc sl;c leaves a space open to
catch tile ilics. a i ~ x 3in this ~t she is dependent
no ivJtrillllellts whatever ; while D wearer wjth-
ant his tools can?lor rresve at 211. X ~ Sthe O sill<-
irorms very feeble. but they I i n o ~more s ~ i e i l e e
and art than n r t i i t ~ . l$'l~e" rliey have fed 8:l.nd are
full the). go the ~1c-1
where they da^l!_:.rl;i*dI:
in ~leiicsie:ir.es. T h ~ y:h.-:.
grit
 ( 188 ) i 189
Over them- again and
them coprect and morn;s md feed her young. .Among mankind there
and the mind and rain do not is no woman who taI;es care of her children like
lutliis tilere.
~ ~ e o r d i nto g -*heir h s ~ i t s ; this : nurses and midwives take care of them. At
A'1 sl'ilI q ~ ~ i it^:^^^!^ r e
.. . l t l .
*h2 irisT,yl:ciioils the time of birth, they take out the child from
~f their parents or tutor&,.-...
1"" an!; ?hot <lel,cai~eiji nlld bathe and wash it and give it milk.
I'
7.-I
n l l ; ~ d i ea~!d thread, jj!,, +lle&il,,., .
rcpnireTs
the
\Then they ht3\7e fed it with milk, they pat it t o
"-'O rritLout"ern call (10 ~ ~ t l : i Arjd ~ , ~ the
, sTn!- sleep in the cradle. Tliey do e17ery t h b g ; the
'!OR 1 ~ ~ 1 - I : o u ~ill~ f j l l -
'?lY ~ii.!:olil aily thing mother of the child has not the least care- And
s'T2i'01*tif imdey the eai-;,
""~~s; &C.; 011 \\.jii!:>
h.
, ,,,,.,
,. SLe
lid
their cbildrell also are excessively stupid. They
hare no ic-ea of good or harm. , 4 f t ~fifteen or
~ l n c e . S i r u i ~ a d$lJc ~ nLito nrlt -,,,,* twenty years, tlley come to the age of d i s c r e t l a ~ ~
""{ss her holise LL,.l#
i l l O : l t C!;>,:- T12:: f~,, 'rhen they reynire teachers of science and l ~ l o r a l ~ ~
"0t6il>g n-hctever. 111fiLCt,*
J
. , rf!q L!J

"& make the;, o Q 7.nI;e,.,

t..:c: ?,.::,,4 5
>.a a],;- The of theiy lives they are mrit,ing and read-

'"'"
~
1 - ~ - 3 ~ dL O I : ~ all:!
tdeii; Ornn Young. TLcy !:s-,:~I~lorej,
~ : ~ i2t art
.-,
;,gcnce
, illg : thus they spend their time. And still they
remain as ,great fools as ever. OUP j7GUCg Gnea
P .
'
a
'' 'rikc I D y iilstapc: they are borl1 are ac~naintedwith at Once
o s f ~ ~,!-ho ~ ~ ~ l ,
" a W'"pound of a bird ~ 9 d
be,,:; rrLi:t every- .;);,hing p o d or bad. For instance, the J'oLUlg
b r i i l ~ s lie' rounp ! x?hrn of tile hel1, p:krtridge, or quail, On coming oni of
thrrty eabra me aecumalnted, 85, divides them the egg, peel; about without any instruction f i O r n
three lotsy she P J ~ C ill ~S eartllj the their From any One who tries to c3tch
"lt of son~cr l ~ e Yudrm,rtL them they flee. This knowledge and intelligellce
"' wygs whell a good niirnber of
Ones is an inspirnt,ion from God. They can a11 distin-
she rakes sp the earth md geg g u i . s ~between :rood or evil. The reason of
 ihlago is, that rrith these birds the n;& alld femnie
do i ~ o tshnre the duiy of silpportir,g their :-onfig
eq~~ali.r, like as other b i ~ d sthe pigeon, &C., rrhq
male and female, together attend t o tbc young ond.
Therefore t h e Great God gmnttd those yorlag ones
such sngocit.~:, that they reqiiirr not the atrention
of their parents ;they can graze and peel: for than:-
selves. The yooilg of othcr animals aliil birds
depend upon being fed with iniiii a ~ l dcorn, but
they do not. Then in thc opinion of the -IlmightY,
rhoae rank is s ~ ~ p e ~?i orr e day 2nd iiiglit remail:
engcged in His prayer and praise. And it is on
this account He has bee11 so i;i:ld to us. ilnd
though yoo say that of your race there are ports.
orators, devotees, and godly men, i f you llnderstood
the tongue of the birds, and were nn.are of t,lie
rosaries of the insects, the praises uf the rronns,
the confessions of the beasts. c o ~ ~ t e m p l n t i ~ofi l ~
the locnsts, psyei-s of the frog; exhortations of
the nightingales, the eennons of the emu, tLr
warnings of the COCL, the cooing of the pigeo:l,
the revelation of secrets bp the crow, tlle plaises
of the swallorr, of the o v l instilling the fear
~~d :into o'ihC~s],ancl besides t h e 1 der-
cription of the devotion of the ant and bee and
athers-you Ko$:d l ~ e r c c i v ethat alllong them also
eloc~Llcnispcnlieys, rhetoricians, lioets, OYP.'~O?S>
divotees allcl iEdivii:r;ala for God L~LS said.
7 z~~bCiJLilli~
Jks,isslLak~l,, ilk y ~ ~ ~ ' 6 b d n ~ b c ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~
tdfbcL2ir2. 1lie rnemling of which is : ' Every thing
,,timally . Chd, but you do not kno"
til at :' so G.*d has given you the ehn~ncterof bein:
iunorzl1ti &y you unclersta~ld not IIis pmiie, and
0
and 6 s r$d, ICziLhi?~LUC~U-
He hna eaiied us
4 hi,,r; rnsCeiin7i i i ;tlict is, ' Every anilnfil
]iliore his pr;iJTcrs roray ;' 2nd 3 5 ignorallt
alld wise are not eriL1fil, F e "re ~ i l ~ e r i otor To".
~h~~ of thing do you boast and dcceitf~~ll)-
and cnlumnionsly say, that soii are ~ilastfrsfind
;u~malsslnvcs ? hnClregarding the aatrolosel-.
you lllention, their acts nfhct 0111~ the ignorant.
\Voruen and children only beliew them. In the
opinion the r i s e , they have no place- Some
astrologers M deceitre &c foolish: say that in sucll
a city a ccrtai!~event after ten or t ~ e n t j -
years will happen. they know nothing of
their own fate, as to what will happen to tberfi-
selves, or what mill be the condition of their. 3fany race Le would be boril, and rrliere he would La
b ~ . ~ u up?-they
~ht TYCE not aWe t o tell. They s:Gd
years previously they describe [what vill be the
condition of] distant countries, and the c.olnmon to the King, 'Give nn order for all the children
born in this yenr to Be 1;illcd.' They had the idea
people think it t,me and trust in them. Those nr- that this child also ivould be hilied with them.
the people who depend upon the words of the as-
lkt last God Abmhnm, the friend of God,
trologers who have gone asstray and rebel. For n,lld preserved him from the hatred of the a i c i ~ e d
instalice, tyrannical and o1~p~essivekings of men
deny the resurrection, know nothing of destination ; 'plinraoh did the s s x c thing nit11 the children of
as Kimrod and Pharaoh at the morcls of the astro-
Ism&). There also God sheltered the prophet
y o g e s from their wickedness. Hence the m-ords of
logers caused hundreds of children, yea, thousands
the ~ t r o l o g ~ . eare
r s an idle tale. Destiny nelres
of fizmilies ta be murdered. They thought that the
regulation of the world depended upon the 7 planets changi.s. And yox~boast of then1 [the astrolopraI
rind say that in yam race are ~st~rologers and phi-
and 12 signs of the Zodiac. They understood not losophers, they exist only to deceive tlla igllo-
that, witloot the order of God who created the
Those follra who have faith in the A1tnighty
Zodiac and stars, nothillg c m take place. TLia is
true : " Opposed to Fate no project -will succeerl." believe not tlieir n~osds." XTben the ?N'"t I'"d
After all, whatever God has mished He has done. sa,id this muell, the i<ing aslied him, " If a s t r o k Y
is una to prescrlre Person] 601" doing harm:
The facts are these : the astrologer gave intitmatio~l
Tv dolly j t d y it and bring proofs t o
to Ximrod that n. child woiild be horn in Lir r e i p ,
,:st;lb;lisL it ? And why persons 8fr~lia tilere-
who after being brought up and attaining n hipll
? " He :' CeTt-ail~lo,it is p ~ ~ ~ i bal ,P'C-
lg
position should overthrow the religion of the idola-
rcnj-nt,iveof hot not so ~ tile a ~ t ~ o l c g e r
~ I I U CBS
tors. %'hen he asked tkem, Where; 2nd of what
sav.-m&her is it so I3j, means
.
I I a S of for !14$'
of the All~ligbty,who is the Creztor of astrologer^.^'
The King said: " Row c10 they obtain the nid of
God in this ? " Re sn.id; L'By pract.ishlg the lau-S
of religion. 11111:1iI.i~yail6 -irceping: p x y e r ? 51si:q:
.
glv:ag s!ms nnd tit.lles, v~orship;>ingwith a sincere
S

11eai.t~are their r a y s ofottainiilg assistance. Tl'hen

they ask God to nrcrt [any c a l n ~ ~ i t yno] doubt FIit
accedcs to tllem. EIence the ~ s t ~ o l o y iand - 3 uzngi-
clails girc out b a f ~ r ethe occnr:.eiicc of tlic crent
that God vil! manifest srich s;lcl such ail evcnt. 'It
~ro:rld bc better t o pray directly to God to be pro-
testecl 2nd not to practise astrology." The Icing
srid? When the l a m of religion 2rc o b s e ~ v czutl ~
by that means ca1:t;nity is averted, it follov-S of
corwse tha,t the decrees of Fate have been asitle.''
I!e replied: "His decrces: never fail. E11t those
people who to avoid calamities 11zal;e 11~tlticnst ~ )
God n:.n 1>1-otectcdfrom thesc things. For instance.
~1-:1e11 t h e ,zstro!ogcrs told Xiinrod that a boy o p ~ o s -
ed to the faith of the idol:itors would be born and
thsov his s~lhjectsRI~CIm-:l~yinto coafi~sion,by t.&s
r n s meant Abrahain the friei~d of God, and God
Lra~ingcreated him hnml~ledz i ~ dspoiled Xirnrod
 on him nnd his race) this ptlactice ha.: been obsermJ, T6e Kiag asked, Worr it ~01112
t;!nts of the
every ono [of the pmpllets] orrlemd his foIloTera xS\.eren c i nble to give rite pnrti-
llsppen ; ""6 t : x ~
to do t611s i~nderevery n1isfo~t1111e. Therefore natro.
Iogy s h o ~ ~ bs
l d practiacd tlii~s,[in c o n j w c t i o ~xith
~
cL,liu.s. niii
. r!riytl;ii said
. aIite,
tl!ai; j i l a cci.t:in mmlrb 01-c
earig!ll even: c ; tslie place. The
~ ] not U S C ~as 5 lllenlls for the astrolo,nZrs
p ~ q e ant1
] ~ i l qsyka;zl i.- ~ a- a i ~~~ he , zsteps t o;:glit l0 be takeil
of this age to inislend the pcoplc. They fox&
to ijreiTw,i it ?
.rcy,
l i:eg c;!:~) ; r a y pir,!:~ n:,:>i> aiiid,
God and trnsl in the rei~uivi'il~g heavens. For the
rccoccry of the ~ i c l i !F e sho~llclfirst pray to God :
;; x,i,i.;L<-
ljFSr ~ ! 9;; ~ d:~:!, t r t z king ~ l l d
~ :i!;t
<l -,.,::..,..< i.;ctJ1+?c ; Q-. :<:fi:i]l $Ix3!!1~!
.'.-.
s'!l LL:e ,, L L . -
-;
\-.A
%y1(; 5:ye:ik:
for perbct health is obbdtled by I i i a 1ne::cy o13ncI i,lii2iT~ , . ! ~ jzr;~.is
7 .

: ~ ~f .i j d K ~ ! I ; I I I ~ 111 f h e pii.::i
T,T-yll o:!-c,
kindness. One shonld not crlrn fro111 the threahald ,Fez\, e;-ji; ) ; l ( , ! J y s ],<;fix,: God t o l><!%:\Y!d
.LIE::
of the true Pl~picimand apply to the physicians pi:*apJ cii,,, 1 7 -77
11% f ~ i ' n i d i i a e;:i!;liry." 11:
[of tLis vr~~l~!]. Somt persons in the bc;innin,a of ~ ~ , Lid\-ic,2:
2 c c d T ~ ; L l l ~~ ;~ r t:lcjs i.:\e
GII t?~:::

their sickccsk apply to doc,toir, md if from thsir

~ l
?
.. &! .
rvrut 3 , f i ~l . ~ : , i : , ; l : , ~o : ! ! j : n e ;,fiecity: aild mnzl3- 1r.el.i
treatment no b~ilefitaccrlres t,bey lose all conEidel:ez Tr; ';il ti;?, 1; i .- IT&, c;nt :I!SC. 'I!icy bCf "3;1 to peti-
. -
In them m d tom to God; and ofte~~timos with muell
ixtz

tion cTod ; 'ur; .; c~ from 1 , C

.L.b. : : 2nd all
tears and grief they write their condition i e pctitiu~is djy :li.:!;t t!,:~ w;lisined ardr!ii~:p. l j ~ i tcer-
U

and hang tlrem on the ~ ~ 1 and 1 s piliars of tile tain lnen, frx*: I I, ilot tlie p r p d i c t i ~ sof die nstrolo-

niosqtzes, and God grmlts them recorerr. Th::s Fers p.inained ia the night i b rained in
one should apply to God i;>r thore be~lectq clarirerl the city was situated in a holion-.
from ast~uiogy,mid not trust to the tricks of the y h e r a t e r oil sides in and c v v e ~ dthe
~strologers. For there was R B i
n to ~ h o mthe ,ig, and the persans n-110 remained in their
wnord, that in his city ~n event ~ o u l c l
astrolo,nersg~~-e dnrellings perished. 'Those pe.ople who ncre out-
happen, which would be rery fdtal to the iinhahi- side he engaged in ilrarel* aad ismentr.tion,
 ( 198 ) { 199 )
remained safe ; like a s Sroah a i d those persons xho
s,,ne Sclicve in the resrri-rection7nnd some deny it
held t h e faith wcse mved from t h e flood, ivLile all
solne zc~i~o~I&eilge prop!~ew and inspiration, nitd
the others were drawned. Pox God has saii!,
c ~ ? ~ c . L L ~~rh?iiifi20
cL~o ii2LIf0 jv~llb~ , : ~ ~ q g]c12ct/1iL-
~~~p,-~
, ~ m disbelieve
c in them ; some are perillexed s ~ l d
lral:der in dolfit, some depend up311 seme ~ i l d
zbin i ~ n r x l d ;bcdiyatenn itz ~ L G ] L ~ rcaj,lj
~ : I Z 72(l~l,,zo??,
L-,-~.:,l::snt
'g '
;-,
; iomc ibrictiy eq'y th&r ;?l~eestora; ~ l l d
A.i)ji.a;t!xt is? 1 barre gi-~ci;sz~v:i:;c311t3 illiij htsifi2s.. tllls illere many diflernnt rcligiciis t o
to those tknt rnnai:l?d .:-jib hiE1 izi j , ;a:, rr;:,ch pc:c sllbizer.
" baye c.1~~ l i g i o i %lid
i
tlrnsc ~ i i t!i(iityhf
i ~ 1T.y n-Orcjs t o Lu !:c-. J . ,
. . l r 1. .I..r7c clie form of Tvor&ip. \Ire bcliere in ?:m Cuiij- of
t o $2 drai-.-:icd b?.~;\i;:jct';eJ: . - ;.:cl.
-i.ii;:j T:~:, Kiglii e!ld
(>i7c, rind flyat He in 02rqu:i?':c<>. . .
- .'2 0 17,.2' -.
?):;~~o:;.-,,~.;i: 7 .,!+&?.-.,
.... . I . i r-S sf ,7!:C1:! yil)ii
ellgnged in pr:\lsl?ig .
2
L i1. ',.-a
\>
?;h---
..a1 ;:y 'rrc nlarifj7ii1r:
110 "1a,...-. ,,"L
\.. ii ;-<:11. y;., i;:!":? t,{lL2T-
l<,;.,,j -;-0
.
.: ,>,,L . .Y. >-
\vc do llor T- ;egent our bani:!:,gs t.c ni:J7
i,i]z
V>.?
jyA,:~:-i
<..,9,
. , .. -.T..

L;-. . - ?.I;,
J l i

;>;..;l; :'.
C.. .c:ic;.
-- :
~ Cr . arc thn~kf!i! i c y v;hrterr:.
>.~:j\;- T
-3.- e r ~ n t , ~ ~ y \\
...,.c-.
.
;-
I Le ;,.(

said, ;er:;
-'ri.:i:.-<y
7
j.02 ~ ~ : f i l - - 7 7.-

..I. . .,,,IS of allotted in our f;,,tc, i! P t:Z':W:?'3 L2

piety. 'i.hy L I ~ S Ctlie ~ rill23of i;ii-!L-;::;t;! t ~ k l ,

-/. ..
dldcrent oi>lri:.ofil. Lye;..,. occ.a ;:.
Iiij ol.clms. i7;c do not gr\i v-:,)- this i:. n?
25 *.:.in
J a!:<] uv;,nt is the r e s o n for th2t> .
2 ? G . So:ne say ihc Ea;:, ;., ieo;-t2ociri>i ; -.
.7

0,. -;
-
to i.iL; ori~ci-s, nctioy);. .! !:.! ii?3kheri>z:.-
-. '.'.:r-.*- :-i!;?(,sthe <liciesb.
,1:. '1'
3 LA^
,,--L.A LAX;<
f < < ~ ! ; >- ~ - -. !);9oi;
d;,:
. . . 3 , 1 1 ~s i.l r ~ 7 e y o ~ ~ ~ L G ; : of
. :. CO : i ? l : ~ > .
- l i ~ i l C f : > ~solilc
$>$-,. I
of' :li2 ,,7, +::.-: L : ;ir2
.A.-

i!L!2yQ -.
~2
&--A,-.,.: . fi;.-,r
- Llye c2niinnal;j~ s ,2 o. 2 c d- ~~ c -
c : ~ ~ &),:A2? , ~ i;~y a~. ,,~t!,.:.-,
~ <.I, -, tllre:
:--- c;:>:;s:,;. same I)?-
i k r e in S j ~ raom<; , r;i.r7 ar;? fir., ELJ,
y.. , Thoro i-,bina'i that .;a !:~voil~l o;?:opreiicn3lon
-. .
2,s 5:s c: ~cve:1. acln. b::il:$:ie t?:::t crc>ti:yes I>
,"
<:;::gc

;
ill'
hare
iIimlrillntion t i l ~ vpp$e~:; it"
U
- knnn-!. ~ h i i et-ey
knor theln not, 1]loee scic!lfis t1.i-iithey 'C~-., .-i ~ ~
r. 1

esisted 2s 1011~?L,$tr12c'"-.- L,LL..~;::T ; 8 0 ! t C say the T k, rcl?Sb

kno.i- tllcy ha,ve110 ine~in;Ltio2 to~'":.?~.
is everlasting, some Lrilg proofs oi its fii..itenass ;
t,zEgs from whicll come no red ienafi:, tbi;i
 ( 200 )
siuEy. Some of tbcm are absx~rbsd in :llfasnrinr-
i;aySiLi~s Y O U Laast of J~OLI rely only when t h r o ~ ~ g h
t h e heavenly budies and their dista~ic?~. 0 7

are puzzled over ascer~iiningthe height o r mallu.
t d n s rltd c!ouds.
Xany go meaaorjng tllc yiyen
nnil fomsis. Some study and pcndcy arii* ;lie
colllpositicn of the Hcasaiis u:ld discovering of i:le
Solac kreoaioess 2nd lust you hare eaten many kinds of
food suE ~ z c o r n aaiclc, and taking a urinal xith
v,,, J-ON go tc their doors and w a i t Oldy those
are. jich no to the doors of the yhysicinu or
c>

x:::.tb'~ c c n t ~ ?; L;Lra 119 i;iioi5~]cdge ihi: ailotheo-q. Also tile imlocl<y and imfortunate
. . cravd round doors of tlre astrologer, and yet
i f i f - 1 1:-
They kiloir lloi hair ill,;lfi>- : ni:l - - 1 -
..?:/C .(!:'h, f:":'01~ going tllerc, their t r o ~ i b l eare ~ increased for
. , . ,D h .i!>:~.~i'
.1: .1s nut in ilk&;oofi-cr linsfcii a lucky o r arrest
iil:es!.incS t i w r am ; T z is ;lie cxf2!i[
n!l ull] i:losLliot. fnrti:lr., cort:~innst.ro!ogers
hs!low i ~ the i cili?sr ; 17!lnL is the n i l t x ; k ,,f : i . . .
n:iJ bniinr ; I:orv the st<unn& is fo:-lsc(,j
c a... ;
.-Ut'L a!id &vioerr ta:;e piece of p s p ~ rand n7&e SOKlc
r;i!:li i j llonxnse JjCeii~.2 tl:e f o ~ l i i ;l ~this is d ~t h
?e
the ctiidition of t h L~O C C ;~ Bo\\r tlrcjciiiri oc
erse phS-aiuniis,tbyoilg!l iakillg their ~ d i ' i ~ e
becly :LW ~ i t ~ a t ~rI dl .t ~ ~thine-S
7

t o ic;:rn Ri:icii
g 3' 1 :lic is iixn-c~,ased.Fy"ln those tlliugs T V ~ ; C ~
is easy and to uilderstn;:iI u p c e a s q - . tli,:-- l?;2L..2r
o . c , ~ ~ , ~ ~the
>L ~ ~sic?: m m , fhcy tell him t o &h-
rt from these the aliill alld
I < ~ r ~;i p
arc :unde mnnifest. As tiie ~ ~ o p h e :llr!,
G,]-J
t ~ bless-
- ~ ~ ~ ~
, If t h y left Ilim to nntnw, the GC~Cman
lroLlld yecover. Jlcllce y o : ~boasting ~ fYOU' ' pbl-
ings cud gmcc of God be upon him,-hns lyritbt,ii,
sicianLns vlld astro~oge~s is egregious folly. JTTe
,31071 a l n h nafisojizi fnlfdd n r ~ l a7-a&joA2b ; tluki
fiat dependent on them, for oor food llever i.arias,
is; ' IIe who understood his own body
therefore v e do not become ill. %re take 110~the
God.' In addition t o this stupidity thBy
advice of physicians base no for
read cot the word of God,, and know llot 13is
orders reapeotil?g duty and ceremonies. &4,d ,, draughts or codections. It is a characteristic.. of
the free that they dependent on 110 0""
.
 the lot of aizves to con! i ~ l c a ! l :*:1nuinn ~ froin one
fancy they :we gainers, and do not understal~c~
i)lnce to anothm. Those maychantF, ]ri:iirjcwl
that they have given array for nothing the veal
liusb~eZ~:~'ulli: of which y;,n rourid,-cs ho,,,+, are
treasure, which- is the soul. They have sold
even worse OR : ! , ~ : 3 , ~ ' ~ l C S?.r.s
. *. .,..
L%*2 e Cfjil-
:L:- their sdvation for this vorlld, neither do they
temptiblc i l r ; ~ : tl:c ~ ? . > r g c y etid ~ :Ilod
i- ?:iglit enjoy the vOrld-heave~~ is lost to them. ' In
a3.d d2J' iG toil ;~i:dl:il.,:>pr tLrv nw
get ; x i : 0:::: S~C)::I:::?;.'~e:i;;c:. J
TheJ- :--;:i :.:i - , ~ f i ; ~
I'':.!cy
-s ~ ~ i j d -
oI two things bofi were l ~ s t - ~ e a l t bWas
- - nor grJi-Led;noilher nos lieoran.' If YOU boast of
m 2 :i:a!!~?s: yet t l ! ~ ?l-JICITSe!,,.yS ~
::,-,
L
-
11 c -.
. T[!IJ- (A::,+ :!:c c::y!h:::..l
<-
,:, -c \:::
7
ryeS.
to
tIlrr yen a:ib- \-lint c h u a are boncroleut men of
&::t C S ~llot of the f';?if, ?!l:....<.,-~ v ! - ~
L - L " :-;'C .??';L i'j(!t
,c,..
yoL,-rrscc.ia z l ~ t " : i zTbe!:l. fi.iends, rel~tions,
'""&$C? C.:.;l; 1 1 1 1 ~2 . ; .,,:!l.- ?:-<.:;:] L,l nsoing (ill ~ m tilil!;~6,
r , + ? ' , L L :.) -:::,l
2.z(1 & l l c i g ~ ~ o v .\ ~~, f i d ~b.,=r
- - .,.. a lz;:\.;
7 .-.:..-
.-%"--*

'
I.,?? >,07-!...
L t:, 7jjcii. ,L.:,#>
s!nr:~c :I:: insi! rcs. r C l : l ~!!.ir::bc!.L!?if
?,?:!.!>
;:;
l12;f :Ll,bdL , ~ ~ ~ .fioie~ ) . )tiii:c t,o k i ~ ea r k h g dm",nilrl - 7

they lilrcr :ooli illt.9 thair c<~~,ltdiiio~~. DOl:") er!;

1 h ' ai of' ; ; , - 1 ,

hop2 of 2 f ~ i ~ i i i &clr c , -::m!;i:a; n y ; ; i L l ;:ir:.j riakl I,, ic. :his biinrlTalcnccto "lljoy ~ - ' J L ? ~at s ~yo::?
~ w..*:
s ?':zl,-2 < $
'.,.&h <>**
,; colrp?.J7, rrhile FOLIY fiiellds, relations
.
L
q . c,?:
r
I n t.55 of sCpLYCit',-1 1 , . , ,..- ~ 2 1 12.i l:!,; j:T~ccsa
J- :1
F>
,G.

bonrs go bci(?iiiz? i L ~\i,:;al d you s3.Y t h h ~.-L*.-.-.

U L-t

ancl give i:s%i~ig 10 t1:2 s,i:.d 1

!:oar: L-

I n GTIllo r:5iiia>i i;i:? J

-,-Og G;:r ..
,.,1 ' a:e-&2ries, they
c!~i'l<;; ', .X.e iroy;:l
7

- tile rice ,,.,,.-,..:. ,.;!li cf ..I

boaic!i2 o~ 3;-QFc jii:Sdrie\-c~s
1s i ~ t .I t is ,;,:,ic . :;l
'0 X ~ C K ~ ! ~
1~:'~:~
j7cf,i%,
7
. tll- ':!d.

TLro$d. Tyi~11 their CC:I~:: : : .: .

t ~ e r sare iiot ir.
- kjlzl d.,, =.- -..
L L . ' ~L - ~ S
ta!ce it ZK::~: or some I . ,I-.:-
them of it- 4 9 d then 1::1,.1:1~ ~ e c o l l ~:;.inCd
,
3
L ~ J L IhV ~
an; , . .?illp l l a s f i ~ t ~tL>:{
~ y c:::,'"-
t o deceive t,h&. filcll~ls. For sh~iv,q-ith C-.;?;;;:?:;i:
degi*aded, they aanL'cr Ijcgging fmm dijr fa door. alld plcza;.,g ,-.clli,OLi~ion, they v:ite tl1?1:1 !,?":i:i
They X T Z . ? ~ their ~ xhoie lircs in v...p ':L.,;., 2;jid
m~.-.,p in +h.',.hcnrts &CJ- :;yk $ic:,li7-
of fi.iesd&ip; bi:t 4 Cl-
 fng bonr to i-mdormioe h.e r o ~ tend foundation
si' t i ~ e i r eharzater. Kiairt alld dny they Law They are continualIy complaiing of God, [saying]
the idea of stop;)irlq t o elliplor o f iile p-i.sa;i did God cycste the accursed Satan? '??by nere
""C? g2tti11g a ! i Y ? ~ e l l t ni?piiilrt silot!lor ill ]-,h adulterer^ and fornicators created 1 Why doer He
pl~~ceA . ~ i lat last by 6O;lif EI:.,. tngc!ji? oi*
L- give thenl food? These we improper words. Their
Ip11cc: they sA;!ct 1li-i disiiiiiaiij. C po- harts are &IICdwith such-like diabolical ideas. YOII
l-cLll= jLcrli2ifs
2nd desatees thzt )-a:: ~ L i f i Lill tLin1; them t o be riyliteous, but before God none
' 0 l:? ~ . i g b t ~ ~ ialts~,d 1 '
laiii;!s are so .vicirad. TT?hydo you bosst of them ? These
1-0, j i
idep L :: ti~oirprayaw 7 .
inre>----
..L rC;ltlu;l itye nccc. t
**
peoplearc a sb:~nle1111.ltd n disgrace to 5-0~1. YQ"
1Jy God, hnve shen-n )-G(: their s]f-desiai nl!rl 1''. vise re.ijgiolls also for the sake of tile v-odil
nbsiineoce, and deceived sop. For tT':at n?licL hnve m;lil"Ilet. Inaful which is unlrm-
aI3PXX be 0 - . of their
tlil lenqt!wni;i2 ~ ~aIld ~ aometi:nes
1 , inde that unlawful which is
' a d s : takjng lie hair 6.:. tha ~ j ; , ~;roar'ixo
L

, lolls
-2
right. Tlleq. give vroug explanations of the T F O ~
robes, being satisfiei wiiL coi:-sc c l o i ~ j 1 2 y' ill!fLiDg
.E ;3 of God. To ativa~~tnges, t-hey twist the real
patch npon pltch: rernainii;~siic~:; e]jc&iog to c ,
I . \Vllat c.%ureligion and piety do ? IIel]
lie one, taliiu,: little to eat, being
U
is prepal*edespacialliyfor those of ~ h o l n3-cm host.
teaching the 1 ~ 1 ~ofs i'e:ioiml, mal<ing to f;,ijs! Pourjiidges lnnyers so lol~gas they are not ifi
m3rked, long pmq--
L)
m" t.:ll their foreheads a situatioll [bdl.t?~01.I , L s ~ I L ~ , go
w ] t o the mosque rn6i-n-
lilj hallg t l l r o ~ g heating so little f90d, lettinglet-jnDn ing and evening and say prayers, and preach $0 and
their brains wither, their bodies become thiu teach peollh. When they kt posts they seize
their color becori~eche.nged,-these are dio,yether the rnredth of the poor and the orphan, and gixreii to
deceit and lies. Their bearts are so full of nldiae 23 oppreFsivekings t o pIense them. They take bribes
% ~hatred,d they think no o11e created cquni tothelll,, do jnsliee. Those wllo are not contefiied: tlley
make so by f e n and threatening. In sh@l%; these
 ( 206 ) ( 207 )
S are tho,ongi:$i wicked ; they msIce right
and said, ': T h o ~ y hthe white a n t Lns no liaild~,
~~:rong,and rrrollg right They ferr cot God in fiet, hcv does she ml;e up esrth and over h r bad::
tire least. On thcir account are p u ~ i i a b ~ n e nand t~ build Ler arc?:cd horse. ? Give me an exp!nuP.tion
ji~dprnel~t [lodai~lcdj. Tile bad pr~:ctices of c:iliphr
of ~Lis." Ol;c of the men of the IIcliuew nsseulbly
~11dkings that J.OU m e n t i ~ nas b e i ~ ~the g s::ccercorr
~ ~ i . ';1 TIla
, Giilii xive hey tile earth. For this
C:' the pmpheis i r ? re11 I<iionn,fa:. they leavethe
y;ason, thn,t slit did i,Lmn dlis scrrice-she ate the
~T::YS of the pYoph~ts and jrnt to daitb the
wand of !<ii,g So!osmn and 11r fell. The GeSi
of t h e prophet^ Th?)? tiriolc themrc~ires better t,Goilght lie \Taa &ad Rc3 thence, and they
t h a n all men. They yrefbr this \rur!d to {Jlel~cxi. \I-Lrcfl*2e<JfrOStl tl)il nlrl! ~roul~lc.'' 'The Icing id
U'hsn m y p ~ r s o nnliloxg the111 ~ C C U I I I C B B rulel., he r:, file t~llcs tllz Gw-lii, '' .Do Y O I L 1~1103- any-
first irnl~dsonlslhim T Y ~ Ohas sprrcd ]:is nllcestoyr tliis pfrhon n ~ e n t i o ~ ?~"s
They
r!,illi. of,. i,lle
n-ell for years. He cspcls fwm liir iiiind re- finy that tha Genii.
: -
mciljllbrmce nf past se~*~-ices.T h i o ~ l ~morldly
b Bi,rilher
L. imllcl; y ; r ; ~ , for if she a c i d thoi
no~bitionhe kiUs his friends and Bmthcrs. These tolr-nrds Gullii this man hns d e r e r i b ~ dsl~oifid
,
m e not the chai~cte~isticr of s~q>criora. To boast \re nov iri;lject to tll;lt toil DIUI t r ~ ~ b l ~
of these kings and nobles is injurious to Toor case. 1,. freed ? xinS Solo~ilnnmade tile Genii bring
dild your claim of omnersLip rritl-oot proof or earth nll,d wnrcr, and built houses 2nd gave the111
i~ensonis altogether false aiid unfo~mtled. 0 sort c~ r.llnoyn,ncc.x A Grwkphilosopher mid
The
tile King, I kllo,y one reason for tlds.
"

CHAPTER SXT7.
j<illg &lilte its7' fie re131ied, '' l'h 6 c m -
A?2 ~ C C O U oP j~ the
~ TT'hife A~zt. rnro of tile *bite riit is rronderfi~l; her body
VLen the parrot had finished this speech, the il cOO1: the pores of her nrhole body ever
King looked towards the aseemb1~-of Genii and men remaiAdape11 ; the nbi& goes into her hod)-
 ( 208 1
is congealed 114. the excessive cold and becorn:r
to balance For instance, the elephant, though be
water. This forms in drops on the surface of jler
has a large body, is mild tempered ; he is governed
body, and tbe dust which falls npon Ler bodv
by a child, who mounts his shoulders and tnkes him
becorneh mud and sticks to it. This she collects,
where he chooses. The camel, though he bas a long
s e her body for p ~ - o t c c t i ~ ~ ~
and makes her h ~ l ~ over
that from every harm she may Le sared. And neck and body: is yet w c h a fool that he folloms
my one who seizes his nose string. If a mouse
she has two teeth which nre very strong, rrLich wished he could lead him a b o ~ t . And the scorpion,
she cuts through fruit. lcnvcs mid vood, and makes
passsages;in bricks and stoilcs." The Ring said to though small in body, when he stings the elephant
the locust; " The white n n t in a sort of grilb 1;ills him even. I n the same way this grub, which
is ed1&1 the xhite ant, though his body is very
y0-a are representative of the grubs, explain what
small weal<, has a very capacious mind. In
this Greek pliilosophcr snjs." The locust .aid,
short, every Form that is s~ilallin body is altoge-
" He speaks the truth, b ~ i he t has not dcseribed the
tber wise and il~telligent." The King said, " What
whole of her talents, thew are some others." Tlie
is the reason that large-bodied animals are dull,
King said, " Finish about them." ITe &l, ~~\T]lell
and ,qmall-b0died wise ? What skill of the Creator
the Great God ercnted the whoie of tile :min.nI; 2nd is in this ? "'Ie said, \JThen the Creator of His
gave each of them his biesiing, He in His porer
perfect power perceived that those animals whose
and justice made all eqnnl. To some Ile glL:rrre
bodies rrrere large were able t o bear grief 'and pain,
bodies of a i.ir,oe ~ i z enild hczry, but ga~-ethe111
]lad be given them c9pacious minds they ~ o u l d
grovelling and gross spirit;.
To others IFe never have subo~ittedto any one. Ancl had the
small and tender bodies, but made their spirits ex-
jmall-bodied ones not been wise and ell-info~med,
tremely vise and intelligent. Thc ?ednndnncy rind
they could ncrer bare existed uirder grief and
the deficiency on one aide aud the o t h r arc made
trouble Therefore He gave N those inferior spiritq
 i 210 ) ( 211 )
and these in triligen t spirits." The hing sad, to
she collects it rind makes her home ?
" Give the data,ils." The other replied, The tyrsnnicalkings, are rebellious m d disobedient,
ever?. art is not t o let the secrets thank Him not far His blessinf, the
of the inventor be knon- to any one, or how bodied animalsare nn e~idenceof His Power and
he makes [any thing-] For instance, tile bee skjllm insbllce, the knat killed Ximrorl *lot-
without rule or compass makes in her house dif- nit.atmdillg this that he is the s m ~ l l e s of
t insecte
ferent kinds of angles and circles, alld it is not and pharaoh beca~nedisobedient and
lrnomn she does it, or 1yhenCe she brings ,gainat voses7 the Great God sent Rrn'y of
Wax and Had her body been large,this ~ocults to go there ;md subdue him- Sin'i'al'ly
art have been discovered. So is the ~~d gwa solomon authority, m d the 6ftof
Lthe secret of] her $pimina alld is prophecy, and nlnde all Genii 2nd men bject to
not h o r r n to 311y. This is the care raitb vbita solne of $he rricl<ed b d a doubt to
Obtained
a""t)nothing can solve the secret of the formation being propllet, [thinl;inn] that he
of bcr house. I t is not k n o i n how his do,ninions by fraud nnd deceit. -4lthough
talcer up
enrth and builds. The phi]osopbers dellv t,hat said that ~~d had Of E-iskindness rind grace given
from
it is l'ossib1e t o form anything rritllout matter. him fiztrnnlr, even then the doubt neut
And Great God has proved by the s~cillof tileir minda. ~ " d~ o sent d the white %'ltrrllo
it [p~saibie]. For without mnteri- the wand of solomo~', a"d
"Is she .ionre11 boose, gni,her. honey in the mosque. Z U ~ s ~ ~
food If they are of opinion that she collects it ,
,,, ,.beye lvitll the ability a ~ l ' ' ~ ~"lm~ '
~ ~ why do they ,lot coliect it
~ ~leaves,
f l o r a,lld uhitd ant], This power of the Aimigtty
use it? And if she gets it fiom-air to the nicked who boast
Tater_ is a A41thougb see dl His ill
"'ld man carl see: why does he not watch her, horv ,ize and .wealt.h.
and might, they do not take iranlling.
boast of those kings who are inferior to T hOUY eJ~
small insects. There is the oyster, in which the
pearl is produced ; she is solaller in body and
wea1cer than all the anjma,Is of the sea : but in
knowledge and wisdom, most proficient and intel-
ligent. She gets her food and n~nintenancea t t&e
are also got from it. Better than the best is the
pearl for their adornment, rvLich is produced by the
ei;ill of sinall fish rriiic?l I haye just now descrih-
ea. 'Ehe Great God bi.ongiit forth such excellent
i:?ing~ frolll these auimnis, f!mt mull may observe
thcln and ncknorlcdge Ris skill m d pon-er. S o t -
,ri&stnniiing 1 1 1 see
- 7 7 -

~ ~ ?;l r,is pover and ingenuit>-,

bott,o~nof the sea and there lir?ea. In the rainv the)- il,rp cp<r.rcl,cnafind ~ m s t etheir lives in error,
season, she comes from the bottonl and stnys----J
on
aild here the); give not t h a ~ l t rfor His blessings.
the susf'ace of the water. T v o shells of hers are .[hcy opprission tin': tymun? m" His
very large? and she opens them-when the min t . ht.i']esa
~ ~ m.er.hrc-a."
~ \ Y b n the l r ~ ~ ~haG
5 t
water goes inside them: she immediately closes
-

. the men,
~

gnis3ed this speech. i;in,o said unto

a?

them, that the water of t h a salt sea rnny not be ;c Have lrou ~ SAJ? ?
i ! ~ o rttc T h e ~R
?-
mixed with it. After this she goes again to the n:~)'O L Ladvalltagest
~ ~
bottom of the sea, aiid keeps those tiro shells closed
.;
i'ljed.
. . . DPOT" tt!~*tT . ~ o e~lss~ers
by
, ~ e and they7I

fbr sometime till that I n t e r hardens and becomes - --

s~nF!.z.7p Tile xi:.. '' Eeinte them.

a pearlsl. Well, where is sucl, 1;nomledge in man?,
God has placed great fond~lessin the minds of mm1
for brocades, sillcs, 2nd silk cord, which are oro-
duced from the saliva of thene small worms.
ola fio2n rmangi; th21:: id, ': Onr shapes
l;nifoym, p-n.; t:;d~ form and appearance arc
,,iGuFj. Prolzl&is it i p l m o ~ ltl h ~ rt e are maS-
L

te,, a,nd tkey g;tves. For s ~ m e t r ybelon~sto

their articles of food they think honey the most Of
r3:1k a sprenlacy, and mu1iiiormity is pec~~lilia~
delicious, which is produced by an insect. Their to slavery.v ~h~King said to the animals, " What
assemblies they light up mith n;lx candles, which.
, e p ~d o you to tLia S " All the snimJ r
 bent their heads and remained for a while in
thought. After amoment the Persian nightingale,
the representative of the birds, said, '' This man
speaks the truth ; but although the forms of the
a.nimals are various, yet the spirif,s of all of us are
alike ; and though the forms of mankind are all
dike, yet their spirits differ." The King sairl,
'* What proofs are there of this? " HS replied.
" Difference in religion sr.d faith prove it. For
among them are some thousands of sectel-Je~vs,
Nazarenes, Galilenns, polytheists, heretics, Bre- r o r -
shippers and star-wordippers. And in additioll
to this, in one religion there are many dirisionr,
like as the ancient philoscpllers ditfered in opinion.
For instance, among the Jerrs are Sztmnritane,
Galiieans and Jaluteee ; among Christians, Nes-
torians, Jacobites, Anglicans. Among the Gu=bers,
f0110ive1.s of ama aster, Lrwallees, Hirmees. Nuzkis,
Behrahis, AlanuLi ;among the l l ~ s s u l m ~ nSbi~ls,
and Sunaees, Karijees,* Rafizis, Kasibis, Deists,
- * The Ral+ijisbelieve only in two Calipils, Abdbekr md
Omar, and haye no public prayera-Rn6zis means saeadrrs ;
they believe' only in Ali 8s a Cslipb, s a ~ i b i sa e yery nearly
Son-ft'~talisis, ;hainis, Btheists, Asharis, &c. h n d
there are many more sects, who all vary in their
belief aad reli~ion. Each thinks the other a her-
etic, and. curses him. We all are from schism.
Our religion is one and also our faith. i n fact, all
animals are Unitarians and believers. They know
not plytheism, hypocrisy or sin of any h i n d 'fhey
have riot the least donbt or uncertinty of the
polver and unity of God. They belieso Him to be
Creator and Ba~efactor. They think of Him
night and d g , and rernain engaged with their
ro,,ie, ,d in praise. But the lnen know not of
our payers-" They that dvell in Persia said,
ITe dS0 belieye &lto be the &-eator, the Bene-
factor, the one God and the une~uaued." The
King aslred them, Why is there so much difference
in y o u faith and 1-eligion?" He said, '' Faith
religion are only ways and mesns by which
And the object and end of each
object is
is one and the same- Man must gab that
,.
the same ss gannis. Jh3inis do not believe in revelation ;they
a sort of QOLkersamong Mnhomedans. Ashflis are
sect of the Sannia,,
 sonle means ; in whatever may he aallis he must
keep tllmed towards God." The King said, "If
this be tlle object of evel*j7oce to reacb Heaves,
why does one peraoll kill anot'her ? " He replied,
" It is not on account of r e l i g i ~ l ~for
; in religion i s
110 hatred. Rut. it is on account c 'cosqucst: which
ic a duty of the religious." The XCng said: :: Tell
us znoi-e f:lll y ." 11s replied, " The 'FTOL'I~~ a:1d
faith are twins. one is not ahle t o esist with-
out the other. B:lt the hith is of..i:.!.fit.inrportance,
a,ncl the world scconr1;tr~-. Tlre f i ~tl:i is !lecceserj-
for the world, th.t sl! ~ i ~ e l l Le hou::st. An?
for the faith ;? kill2 is requi.red .tr, enfc?:ce bj-L.is
aiizthority t l ~ crri':es of re:lgion xraor~gt21e pcoplc.
fIence many religious I l l C i l SIIII:;I.I~,?!-:.~ 3 1 3 ! e to ;ct
. i1:::a d.:-
L
domil~lonancl r::ak. F o r erory re~;;;:.q::s
1.
sires that nl! 1:1~:1 may folloc- Iiis n;\--:: ;::th, ,.
. - 311d
p~zctiser:lles of religion. I[f t.li.lia .!:Ii:?:-:;.- ! : : ,v lifiten
2;-tentively, I will give a clear pros, o'. L?;$ --.,-
C n -
.
L~~sD~."
He olpdercd him to do so. He rc;:l:??ieil,:'To ,crib-
d u e the passions is ,z duty in ever> weed 532 re-
ligjon, and to subdue the passions is this,-to sscri-
~ ~ ; the cust,om of the world is to
ficr: ~ O I I S Smhik
sla~ighteran? other that opposes one." The King
said, :' Slaughter by kixgs t,o acquire territory is
very colnmon ; but how do religious nlen kill their
pi~ssions,tell us." He said, " In the fait.h of 1 ~ 1 x 1 2
this practice is Irnovn. For God says, Imaltnt-
ta'hu is:shtcir.n miqial n?o,nni.ilznazfo:;ohzit~zzua arltcn!~-
l12hli77 FJZQ'IZTLC~. yzikcitiiu;tn $~abiliZin-
luh ~ii?~ulzilja~zn~11c~
?LP Jnyz/nkfdEtinzd 7.ca yBktalum. ; the meaning of wllic3
. rr
I S : 1 he Great God has purchaser1 from the fzitl!-
fill their passions ancl tvenlclr and pro,niscd ther!;
Wcau:ln: a d tllej-, fo: the sa?x of Gcd, sac~ific;:
t!let:lseires and are st~crificed.' Besides these t l c r a
a x r~rnnnymolbe t e s t s to prnre this point.. 1;; 0:xc
pIi:ce. like ns it is mitten in the Bib!e, it i s $:..id,
P"zls.;bli ilu bBr.cek.ii;sr. Fuktrid a?~f~j;5ncrX:;.::.-~ y8!il;!i)?r
i.)zd~cb(lreki~,l; that is, ' IE j-o:l m,--::
7 .
l;hai,.rt'il,-t?a.ii?~ .. . .I
tnru to God the11 sacrifice j~ourself.fcr iil thr. sight
I>
of it is acceptable.' And when Jesus sniil.
:'\ITl:o ill join me in t.he service of God ? ' A!i
His friends szid, :7Ire nil1 be feyor ~ o r f i ii:. ~ ~
God's service.' Blld the11 Jesus said, "If yn!t
vould serve me, you must. be p~epc;.ed for deail;
and the Cross, that. 7013 may nlount up to I-:eni*i;~r
nlld live there with your brethren. If you mill not
work with me, then you are not of my followers.'
F'in;tlly, theg were all mnrtyrs in the service of
God, and never tcri~cdfrom the. religion of Christ.
In 3 sirnilzr manner the people of India, the Brall-
n~ius,'CC. sacrifice tllea~sclves; and while living,
hurl1 thelrlselves fcr the sake of religion. Their
belief is that of all devotion this is t.hc most accept-
:t5!e to Gocl,--for a. penitent to put hinlself to
death slld b ~ w nhis body t h a t all his sins may be
thus forgiven. Thus the leariled on religious mat-
ters keep their souls from avarice and lust, alid bea,r
the burden of devotions. They mortify their pas-
sions till they have none of the love of the world
remaini~g. In short, in t5ia may all religious
people practise self-denial, and think it accey table
service, that theyeby t,hey are saved from the fire
of hell and obtain hen.ven. But of every creed
there are good and bad; and of the wicked, that
person is most, ricked who being nmare of a day of
judgment clesil-es not the reward of goad aets and
fears not the punishment of sin, that acknowledges
not unity of God to whom every one wilt
return." When the man of Persia had finished his
speech and paused, a Hindoo remarked : ';The
children of Adam are greatest in numbers and
[most varied] in races, in species and in individua-
lity. For in the whole four qcarters [of the ~ o ~ l d ]
there are nineteen thousand cities, and in them live
various Binds of people. There are China, India,
Sindh, Hedjaz, Yemen, Ethiopia, Kajad, Egyptr
Alexandria, Kir~ran,Indiis, Stambonl, Azerbijan,
Armenia, Syria, Greece, Irak, Badak shan, Jirj an,
Jeelan, N,zishal>orzr,Iiirman, Cabnl, Mooltan, Kho-
msan, Trmaoxlania, Icharism, Ferghana, &c. There
are thousands of cities and towns which cannot be
numbered. And besides these cities in the jungles,
mountains, a i d islands, thausands of men have
settled and live. Every one's language, color,
manncrs, disposition, religion, and arts, vary, The
Almighty sends food to 211 of them and keeps them
under His protection. Th's excess in nutnbcrs,
difference in co:~dition, ancl variety of employmeats
and pnrsuits go to prove that lncn are superior to
the other races, and that they all are in advance of
t,be created animals which are not of their raw,
Fromthis it is ~ulderstood that man is master 2nd
all animals his slaves. Resides these there aye
i.iany.other pr'irileges - r e hare, n recital of vhiclt
~ o 1 7 l dbe Trery long nild teclious." The frog said
t o the Icing, '' T l ~ i smail has n;enti~aed the numer-
C I I S ~ C S Sof n~nnkindand boasts thereof. If lle could
S ~ Pthe jnhabitants of rLe sea and cjbscrve their
rarious forn~sand bodies, mnnkiad W O U ? ~:IppPXT
t o hi!n very fev, and the cities n.nd t o ~ n she bus
described would d s o appear f c ~ Frjr . in the n-ho?e
cf the f ~ n qi~artet-s
r ._
aye fifteen I f i r ~ seas-the
c G!?-
cian sea, the sea of J i ~ j n n.the
; Cc?;;>i:msea: t h e Red
sea., the f'ersian Gulf, tllc Incli:-ln Oceau, the $,ind.
d h i m sea: the Chinese S:::., the sea of Gog, the
yellow sea, the Arnbi:,n sez,, t:hc F-.+ a cl. 21ell: Ocesn,
the Africm sea: the Snatbers, Qcea?:, <he Eastern
and t l l ~ ~ hru~dredsinali. rircrs
CTC~five
tw3 Lul~drcdIwgcr ones ; for example? the Jihoon,
the '.Cigris, tbe Euphrates! t,he Kile, &C., of v$ich the
length of ench is from 200 to 2,000 miles. The
remainder: streams and broolcs, smdl a11d large
ponds, t'anks, &C., in the forest and wilderness,
Kithout number, and in then1 fisli, turtles, croco-
-- -
. .
dUcs, porpoises, alligators, &C., thousailds of kinds.
of aquatic animals live. God only knows of thcm
or can count them. Some say there are 700 divi-
sions of the aqtmtic animals, and many other sub-.
divisions and classes.. And of the inhabitants of
the land the wild animals, bcnsts of prey, the brutes,.
'!C., there are 500 divisions besides sub-divisions.
and classes. And these a11 are God's slaves x ~ ~ d '
property, for He of His power created them all;
and gives them food and al~vayskeeps them from
every harm. KO act of theirs from Him is hidden:
If this man wiU reflect, and comprehend the mnl-.
titude of the animals it will appear that the num- .
bers and crowds of mankind do not prove that
they are masters ancl ali~nslsslaves.
CHAPrI'EIl S X V I .
A Description of tthe Spiritual World.
When the frog was relieved from this speech,
one of the philosophers of t,he Genii said, :' 0 ye.
multitnde of men and animals, you are mcaware of.
the facts of the numerousness of created beings.
You are not acquainted with those beings [compos-.
ed] of spirit and light that have naitght to do with
shape. hey are single sl3irits and have no dis-
tinction of sex ; they are uncompounded spirits,
and they live in the heavens. Some of them who
$re of angelic race, aye statiolled in the highest
heavens, and those who live i n the colder regions
are the Geuii and the compnili~nsof Lucifer. Then
if you thought of t h e numbers of these beings, you
would kuom, that a.nd snilllals coaxpared wit,h
them are as notliir~g. For the [sitid] cold regions
me ten times as exiensive 3s the land and mater,
and the highest heavens in extent are ten tinles
larger than the iomer regions. And the heaven of
the region of tbe moon is ten times larger than
any of the worlds. In shy';, every vosld as you
ascend is in that proportion to the one below [fen
times gt*eate>-.].-4xd all these worlds are 611ed with
spiritual beings. The space of a span is not left
yacant. These single spirits live there, like as the
prophet (on whom be blessings and peace) hns
said, Ma ylissamci~dtisabe bezuaze shi6l8in illa w a
hzinuku naaluk?j.n kdeminz au rcikedn an skj'edun ;
which means: Xn the seven hczvens there is not a
spsn of space c m p t s but there allgels stand alld
bon and kneel before Eiin in worship. T2len 0
'men ! if you SRT their uumbers you vorxld under-
stand'thn,t your race has no place co~nparedwith
them. A d that your nun~bersand assemblies do
not pluve tEnc you aye masters and a11 are your
slaves. For d ! are God's ~iavesand His army and
subjects. To some l i e has made others subject.
T11 fact, jr:st 33 I-Ie chose of His perfect wisdom He
sent forth His Inws for the govelnment [of all
$hings]. Gocl shol~ltlalrrays be praised and tla~lfi-
ed.' When the philosophel- of the Genii mns reiier-
cd fro111 this oration, the King said to the men,
The animals have given a reply to the i;hinge of
fvilich you boast. If you h a r e a~~ytliing more t o
say: say on." An orl:>torc;f Aag3.z 1-eplied? '' We
Lr~venlore good qualities, which prove that we are
rnnst.ers and they slaves," The King snid, " Tell
us of them." He went on-" The Great Godhas
proi~~isec? many t - ~ ~ : x r d: s~isil:g fro11 the. grzvc?
spreading over the trbole earth, n trial in the jrtdg-
l n e ~43ity,
~ i cmssjng t,he Sira,t blbiclge: entet-iag heaven
of] Firdos the first hcavcn. the second
 the everlasting heavens, paradise, the heaven naters of hell : living iq. cD:-.pnny wilh 3:: tan ;
life, the heaven of peace, the heaven of repose, a jn c3;upan.c. T:-irii i?avia--.::
C .
Eurfenng -., . , t,:,!ise
. are
heaven to live in, the heaven of holy men, the tree . npl:s\uted for ~ 7 9 2 . $2Eidesf - tIlzre ~ ~a,-2 lllr.::i:
~ ~
of Iife, the water of charity, streams filled wit11 * ..
yaGre p~-~::-z~:l;e~~:.s ..-
?.:-i(l. ::;-!2';,:ulis ~~~i~;;.,.~;!l:c~]
. -

mine, milk, honey a.nd water ; splendid drrellings, ..

EZorar, and m? arz 2:;z;nfi: . ;:W::. i.Lsz:. c-22i ; ~ s
the company of houvies ;nearness to God and many ~ o proi~l..'red
t
..
11s s11;r i.erii-:!;ci,, i>.elt::e?: :!::a
...
more blessings ;besides these that are mentioned in thpEtened us -:,.,a . . a n r 11.- I - ..- .-.-
,
. -T T
V ) e 2l.e
i-t:

p , . fFr c 3<':, ey&rs.

C
'

the IIorm, has the Great God provided for us. . ~ ~ ? ~ fvjt,h
e 2 tX-:< ?.T-!..-j:.ll
' .,A

Where are these things procurable by the animals? prom 2;ly ..&-c2 or -:l<--i.cly.... , . ..
ne. ;he:.
7:;;eyiye
These are a proof that we are masters and mimals -.
5; d;sa.xvantzgz.
1
r3
- :.-:3fG:.2 v- -. - er.1-
I S
i z ,J
5y.6

our slaves, Besides a11 these privileges and bless- ---

t o you in z:g~;.~i:;ill. L si; ::,t: !:at si;ne~'iorto 11s.~'
ings Ke have other distinctions which we have A:.1 Hedje3;;i .;$z,
';ljoTT on 21; crji;Riitpvitb
not related." The representative of the birds, the you, for mder an:? c:rcr:mst~..:??ce~ Te i:-z11 aln~:ys
nightingale, said, " Like ns God has promised exist ? If 73'2 sb;i! live :i;irll t!~,;
you good things, so also has 'I-Te threatened yen ~rophatsand holy :x:I, enil n.s:.:;:~l::< it: these . . v

with punishment. For instance, there is the pun- - - -

p"u!>!e TVLDnre ;c>!, -irLq,e; 1
Lza,-led! L:):--, al~ste-
ishment of the grave ; the esalnination of ilJ.us.lkii. m:Lous, devout, v : y h i . o ~ e , iil~s~;~:;~eis. ri;!l 51,;.;8e
~ n d%L%-, angels of purgatory, fear of the last 3 ,
mile reseix519 the a:g~i!s of GO^. h s e tiL:hL excel
(lay, the severity of the l:,st judgment being sent
all others i l l p(,ocl
.. war$.; thut -:;-i::l-i. t;. pizase God,
-.
t

t o hell; afflictions, the first hell fire, tbe secontl

that devote their live;:: and neniih t:, Him, that
hell, the third hell, the fourth hell, the 6ich hell:
depend upon Him, that prny t.o ITiin, ailcl rely
the sixth hell, and the seventh hell ; beillg cast into
upon Him, and those that have t%e fear of the
burning pitch ; drinking poisons, drinking of the
Lord. -4nd if F e be n7ieke:I an< obey Hini n G r !
(i
then by the intercession of the prophets our salva-
ticn mill be nccoi~~~lished : especially through the
intercession of the true prophet-the real apostle
-t$c chiefof the pr-ophets-the seal of the prophets ;
&l,la!;omed Muatah (on whom be blessii~gs and
peace)-all our sins will be forgiven. And after-
wards we shall alwzys live in the company of irou~.ies
and ghilv?ua.c. Then the angels mill say to us,
Salcil~ztc alt.kl/:i?z tibLzhn .{'ad lihziliha kdledina ; that
is, 'Peace be to yon, l o ~happy m d enter heaven,
an.3 live there for ever.' And not a class of ani-
mals are there part'akers of these privileges. After
the diss~lutioti in this vorld, you mill altogether
dissppear. Your name and trace mill be blotted
out." On hearing this all the representa,tives of
the aninzals ail3 philosophers of t.hc Genii said,
" Xom y o ! ~have come to the point and advanced
a substantial prooi: Thcse who boast should boast
of such things as those. But tell us now of the
mcnners, good qualities and virtues of those people
who are thus qnalified. If you can, give us a
detailed accoant." A11 the men reflecting a mo-
ment, kept silent. KO one v a s able to answer.
But after a nloment a learned, intelligent mall said,
" 0 just King ! When in your presence the validity
of man's claims is established, and it is also fonud
tllere is a race among them who are attendants on
God, who have such privileges, pleasing manners,
elegant and angelic WZJ~S,just and virtnous qualities,
such astonishing and high positions that the tongue
is at a h u l t to describe-and wisdom itself at a
loss t o pe~letrate the secrets of. Every speaker
and orator is attempting to speak their praise
throughout the whole of his life, but is never able
to do so completely. Now vhat does the just King
decide on behalf of poor mankind whose slaves the
animds are ? 'l The I i i n ~ordered thus :-
'.Let all the Aniinals reinail1 subject t o and
nlider the authority of Mail, and never disobey
him." ,&!l the animals assented, and every oue
took his departure in peace.
THE ESD.