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SATHYABAMA UNIVERSITY

CHENNAI - 119

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VI – SEMESTER

SOIL MECHANICS LAB – MANUAL

NAME..........................................................

YEAR..................... SECTION..................
CONTENT
EXP. NO EXPERIMENT NAME
1. Determination Of Moisture Content
2. Determination of Specific Gravity of Soil
3. Determination of Grain Size Distribution of Soil by
Sieve Analysis
4. Determination of Filed Density of Soil
A. Sand Replacement Method
B. Core Cutter Method
5. Determination of Atterberg limits
A. Liquid Limit
B. Plastic Limit
C. Shrinkage Limit
6. Determination of Permeability of Soil
A. Constant Head Method
B. Variable Head Method
7. Moisture – Density Relationship Using Standard
Proctor Compaction Test
8. Determination of coefficient of consolidation
A. Log Fitting Method
B. Root Time Fitting Method
C. Vane Shear Test
9. Determination of Shear Strength of Soil
A. Direct Shear Test
B. Triaxial Compression Test
C. Vane Shear Test
10. Unconfined Compression Test
1.MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION
Ref: [ (IS:2720 (Part-2)-1973)]
OVEN DRYING METHOD
I. Object and Scope:-

The object of this test is to determine the water content of a soil sample in the
laboratory by oven drying. This experiment forms an essential part of many other
laboratory experiment.
II. Apparatus:
(i) Non- Corrodible airtight containers.
(ii) Balance of sufficient sensitivity to weigh soil samples to an accuracy of 0.04
percent of the weight of the solid taken for the test. For fine grained soils the
balance should have an accuracy of 0.01g and for coarse-grained soil, it
should have an accuracy of 0.1 g.
(iii) Desicator with any suitable desicating agent
(iv) Thermostatically controlled oven, with interior of non- corroding
(v) material to maintain temperature between 105CC to 110°C.

Test Procedure
(i) Clean the container and weigh it with lid (W1)
(ii) Put the required quantity of the moist soil sample in (he container and replace
trelid. Take the weight W2. The quantity of the soil sample to be taken
depends upon its gradation and maximum size of panicles. The following
quanties are recommended for laboratory use.

Size of Particles more than 90% Minimum quantity of soil specimen


passing to be taken for test in gm.
425-micron IS Sieve 25
2.36mm IS Sieve 50
475mm IS Sieve 200
10mm IS Sieve 300
20mm IS Sieve 500
40mm IS Sieve 1000
(iii) Keep the container in the oven with lid removed and maintain the
temperature of the oven between 105°C to 1 10°C for about 16 to 24 hours.
(iv) Take out the container, replace the lid and cool it in the desicator. Find the
weight W3 of the container with lid and dried soil sample.

III. DATA AND OBSERVATION SHEET

Determination. No 1 2 3
1. Container. No
2. Wt: of container (W1) g
3. Wt: of container +wet soil (W2) g
4. Wt: of container + dry soil (W3)g
5. Wt : of dry soil(W3-Wl)g
6. Wt: of water (W2-W3)g
7. Moisture content
( W2 − W3 )
W= x100 %
( W3 − W1 )

IV. RESULT :

Moisture content 'w' =


2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY DETERMATION
Ref : (IS: 2720 – Part 3) - 1980

PYCNOMETER METHOD
I. Object and Scope:

The object of the lest is to determine the specific gravity of soil fraction
passing 4.75 mm IS Sieve by pycnometer.

II. Materials and Equipments:

(i) Pycnometer of about 900ml capacity with the conical brass cap screwed at its
top
(ii) (ii) Balance sensitive to 1 g
(iii) Glass rod
(iv) Deaired. distilled water

III. Definition and Theory

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight in air of a given volume of the soil
particles to the weight in air of equal volume of distilled water at 4°C. It is an
important factor which is used in computing other soil properties. For example void
ratio , panicle size determination by means of the hydrometer method etc.

IV. Test Procedure

(i) Clean the pycnometer and dry it. Find the weight (W1) of the pycnometer
brass cap and washer, accurate to 1g.
(ii) Take about 200 to 400 g oven dried soil and put it in the pycnometer. Weigh
the pycnometer plus soil (W2)
(iii) Fill the pycnometer to half its height with distilled water, and mix it
thoroughly with glass rod. Add more water and stir it. Replace the screw top
and fill the pycnometer flush with hole in the conical can Dry the pycnometer
from outside and weigh it (W3)
(v) Empty the pycnometer, clean it thoroughly and fill it with distilled water, to
the hole of the conical cap and weigh it (W2)
(vi) Repeal steps 2 to 4 for two more determinations of specific gravity.
V. DATA AND OBSERVATION SHEET.

Determination 1 2 3
Weight of Pycnometer (W1)g
Weight of Pyc + soil (W2)g
Weight of Pyc + soil +water (W3)g
Weight of Pyc +water (W4)g

VI. Calculation:

The Specific gravity is calculated from


( W2 − W1 )
G=
( W2 − W1 ) − ( W3 − W4 )

VII. RESULT:

Specific gravity of the given soil (G) =


3. PARTICLE SIZE DETERMIMATION
Ref: (IS : 2720 (Part 4) – 1985

(a) SIEVE ANALYSIS

1. DRY SIEVE ANALYSIS

I. Object and Scope

The object of this experiment is to determine gram-size distribution of coarse


grained soil by sieving. Soils usually consist of particles of different sizes in varying
quantities. The particle sizes and their distribution in a soil influence the engineering
properties of the soil. The results of the gram size analysis are widely used in soil
classification, niter design for earth dams, soil stabilization, soil compaction etc.

II. Apparatus

1. Balances accurate to 0.3 gm sensitivity


2. Set of IS Sieves : 4.75 mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600 micron, 425 micron, 300
micron, 3 50 micron. 75 micron and pan.
3. Sieve brushes and a wire brush

III. Test Procedure

Weigh accurately about 500-1000-gms of oven dry soil mass. Clean the
sieves and pan with brush. Arrange the sieves No. 4.75mm, 2mm. 1 mm. 600 micron,
425 micron, 300-micron. 150 micron and 75 micron in order, keeping the sieve of
4.75 mm on the top. Then shake the sample using a mechanical shaker for about
5-10 minutes. Weight of soil retained on each sieve and pan can be found cut. Plot
the grain size in mm on abscissa to log ale and percentage finer by weight on the
ordinate. Draw a curve connecting these points to obtain the grain size distribution
curve.

IV. PRECAUTIONS

(i) Ensure that no soil taken is lost during the grain size analysis.
(ii) JS 75 micron sieve should be very carefully handled.
V. DATA AND OBSERVATION SHEET:

1. Weight of soil sample = .....gm

Sieve
Sieve No. Weight of soil % Cumulative % %
opening
IS. Designation retained (gm) retained retained finer
"in mm
4.75mm 4.75
2.36,mm 2.00
108 mm 1.00
600 micron 0.6
425 micron 0.425
300 micron 0.300
150 micron 0.150
75micron 0.075
pan

VI. RESULTS:
Effective size (D10) =

Uniformity coefficient = D 60
D 10

Coefficient of curvative
2
D 30
Co =
D 60 x D10 =
Percentage Gravel =
Percentage sand =
Percentage silt & clay =
D60 = Diameter corresponding to 60% finer
D30 = Diameter corresponding to 30% finer
D10 = Diameter Corresponds to 10% finer
4. FIELD DENSITY OF SOIL
Ref: IS : 2720 (Part 28 &29)-1974/1975)
I. Object and Scope

The in-place density (also called field density) of natural soil is needed for the
determination of bearing capacity, stability analysis of slopes and for determining the
vertical stress at any depth below the ground due to overlying soil strata. In
compacted soils, the in-place density is needed to check the degree of compaction
obtained. The test covers the in-place determination of the bulk and dry density of
soil.

A. SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD

The basis of procedure adopted is to collect and weigh a sample of soil and to
determine the volume which the sample had occupied by pouring in a measured
quantity7 of loose sand.

II. Apparatus:

i) Sand pouring cylinder


ii) Cylindrical calibrating containers. 10 cm internal diameter
iii) Glass plate
iv) Metal tray with a central hole of diameter equal to diameter of pouring cone
v) Tools for excavating 10cm diameter hole
vi) Balance sensitive to 1 gm
vii) Clean, uniform graded natural sand passing 600 micron IS sieve and retained
on 300 micron IS seive
viii) Container for determination of water content
ix) Heat controlled oven maintained at 105°C

III. Procedure

(a) Calibration of apparatus:


1) Fill sand in the pouring cylinder up to 1 cm below its ion Weigh the cylinder
with sand (W1 ). This weight is maintained constant throughout the test.
2) Place the cylinder on the glass plate and open the shutter of the Pouring
cylinder.
Viscosity at test temperature =
Composite correction C =
Specific gravity of soil G =

Elapsed Observed Corrected Effective Particle


Percentage
time in hydrometer hydrometer depth (He) dia 'D’
finer N%
minutes reading 'Rh' reading 'R’ cms mm

IX. Calculations

Particle size CD' is calculated from


1800 µHe
D mm = where
( G − 1) t

He = Effective depth measured from the surface of suspension upto


centre of bulb in cms. For various time intervals, R is found from R= Rh±C and He
from calibration chart

t = Elapsed time in seconds


µ = Viscosity of water at the test temperature in gm.sec/cm2
Percentage finer from Dmm is given by
N = GR x100% where
Wd(G-l)
Wd = total dry v/t. of all particles put in 1000ml suspension
G = Average specific gravity of soil solids
(Taken as 2.65)
X RESULTS
Percentage of silt =
(0.075-0.002mm)
Percentage of clay =
(less than 0.002mm)
IV. Observations and Calculations
A-Calibration
1. Weight of sand + cylinder before pouring (W1 ) g =
2. Weight of sand + cylinder after filling cone (W2 ) =
3. Mean weight of sand in cone (W3)g = (W1,-W2) =
4. Volume of calibrating cylinder (V)cc =
5. Weight of sand+ cylinder after filling the can and cone
= (W4) =
6. Weight of sand to fill the calibrating container
(W=W1-W4-W3)g =
7. Bulk density of sand γ sand =W
V
B. Measurement of soil density
1. Weight of wet soil from hole (Ws)g =
2. Weight of sand+ cylinder before pouring (W1) g =
3. Weight of sand+ cylinder after pouring (W5) =
4. Weight of sand in hole W6= (W1-W5-W3)g =
5. Volume of sand in the hole = W6 =
γ sand
6. Bulk density = Ws
a. (γwet) Volume of sand
7. Water content w =
γ wet
8. Dry density = γd =
1+ W
B. CORE CUTTER METHOD
(i) Obtain the volume of the core-cutter by its internal measurements and
weigh the curter-W1,
(ii) Trim the top of the soil, level and press the cutter into the soil so as to
make it penetrate into the soil to its full length
(iii) Remove the core cutter carefully, so as not to disturb the soil at
bottom
(iv) Trim the soil at the top of the cutter and weigh the cutter + soil
(W2). So(W2-W1) gives the weight of soil alone
W2 − W1
(v) γ wet of the soil =
Vol of core cutter
γ wet
Dry density γ d = where w = water content of the soil sample
1+ W
(3) Allow the sand to run out till no further movement of sand takes place in the
cylinder and close shutter carefully.
(4) Remove the cylinder and find the weight of cylinder and the remaining soil
(W2)
(5) Repeat these measurement at least three times and the mean weight of sand
filling the cone is found out (W3)

(b) Bulk density of sand

(1) Find the internal volume of the calibrating can from the measured internal
dimensions of the cylinders (V)
(2) Place the pouring cylinder concentrically on top of the calibrating can after
being filled to the constant weight (W1).
(3) Open shutter allowing the sand to run out and close when further movement
of sand does not take place in the cylinder.
(4) Remove the cylinder and find the weight of cylinder and remaining soil after
filling the can + cone (W4)
(5) Repeat these measurements atleast three rimes to find the mean weight of
sand filling the calibrating can (W)
(c) Measurement of in-situ density of soil
1. Expose a flat area approximately 45cm square at the site and level the surface
2. Place the metal tray with a central hole on the prepared surface.
3. Excavate a hole in the soil using the hole in tray as a pattern, up to aboutl5cm
depth and collect all the excavated soil in the tray
4. Remove the tray and weigh the material collected to nearest gm.(Ws).Take
specimens for moisture content determination(w)
5. Place the pouring cylinder filled to the constant weight (W1 ) over the hole
concentrically
6. Open shutter allowing sand to run into the hole.
7. Close the shutter when no further movement of sand takes place
8. Remove the pouring cylinder and weigh to the nearest gram (W5)
V. OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION
Volume of the corecutter ‘V’ =
Wt : of core cutter = Wt =
Wt : of corecutter + soil (W2)
Wt : of Soil = W2-W1 =
W2 − W1
γ wet = =
V
Water content w =
Dry density

VI. RESULTS

A. SAND REPLACEMENT METHOD


(i) Field Density of soil =
(ii) Dry density of soil

B. CORE CUTTER METHOD

(i) Field Density of soil


(ii) Dry density of soil =
5. DETERMINATION OF ATTERBERG LIMITS
Ref: IS: 2720 (Part5-1985)
I. Object and Scope
To find the atterberg limits, namely the liquid, plastic and shrinkage limits of
the sample of soil as per IS:2720 (Part5 and Part6)-1985. These limits are helpful in
classifying clayey soils.
II. Definition of the term.
When water is evaporated from a soil suspension, the soil passes through
different, states of consistency. The water contents corresponding to the transition
from one state to another are termed as atterberg limits.
The water content at which the soil changes from liquid to plastic state is
called liquid limit. The water content at which the soil changes from plastic to
semi-solid state is called plastic limit, and the water content at the transition between
semi-solid and solid state is known as shrinkage limit. These index properties are
useful for identification and classification of soils.
A) Determination of liquid limit (WL)
Definition:
It is the minimum water content at which the soil flows under its own weight.
With reference to Casagrande's liquid limit device, it is defined as the moisture
content at which a soil mass cut by a grooving tool of standard dimensions will flow
together for a distance of ½ inch. under the impact of 25 blows.
III. Apparatus
[Casagrande's apparatus]
(i) Mechanical liquid limit device:- It shall conform to IS 9259-1987
(ii) Grooving tool:- It shall conform to IS.9259-1987.
(iii) Porcelain Evaporating dish:- About 12 to 15cm in diameter
(iv) Flat glass plate:- 10mm thick and about 45 cm square or larger
(v) Spatula:- Flexible, with the blade about 8cm long and 2cm wide for
mixing soil and water in the Porcelain evaporating dish
(vi) Balance:- sensitive to 0.01 g
(vii) Oven :- Thermostatically controlled with interior of non-corroding
material to maintain the temperature between 105 and 110°C
(viii) Wash bottle or Beaker:- containing distilled water
(ix) Containers- air tight and non-corrodible for determination of moisture
content.
IV. Adjustment of the Mechanical device
The liquid limit device shall be inspected to determine that it is clean, dry and
in good working order, that the cup falls freely and it does not have too much side
play at its hinge. The grooving tool shall also be inspected to determine that it is
clean and dry.
Using the gauge on the handle on the grooving tool or a separate gauge and
by means of the adjustment plate of the mechanical liquid limit device, the height
through which the cup is lifted and dropped shall be adjusted so that the point on the
cup which comes in contact with base falls through exactly one centimeter for one
revolution of the handle. The adjustment plate shall, then be secured by tightening
the screw.
V. Test Procedure
About 120g of the soil sample passing 425-micron IS sieve shall be mixed
thoroughly with distilled water in the evaporating dish to form a uniform paste. The
paste shall have a consistency that will require 30 to 35 drops of the cup to cause the
required closure of the standard groove. In the case of clayey soils, the soil paste
shall be left to stand for a. sufficient time (24 hours) so as to ensure uniform
distribution of moisture throughout the soil mass The soil should then be re-mixed
thoroughly before the test. A portion of the paste shall be placed in the cup above the
spot where the cup rests on the base, squeezed down and spread into position with as
few strokes of the spatula as possible and at the same time trimmed to a depth of one
centimeter at the point of maximum thickness, returning the excess soil to the dish.
The soil in the cup shall be divided by firm strokes of the grooving tool along the
diameter through the centre line of the cam follower so that a clean, sharp groove of
the proper dimension is formed. The cup shall be lifted and dropped by tinning the
crank at the rate of 2 revolutions per second until the two halves of the soil cake
come in contact with bottom of the groove along a distance of about 12mm. This
length shall be measured with end of the grooving tool or a ruler. The number of
drops required to cause the groove close for the length of 12mm shall be recorded. A
representative slice of soil approximately the width of the spatula, extending from
about edge to edge of the soil cake at right angle to the groove and including that
portion of the groove in which the soil flowed together, shall be taken for moisture
content determination. Repeat the experiment with samples of soil with three more
additional moisture contents so as to get me number of blows ranging from 10 to 40.
Draw a graph with log (No: of blows) along X- axis and moisture content in
percentage along the Y- axis. From the graph get the moisture content corresponding
to 25 blows. According to Atterberg, this gives the liquid limit of the soil
The slope of the graph, gives the flow- index
VI. Data and Observation sheet
1. Trial No: 1 2 3 4 5
2. Container No:
3. Wt; of container gms
4. Wt. of container +wet soil 'ems'
5. wt. of container +dry soil 'gms'
6. wt.of water 'gms'
7. wt.of drysoil 'gms'
8. water content %
= weight of water X 100
weight of dry soil
9. No: of blows (N)

(B) Determination of plastic limit (wp)

I. Object and scope:-


To determine the plastic limit and other related properties of the given soil
sample

II. Definition
It is the water content at which the soil begins to crumble when rolled into
threads of diameter 3mm
III. Test Procedure
(i) Place about 25gm of the thoroughly mixed air-dry soil in an evaporating dish
and mix it with sufficient quantity of distilled water until the mass
becomes plastic enough to be easily rolled into a ball.
(ii) Take a portion of the ball and roll it on a glass plate with the hand to form the
soil mass into a thread of uniform dia. of 3mm throughout its length. The
soil is now kneaded together and again rolled out in the form of a ball.
(iii)Repeal step (ii) until a 3mm dia. thread shoves signs of crumbing
(iv) Take some of the crumbled material for a water content determination Repeat
steps (ii) to (iv) obtain another determination which can be averaged to
give the plastic limit.
IV. Calculation
1. Liquid limit is read from the flow curve as the water content at twenty five
blows.
2. Plastic limit is the water content of the soil which crumbled when 3mm
threads were rolled.
3. PLASTICITY INDEX is the numerical difference between liquid limit and
plastic limit
4. FLOW INDEX is defined as the slope of the flow curve. It is computed using
the relationship.
W − W2
Flow index = 1 where N1 and
(N )
Log 2
N1
N2, are the blows corresponding to water contents W1 and W2 respectively in
the flow curve.
5. TOUGHNESS INDEX: Ratio of plasticity index to flow index
6. LIQUIDITY INDEX or water plasticity ratio
Natural water content - Wp
=
W1 − Wp
1 - LIQUIDITY INDEX
7. relative consistency Liquid limit - Natural w.c.
W1 - Wp
V. Observation sheet:-
Determination No 1 2 3

Con t. No
Wt. of cont. in gm
Wt. of container + wet soil in gm
Wt. container + drysoil in gm
Wt. of water in gm
Wt. of drysoil in gm
Water content in%
VI. RESULTS
(i) Liquid limit =
(ii) Flow index =
(iii)Plastic limit =
(iv) Plasticity index =
(v) Relative consistency =
(vi) Liquidity index =
(vii) Toughness index =
(viii) Classification as per Plasticity chart =
(C ) Determination of shrinkage limit (ws)
Ref: (1S:2720 (Part 6-1972)
I. Definition
Shrinkage limit is defined as the water content beyond which reduction of
moisture cause no volume change or it is the minimum water content required for
saturation of the soil sample.
II. Materials and Equipment
(i) Evaporating dish of porcelain
(ii) Shrinkage dish of non-corroding metal having flat bottom and 45mm in
diameter and 15 mm in height internally
(iii)Glass cup, the top rim of which is ground smooth and level.
(iv) Glass plate with three metal prongs
(v) Spatula
(vi) Straightedge
(vii) 425 micron IS sieve
(viii) balances, sensitive to 0.1 g and 0.01 g
(ix) Oven, thermostatically controlled (105°C-110°C)
(x) mercury (xi) wash bottle containing distilled water
(II) Dry pat Method
(a) Find the weight of the dry pat given
(b) Find the weight of the glass cup given and fill it fully with mercury.
(c) Place the dry pat over it and press it with the special tool given so that a
certain volume of mercury equal to that of the pat flows out which is
carefully collected in another dish
(d) Weigh the mercury overflown by means of which gives the volume of the dry
soil pat
(e) Knowing the specific gravity of the soil-and the volume of the
dry pat we can find out the shrinkage limit.
V.γw 1
Shrinkage limit ( Ws) = where
Ws G
V = Vol. of dry pal
Ws = wt. of dry pat and G = Sp. gravity of soil grains
III. Wet pat method
Take about 30 gm of soil passing through I.S. 425 micron and mix it
thoroughly with sufficient quantity of distilled water to a consistency that the soil
may flow. Apply the grease in a thin layer inside the dish to prevent the adhesion of
soil. Put the soil mixture in the dish in three equal quantities to fill the dish. After
putting one-third of the whole quantity, tap the dish on a firm surface cushioned by
several layers of blotting paper of similar material. Removing the excess soil with
straight edge and wipe off the soil adhering to outside of the dish. Weigh the
shrinkage dish and record the reading as the weight of the dish and wet soil. Allow
the soil pat to dry up in air till the colour of the pat changes from dark to light. Then
put the dish in the oven at 110°C till its weight becomes constant. Weigh the
shrinkage dish with dry soil and then weigh the empty dish. Fill (be mercury in the
empty shrinkage dish. Remove the excess of mercury by pressing a glass plate firmly
over the top of the dish. Measure the volume of mercury in the dish by means of
which gives the volume of the wet soil pat. Find out the volume of dry pat as in the
dry pat method.
IV. Precaution
1. The water content of the soil taken in shrinkage dish should be above liquid
limit but should be within 10% of moisture content from liquid limit.
2. Mo air should be entrapped under the dry soil pat when pressing the glass
plate with prongs is being carried out
IV. Observation and Calculations
(i) Weight of shrinkage dish W1
(ii) Weight of shrinkage dish + wet soil W2
(iii)Wt. of wet soil in the dish (W2-W1) = ‘W’
(iv) Wt.of shrinkage dish+dry soil W3.
(v) Wt.of dry soil pat = W3-W1 =W5
(vi) Volume of the shrinkage dish = Vol. of the wet soil = V1
Weight of ovenflown Hg
(vii) Volume of dry soil pat = V2 = =
13.6
(W - Ws ) - γ w ( V1 − V2 )
(viii) Shrinkage limit = =
Ws
VI RESULTS

Shrinkage limits of the given soil


(a) By dry pal method =
(b) By wet pat method =
6. PERMEABILITY DETERMINATION
Ref : lS 2720 (Part-36-J987)
I. Scope of test
Determination of the coefficient permeability using (J) constant head method
and (ii) variable head (falling head) method

II. Definition and theory

The ease with which water flows through soils is indicated by its
permeability. The coefficient of permeability is the rate of flow of water through a
unit cross-sectional area of a soil mass under unit hydraulic gradient which maintains
laminar flow.

The permeability of soil is a very important engineering property because it


has a dominating influence on the total engineering behaviour of soils. Permeability
is required in all problems involving flow of water through soil such as seepage
under dams, dewatering and drainage of subgrades, embankments, excavation, etc.
the permeability characteristics governs the selection of soil to be used for cores in
earth dams and drains in clay.

II Apparatus

(i) Permeameter mould- 1000ml capacity with a detachable base plate


(ii) Removable extension collar
(iii)Drainage base (iv) dummy plate (v) Drainage cap. (vi) Two porous discs, one
of the size of Dummy plate and the other for inserting into the drainage
cap.
(iv) Metal ring for connecting drainage cap with mould and base plate
(v) Compaction rammer 2.6 kg with 310 mm height of fall.
(vi) Rubber seals, glass, stand pipes, constant head tank, meter scale,, measuring
cylinder, stop watch, thermometer, deaired water, filter paper etc.

III. Test Procedure

A. Constant head method

1. Measure the Inside diameter and height of permeameter


2. Prepare a remoulded specimen
3. Attach the constant head reservoir to the drainage base for sometime such
that a steady state is established
4. De-air the top by opening the air vent
5. Allow water to flow under constant head
6. Collect the water discharged in a graduated jar and note the time interval for
specified discharge or the discharge for a specified time.
7. Note head causing flow
8. Repeat the experiment under the same head for three times
9. Note the temperature of water used for the test
B. Variable head method
1. Measure the inside diameter and height of the permeameter
2. Prepare the remoulded specimen
3. Attach the stand pipe to the drainage cap and allow water to flow out from
drainage base for sometime so that the specimen will be saturated before the
test is begun
4. De-air the top by opening the air- vent,
5. Find out the inside diameter of the stand pipe
6. Measure the time required for the water level to fall from initial head (h1) to a
known final level (h2)
7. Re-fill the stand pipe and repeat the test till three successive readings give the
same time interval for a fall of head from h1 to h2.
IV. Precautions
1. Ensure there is no air in the tubes connecting constant head tank to
permeameter.
2. Assembly is to be tightened so that there is no leakage
3. Allow enough time to attain steady state flow.
4. Make sure that the soil is fully saturated.
V. Observations and Calculation
A. Constant head method
Dimension of specimen
Length L - diameter 'd' =
Area "A' π 4 d2 = Volume =
Dry density = Test Temperature =

SL.NO HEAD LEVEL TIME IN K(cm/.sec)


MINUTES

Q×L
K= cm / s
A×h×t
K = coefficient of permeability
Q = quantity of water flowing in time interval ‘t’ (sec)
L = Length of sample (cm)
A = area of c/s of sample (cm2)
H = head causing flow (cm) t= time interval (sec)

B. Variable : head method

Dimensions of specimen
Length ‘L’ = Diameter ‘d’ =
Area A = Test temperature = diameter of stand pipe
Volume = area of c/s of stand pipe 'a' =

Time
Sl.no ::. h1 cm h2 cm interval. k(cm/.sec) Averagek
sec ‘t’

aL h
K = 2.303 log 10 1
At h2

t2 = (t2-t1) = time interval for head to all from h1 to h2


V. Results

(i) Coefficient of permeability by constant head method =


(ii) Coefficient of permeability by variable head method =
7. COMPACTION TEST
Ref: IS 2720 (part 7-1983)
(PROCTOR COMPACTION)
I. Object and Scope

To determine the moisture dry density relation for a given soil using constant
compactive effort and subsequently find the maximum dry density and the optimum
water content.

II. Definition And Theory

Soil compaction refers to the process of obtaining increased density of soil m


a fill by reduction of its pore space by the expulsion of air, using either a static or a
dynamic effort. For the soils used for construction of embankments, earthdams,
highway subgrades and subbases, soil is mixed with water and rolled or tamped
several times by means of rollers or tampers to increase its density by reduction of air
voids. The relation of density of soil and water content at a given compactive effort
was first explained by R.R.Proctor

III. Apparatus

1. Cylindrical metal mould of capacity 1000 cc


2. Metal rammer weighing 2.6 kg with a controlled height of fall of 310 mm
3. Balance
4. Thermostatically controlled oven to maintain the temperature between 105°C
and 110°C
5. Mixing tools, straight edge for trimming, scarifier, sample containers, tray,
mallet
IV. Test Procedure

1. Clean the mould and fix it to the base. Take the empty weight of the mould
with base and measure the internal dimensions
2. Take about 3 kg of soil sample which has been previously passed through
4.75 mm IS sieve
3. Add enough water to this soil to bring its moisture content to about 7% (
sandy soils) or 10% ( Clayey soils) less than the estimated optimum water
content
4. Fill the mould with mixed soil in 3 equal layers, with each layer being
compacted by 25 blows of a hammer weighing 2.6 kg falling through
310 mm. The blows should be uniformly distributed over the surface of each
layer after compaction, the top of the third layer should not be projecting
more than 5mm into the collar.
5. Remove the extension collar and level the top with straight edge. Clean the
mould from outside and weigh. Eject out the soil from the mould, cut it in the
middle and keep a representative soil specimen for water content
determination.
6. Repeat the experiment with moisture contents of 10%, 16%, 19% , 22% etc.
V. Graphs: -

1. Draw a graph with dry density along y-axis and moisture content along x-axis
and obtain O.M.C. and γd max
2. 100%, 90%, 80% saturation lines can also be sketched, in the above plot
using the. relationship
Gγ w
γd = Where S = degree of saturation
1+ wG
Sr
G= Specific gravity

VI. Observations and calculations

Weight of mould (W1) =


Volume of mould (V) =

Wt.of Wt.of Water


Wt.of dry
Wt.of mould Wet Wt.of cont cont + content
compacted
Density
No. of
“W” λd
Sl.No compacted container +wet dry
soil Container γ
soil (W/2) γ W3 Soil Soil W5 − W4
(W2-W1) 1+ w
W4 W5 W5 − W3
Lines of constant degree o* saturation '
w percent γd γd γd
Sr = 100% Sr = 90% Sr = 80%

Calculate the void ratio and porosity corresponding to maximum dry density
from the following relationship
Gγ w e
γd = n=
1+ e 1+ e

VII. RESULT

Optimum Moisture content =


Maximum dry density =
Void ratio at maximum dry density =
Porosity at maximum dry density =
8. CONSOLIDATION TEST
Reference: IS:2720 (Part 15)-1986 I. Object and Scope
I. Object and scope
The object of the experiment is to determine the consolidation properties
disturbed or undisturbed soil by conducting one dimensional consolidation were
using either fixed ring or floating ring type consolidometer The test progress the
determination of coefficient of consolidation Cv and primary compression ratio of the
given soil sample under a given load increment.

II. Definition and Theory

When saturated soil mass is subjected to a load increment, the load is


mutually carried by water in the pores of the soil as excess pore water pressure,
because water is incompressible in comparison with the soil structure. As the water
drains from the soil pores under the pressure gradient so developed, the land
increment is transferred to soil structure and there is a reduction in the volume of the
soil equal to the volume of water drained. This process is known as consolidation.

III. Apparatus

(i) Consolidometer consisting of base, ring, two porous stones, loading


Ring: diameter 60mm: height 20mm
(ii) Loading device consisting of frame, lever system, loading yoke, dial
gauge fixing device, water reservoir connected to base, loads etc.,
(iii) Dial gauge with least count of 0.002mm
(iv) Stop watch to read seconds
(v) Soil trimming tools such as wire saw, knife, spatula etc
(vi) Oven, balance, containers for water content determination

(IV) Test Procedure


(1) Measure the diameter of the ring
(2) Determine the initial sample thickness
(3) Place the consolidation ring on the bottom porous stone and fill the ring
with sample without any air voids. Then place the top porous stone and
the cover on the specimen Mount the mould assembly on the loading
frame and centre it such that the load applied is axial.
(4) Position the dial gauge to measure the vertical compression of the
specimen. Connect the mould assembly to the water reservoir and the
sample is allowed to saturate. The level of water in the reservoir should
be at about the same level as the soil specimen.
(5) Note the initial dial gauge reading ( do). After applying the load, take the
dial gauge readings corresponding to various time interval. The final
reading after 24 hours is also noted (df)
IV. Precautions
(1) The soil sample must be estimated
(2) The porous stone should be boiled and saturated before use
(3) The preparation of the soil sample must be skilful
VI Graphs.
Draw the following graphs
1. Dial reading Vs 9t where 't' is in minutes
2. Dial reading vs log t
3. Cv can be calculated in two ways
A. Log fitting method
Make a plot of compression dial reading versus-the log of time. The two
straight portions of the curve are extended to intersect at 100% primary compression.
It is not possible to plot log time at t = 0 so the corrected value (dc) is found out as
follows.
1. Select a time 't1' in the parabolic portion
2. Select a second time t2 = 4t1, in the parabolic part
3. Obtain the offset between t1 and t2
4. Plot this off set distance above t1 to obtain dc.
The 50% corresponding point is halfway between the corrected zero point and
100% compression point.
Tγ H 2
Cv = (Tv )50 = 0.197
t 50 ,

H1 + H f
H= Average drainage path for the pressure increment
4
where H1 initial height of specimen and H1-final height of specimen.
t50 -from the graph.
Primary compression ratio
d c − d100
r=
d0 − df

B) Root time fitting method

Make a plot of compression dial reading versus the of elapsed time with a
straight line extended to the abscissa to intersect zero time and obtain the corrected
zero point dc. Through dc draw a straight line having an inverse slope of 11.5 times
the tangent This straight line cuts the compression time curve at 90% primary
compression.

Tv H 2 ,
Cv. = (Tv ) 90 = 0.848
t 90

10 (d c − d 90 )
r =
9 (d 0 − d f )
dc- corrected zero point
d90- compression dial reading at 90% primary compression by root time
fitting method
d0 compression dial readme at zero time
df- final dial reading
d100- compression dial reading at
100% primary compression by log fitting method.
VII. Data and Observation sheet

Load applied- 0.5 kg/cm2


Least count of dial gauge=

Elaspsed time 't' minutes 9y Compression dial reading


0 0
0.25 0.5
1.00 1.0
2.25 1.5
4.0 2.0
6.25 2.5
9.00 3.0
12.25 3.5
16.00 4.0
20:25 4.5
25.00 5.0
30.25 5.5
36.00 6.0
42.25 6.5
49.00 7.0
56.25 7.5
64.00 8.0
75.25 8.5
81.00 9.0
VIII RESULTS
Coefficient of consolidation
a) By square root of time fitting method =
b) By log time fitting method =
Primary compression Ratio
a) By square root of time fitting method =
b) By log time fitting method =
9. SHEAR STRENGTH DETERMINATION
Reference : IS 2720 (Part 13)-1986.
A. DIRECT SHEAR TEST
I Object and Scope of the Test
To determine the shear parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) of
a soil sample and to determine the stress-strain characteristics.
II. INTRODUCTION AND THEORY
By shear strength of the soil we mean the maximum resistance offered by the
soil against shearing forces. Failure occurs by slip for cases where the shearing force
exceeds this particular value.
By Coulomb's law, we have
S = C+σ tan φ
Where S= shear resistance or shear strength of soil
σ= the normal stress applied
C= cohesion of the soil
φ= Angle of internal friction of the soil
A direct shear test is one in which failure of a soil specimen in shear is caused
along a pre-determined plane. The shear force and the normal load are applied
directly to the specimen.
III. APPARATUS
(i) Shear box. container for shear box, grid plates, porous stones, base plate,
loading pad
(ii) Loading frame for applying shear force at a constant rate of shearing
displacement (with different speeds)
(iii)Loading yoke for applying normal loads
(iv) Weights.
(v) Proving ring- to measure shear load
(vi) Dial gauges- 2 nos with least count of 0.01 mm
(vii) Balance, spatula, straight edge etc.
IV TEST PROCEDURE
(1) Weigh the required quantity of sand to make the volume of the test specimen
in shear box as per the density specified.
(2) The two halves of the shear box are held together by locking pins, insert the
bottom plate and on the top of this, place the plane grid with segregations
at right angles to the direction of shear.
(3) Prepare the sample over this
(4) Insert the plane grid on the top of the specimen and insert the top loading
plate
(5) Keep the shear box in the container for shear and set up the loading frame.
(6) Keep the loading arm of the shear box in contact with the proving ring. The
normal load is applied on the soil sample.
(7) The locking pins are removed
(8) The sample is sheared at a constant rate of deformation ( 1.25mm/rnin)
(9) The maximum reading of the proving ring is noted which gives the shear load
(10) The test is repeated on fresh samples of sand with different normal loads
and the shear load at failure is noted in each case.
(11) For the last normal load, dial gauges are attached so that the normal and
shear displacements are measured until the soil fails.

V. Precautions

1. The specimen should be set up without causing any initial disturbance to the
sample
2. Remove the locking pins before starting the test.
3. Verify the capacity of the proving ring and ensure that it is not exceeded
4. Select the rate of application of shear load based on the type of test

VI. Graphs

1. Draw graph with normal stress vs peak values of shear stress.


For the last normal load draw the following graphs also.
1. Shear stress by normal stress Vs shear displacement
2. Shear displacement Vs normal displacement.

Draw the Mohrs circle and determine the principal stresses at failure for a
particular normal stress.

VII. Data and observation sheet

Constant-of proving ring 1 div = 0.455kg


Wt.of loading hanger = 5.25 kg
Size of shear box -
Rate of strain -
L.C. of horizontal displacement dial -
L.C. of vertical displacement dial -

Normal Proving Shear


Normal Shear load
Tnal No. stress ring . stress.
load kg Nx 0.455
kg/cm2 reading' N* kg/cm2
Normal - kg /cm2
Shear displacement Normal Displacement Shear load Shear Share Stress
Stress Normal Stress
Dial Dial Prov Load
Displinmm Displinmm
Reading reading Rdg. In kg

VII. RESULTS

(i) Cohesion (C) =


(ii) Angle of internal friction =
(iii)For a normal stress of =
(iv) Minor principal stress =
(v) Major principal stress =
(vi) Direction of plane of rupture with the major principal plane. =
B. TRIAXIAL COMPRESSION TEST
Ref : IS 2720 (Part 11) – 1993

I. Object and Scope of the test

To determine shear parameters of undisturbed soil specimen in the triaxial


compression apparatus by unconsolidated undrained test without the measurement of
porepressure.

II. Introduction and theory

The triaxial compression test is used for the determination of shear


characteristics of all types of soils under different drainage conditions. In this test, a
cylindrical specimen is stressed under conditions of axial symmetry as shown in fig.

In this test, the application of the all-round pressure and of the deviator stress
form two separate stages of the test. The first stage is known as the consolidation
stage and the specimen is subjected to an all round confining pressure (σc). In the
second stage of the test, called the shearing stage, an additional axial stress, known as
the deviator stress (σd) is applied on the top of the specimen through a ram. Thus the
total stress in the axial direction at the time of shearing is equal is (σc + σd).

III. Apparatus
(i) Triaxial cell, with all accessories.
(ii) Apparatus for applying and maintaining the desired fluid pressure in the cell
(iii)Compression machine, capable of applying axial compression to the
specimen, at convenient speeds
(iv) Dial gauge to measure axial compression
(v) Seamless rubber membranes
(vi) Membrane stretcher
(vii) Rubber rings
(viii) Split mould, trimming knife, sample extruder, thin walled rubes
(ix) Water content determination containers
(x) Balance
(xi) Stop watch
IV. Test Procedure
a. Preparation of specimen
Take air dried soil. Mix up with required amount of water to give a required
density for a given volume. Compact the soil in constant volume. Press hollow
cylindrical cutters into the compacted soil and obtain the requisite size specimen
(i) Cover the pedestal in the triaxial cell with a solid end cap or keep the
drainage valve closed. Place the specimen assembly centrally on the
pedestal. Assemble the cell, with the loading ram initially clear of the top
of the specimen, and place it in the loading machine
(ii) Admit the operating fluid in the cell, and raise its pressure to the desired
value. Adjust the loading machine to bring the loading ram a short
distance away from the seat on the top cap of the specimen. Read the
initial reading of the load measuring gauge. Adjust the loading machine
so that the loading ram comes just in contact with the seat of the top of
the specimen. Note the initial reading of the dial measuring axial
compression
(iii)Apply the compressive force at constant rate of axial compression. Take the
simultaneous readings of load and deformation dials, define the stress
strain curve. Continue the test until failure or 20% axial strain
(iv) Upon completion of the test, the loading is shut off. Unload the specimen and
drain off cell fluid. Dismantle the cell and take out the specimen. Keep
samples for water content determination.
(v) Repeat the test on three or more identical specimens under different cell
pressures
V. Data and Observation sheet
Height of specimen 'I' - Area 'A0' -
Diameter - Volume-
Initial weight: Initial water content
Final weight: Final water content
Cell pressure (σ3)
Load gauge constant
Corrected
Comp Load Comp of Strain Vertical Deviator
area
dial gauge sample δ Load Stress Stress
‘e’ A
reading reading ‘δ’ 1 A= 0 σ1 σ1 σ3
1− e

Deviator stress at
Test No Cell pressure (σ3) σ1 at failure
failure (σ1-σ3)

VI. Graphs
1. A graph with deviator stress on the Y axis and % strain on the X’-axis is
plotted to obtain deviator stress at failure. The deviator stress at failure (σ -
σ3) is known as the compressive strength of the soil.
2. Mohr's circles are plotted with minor principal stress (σ3) is equal to the cell
pressure (σc). The major principal stress (σ1) is equal to the sum of the cell
pressure and the deviator stress. For different cell pressures, Mohr circles are
drawn and thus obtaining the failure envelopes.

VI. RESULTS
Cohesion (c) =
Angle of internal friction =
(C) VANE SHEAR TEST
Ref: IS: 2720 (Part 30)-1980

I. Object and Scope of the test

The laboratory vane shear test for the measurement of shear strength of
cohesive soils is useful for soils of low shear strength of less than about 0.5 kgf/cm2 .
This test gives the undrained strength of the soil, and the undisturbed and remoulded
strength obtained are used for evaluating the sensitivity of the soil.

II. Apparatus

(i) Vane- The vane shall consists of four blades each fixed at 90° to the adjacent
blades. The vane blades shall be welded together suitably to a central rod,
the maximum diameter of which should preferably not exceed 2.5 mm in
the portion of the rod which goes into the specimen during the test
(ii) The apparatus may be either of the hand operated type or motorized.
Provisions should be made in the apparatus for the following.
(a) Fixing of vane and shaft to the apparatus in such a way that the vane can be
lowered gradually and vertically into the soil specimen
(b) Fixing the tube containing the soil specimen to the base of the equipment, for
which it should have suitable hole.
(c) Arrangement for lowering the vane into the soil specimen gradually and
vertically, and for holding the vane properly and securely in the lowered
position
(d) Arrangement for rotating the vane steadily and for measuring the rotation of
the vane.
(e) A torque applicator to rotate the vane in the soil and a device for measuring
the torque applied.
(f) A set of springs capable of measuring shear strength of 0.5 kgf/cm2

III. Test Procedure


The specimen in the tube should be at least 30 mm in diameter and 75 mm
long. Mount the specimen container with specimen on the base of the
vane shear apparatus and fix it securely to the base.

Lower she shear vanes into the specimen to their full length gradually with
minimum disturbance of he soil specimen so that the top of the vane is at least 10mm
below the top of the specimen. Note the strain and torque indicators. Rotate the vane
at a uniform rate approximately 0.1% sec by suitably operating the torque applicator
handle until the specimen fails. Note the final reading of the torque indicator. Torque
readings and the corresponding strain readings may also be noted at desired intervals
of time as the test proceeds

IV. Observation and calculation

Torque. 'T' =
Height of the vane 'h' =
Diameter of the vane 'd' =
Shear strength =

2T
τf = =
πd [h + d / 3]
2

V. RESULT

Shear strength =
10. UN CONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
Reference: IS:2720 Part (10)-1991
I. Object and Scope of the test

To determine the unconfined compression of clayey soils using controlled


strain.

II. Definition and Theory


Unconfined compressive strength is the maximum compressive stress which a
cylindrical soil sample is able to carry when its sides ere net confined The U.C.C.
test is sometimes referred to as undrained test, because the condition φ =0 is same as
that developed in unconsolidated undrained test of saturated soils. In a plot of normal
stress vs shear stress all the Mohr circles will pass through the origin. Mohr-envelop
is horizontal. Shear strength due to cohesion is given by half the compressive
strength. Because of the lack of Lateral support, the compressive strength is given by
UCC test is lower than those given by other tests.
Some amount of confining effect is provided by the surface tension due to
moisture in the soil and will be more if the soil is saturated. But in this test the
internal soil condition like pore water pressure and degree of saturation can't be
controlled. The friction at the ends of the test specimen provides a lateral restraint
which alters the internal stress and this friction can be minimised by using special
conical, lubricated end plates. In this test more uniform stresses and strains are
developed and failure surface will tend to form in the weakest portion and not along
a predetermined surface

III. Apparatus
(i) Load frame to apply compressive load at constant rate of strain
(ii) Proving ring
(iii)Dial gauge
(iv) Vemier callipers
(v) Split moulds and compaction device for making remoulded specimens

IV. Test Procedure


1. The cylindrical soil sample at the required density and water content is
prepared
2. Measure the length and cross-sectional area (A) 01 the sample
3. Place the cylindrical soil sample in the machine
4. Set up the dial gauge and the proving to measure deflection and axial load
5. Use a strain -rate of 0.5 to 1.0 percent per minute
6. Record the proving ring reading corresponding to specific deformation
dial readings.
7. Compress the sample until failure planes have definitely developed or the
stress strain cure is well past its peak or until an axial strain of 20 percent
is reached
8. Sketch the failure pattern
9. Moisture content of the specimen is found

V. Precautions

As unconfined compressive strength of soil may be small, use sensitive


proving rings of lower capacity to measure loads

VI. Graph

Draw the stress Vs % strain graph with stress in kg/cm2 along Y axis and %
of strain along X-axis

VII. Data and observation sheet

Sample diameter —
Cross-sectional area of the sample (A) =
Height of the sample =
Strain rate =
Proving ring constant =
Least count of deformation dial gauge =
Increased
c/s area Actual
Deformation Strain
Provingning Load Compression stress
Sl.No Dial gauge δ1 = of sample
reading kg δ1 A load
reading e
A1 = A1
1− e

VIII. Calculations
(i) The unconfined compressive strength (qu) is got from the graph
(ii) The Mohr's circle is drawn for the soil sample.

IX. RESULTS

1) Unconfined compressive strength of the soil (qu)=


2) The angle of internal friction of soil (φ) =
3) The shear strength of soil at failure =
4) The normal stress at failure =
5) Cohesion of soil (c) =
QUESTIONS
1. Why oven drying is done at 105 to 110o C?
2. During your laboratory course, you may have to find water content samples
in a number of experiments. Suggest means of saving time in this capactiy
3. What do you expect if liquid limit and plastic limit tests are conducted on
pure sand?
4. Instead of cutting the groove as described in the experiment, if it is out in a
perpendicular direction, what results do you expect?
5. What will happen if Casagrande's grooving tool is used for sandy soils?
6. Soil A has a liquid limit of 70% soil B has a liquid limit of 30%. What do you
infer from this?
7. Has sand plasticity?
8. What do you mean by grain size?
9. Why do you choose a semi-logarithmic paper for plotting grain size
distribution curve?
10. Suppose sand is powdered to clay size. Do you classify it as clay?
11. Why square holes are provided in sieves and not round holes?
12. What results do you get if sieve analysis test is conducted on a pulverized
cohesive sample straightway without washing?
13. If the sample used for compaction test is not sieved through 4.75 mm IS
sieve, how does it affect the results?
14. What do you expect if compaction test is conducted on sand using the IS light
compaction apparatus?
15. If a soil is being compacted in the field, how is it possible to say that the
water content of the soil is approximately equal to OMC?
16. Mention various methods for determination, of water content in a laboratory?
17. What do you understand about index properties?
18. What are the main index properties of a coarse-grained soil and a fine grained
soil.
19. State Stoke's law.
20. Mention the various corrections required for a hydrometer reading.
21. What are the uses of consistency limits?
22. Differentiate between flow index and toughness index.
23. Why standard sand is used in field density test?
24. If the soil is layered, how do you determine the field density?
25. Up to what depth can you use the small sand pouring cylinder? If depth in the
field is greater than this, what will you do?
26. What is the direction of flow of water in the soil sample in the laboratory
permeability test? Do you expect any change in the field?
27. Suppose you conduct permeability tests on two soil samples having void
ratios of 0.8 and 1.6. Which will have more 'k'
28. What do you expect if every high hydraulic gradients are applied in the
permeability test?
29. What is Darcy's law? What are its limitation?
30. Two soil samples have 'k' values of 10 cm/see and 100 cm/sec which is more
pervious?
31. Why soil sample is kept saturated in a consolidation test?
32. Instead of applying load increments after every 24 hours, if they and applied
after every 4 hours, what results do you expect?
33. What results do you expect if a consolidation test is conducted on sampling.
34. How is compression index Cc found?
35. Can permeability be determined from consolidation test indirectly?
36. What is the coefficient of consolidation? What is its use on the settlement
analysis?
37. Differentiate between primary consolidation and secondary consolidate
38. Differentiate between normally consolidated and the over consolidation soils.
39. Define slow, quick and consolidated quick drained shear test, illustrating
their use by at least one field example.
40. 40. If you test gravel in a direct shear box of size 6 cm x 6 cm x 2.5 cm you
get correct results.
41. What is meant by sensitivity of a clay sample?
42. If you conduct undrained, consolidated drained and undrained tests remolded
clayey specimen, what difference do you find in the strength characteristics?
What conditions govern the choice of the type of tress
43. Is it possible to conduct unconfined compression test on a sand sampling
44. Indicate in a stress-strain-diagram, peak strength and residual strength
45. What are the limitations of direct shear test?
46. Can direct shear test be done on clay samples, how will you finding shear
parameters.
47. Differentiate between consolidation and compaction. Give example
48. What are the different methods of compaction adopted in the field'
49. What are the factors that affect compaction?
50. Differentiate between Standard Proctor test and the modified Proceed test.

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