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PowerPoint Lecture Slides

for

Foundations of Materials CHAPTER

Science
and 1
Engineering
Fifth Edition Introduction to
Materials Science
William F. Smith and
Javad Hashemi Engineering
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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi

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Pop Quiz The Mars Rovers - Spirit and Opportunity

Make a list of major components in your classroom including

the constructional elements (at least 10 components). For
each component, determine the class of materials used in its
structure (identify the specific material if you can).
(Level C2: Knowledge& Comprehension)
Answer:
• 1- Chairs – Polymers and metals (polycarbonate,
polystyrene, steel for frames)
• 2- Board – Synthetic wood or polymers
• 3- Walls – Composite materials and ceramics (Wood,
gypsum [a calcium mineral],
• plaster) Spirit and Opportunity are made up of materials such as
* Metals * Ceramics * Composites * Polymers * Semiconductors
• 4- Structural frame – Metal (Steel beams)
3 • 5- Electrical wiring – Polymers and metals
Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi
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www.nasa.gov Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi

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What are Materials? Why the Study of Materials is Important?

• Production and processing of materials constitute a
• Materials may be defined as substance of large part of our economy.
which something is composed or made.
• Engineers choose materials to suite design.
• We obtain materials from earth crust and • New materials might be needed for some new
atmosphere. applications.

• Examples :-  Example :- High temperature resistant materials.

 Space station and Mars Rovers should sustain
 Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72 and
conditions in space.
5.00 percentage of weight of earths
* High speed, low temperature, strong but light.
crust respectively.
 Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08 • Modification of properties might be needed for some
and 20.95 percentage of dry air by applications.
volume respectively.
 Example :- Heat treatment to modify properties.

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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi

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Video Materials Science and Engineering

• Smart & Modern Materials • Materials science deals with basic knowledge about
the internal structure, properties and processing of
materials.
• Materials engineering deals with the application of
knowledge gained by materials science to convert
materials to products.
Materials Science and
Materials Science Engineering Materials Engineering
Basic Resultant Applied
Knowledge Knowledge Knowledge
of of Structure and of
Materials Properties Materials

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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi

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Types of Materials Types of Materials

• Metallic Materials • Polymeric (Plastic) Materials

 Organic giant molecules and mostly
 Composed of one or more metallic elements. noncrystalline.
 Example:- Iron, Copper, Aluminum.  Some are mixtures of crystalline and
 Metallic element may combine with noncrystalline regions.
 Poor conductors of electricity and hence used
nonmetallic elements. as insulators.
 Example:- Silicon Carbide, Iron Oxide.  Strength and ductility vary greatly.
 Inorganic and have crystalline structure.  Low densities and decomposition
temperatures.
 Good thermal and electric conductors.

Metals and Alloys

 Examples :- Poly vinyl
Chloride (PVC), Polyester.
 Applications :- Appliances,
Ferrous Nonferrous DVDs, Fabrics etc.
Eg: Steel, Eg:Copper
Cast Iron Aluminum
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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi

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Types of Materials Types of Materials

• Ceramic Materials • Composite Materials

 Metallic and nonmetallic elements are chemically bonded  Mixture of two or more materials.
together.  Consists of a filler material and a binding material.
 Inorganic but can be either crystalline, noncrystalline or  Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.
mixture of both.  Mainly two types :-
 High hardness, strength and wear resistance. o Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix
 Very good insulator. Hence used for furnace lining for o Particulate: Particles in a matrix
heat treating and melting metals. o Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer
 Also used in space shuttle to insulate it during exit and  Examples :-
reentry into atmosphere.  Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or
epoxy matrix)
 Other applications : Abrasives, construction materials,
 Concrete ( Gravels or
utensils etc.
steel rods reinforced in
cement and sand)
 Example:- Porcelain, Glass,
 Applications:- Aircraft wings
Silicon nitride. and engine, construction.
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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi

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Pop Quiz

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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi

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Pop Quiz

(a) Name the important criteria in selecting materials for a
protective motorbike helmet.
(b) Identify materials that would satisfy the above criteria.
(c) Why would a solid metal helmet not be a good choice?
(Level C6: Synthesis and Evaluation)
Answer:
(a) The material or combination of material must first and
foremost absorb a significant amount of the energy due to
impact and not allow that energy to transfer to the skull. The
material must also be light weight.
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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi
(a) Name the important criteria in selecting materials for a
protective motorbike helmet.
(b) Identify materials that would satisfy the above criteria.
(c) Why would a solid metal helmet not be a good choice?
Answer:
(b) The helmet material is the polymer polycarbonate. There
is also a polymer foam (vinyl) placed inside the helmet. The
helmet and the foam absorb a great deal of impact energy by
deforming. The form also protects the skull from a sharp
directed blow and distributes the blow. The face mask is
made of metal (steel wire coated with plastic) or another hard
polymer such as ABS.
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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi

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Types of Materials

(a) Name the important criteria in selecting materials for a • Electronic Materials
protective motorbike helmet.
(b) Identify materials that would satisfy the above criteria.  Not Major by volume but very
(c) Why would a solid metal helmet not be a good choice? important.
 Silicon is a common electronic material.
Answer:  Its electrical characteristics are changed
(c) A solid metal helmet will not distribute the blow or by adding impurities.
deform substantially from an impact and will transfer most of
the energy to the skull. It is also too heavy.  Examples:- Silicon chips,
transistors
 Applications :- Computers, Integrated
Circuits, Satellites etc.

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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi

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Competition Among Materials Recent Advances and Future Trends

• Materials compete with each
other to exist in new market Example:- • Smart Materials
1600
Aluminum
 React to environment Stimuli.
• Over a period of time usage of Iron

different materials changes

1400 Plastic  Change their properties by sensing external stimulus.
1200 Steel  Examples: Shape memory alloys – used in the artery stents.
depending on cost and
1000  Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices.
performance.
lb/Car
800
• New, cheaper or better
600
materials replace the old
400
materials when there is a
200
breakthrough in technology
0
1985 1992 1997
Model Year

Predictions and use of

materials in US automobiles.
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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi

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Recent Advances and Future Trends Case Study – Material Selection

• Nanomaterials • Problem: Select suitable material for bicycle

 Smaller than 100 nm particle size. frame and fork.
 Materials have special properties. Carbon fiber
Steel and Aluminum Ti and Mg
 Very hard and strong characteristics. Wood Reinforced
alloys alloys alloys
 Research in progress. plastic
 Example: Carbon nanofiber reinforced plastic:
very light but stronger than metals.
Low cost but Light and Very light and Light, moderately Slightly better
Heavy. Less strong. But strong. No Strong. Corrosion Than Al
Corrosion Cannot be corrosion. Resistance. alloys. But much
resistance shaped Very expensive expensive expensive

Cost important? Select steel

www.ml.afrl.af.mil/stories/mlb-00378.html
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/
Properties important? Select CFRP
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Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. in SI units Smith and Hashemi

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Pop Quiz Video

Why should Mechanical Engineers be knowledgeable about • Graphene

composition, properties, and processing of materials?
(C4: Application and Analysis)

Answer:
• All branches of mechanical engineering will require
selection of materials for a variety of applications in
automobiles, power plants, and machines (to name a few)
based on a variety of requirements including weight,
strength, stiffness, deformability, corrosion, conductivity,
magnetism, etc.
• Knowledge of composition, properties, and processing is
critical to select, modify, and apply materials to various
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applications. 24
Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering, 5th Edn. Smith and Hashemi