Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual

Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer SOLUTIONS MANUAL
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Chapter 2
Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function with
Checkpoint Exercises the graph of y = sin x .
1. The equation y = 3sin x is of the form
y = A sin x with A = 3. Thus, the amplitude is

A = 3 = 3 The period for both y = 3sin x and
y = sin x is 2π . We find the three x–intercepts, the
maximum point, and the minimum point on the

interval [0, 2π ] by dividing the period, 2π , by 4,
period 2π π
= = , then by adding quarter-periods to
4 4 2
generate x-values for each of the key points. The five
x-values are
1
x=0 2. The equation y = − sin x is of the form y = A sin x
2
π π
x = 0+ = 1
with
2 2
A=− . Thus, the amplitude is
π π
x= + =π 2
1 1 1
2 2 A = − = . The period for both y = − sin x
2 2 2
π 3π
x =π + = and y = sin x is 2π .
2 2
3π π
x= + = 2π Find the x–values for the five key points by dividing
2 2 period 2π π
Evaluate the function at each value of x. the period, 2π , by 4, = = , then by

4 4 2
adding quarter- periods. The five x-values are
x=0
π π
x = 0+ =
2 2
π π
x= + =π
2
2
π 3π
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π π π
y = 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 3 , 3
2 2 2 
π y = 3sin x = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0) x =π + =
2 2
3π 3π 3π π
y = 3sin 3π  x= + = 2π
2 , −3  2 2 2
2  Evaluate the function at each value of x.
= 3(−1) = −3
2π y = 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0)
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
1
x y sin x coordinates
2 Find the x–values for the five key points by dividing
=− period 4π
0 1
y = − sin 0 (0, 0) the period, 4π , by 4, = = π , then by
2 4 4
adding quarter-periods.
1
= − ⋅0 = 0 The five x-values are
2
x=0
π 1 π π 1 x = 0 +π = π
y sin ,− 
2 2 2 2 2 x = π + π = 2π
= − 1
= − ⋅1 = −
1  x = 2π + π = 3π
2 2 x = 3π + π = 4π
π 1
y = − sin π (π , 0) Evaluate the function at each value of x.
2
1
= − ⋅0 = 0 x y = 2 sin
1
x coordinates
2 2
3π 1 3π 3π 1 
y = 2 sin ⋅ 0  
y sin ,  0 1
(0, 0)
2 2 2 2 2 2 
=
=−− 2 ( −1) = 2
1 1 = 2 sin 0
= 2⋅ 0 = 0
2π 1
y = − sin 2π (2π , 0) π 1 
2 y = 2 sin ⋅π (π , 2)
2 
1
= − ⋅0 = 0 π
2 = 2 sin = 2 ⋅1 = 2
2
2π ⋅ 2π 
1
y = 2 sin (2π , 0)
2 
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = 2 sin π = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
the graph of y = sin x . Extend the pattern of each 
3π 1
y = 2 sin ⋅ 3π  (3π , − 2)
2 
graph to the left and right as desired. 3π
= 2 sin
2
= 2 ⋅ ( −1) = −2
4π ⋅ 4π  
1
y = 2 sin (4π , 0)
2 
= 2 sin 2π = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and

graph one complete cycle of the given function. Extend
1 the pattern of the graph another full period to the right.
3. The equation y = 2 sin x is of the form
2
1
y = A sin Bx with A = 2 and B = .
2
The amplitude is A = 2 = 2.
The period is
B
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2π 2π
= = 4π . 1
2
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11π 11π π  11π 

π y = 3sin 2 ⋅ − , − 3
4. The equation y = 3sin 2 x − is of the form 12 12 3  12 
 9π 3π
3 = 3sin = 3sin
6 2
π = 3( −1) = −3
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 3, B = 2, and C = .
3
The amplitude is A = 3 = 3. 7π 7π π  7π 
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −  ,0
6 6 3 6 
2π 2π 6π
The period is = =π . = 3sin = 3sin 2π
B 2 3
C
π
π 1 π = 3⋅ 0 = 0 
The phase shift is = 3 = ⋅ = .
B 2 3 2 6
Find the x-values for the five key points by dividing
period π
the period, π , by 4, = , then by adding
4 4 Connect the five key points with a smooth curve
quarter-periods to the value of x where the cycle and graph one complete cycle of the given graph.
π
begins, x = .
6
The five x-values are
π
x=
6
π π 2π 3π 5π
x= + = + =
6 4 12 12 12
5π π 5π 3π 8π 2π
x= + = + = =
12 4 12 12 12 3
2π π 8π 3π 11π
x= + = + = 5. The equation y = −4 cos π x is of the form
3 4 12 12 12
11π π 11π 3π 14π 7π y = A cos Bx with A = −4, and B = π .

x= + = + = =
12 4 12 12 12 6 Thus, the amplitude is A = −4 = 4 .
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 2π 2π

The period is = =2.
B π
π Find the x-values for the five key points by dividing
x y = 3sin 2 x −   coordinates
3 period 2 1
the period, 2, by 4, = = , then by adding
π π π π  4 4 2
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −  , 0
6 6 3 6  quarter periods to the value of x where the cycle
begins. The five x-values are
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
x=0
5π 5π π  5π  1 1
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −  , 3 x = 0+ =
12 12 3  12  2 2
3π π 1 1
x = + =1
= 3sin = 3sin
6 2 2 2
= 3⋅1 = 3 1 3
x = 1+ =
2 2
2π 2π π  2π  3 1
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −  , 0 x= + =2
3 3 3 3 
3π
= 3sin = 3sin π
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= 3⋅ 0 = 0
2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
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x y = −4 cos π x coordinates
0 y = −4 cos (π ⋅ 0 ) (0, –4) The five x-values are
= −4 cos 0 = −4
π
x =−
2
1 1 1  π π π
y = −4 cos π ⋅  ,0 x=− + =−
2 2 2  2 4 4
π π π
= −4 cos =0 x=− + =0
2 4 4
π π
1 y = −4 cos(π ⋅1) (1, 4) x = 0+ =
4 4
= −4 cos π = 4 π π π
x= + =
3 3 3  4 4 2
y = −4 cos π ⋅  ,0 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
2 2 2 
3π 
= −4 cos =0
2 3
x y= cos(2x + π ) coordinates
2
2 y = −4 cos(π ⋅ 2) (2, –4)
= −4 cos 2π = −4 π 3 π 3
− y= cos(−π + π ) − ,
2 2 2 2 
3 3
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = ⋅1 =
graph one complete cycle of the given function. Extend 2 2
the pattern of the graph another full period to the left.
π π π 
cos − + π 
3
− y= − , 0
4 2 2  4 
3
= ⋅0 = 0
2
y=
3
cos(0 + π ) 3
0 0, − 
2 2
3 3
= ⋅ −1 = −
2 2
π 3 π  π 
3 3 y= cos + π  , 0
6. y = cos(2 x + π ) = cos(2 x − (−π )) 4 2 2  4 
2 2 3
The equation is of the form y = Acos(Bx − C ) with = ⋅0 = 0
2
3 3 π 3
A= , B = 2 , and C = −π . π y= cos(π + π ) , 
2 2 2 2
2
3 3
= ⋅1 =
3 3 2 2
Thus, the amplitude is A = = .
2 2
2π 2π
The period is = =π . Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
B 2 graph one complete cycle of the given graph.

C −π π
The phase shift is = =− .
B 2 2
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Find the x-values for the five key points by dividing

period π
the period, π , by 4, = , then by adding
4 4
quarter-periods to the value of x where the cycle
π
begins, x = − .
2
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7. The graph of y = 2 cos x + 1 is the graph of y = 2 cos x shifted one unit upwards. The period for both functions is 2π .
2π π
The quarter-period is or . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
4 2
x=0
π π
x = 0+ =
2 2
π π
x= + =π
2 2
π 3π
x =π + =
2 2
3π π
x= + = 2π
2 2
x y = 2 cos x + 1 coordinates
0 y = 2 cos 0 + 1 (0, 3)
= 2 ⋅1 + 1 = 3
π π π 
y = 2 cos +1 , 1
2 2 2 
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 1
π y = 2 cos π + 1 (π , −1)
= 2 ⋅ (−1) + 1 = −1
3π 3π 3π 
y = 2 cos +1
2 
,1
2 2
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 1
2π y = 2 cos 2π + 1 ( 2π , 3)
= 2 ⋅1 + 1 = 3
By connecting the points with a smooth curve, we obtain one period of the graph.
8. Select several values of x over the interval.

π π 3π 5π 3π 7π
x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = 2 sin x 0 1.4 2 1.4 0 −1.4 −2 −1.4 0
y2 = cos x 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0 0.7 1
y = 2 sin x + cos x 1 2.1 2 0.7 −1 −2.1 −2 −0.7 1
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9. A, the amplitude, is the maximum value of y. The 7. false

graph shows that this maximum value is 4, Thus,
8. true
π 2π
A = 4 . The period is , and period = . Thus, 9. true
2 B
π 2π 10. true
=
2 B
π B = 4π Exercise Set 2.1
B=4
Substitute these values into y = A sin Bx . 1. The equation y = 4 sin x is of the form y = A sin x
The graph is modeled by y = 4 sin 4 x . with A = 4. Thus, the amplitude is A = 4 = 4.
2π π
10. Because the hours of daylight ranges from a The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 2
minimum of 10 hours to a maximum of 14 hours, the The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
curve oscillates about the middle value, 12 hours. generate x-values for the key points.
Thus, D = 12. The maximum number of hours is 2 x=0
hours above 12 hours. Thus, A = 2. The graph shows
π π
that one complete cycle occurs in 12–0, or 12 x = 0+ =
2π 2 2
months. The period is 12. Thus, 12 =
B π π
x= + =π
12B = 2π 2 2
2π π π 3π
B= = x =π + =
12 6 2 2
3π π
The graph shows that the starting point of the cycle is x= + = 2π
C 2 2
shifted from 0 to 3. The phase shift, , is 3. Evaluate the function at each value of x.
B
C x y = 4 sin x coordinates
3=
B 0 y = 4 sin 0 = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (0, 0)
C
3= π
π π π 
6 y = 4 sin = 4 ⋅1 = 4 2 ,4
π 2 2 
=C
2 π y = 4 sin π = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0)
Substitute these values into y = Asin(Bx − C ) + D .
3π 3π 3π
The number of hours of daylight is modeled by y = 4 sin , − 4
2 2 
π π = 4(−1) = −4
2
y = 2 sin x − + 12 .
6 2
2π y = 4 sin 2π = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0)
Concept and Vocabulary Check 2.1

2π
1. A; graph one complete cycle of the given function with
B the graph of y = sin x .
2. 3; 4π
π π 3π
3. π ; 0; ; ; ; π
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4 2 4
C
4. ; right; left
B
2π
5. A;
B
1 2π
6. ;
2 3
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2. The equation y = 5sin x is of the form y = A sin x 1

3. The equation y = sin x is of the form y = A sin x
with A = 5. Thus, the amplitude is A = 5 = 5. 3
2π π with A =
1
A =
1
=
1
The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or . . Thus, the amplitude is .
4 2 3 3 3
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to 2π π
generate x-values for the key points. The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 2
x=0 The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
π π generate x-values for the key points.
x = 0+ = x=0
2 2
π π π π
x= + =π x = 0+ =
2 2 2 2
π
3π π π
x =π + = x= + =π
2 2 2 2
3π π π 3π
x= + = 2π x =π + =
2 2 2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 3π π
x= + = 2π
x y = 5sin x coordinates 2 2
0 y = 5 sin 0 = 5 ⋅ 0 = 0 (0, 0)
1
x y = sin x coordinates
π π π  3
y = 5sin = 5 ⋅1 = 5 , 5
2 2 2  1 1
0 y = sin 0 = ⋅ 0 = 0 (0, 0)
π y = 5sin π = 5 ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0)
3 3
π 1 π 1 1 π 1
3π 3π 3π y = sin = ⋅1 = ,
y = 5sin = 5(−1) = −5 , − 5 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 
2 2 2  
2π π 1 1
y = 5 sin 2π = 5 ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0) y = sin π = ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0)
3 3
3π 1 3π 3π 1
graph one complete cycle of the given function with y = sin ,− 
the graph of y = sin x . 2 3 2 2 3
1 1
= (−1) = −
3 3
2π 1 1
y = sin 2π = ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0)
3 3

the graph of y = sin x .
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1 5. The equation y = −3sin x is of the form y = A sin x

4. The equation y = sin x is of the form y = A sin x
4 with A = –3. Thus, the amplitude is A = −3 = 3 .
with A =
1
A =
1
=
1 2π π
. Thus, the amplitude is . The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 4 4 4 2
2π π The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 2 generate x-values for the key points.

The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to x=0
generate x-values for the key points. π π
x=0 x = 0+ =
2 2
π π π π
x = 0+ = x= + =π
2 2 2 2
π π π 3π
x= + =π x =π + =
2 2 2 2
π 3π 3π π
x =π + = x 2π
2 2 = + =
2 2
3π π
x= + = 2π Evaluate the function at each value of x.
2 2
1
x y = −3sin x coordinates
x y= sin x coordinates
4
0 y = −3sin x (0, 0)
1 1 = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
0 y = sin 0 = ⋅ 0 = 0 (0, 0)
4 4
π π π
π 1 π 1 1 π 1 y = −3sin , − 3
y= sin = ⋅1 = ,2 4  2 2 
2 4 2 4 4  2
= −3 ⋅1 = −3
π y=
1 1
sin π = ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0) π y = −3sin π (π , 0)
4 4
= −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
3π 3π 1 3π
, − 
1 1 1
y= sin = (−1) = −
2 4 2 4 4 2 4 3π 3π 3π 
y = −3sin , 3
2 2 2 
2π y=
1 1
sin 2π = ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0) = −3(−1) = 3
4 4
2π y = −3sin 2π (2π , 0)
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
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6. The equation y = −4 sin x is of the form y = A sin x 7. The equation y = sin 2 x is of the form y = A sin Bx
with A = –4. Thus, the amplitude is A = −4 = 4 . with A = 1 and B = 2. The amplitude is
2π π 2π 2π
The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or . A = 1 = 1 . The period is = = π . The
4 2 B 2
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add
generate x-values for the key points. 4
x=0 quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
π π points.
x = 0+ = x=0
2 2
π π π
x= + =π x = 0+
2 2 4
π
3π π π π
x =π + = x= + =
2 2 4 4
2
3π π π π
3π
x= + = 2π x= + =
2 2 2 4 4
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 3π π
x y = −4 sin x coordinates x= + =π
4 4
0 y = −4sin 0 = −4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (0, 0) Evaluate the function at each value of x.
π
x y = sin 2 x coordinates
π π
y = −4sin = −4 ⋅1 = −4 , − 4 
2 2 2  0 y = sin 2 ⋅ 0 = sin 0 = 0 (0, 0)
π y = −4 sin π = −4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0) π π π 
y = sin 2 ⋅ ,1
4 4 
3π 3π 3π 
4
y = −4sin = −4(−1) = 4 ,4 π
2 2 2   = sin =1
2
2π y = −4sin 2π = −4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0) 
π 2π 2π 
y = sin 2 ⋅  ,0
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and 2  
graph one complete cycle of the given function with = sin π = 0
the graph of y = sin x . 3π 3π  3π 

y = sin 2 ⋅  , −1 
4 4  4 
3π
= sin = −1
2
π y = sin(2 ⋅ π ) (π , 0)
= sin 2π = 0

graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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8. The equation y = sin 4 x is of the form y = A sin Bx 1

9. The equation y = 3sin x is of the form y = A sin Bx
with A = 1 and B = 4. Thus, the amplitude is 2

2π 2π π 1
A = 1 = 1 . The period is = = . The with A = 3 and B = . The amplitude is A = 3 = 3.
B 4 2 2
π
π 1 π 2π 2π
quarter-period is 2
= ⋅ = . The cycle begins at The period is = = 2π ⋅ 2 = 4π . The quarter-
1
4 2 4 8 B 2
x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for 4π
the key points. period is = π . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add
4
x=0
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
π π x=0
x = 0+ =
8 8 x = 0 +π = π
π π π
x= + = x = π + π = 2π
8 8
4
x = 2π + π = 3π
π π 3π
x= + = x = 3π + π = 4π
4 8 8
3π π π Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x= + =
8 8 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. x 1
y = 3sin x coordinates
2
x y = sin 4 x coordinates 0 1 
y = 3sin ⋅ 0 (0, 0)
2 
0 y = sin(4 ⋅ 0) = sin 0 = 0 (0, 0)
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
π π π π  π 1 
y = sin 4 ⋅ = sin =1 , 1 y = 3sin ⋅π (π , 3)
8 8 2 8  2  
π
π π π  = 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 3
y = sin 4 ⋅ = sin π = 0 , 0 2
4 4 4 
2π 1 
 y = 3sin ⋅ 2π (2π , 0)
3π 3π  3π  
y = sin 4 ⋅  , −1  2
8 8  8  = 3sin π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
3π
= sin = −1 3π 1 
2 y = 3sin ⋅ 3π  (3π , − 3)
2 
π y = sin 2π = 0  π 3π
, 0 = 3sin
2 2  2
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = 3(−1) = −3
4π 1 
y = 3sin⋅ 4π  (4π , 0)
2 
Connect the=five 2π = 3with
3sinpoints ⋅ 0 =a0smooth curve and
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1 11. The equation y = 4 sin π x is of the form y = A sin Bx

10. The equation y = 2 sin x is of the form
4 with A = 4 and B = π . The amplitude is A = 4 = 4.
y = A sin Bx with A = 2 and B =

1 2π 2π
. Thus, the = 2 . The quarter-period is
B = π
4 The period is
amplitude is A = 2 = 2 . The period is 2 1

= . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
2π 2π
= 1 = 2π ⋅ 4 = 8π . The quarter-period is 4 2
B 4
generate x-values for the key points.
8π x=0
= 2π . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter- 1 1
4 x = 0+ =
periods to generate x-values for the key points. 2 2
x=0 1 1
x = + =1
x = 0 + 2π = 2π 2 2
x = 2π + 2π = 4π 1 3
x = 1+ =
x = 4π + 2π = 6π 2 2
3 1
x = 6π + 2π = 8π x= + =2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 2 2
1
x y = 2 sin x coordinates x y = 4 sin π x coordinates
4
0 y = 4sin(π ⋅ 0) (0, 0)
1
0 y = 2 sin ⋅0 (0, 0) = 4 sin 0 = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0
4  
= 2 sin 0 = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0 1 1 1 
y = 4 sin π ⋅  ,4
2 2 2 
2π 1
y = 2 sin ⋅ 2π  (2π , 2) π
4  = 4 sin = 4(1) = 4
2
π
= 2 sin = 2 ⋅1 = 2
2 1 y = 4sin(π ⋅1) (1, 0)
4π y = 2 sin π = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0 (4π , 0) = 4 sin π = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0
3
, − 4 
3 3
3π y = 4 sin π ⋅
6π y = 2 sin = 2(−1) = −2 (6π , − 2) 2 2  2 
2
3π
8π y = 2 sin 2π = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0 (8π , 0) = 4 sin
2
= 4(−1) = −4
y = 4sin(π ⋅ 2)
2 (2, 0)
= 4 sin 2π = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
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12. The equation y = 3sin 2π x is of the form 13. The equation y = −3sin 2π x is of the form
y = A sin Bx with A = 3 and B = 2π . The amplitude y = A sin Bx with A = –3 and B = 2π . The amplitude
2π 2π 2π 2π
is A = 3 = 3 . The period is = = 1 . The is A = −3 = 3 . The period is = = 1 . The
B 2π B 2π
1 1
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add
4 4
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
points. x=0
x=0 1 1
1 1 x = 0+ =
x = 0+ = 4 4
4 4 1 1 1
1 1 1 x= + =
x= + = 4 4 2
4 4 2 1 1 3
1 1 3 x= + =
x= + = 2 4 4
2 4 4 3 1
3 1 x = + =1
x = + =1 4 4
4 4 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x y = −3sin 2π x coordinates
x y = 3sin 2π x coordinates 0 y = −3sin(2π ⋅ 0) (0, 0)
0 y = 3sin(2π ⋅ 0) (0, 0) = −3sin 0
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0 = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
1 1 
1 1 1  y = −3sin 2π ⋅  1
, − 3
y = 3sin 2π ⋅  ,3 4 4 
4  
4 4 4
π
π = −3sin
= 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 3 2
2
= −3 ⋅1 = −3
1 1
y = 3sin 2π ⋅ 2 
1   1 1 1 
2 ,0 y = −3sin 2π ⋅  ,0
2   2 2 2 
= 3sin π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0 = −3sin π
= −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
3 3 3 
y = 3sin 2π ⋅  , − 3
4 4  3 3 3 
4 y = −3sin 2π ⋅  ,3
3π 4 4 4 
= 3sin = 3(−1) = −3
2 3π
= −3sin
2
1 y = 3sin(2π ⋅1) (1, 0) = −3(−1) = 3
= 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
1 y = −3sin(2π ⋅1) (1, 0)
graph one complete cycle of the given function. = −3sin 2π
= −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
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Connect the five points with a smooth curve and Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function. graph one complete cycle of the given function.
14. The equation y = −2 sin π x is of the form 2

15. The equation y = − sin x is of the form y = A sin Bx
y = A sin Bx with A = –2 and B = π . The amplitude 3

2π 2π with A = –1 and B =
2
is A = −2 = 2 . The period is = = 2 . The .
B π 3
2 1 The amplitude is A = −1 = 1 .
quarter-period is = .
4 2 2π 2π 3
The period is = = 2π ⋅ 2 = 3π .
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods B 2
3
to generate x-values for the key points.
x=0 3π
The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0.
4
1 1
x = 0+ = Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
2 2 points.
1 1
x = + =1 x=0
2 2 3π 3π
1 3 x = 0+ =
x = 1+ = 4 4
2 2 3π 3π 3π
3 1 x= + = 2
x= + =2 x4 y4= − sin
2 x coordinates
2 2 3π 3π 9π 3
2 
Evaluate the function at each value of x. x = 0 + y ==− sin ⋅ 0 (0, 0)
2 4 4 3 
x y = −2 sin π x coordinates 9π 3π= − sin 0 = 0
x= + = 3π
4 4
0 y = −2sin(π ⋅ 0) (0, 0) 3π π x. 
π  value3of
2 3each
y =function
Evaluate the − sin at⋅ , −1
= −2sin 0 = −2 ⋅ 0 = 0 4  
π
1 1 1  = − sin = −1
y = −2 sin π ⋅  , − 2
2 2 2 
π 3π 2 3π 3π 
= −2sin = −2 ⋅1 = −2 y = − sin ⋅   , 0
2 2 3 2  2 
= − sin π = 0
1 y = −2sin(π ⋅1) (1, 0)

= −2 sin π = −2 ⋅ 0 = 0 3 4 4
3 3 3  2
y = −2 sin π ⋅  ,2
2 2 2 
3π
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2
2 y = −2sin(π ⋅ 2) (2, 0)
9π 2 9π  9π 
y = − sin ⋅  , 1
4 3 4  4 
4
3π x y = − sin x coordinates
= − sin 3
2
= −(−1) = 1
⋅ 0
4
0 y = − sin (0, 0)
3 
3π y = − sin
2
⋅ 3π  (3π , 0) = − sin 0 = 0

= − sin 2π = 0 3  3π 4 3π  3π , −1
y = − sin ⋅
8 3 8   8 

π
= − sin = −1
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 2
3π 4 3π  3π 
y = − sin ⋅  , 0
4 3 4  4 
= − sin π = 0
9π 4 9π  9π 
y = − sin ⋅  , 1
8 3 8  8 
3π
= − sin = −(−1) = 1
2
3π 4 3π  3π 
4 y = − sin ⋅ 2 ,0
16. The equation y = − sin x is of the form 2 3 2  
3
= − sin 2π = 0
4
y = A sin Bx with A = –1 and B = . Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
3
The amplitude is A = −1 = 1 .
2π 2π 3 3π
The period is = = 2π ⋅ = .
B
4
3
4 2
3π 1 3π
3π
The quarter-period is = 2
⋅ = .
4 2 4 8
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
x=0
3π 3π
x = 0+ =
8 8
3π 3π 3π
x= + =
8 8 4
3π 3π 9π
x= + =
4 8 8
9π 3π 3π
x= + =
8 8 2
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17. The equation y = sin(x − π ) is of the form π

18. The equation y = sin x − is of the form
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 1, B = 1, and C = π . The 2

amplitude is A = 1 = 1 . The period is π
2π 2π C π 2
= = 2π . The phase shift is = = π . The
B 1 B 1 The amplitude is A = 1 = 1 . The period is
2π π 2π 2π C
π
π
quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at = = 2π . The phase shift is 2
4 2 = = . The
B 1 B 1 2
x = π . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for
2π π
the key points. quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at
4 2
x =π
π
π 3π x= . Add quarter-periods to generate
x =π + = 2
2 2 x-values for the key points.
3π π π
x= + = 2π x=
2 2 2
π 5π π π
x = 2π + = x= + =π
2 2 2 2
5π π π 3π
x= + = 3π x =π + =
2 2 2 2
3π π
x= + = 2π
x y = sin(x − π ) coordinates 2 2
π
5π
π y = sin(π − π ) (π , 0) x = 2π + =
2 2
= sin 0 = 0 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
3π 3π  3π  π
y = sin −π  ,1 x y = sin x −  coordinates
2 2  2  2
π
= sin =1 
2 π π π π
y = sin − = sin 0 = 0 , 0
2 2 2  2 
2π y = sin(2π − π ) (2π , 0)
= sin π = 0 π π π
y = sin π − = sin =1 (π , 1)
2 2
5π 5π  5π 
y = sin −π  , −1
2 2  2  3π 3π π  3π 
3π y = sin −  , 0
= sin = −1 2 2 2 2 
2 = sin π = 0
3π y = sin(3π − π ) (3π , 0) π
2π y = sin 2π −   (2π , − 1)
= sin 2π = 0 2
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 3π
graph one complete cycle of the given function. = sin = −1
2
5π 5π π  5π 
y = sin −  , 0
2 2 2 2 
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5π 5π  5π 
graph one complete cycle of the given function. y = sin 2 ⋅ −π  , − 1
4 4  4 
5π
= sin − π 
2 
3π
= sin = −1
2
3π 3π  3π 
y = sin 2 ⋅ −π  , 0
2 2  2 
= sin(3π − π )
19. The equation y = sin(2x − π ) is of the form
= sin 2π = 0
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 1, B = 2, and C = π . The Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
amplitude is A = 1 = 1 . The period is graph one complete cycle of the given function.
2π 2π C π
= = π . The phase shift is = . The
B 2 B 2
π π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = . Add
4 2
π
x=
2
π π 3π
x= + =
2 4 4
π
3π π 20. The equation y = sin 2x −  is of the form
x= + =π 2
4 4
π 5π π
x =π + = y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 1, B = 2, and C = .
4 4 2
5π π 3π The amplitude is A = 1 =1.

x= + =
4 4 2 2π 2π
The period is = =π .
B 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. π
C 2 π 1 π
= = ⋅ = .
2 2 2 4
x y = sin(2x − π ) coordinates The phase shift is
B π
π  π π  The quarter-period is .
y = sin 2 ⋅ −π  ,0 4
2 2  2 
π
= sin(π − π ) The cycle begins at x = . Add quarter-periods to
4
= sin 0 = 0 generate x-values for the key points.
π
3π 3π  3π  x=
y = sin 2 ⋅ −π  ,1 4
4 4  4  π π π
3π x= + =
= sin − π 
2 
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= sin =1
2
π y = sin(2 ⋅ π − π ) (π , 0)
4 4 2
π π 3π
x= + =
2 4 4
3π π
x= + =π
4 4
π 5π
x =π + =
4 4
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π 21. The equation y = 3sin(2x − π ) is of the form

x y = sin 2x − coordinates

2 y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 3, B = 2, and C = π . The
π π π π 
y = sin 2 ⋅ −  , 0
4 4 2 4  amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The period is
π π
= sin − = sin 0 = 0 2π 2π C π
 = = π . The phase shift is = . The
π π π π  B 2 B 2
y = sin 2 ⋅  − , 1 π π
2 2 2 2  quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = . Add
 4 2
2π 2 π
= sin π − = sin = 1
 quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
π
x=
3π 3π π 3π  2
y = sin 2 ⋅ −  , 0 π π 3π
4 4 2 4  x= + =
2 4 4
3π 2 π 
= sin − 2 3π π
2 2  x= + =π
4 4
= sin π = 0
π 5π
x = πx + y == 3sin(2x − π ) coordinates
4 4
π π 5π π 3π
y = sin 2 ⋅ π − (π , −1) x=π + = π  π 
 4 4y = 3sin2 2⋅ −π  ,0
2 the function 2at each 2 x. 
 value of
π Evaluate
= sin 2π − = 3sin(π − π )

= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
3π
= sin = −1 
2 2 3π 3π 3π 
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −π  ,3
4  
5π 5π  π  5π  3π 
y = sin 2 ⋅ 2 −  , 0 = 3sin −π 
4 4 2 4  2 
5π π π 4
= sin − = 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 34
 2
= sin 2π = 0 π y = 3sin(2 ⋅ π − π ) (π , 0)
= 3sin(2π − π )
= 3sin π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
2 2 5π 5π  5π 
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −π  , − 3
4 4  4 
5π 
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = 3sin − π
graph one complete cycle of the given function. 2 
3π
= 3sin
2
= 3(−1) = −3
3π 3π  3π 
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −π  , 0
2 2  2 
= 3sin(3π − π )
= 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
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π
x y = 3sin 2 x − coordinates
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 2 
π π π π 
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −  , 0
4 4 2 4 
π π
= sin − 
2 2 
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
π π π π 
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −  , 3
2 2 2 2 
π
π = 3sin π − 
22. The equation y = 3sin 2 x − is of the form 2
 π
2 = 3sin = 3⋅1 = 3
2
π
2 3π 3π π 3π 
The amplitude is A = 3 = 3. y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −  ,0
4 4 2 4 
3π π 
2π 2π = 3sin −
The period is = =π . 2 2
B 2
π = 3sin π = 3⋅ 0 = 0
C π 1 π π
The phase shift is = 2
= ⋅ = . π (π , − 3)
B 2 2 2 4 
π π
The quarter-period is . = 3sin 2π − 
4 2
π y = 3sin 23π⋅ π − 
The cycle begins at x = . Add quarter-periods to = 3sin = 32⋅ (−1) = −3
4 2
5π 5π π  5π 
π y = 3sin 2 ⋅ − ,0
x= 4 4 2 4 
4
π π π 5π π 
x= + = = 3sin −
4 42 2 2
π π 3π = 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
x= + =
2 4 4 
3π π
x= + =π
4 4
π 5π
x =π + =
4 4 Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
Evaluate the function at each value of x. graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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1 π 1 π
23. y= sin x + = sin x − −

2 2 2 2

1 π
The equation y = sin x − − is of the form
 π 1
2 2 π 1
y = sin π +  π, − 
 2 2 2
1 π 1 3π
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = , B = 1, and C = − . = sin
2 2
2 2 1 1
= ⋅ (−1) = −
1 1 2 2
The amplitude is A = = . The period is
2 2 3π 1 3π π  23π 
y= sin + ,0
2π 2π C −π π 2 2 2 2  
= = 2π . The phase shift is = 2
=− .
1
= sin 2π
B 1 B 1 2 2
2π π 1
= ⋅0 = 0
The quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at
4 2 2
π
x =− . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
2 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
for the key points.
π
x=−
2
π π
x=− + =0
2 2
π π
x = 0+ =
2 2
π π
x= + =π
2 2
3π π
x =π + = 1 1
2 2 24. y= sin( x + π ) = sin( x − (−π ))
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 2 2
1
The equation y = sin(x − (−π )) is of the form
2
1
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = , B = 1, and C = −π .
π
sin x + 
1 2
x y= coordinates
2 2
π The amplitude is A =
1 1
= . The period is
− ,0 2 2
π π π 
y = sin − +  
− 1
 2π 2π C −π
2 2 2 2 2  = = 2π . The phase shift is = = −π .
1 1
= sin 0 = ⋅ 0 = 0 B 1 B 1
2 2
2π π
The quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at
π
sin 0 + 
1 1  4 2
0 y= 0, 2 x = −π . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for
2 2  
1 π 1 1 the key points.
= sin = ⋅1 = x = −π
2 2 2 2
π 1 π π π 
y= sin +  , 0
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1 1
= sin π = ⋅ 0 = 0
2 2
π π
x = −π + =−
2 2
π π
x=− + =0
2 2
π π
x = 0+ =
2 2
π π
x= + =π
2 2
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Evaluate the function at each value of x. C − π2 π 1 π

phase shift is = =− ⋅ =− . The quarter-
1
x y = sin( x + π ) coordinates
B 2 2 2 4
2
π π
period is . The cycle begins at x = − . Add
−π 1
y = sin(−π + π ) (−π , 0) 4 4
2 quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
1 1 points.
= sin 0 = ⋅ 0 = 0
2 2 π
x=−
4
π π π π π
y = sin − + π   − , 
1 1
− x=− + =0
2 2 2  2 2 4 4
1 π 1 1 π π
= sin = ⋅1 = x = 0+ =
2 2 2 2 4 4
π π π
1 (0, 0) x= + =
0 y= sin(0 + π ) 4
2 4
2 π
3π π
1 1 x= + =
= sin π = ⋅ 0 = 0 2 4 4
2 2
π 1 π  π 1 Evaluate the function at each value of x.

π
y= sin + π  ,−  x
y = −2 sin 2 x +  coordinates
2 2 2  2 2 2
1 3π 1 1
= sin = ⋅ (−1) = − π
2 2 2 2 − π π π 
y = −2sin 2⋅ − +  − ,0
4 
4 2 4 
π 1
y= sin(π + π ) (π , 0) π π
2 = −2 sin − + 
2 2 
1 1
= sin 2π = ⋅ 0 = 0 = −2sin 0 = −2 ⋅ 0 = 0
2 2
0 π
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and y = −2 sin 2 ⋅ 0 +   (0, –2)
graph one complete cycle of the given function. 2
π
= −2 sin 0 +  
2
π
= −2sin
2
= −2 ⋅1 = −2
π π π π 
y = −2 sin 2 ⋅ +  , 0
4 4 2 4 
π π
π π = −2 sin +
25. y = −2 sin 2 x + = −2 sin 2 x − − 
  = −2 sin π2 2
2 2
 = −2 ⋅ 0 = 0
π
The equation y = −2sin 2 x − − is of the form

2
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = –2,
π
B = 2, and C = − . The amplitude is
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2
A = −2 2π 2π
= 2 . The period is = = π . The
B 2
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π π π π 
y = −2 sin 2 ⋅ +  , 2
2 2 2 2  π
π x=−
= −2 sin π +  4
2 π π
x=− + =0
3π 4 4
= −2sin
2 π π
x = 0+ =
= −2(−1) = 2 4 4
π π π
x= + =
3π 3π π 3π 
y = −2sin 2 ⋅ +  , 0 4 24
4 4 2 4  π π
3π
x= + =
3π π  2 4 4
= −2sin +
2 2  π value of x.coordinates
Evaluate the function at each
x y = −3sin 2 x + 
= −2sin 2π 2
= −2 ⋅ 0 = 0
−π π π π 
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 4 y = −3sin 2 ⋅ 4− 2+  − ,0 
graph one complete cycle of the given function.  4 
π π
= −3sin − + 
2 2 
= −3sin 0 = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
π (0, –3)
0 y = −3sin 2 ⋅ 0 +
2 
π
= −3sin 0 +
2 
π
= −3sin = −3 ⋅1 = −3
2
π π 
26. y = −3sin 2 x + = −3sin 2 x − − π π π π 
 y = −3sin 2 ⋅ +  , 0
2 2 4 4 2 4 

π π
= −3sin +
π 
The equation y = −3sin 2 x − − is of the form = −3sin π = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
π π π π 
2  y = −3sin 22 ⋅ 2 +  ,3
2 2 2 2 
π
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = –3, B = 2, and C = − . π
2 = −3sin π + 
The amplitude is A = −3 = 3 . The period is 2 
3π
2π 2π = −3sin = −3 ⋅ (−1) = 3
= = π . The phase shift is 2
B 2
π 3π 3π π 
C − 2 π 1 π π y = −3sin 2 ⋅ +



= = − ⋅ = − . The quarter-period is . 4 4
B 2 2 2 4 4 3π π 
π = −3sin +
The cycle begins at x = − . Add quarter-periods to 2 2 
3π
4 = −3sin 2π =4 −3 ⋅20 = 0 ,0
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x y = 3sin(π x + 2) coordinates
−
2 2 2 
y = 3sin π − + 2 − ,0
π  
π  π
= 3sin(−2 + 2)
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
π −4 π −4  π −4 
y = 3sin π +2 ,3
2π 2π  2π 
π −4
= 3sin + 2 
2 
27. y = 3sin(π x + 2) π
= 3sin − 2 + 2 
2 
The equation y = 3sin(π x − (−2)) is of the form
π
= 3sin
2
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 3, B = π , and C = –2. = 3⋅1 = 3
The amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The period is
π −2 π −2  π −2 
y = 3sin π + 2 ,0
2π 2π C −2 2 π π  π 
= = 2 . The phase shift is = =− .
= 3sin(π − 2 + 2)
B π B π π = 3sin π = 3⋅ 0 = 0
2 1
The quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at 3π − 4 3π − 4  5π 
4 2 y = 3sin π + 2 , − 3
2 2π 2π  4 
x=− . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values
π 3π − 4 
for the key points. = 3sin +2

2
x=− 3π 
π = 3sin − 2 + 2
2 1 π −4
2 
x=− + = 3π
π 2 2π = 3sin 2
2
= 3(−1) = −3
π −4 1 π −2
x= + =
2π 2 π
2π − 2 2π − 2  2π − 2 
π − 2 1 3π − 4 y = 3sin π +2 ,0
x= + = π π  π 
π 2 2π
3π − 4 1 2π − 2 = 3sin(2π − 2 + 2)
x= + =
2π 2 π = 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0


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3π − 8 3π − 8  3π − 8 
28. y = 3sin(2π x + 4) = 3sin(2π x − (−4)) y = 3sin 2π +4 , −3
4π 4π  4π 
The equation y = 3sin(2π x − (−4)) is of the form 3π − 8
= 3sin + 4 

y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 3, B = 2π , and 
3π
C = –4. The amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The period = 3sin − 4 + 4
2 2 
3π
2π 2π C −4 2 = 3sin = 3(−1) = −3
is = = 1 . The phase shift is = =− . 2
B 2π B 2π π 
π − 2 y = 3sin 2π π − 2 + 4 π −2 
π  ,0
1
The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at
π 
4 = 3sin(2π − 4 + 4)
2 = 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
x = − . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values
π
for the key points.
2  π
x=−
π
2 1 π −8
x=− + =
π 4 4π Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
π −8 1 π − 4 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
x= + =
4π 4 2π
3π π− 8x + 4)
πx − 4 y =1 3sin(2 coordinates
x= + =
22π 4 4π
−3π − 8 y1= 3sin 2 2 
π − 22π − + 4  − ,0
x= π + =  
4π 4 π
Evaluate the=function + 4)
3sin(−4 at each value of x.
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
π −8 π −8   π −8  29. y = −2sin(2π x + 4π ) = −2sin(2π x − (−4π ))

y = 3sin 2π +4
4ππ 4ππ
,3
4π  
The equation y = −2sin(2π x − (−4π )) is of the form
π −8
= 3sin + 4
 y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = –2, B = 2π , and
π
= 3sin − 4 + 4 
C = −4π . The amplitude is A = −2 = 2 . The
2 
π
= 3sin = 3⋅1 = 3 2π 2π
2 period is = = 1 . The phase shift is
  B 2π
π −4 π −4  π −4 
y = 3sin 2π +4 ,0 C −4π 1
2π 2π  2π  = = −2 . The quarter-period is . The cycle
 B 2π 4
= 3sin(π − 4 + 4) 2
= 3sin π = 3⋅ 0 = 0 begins at x = −2 . Add quarter-periods to generate x-
values for the key points.
x = −2
1 7
x = −2 + =−
4 4

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5
x
2 4 4
 5 1
3
=−
4 4
2
x =−
−
x=− + = −1
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4 4
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x y = −2sin(2π x + 4π ) coordinates
30. y = −3sin(2π x + 4π ) = −3 sin(2π x − (−4π ))
–2 y = −2sin(2π (−2) + 4π ) (–2, 0)
= −2sin(−4π + 4π ) The equation y = −3sin(2π x − (−4π )) is of the form
= −2sin 0
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = –3, B = 2π , and C = −4π .
= −2 ⋅ 0 = 0
The amplitude is A = −3 = 3 . The period is
7 7 7
− y = −2 sin 2π − + 4π  − , − 2
4
  2π 2π C −4π
= = 1 . The phase shift is = = −2 . The
7π B 2π B 2π
= −2 sin − + 4π 
2 
π
= −2sin = −2 ⋅1 = −2  quarter-period is
1
. The cycle begins at x = −2 . Add
2 4 4 4
x = −2
3 3 
− y = −2 sin 2π − + 4π  
1
x = −2 + =−
7
2 2 
 4 4
= −2sin(−3π + 4π ) 7 1
x=− + =−
3
= −2 sin π = −2 ⋅ 0 = 0 4 4 2
3 1 5
3 x=− + =−
− ,0 4 π x + 4π )
x 2 y 4= −3sin(2 coordinates
5 2 5 5 
− y = −2 sin 2π − + 4π  − ,2
4  –2 y = −3sin(2π (−2) + 4π ) (–2, 0)
 5 1
x = − + ==−3sin(−4
−1 π + 4π )
5π 4 4
= −2 sin − + 4π  = −3sin
Evaluate the 0 =at−3each
function ⋅ 0 =value
0 of x.

3π
= −2sin 4 −
7
y = −3sin 2π −
7
+ 4π  −
7
, − 3
2 4 4
 
= −2(−1) = 2
7π
= −3sin − + 4π 
 2 
2
–1 y = −2sin(2π (−1) + 4π ) (–1, 0) π
= −3sin = −3 ⋅1 = −3
= −2sin(−2π + 4π ) 2
4
= −2sin 2π 4
3 3  3 
= −2 ⋅ 0 = 0 − y = −3sin 2π − + 4π − ,0
2 2  2 
= −3sin(−3π + 4π )
= −3sin π = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
5 5 5 
− y = −3sin 2π − + 4π  − ,3
4   
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 5π
graph one complete cycle of the given function. = −3sin − + 4π 
2 
3π
= −3sin = −3(−1) = 3
2 4 4
–1 y = −3sin(2π (−1) + 4π ) (–1, 0)
= −3sin(−2π + 4π )
= −3sin 2π = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
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Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function. graph one complete cycle of the given function with
the graph of y = 2 cos x .
32. The equation y = 3 cos x is of the form y = A cos x
with A = 3. Thus, the amplitude is A = 3 = 3.
31. The equation y = 2 cos x is of the form y = A cos x 2π π

with A = 2. Thus, the amplitude is A = 2 = 2. The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 2
2π π The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add quarter-periods to x=0
generate x-values for the key points. π π
x = 0+ =
x=0 2 2
π π π π
x = 0+ = x= + =π
2 2 2 2
π π π 3π
x= + =π x =π + =
2 2 2 2
π 3π 3π π
x =π + = x= + = 2π
2 2 2 2
3π π Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x= + = 2π
2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. x y = 3 cos x coordinates
0 y = 3 cos 0 = 3 ⋅1 = 3 (0, 3)
x y = 2 cos x coordinates
π π π 
0 y = 2 cos 0 (0, 2) y = 3cos = 3⋅ 0 = 0 , 0
2 2 2 
= 2 ⋅1 = 2
π π π y = 3cos π = 3 ⋅ (−1) = −3 (π , − 3)
y = 2 cos π 
2 
,0
2
2 3π 3π 3π 
= 2⋅ 0 = 0 y = 3cos = 3⋅ 0 = 0 ,0 
2 2 2 
π y = 2 cos π (π , − 2)
2π y = 3 cos 2π = 3 ⋅1 = 3 (2π , 3)
= 2 ⋅ (−1) = −2
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve
3π
3π 3π ,0  and graph one complete cycle of the given function
y = 2 cos
2 2 2  with the graph of y = cos x .
= 2⋅ 0 = 0
2π y = 2 cos 2π (2π , 2)
= 2 ⋅1 = 2
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33. The equation y = −2 cos x is of the form y = A cos x 34. The equation y = −3cos x is of the form y = A cos x
with A = –2. Thus, the amplitude is with A = –3. Thus, the amplitude is A = −3 = 3 .
A = −2 = 2 . The period is 2π . The quarter- 2π π

2π π The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
period is or . The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add 4 2
4 2 The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to

quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key generate x-values for the key points.
points. x=0
x=0 π π
x = 0+ =
π π 2 2
x = 0+ =
2 2 π π
x= + =π
π π 2 2
x= + =π
2 2 π 3π
x =π + =
3π π 2 2
x =π + =
2 2 3π π
x= + = 2π
3π π 2 2
x= + = 2π
x y = −3cos x coordinates
x y = −2 cos x coordinates
0 y = −3cos 0 = −3 ⋅1 = −3 (0, –3)
0 y = −2 cos 0 (0, –2)
= −2 ⋅1 = −2 π π π 
y = −3cos = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0 , 0
2 2 2 
π π π 
y = −2 cos , 0
2 2 2  π y = −3cos π = −3 ⋅ (−1) = 3 (π , 3)
= −2 ⋅ 0 = 0
3π 3π 3π 
π y = −2 cos π y = −3cos = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0 , 0
(π , 2) 2 2 2 
= −2 ⋅ (−1) = 2
2π y = −3cos 2π = −3 ⋅1 = −3 (2π , − 3)
3π 3π 3π 
y = −2 cos , 02 
2 2 
= −2 ⋅ 0 = 0 graph one complete cycle of the given function with
the graph of y = cos x .
2π y = −2 cos 2π (2π , − 2)
= −2 ⋅1 = −2

the graph of y = cos x .
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35. The equation y = cos 2 x is of the form y = A cos Bx 36. The equation y = cos 4 x is of the form y = A cos Bx
with A = 1 and B = 2. Thus, the amplitude is with A = 1 and B = 4. Thus, the amplitude is
2π 2π 2π 2π π
A = 1 = 1 . The period is = = π . The A = 1 = 1 . The period is = = . The
B 2 B 4 2
π π 1 ππ
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add quarter-period is 2
= ⋅ = . The cycle begins at
4 4 2 4 8
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for
points. the key points.
x=0 x=0
π π π π
x = 0+ = x = 0+ =
4 4 8 8
π π π π π π
x= + = x= + =
4 4
2 8 8
4
π π 3π π π
3π
x= + = x= + =
2 4 4 4 8 8
3π π 3π π π
x= + =π x= + =
4 4 8 8 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x y = cos 2 x coordinates
x y = cos 4 x coordinates
0 y = cos(2 ⋅ 0) (0, 1)
0 y = cos(4 ⋅ 0) = cos 0 = 1 (0, 1)
= cos 0 = 1
8
 π π 8 π 2 π 
π π π  y = cos 4 ⋅ = cos =0 ,0
y = cos 2 ⋅  ,0 8  
4 4 4 
π π π
= cos =0 π
2 y = cos 4 ⋅  π = −1
=4cos 4 , −1 
4  
π π π 
y = cos 2 ⋅
 , −1 3π 3π  3π 
2 2 2  y = cos 4 ⋅ ,0
8 8   8 
= cos π = −1
3π
= cos =0
3π 3π  3π  2
y = cos 2 ⋅  ,0
4 4  4 
π π π 
3π  y = cos 4 ⋅ = cos 2π = 1 ,1
= cos =0 2 2 2 
2
π y = cos(2 ⋅ π ) (π , 1) Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
= cos 2π = 1 graph one complete cycle of the given function.

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37. The equation y = 4 cos 2π x is of the form y = A cos Bx 38. The equation y = 5 cos 2π x is of the form
with A = 4 and B = 2π . Thus, the amplitude is y = A cos Bx with A = 5 and B = 2π . Thus, the
2π 2π amplitude is A = 5 = 5 . The period is

A = 4 = 4 . The period is = = 1 . The
B 2π 2π 2π 1
= = 1 . The quarter-period is . The cycle
quarter-period is
1
. The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add B 2π 4
4 begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-

quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points. values for the key points.
x=0 x=0
1 1 1 1
x = 0+ = x = 0+ =
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
x= + = x= + =
4 4 2 4 4 2
1 1 3 1 1 3
x= + = x= + =
2 4 4 2 4 4
3 1 3 1
x = + =1 x = + =1
4 4 4 4
x y = 4 cos 2π x coordinates x y = 5 cos 2π x coordinates

0 y = 4 cos(2π ⋅ 0) (0, 4)
= 4 cos 0 0 y = 5 cos(2π ⋅ 0) (0, 5)
= 4 ⋅1 = 4 = 5 cos 0 = 5 ⋅1 = 5
1 1 1  1 
y = 4 cos 2π ⋅  , 0 1
y = 5 cos 2π ⋅  1
, 0
4 4 4  4 4 4 
π π
= 4 cos = 5 cos = 5⋅ 0 = 0
2 2
= 4⋅ 0 = 0
1 1 1  1 1
y = 5 cos 2π ⋅ 
1
, − 5
y = 4 cos 2π ⋅  , − 4 2
2 2 2 
2 2 
= 4 cos π = 5 cos π = 5 ⋅ (−1) = −5
= 4 ⋅ (−1) = −4
3 3π  3 
y = 5 cos 2π ⋅  , 0
3 3 3  4 4  
y = 4 cos 2π ⋅  , 0
4
4 4 4  3π
= 5 cos = 5⋅ 0 = 0
3π 2
= 4 cos
2
= 4⋅ 0 = 0 1 y = 5 cos(2π ⋅1) (1, 5)
1 y = 4 cos(2π ⋅1) (1, 4) Connect the= five π =points
5 cos 2key 5 ⋅1 = 5with a smooth curve and
= 4 cos 2π graph one complete cycle of the given function.
= 4five
Connect the ⋅1 = points
4 with a smooth curve and
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1 Connect the five points with a smooth curve and

39. The equation y = −4cos x is of the form graph one complete cycle of the given function.
2
1
y = A cos Bx with A = –4 and B = . Thus, the
2
amplitude is A = −4 = 4 . The period is
2π 2π
= 1 = 2π ⋅ 2 = 4π . The quarter-period is
B 2
4π
= π . The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add quarter-
4
periods to generate x-values for the key points. 1
x=0 40. The equation y = −3cos x is of the form
3
x = 0 +π = π
1
x = π + π = 2π y = A cos Bx with A = –3 and B = . Thus, the
3
x = 2π + π = 3π 1 amplitude is A = −3 = 3 . The period is
x y = −4cos x coordinates
2
x = 3π + π = 4π 2π 2π
1  (0,x.–4) = 2π ⋅ 3 = 6π . The quarter-period is
0 the
Evaluate y =function
−4 cos at⋅ each
2 
0 value of B = 13
= −4 cos 0
6π 3π
= −4 ⋅1 = −4 = . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-
4 2
periods to generate x-values for the key points.
π y = −4 cos
1
⋅π  (π , 0) x=0
 3π 3π
π x = 0+ =
= −4 cos 2 2
2
= −4 ⋅ 0 = 0
3π 3π
x= + = 3π
2π y = −4 cos
1
⋅ 2π  (2π , 4) 2 2
3π 9π 1 x

2  x = 3xπ + y = −3cos
= 3
coordinates
= −4 cos π
= −4 ⋅ (−1) = 4 2 2
0 y = −3cos 1 ⋅ 0  (0, –3)
9π 3π 3 
x= + = 6π
3π ⋅ 3π 
1
y = −4 cos (3π , 0) 2 = −3cos 0 = −3 ⋅1 = −3
2
2 
3π 3π the function
Evaluate 1 at3πeach value of x. 3π

= −4cos y = −3cos ⋅  ,0
2 2  
= −4 ⋅ 0 = 20  π
= −3cos = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
2
4π y = −4 cos
1
⋅ 4π  (4π , – 4)
 
3π y = −3cos
1
⋅ 3π  (3π , 3)
= −4 cos 2π 3 
= −4 ⋅1 = −4 = −3cos π = −3 ⋅ (−1) = 3
3 2  2
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9π 1 9π  9π  1 π
y = −3cos ⋅  , 0 x y cos x coordinates
2 3 2  2  2 3
3π =−
= −3cos = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0 π 
y= − cos ⋅ 0  0, − 
0 1 1
2
2 3 2
6π 1 1
y = −3cos ⋅ 6π  (6π , − 3) = − cos 0 
 2
= −3cos 2π = −3 ⋅1 = −3 1
= − ⋅1 = −
1
3  2 2
3 1 π 3 3 
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and y = − cos ⋅  , 0
2 2 3 2 2 
1 π
= − cos
2 2
1
= − ⋅0 = 0
2
1 π 1
3 y cos ⋅ 3  3,
=−2 3  2 
1
cos π
1 π =−2
41. The equation y = − cos x is of the form
2 3 1 1
= − ⋅ (−1) =
2 2
1 π
y = A cos Bx with A = − and B = . Thus, the 9 1 π 9 9 
2 3 y cos ,0
2 2 3 2 2 
1 3π
1 1 cos
amplitude is A = − = . The period is =−2 2⋅
1
= − ⋅0 = 0
2 2 2 
=−
2π 2π 3 6 3
= = 2π ⋅ = 6 . The quarter-period is = .
π π 1 π  1
B 3
4 2 6 y= − cos ⋅ 6 6, −
2 3  
The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add quarter-periods to
1
generate x-values for the key points. = − cos 2π
2
x=0
1 1
3 3 = − ⋅1 = − 2
x = 0+ = 2 2
2 2
3 3
x= + =3
2 2
3 9
x = 3+ =
2 2
9 3
x= + =6 Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
2 2 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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1 π Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and

42. The equation y = − cos x is of the form graph one complete cycle of the given function.
2 4
1 π
y = A cos Bx with A = − and B = . Thus, the
2 4
1 1
amplitude is A = − = . The period is
2 2
2π 2π 4
= π = 2π ⋅ = 8 . The quarter-period is 84 = 2 .
B 4 π
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
x=0
π
x = 0+2 = 2 43. The equation y = cos x − is of the form
2
x = 2+2 = 4 1
x y = − cos π x coordinates y = A cos ( Bx − C ) with A = 1, and B = 1, and
x = 4+2 = 6 2 4
π
x = 06 + 2y= 8 1 cos π ⋅ 0  1
0, −  C= . Thus, the amplitude is A = 1 = 1 . The
2 2
2 
4 at each
Evaluate the function value of x.
1 1 1
= − cos 0 = − ⋅1 = − 2π 2π
2 2 2
period is = = 2π . The phase shift is
B 1
1 π π
2 y cos ⋅ 2  (2, 0)
2 4  C 2 π 2π π
=−1 = = . The quarter-period is = . The
π 1
= − cos = − ⋅ 0 = 0
 B 1 2 4 2
2 2 2 π
cycle begins at x = . Add quarter-periods to
2
1 π 1
4 y cos ⋅ 4  4, generate x-values for the key points.
2 4  2 π
=−1 1 x=
1 2
= − cos π = − ⋅ (−1) =
2 2 2 π π
x= + =π
2 2
1 π  π 3π
6 y= − cos ⋅ 6 (6, 0)
x =π + =
2 4  2 2
=− 
1 3π 1 3π π
= − cos = − ⋅0 = 0 x= + = 2π
2 2 2 2 2
π 5π
1 π 1 x = 2π + =
8 y cos ⋅ 8  8, −  2 2
2 4  2 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
1 1 1
= − cos 2π = − ⋅1 = − x coordinates
2 2 2
π π 
, 1
2 2 
=−
π (π , 0 )
3π 3π
, −1
2 2 
Inc.Inc.(
2π 2π , 0 )
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5π 
5π 
2 , 1
2
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function graph one complete cycle of the given function
π 45. The equation y = 3cos(2x − π ) is of the form

44. The equation y = cos x + is of the form

2 y = Acos ( Bx − C ) with A = 3, and B = 2, and
y = A cos ( Bx − C ) with A = 1, and B = 1, and C = π . Thus, the amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The
π 2π 2π C π
C =− . Thus, the amplitude is A = 1 = 1 . The period is = = π . The phase shift is = .
2 B 2 B 2
2π 2π π π
period is = = 2π . The phase shift is The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = .
B 1 4 2
π Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
C − π 2π π points.
2
= =− . The quarter-period is = . The π
B 1 2 4 2 x=
π 2
cycle begins at x = − . Add quarter-periods to π π 3π
2 x= + =
generate x-values for the key points. 2 4 4
π 3π π
x=− x= + =π
2 4 4
π π π 5π
x=− + =0 x =π + =
2 2 4 4
π π 5π π 3π
x = 0+ = x= + =
2 2 4 4 2
π π Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x= + =π
2 2
3π π
x =π + = x coordinates
2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. π π 
, 3
x coordinates
2 2 
3π 3π 
π π  , 0
− − , 1 4 4 
2 2 
π (π , − 3)
0 ( 0, 0 )
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π π  5π 5π
, −1  , 0
2 2 
4 4 
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function graph one complete cycle of the given function.
46. The equation y = 4 cos(2x − π ) is of the form
y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = 4, and B = 2, and C = π . 1 π 1 π

47. y= cos 3x + = cos 3x − −

Thus, the amplitude is A = 4 = 4 . The period is 2 2 2 2

2π 2π C π 1 π
= = π . The phase shift is = . The The equation y = cos 3x − − is of the form

B 2 B 2 2 2

π π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = . 1
4 2 y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = , and B = 3, and
2
Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
π 1 1
points. C =− . Thus, the amplitude is A = = .
2 2
π 2
x=
2π 2π
2 The period is = . The phase shift is
π π 3π B 3
x= + = π
2 4 4 C −2 π 1 π
= =− ⋅ =− . The quarter-period is
3π π B 3 2 3 6
x= + =π 2π
4 4
2π 1 π π
π 5π
3
= ⋅ = . The cycle begins at x = − . Add
x =π + = 4 3 4 6 6
4 4 quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key

5π π 3π points.
x= + =
4 4 2 π
x=−
6
Evaluate the function at each value of x. π π
x=− + =0
x coordinates 6 6
π π
 x = 0+ =
π π 6 6
, 4
2 2  π π π
x= + =
6 6 3
3π 3π 
, 0
4 4 
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π (π , − 4)
5π 5π 
π π π
x= + =
3 6 2
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π
x coordinates x =−
2
π π 1 π π π
− − 6 , 2  x=− + =−
6  2 4 4
π π
0 x=− + =0
(0, 0) 4 4
π π
π π 1 x = 0+ =
,−  4 4
6 6 2 π π π
x= + =
 4 4 2
π π
, 0 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
3 3 
x coordinates
π
, 
1
π π π2 21 
2 2 − − ,
Connect
2 the five points with a smooth curve and 2
graph one complete cycle of the given function 
−π −
π
, 0 
4 4 
0, − 
0 1
2
π π 
, 0
4 4 
π π 1
1 1 , 
48. y = cos(2 x + π ) = cos(2 x − (−π )) 2 2 2
2 2
1
The equation y = cos(2x − (−π )) is of the form graph one complete cycle of the given function.
2
1
y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = , and B = 2, and
2
1 1
C = −π . Thus, the amplitude is A = = . The
2 2
2π 2π
period is = = π . The phase shift is
B 2
C −π π π
= = − . The quarter-period is . The cycle
B 2 2 4
π
begins at x = − . Add quarter-periods to generate
2
x-values for the key points.
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π π
49. The equation y = −3cos 2 x − is of the form 50. The equation y = −4 cos 2 x − is of the form

2 2
 
y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = –3, and y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = –4, and B = 2, and
π π
B = 2, and C = . Thus, the amplitude is C= . Thus, the amplitude is A = −4 = 4 . The
2 2
2π 2π 2π 2π
A = −3 = 3 . The period is = = π . The period is = = π . The phase shift is
B 2 B 2
π π
C π 1 π C π 1 π π
phase shift is = 2
= ⋅ = . = 2
= ⋅ = . The quarter-period is . The
B 2 2 2 4 B 2 2 2 4 4
π π π
The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = . cycle begins at x = . Add quarter-periods to
4 4 4
Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key generate x-values for the key points.
points. π
x=
π 4
x=
4 π π π
x= + =
π π π 4 2 4
x= + =
4 4
2 π 3π π
x= + =
π π 3π 2 4 4
x= + =
2 4 4 3π π
x= + =π
3π π 4 4
x= + =π
4 4 π 5π
x =π + =
π 5π 4 4
x =π + = Evaluate the function at each value of x.
4 4
x coordinates
x coordinates π 
π
 , −4
π π 4 4 
, − 3
4 4 
π π 
π π  ,0

, 0 2 2 
2 2 
3π 3π 
3π 3π  ,4
,3 4 4  
4 4 
π (π , 0 ) π (π , 0)
5π 5π  5π 5π 
, − 3 , −4
4 4  4 4 
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and Connect the five key points with a smooth curve
graph one complete cycle of the given function and graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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51. y = 2 cos(2π x + 8π ) = 2 cos(2π x − (−8π )) 52. y = 3 cos(2π x + 4π ) = 3cos(2π x − (−4π ))
The equation y = 2 cos(2π x − (−8π )) is of the form The equation y = 3cos(2π x − (−4π )) is of the form
y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = 2, B = 2π , and y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = 3, and B = 2π , and
C = −8π . Thus, the amplitude is A = 2 = 2 . The C = −4π . Thus, the amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The
2π 2π 2π 2π
period is = = 1 . The phase shift is period is = = 1 . The phase shift is
B 2π B 2π
C −8π 1 C −4π 1
= = −4 . The quarter-period is . The cycle = = −2 . The quarter-period is . The cycle
B 2π 4 B 2π 4
begins at x = –4. Add quarter-periods to generate x- begins at x = –2. Add quarter-periods to generate x-
values for the key points. values for the key points.
x = −4 x = −2
1 15 1 7
x = −4 + =− x = −2 + = −
4 4 4 4
15 1 7 7 1 3
x=− + =− x=− + =−
4 4 2 4 4 2
7 1 13 3 1 5
x=− + =− x=− + =−
2 4 4 2 4 4
13 1 5 1
x = − + = −3 x = − + = −1
4 4 4 4
x coordinates x coordinates
–4 (–4, 2) –2 (–2, 3)
 7 7 
−
15 15
− , 0 − − , 0
4 4 
4 4 
3 3
−
7
− , − 2 
7 − − , − 3
2 2 
2 2 
 5 5π 
−
13 13
− , 0 − − , 0
4 4 
4 4 
–3 (–3, 2) –1 the(–1,
Connect five3)
key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function
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53. The graph of y = sin x + 2 is the graph of y = sin x 54. The graph of y = sin x − 2 is the graph of y = sin x
shifted up 2 units upward. The period for both shifted 2 units downward. The period for both
2π π 2π π
functions is 2π . The quarter-period is or . functions is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 2 4 2
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
generate x-values for the key points. generate x-values for the key points.
x=0 x=0
π π π π
x = 0+ = x = 0+ =
2 2 2 2
π π π π
x= + =π x= + =π
2 2 2 2
π 3π π 3π
x =π + = x =π + =
2 2 2 2
3π π 3π π
x= + = 2π x= + = 2π
2 2 2 2
x y = sin x − 2 coordinates
x y = sin x + 2 coordinates
0 y = sin 0 − 2 = 0 − 2 = −2 (0, –2)
0 y = sin 0 + 2 (0, 2)
π π π 
= 0+2 = 2 y = sin − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1 , −1 
2 2 4 
π π π 
y = sin +2 π
2 2 2
, 3

y = sin π − 2 = 0 − 2 = −2 (π , − 2 )
= 1+ 2 = 3
3π 3π 3π
π y = sin − 2 = −1 − 2 = −3 , − 3
y = sin π + 2 (π , 2 ) 2 2 2 
= 0+2 = 2
2π y = sin 2π − 2 = 0 − 2 = −2 (2π , − 2)
3π
3π y = sin +2 3π 
2 , 1 By connecting the points with a smooth curve we
2 = −1 + 2 = 1 2  obtain one period of the graph.
2π y = sin 2π + 2 ( 2π , 2 )
= 0+2 = 2
By connecting the points with a smooth curve we
obtain one period of the graph.
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55. The graph of y = cos x − 3 is the graph of y = cos x 56. The graph of y = cos x + 3 is the graph of y = cos x
shifted 3 units downward. The period for both shifted 3 units upward. The period for both functions
2π π 2π π
functions is 2π . The quarter-period is or . is 2π . The quarter-period is or . The cycle
4 2 4 2
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-
generate x-values for the key points. values for the key points.
x=0 x=0
π π π π
x = 0+ = x = 0+ =
2 2 2 2
π π π π
x= + =π x= + =π
2 2 2 2
π 3π π 3π
x =π + = x =π + =
2 2 2 2
3π π 3π π
x= + = 2π x= + = 2π
2 2 2 2
x y = cos x − 3 coordinates x y = cos x + 3 coordinates

0 y = cos 0 − 3 (0, –2) 0 y = cos 0 + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4 (0, 4)
= 1 − 3 = −2
π π π 
π π π y = cos +3 = 0+3 = 3 , 3
y = cos −3 , − 3 2 2 2 
2 2 2 
= 0 − 3 = −3 π y = cos π + 3 = −1 + 3 = 2 (π , 2)
π y = cos π − 3 (π , − 4 ) 3π 3π 3π
y = cos +3= 0+3= 3 
= −1 − 3 = −4 , 3
2 2 2 
3π
3π y = cos −3 3π  2π y = cos 2π + 3 = 1 + 3 = 4 (2π , 4)
2 , − 3
2 = 0 − 3 = −3 2  By connecting the points with a smooth curve we
2π y = cos 2π − 3 ( 2π , − 2)
= 1 − 3 = −2
57. The graph of y = 2sin 21 x + 1 is the graph
of y = 2 sin 12 x shifted one unit upward. The

amplitude for both functions is 2 = 2 . The period
2π
for both functions is 1
= 2π ⋅ 2 = 4π . The quarter-
2
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4π
period is = π . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add
4
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
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points. 1
x=0 58. The graph of y = 2 cos x + 1 is the graph of
2
x = 0 +π = π 1
y = 2 cos x shifted one unit upward. The amplitude

x = π + π = 2π 2
x = 2π + π = 3π for both functions is 2 = 2 . The period for both

1
x y = 2 sin x + 1 coordinates
2π
x = 3π + π = 4π 2 functions is = 2π ⋅ 2 = 4π . The quarter-period is
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 1
2
0 y = 2sin 1 ⋅ 0 + 1 (0, 1)
2  4π
= π . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-
= 2sin 0 + 1 4
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 x=0
x = 0 +π = π
π y = 2sin
1
⋅π +1 (π , 3)
 x = π + π = 2π
π x = 2π + π = 3π
= 2sin +1
2 x = 3π + π = 4π
= 2 ⋅1 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
2 
2π
y = 2sin
1 
⋅ 2π + 1
( 2π , 1) x y = 2 cos
1
x +1 coordinates
2
2 
= 2sin π + 1 1
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
0 y = 2 cos ⋅0 +1 (0, 3)
2 
= 2 cos 0 + 1
3π y = 2 sin
1
⋅ 3π  + 1 (3π , −1) = 2 ⋅1 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
2 
3π
= 2 sin +1 π y = 2 cos
1
⋅π + 1 (π , 1)
2 2 
= 2 ⋅ (−1) + 1
π
= −2 + 1 = −1 = 2 cos +1
2
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
4π y = 2sin
1
⋅ 4π + 1 ( 4π , 1)
2 
2π y = 2 cos
1
⋅ 2π + 1 (2π , − 1)
= 2sin 2π + 1 2 
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1 = 2 cos π + 1
= 2 ⋅ (−1) + 1 = −2 + 1 = −1
3π y = 2 cos
1
⋅ 3π  + 1 (3π , 1)
2 
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
obtain one period of the graph. 4π y = 2 cos
1
⋅ 4π  + 1 (4π , 3)
2 
= 2 cos 2π + 1
= 2 ⋅1 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
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By connecting the points with a smooth curve we 3 3 3 

obtain one period of the graph. y = −3cos 2π ⋅ + 2 ,2
4 4 4 
3π
= −3cos +2
2
= −3 ⋅ 0 + 2
= 0+2 = 2
1 y = −3cos(2π ⋅1) + 2 (1, –1)
= −3cos 2π + 2
= −3 ⋅1 + 2
59. The graph of y = −3cos 2π x + 2 is the graph of = −3 + 2 = −1
y = −3cos 2π x shifted 2 units upward. The obtain one period of the graph.
amplitude for both functions is −3 = 3 . The period
2π
for both functions is = 1 . The quarter-period is
2π
1
. The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
4
x=0
1 1
x = 0+
=
4 4
1 1 1 60. The graph of y = −3sin 2π x + 2 is the graph of
x= + =
4 4 2 y = −3sin 2π x shifted two units upward. The
1 1 3 amplitude for both functions is A = −3 = 3 . The

x= + =
2 4 4 2π
period for both functions is = 1 . The quarter-
3 1
x = + =1 2π
4 4 1
Evaluate the function at each value of x. period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter–
4
x y = −3cos 2π x + 2 coordinates
x=0
0 y = −3 cos(2π ⋅ 0) + 2 (0, –1)
1 1
= −3cos 0 + 2 x = 0+ =
4 4
= −3 ⋅1 + 2
1 1 1
= −3 + 2 = −1 x= + =
4 4 2
1 1 1  1 1 3
y = −3cos 2π ⋅ + 2 , 2 x= + =
4 4 4  2 4 4
π 3 1
= −3cos +2 x = + =1
2 4 4
= −3 ⋅ 0 + 2 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
= 0+2 = 2
1 1 1 
y = −3cos 2π ⋅ +2 ,5
2 2 2 
= −3cos π + 2
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= 3+ 2 = 5
x y = −3sin 2π x + 2 coordinates
0 y = −3sin(2π ⋅ 0) + 2 (0, 2)
= −3sin 0 + 2
= −3 ⋅ 0 + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2
1 1 
y = −3sin 2π ⋅ +2 1
, − 1
4 4 4 
π
= −3sin +2
2
= −3 ⋅1 + 2 = −3 + 2 = −1
1 1 1 
y = −3sin 2π ⋅ +2 , 2
2 2 2 
= −3sin π + 2
= −3 ⋅ 0 + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2
3 3 3 
y = −3sin 2π ⋅ +2 , 5
4 4 4 
3π
= −3sin +2
2
= −3 ⋅ (−1) + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5
1 y = −3sin(2π ⋅1) + 2 (1, 2)

= −3sin 2π + 2
= −3 ⋅ 0 + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2
By connecting the points with a smooth curve we obtain one period of the graph.

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = 2 cos x 2 1.4 0 −1.4 −2 −1.4 0 1.4 2
y2 = sin x 0 0.7 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0
y = 2 cos x + sin x 2 2.1 1 −0.7 −2 −2.1 −1 0.7 2
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x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = 3cos x 3 2.1 0 −2.1 −3 −2.1 0 2.1 3
y2 = sin x 0 0.7 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0
y = 3cos x + sin x 3 2.8 1 −1.4 −3 −2.8 −1 1.4 3

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = sin x 0 0.7 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0
y2 = sin 2 x 0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0
y = sin x + sin 2 x 0 1.7 1 −0.3 0 0.3 −1 −1.7 0

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = cos x 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0 0.7 1
y2 = cos 2 x 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1
y = cos x + cos 2x 2 0.7 −1 −0.7 0 −0.7 −1 0.7 2
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x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = sin x 0 0.7 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0
y2 = cos 2x 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1
y = sin x + cos 2x 1 0.7 0 0.7 1 −0.7 −2 −0.7 1

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = cos x 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0 0.7 1
y2 = sin 2 x 0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0
y = cos x + sin 2 x 1 1.7 0 −1.7 −1 0.3 0 −0.3 1

1 3 5 7
x 0 1 2 3 4
2 2 2 2
y1 = sin π x 0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0
π
y2 = cos x 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0 0.7 1
2
π
y = sin π x + cos x 1 1.7 0 −1.7 −1 0.3 0 −0.3 1
2
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1 3 5 7
x 0 1 2 3 4
2 2 2 2
y1 = cos π x 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1
π
y2 = sin x 0 0.7 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0
2
π
y = cos π x + sin x 1 0.7 0 0.7 1 −0.7 −2 −0.7 1
2
69. Using y = A cos Bx the amplitude is 3 and A = 3 , The period is 4π and thus
2π 2π 1
B= = =
period 4π 2
y = Acos Bx
1
y = 3cos x
2
70. Using y = A sin Bx the amplitude is 3 and A = 3 , The period is 4π and thus
2π 2π 1
B= = =
period 4π 2
y = Asin Bx
1
y = 3sin x
2
71. Using y = Asin Bx the amplitude is 2 and A = −2 , The period is π and thus
2π 2π
B= = =2
period π
y = Asin Bx
y = −2 sin 2x
72. Using y = A cos Bx the amplitude is 2 and A = −2 , The period is 4π and thus
2π 2π
B= = =2
period π
y = Acos Bx
y = −2cos 2x
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73. Using y = Asin Bx the amplitude is 2 and A = 2 , The period is 4 and thus
2π 2π π
B= = =
period 4 2
y = Asin Bx
π 
y = 2sin x 
2 
74. Using y = A cos Bx the amplitude is 2 and A = 2 , The period is 4 and thus
2π 2π π
B= = =
period 4 2
y = Acos Bx
π 
y = 2 cos x 
2 
75.
76.
77.
78.
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x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = cos x 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0 0.7 1
y2 = sin 2x 0 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0
y = cos x − sin 2x 1 −0.3 0 0.3 −1 −1.7 0 1.7 1

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = cos 2x 1 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 0 1
y2 = sin x 0 0.7 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0
y = cos 2x − sin x 1 −0.7 −2 −0.7 1 0.7 0 0.7 1

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = x 0 0.9 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.5
y2 = sin x 0 0.7 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0
y = x + sin x 0 1.6 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.6 2.5
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x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 = x 0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.1 3.9 4.7 5.5 6.3
y2 = cos x 1 0.7 0 −0.7 −1 −0.7 0 0.7 1
y = x + cos x 1 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.1 3.2 4.7 6.2 7.3
83. The period of the physical cycle is 33 days.

84. The period of the emotional cycle is 28 days.
85. The period of the intellectual cycle is 23 days.
86. In the month of February, the physical cycle is at a minimum on February 18. Thus, the author should not run in a
marathon on February 18.
87. In the month of March, March 21 would be the best day to meet an on-line friend for the first time, because the emotional
cycle is at a maximum.
88. In the month of February, the intellectual cycle is at a maximum on February 11. Thus, the author should begin writing
the on February 11.
89. Answers may vary.
91. The information gives the five key point of the graph.
(0, 14) corresponds to June,
(3, 12) corresponds to September,
(6, 10) corresponds to December,
(9, 12) corresponds to March,
(12, 14) corresponds to June
By connecting the five key points with a smooth curve we graph the information from June of one year to June of the
following year.
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92. The information gives the five key points of the e. The amplitude is 3. The period is 365. The
graph. C
(0, 23) corresponds to Noon, phase shift is = 79 . The quarter-period is

B
(3, 38) corresponds to 3 P.M.,
365
(6, 53) corresponds to 6 P.M., = 91.25 . The cycle begins at x = 79. Add
(9, 38) corresponds to 9 P.M., 4
(12, 23) corresponds to Midnight. quarter-periods to find the x-values of the key
By connecting the five key points with a smooth points.
curve we graph information from noon to midnight.
x = 79
Extend the graph one cycle to the right to graph the
information for 0 ≤ x ≤ 24. x = 79 + 91.25 = 170.25
x = 170.25 + 91.25 = 261.5
x = 261.5 + 91.25 = 352.75 x
= 352.75 + 91.25 = 444
Because we are graphing for 0 ≤ x ≤ 365 , we

will evaluate the function for the first four x-
values along with x = 0 and x = 365. Using a
calculator we have the following points.
(0, 9.1) (79, 12) (170.25, 15)
(261.5, 12) (352.75, 9) (365, 9.1)
By connecting the points with a smooth curve

2π we obtain one period of the graph, starting on
93. The function y = 3sin ( x − 79) + 12 is of the form
365 January 1.
C
y = Asin B x − +D with

B 
2π
A = 3 and B = .
365
a. The amplitude is A = 3 = 3.
2π 2π 365
b. The period is = = 2π ⋅ = 365 .
2π 2π π 2π
B 365 94. The function y = 16 sin x− + 40 is in the
6 3
c. The longest day of the year will have the most
π
hours of daylight. This occurs when the sine form y = Asin(Bx − C) + D with A = 16, B = ,
function equals 1. 6
2π 2π
y = 3sin ( x − 79) + 12 and C = . The amplitude is A = 16 = 16 .
365 3
y = 3(1) + 12 2π 2π 6
The period is = = 2π ⋅ = 12 . The phase
π
y = 15 B 6
π
There will be 15 hours of daylight. 2π 6
2π
C
d. The shortest day of the year will have the least shift is B = 3
= 3 ⋅ π = 4 . The quarter-period is
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π
6
hours of daylight. This occurs when the sine
function equals –1. 12
= 3 . The cycle begins at x = 4. Add quarter-
4
2π
y = 3sin ( x − 79) + 12 periods to find the x-values for the key points.
365
y = 3(−1) + 12
y=9
There will be 9 hours of daylight.
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x=4 96. Because the depth of the water ranges from a

x = 4+3 = 7 minimum of 3 feet to a maximum of 5 feet, the curve
oscillates about the middle value, 4 feet. Thus, D = 4.
x = 7 + 3 = 10 The maximum depth of the water is 1 foot above 4
x = 10 + 3 = 13 feet. Thus, A = 1. The graph shows that one complete
x = 13 + 3 = 16 cycle occurs in 12–0, or 12 hours. The period is 12.
Thus,
Because we are graphing for 1 ≤ x ≤ 12 , we will
2π
evaluate the function for the three x-values between 1 12 =
and 12, along with x = 1 and x = 12. Using a B
calculator we have the following points. 12B = 2π
(1, 24) (4, 40) (7, 56) (10, 40) (12, 26.1) 2π π
B= =
By connecting the points with a smooth curve we 12 6
obtain the graph for 1 ≤ x ≤ 12 .
Substitute these values into y = A cos Bx + D . The
πx
depth of the water is modeled by y = cos +4.
6
97. – 110. Answers may vary.
111. The function y = 3sin(2x + π ) = 3sin(2x − (−π )) is of
the form y = Asin(Bx − C) with A = 3, B = 2, and
C = −π . The amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The
2π 2π
period is = = π . The cycle begins at
The highest average monthly temperature is 56° in B 2
July. C −π π π 3π
95. Because the depth of the water ranges from a x= = =− . We choose − ≤x≤ , and
B 2 2 2 2
minimum of 6 feet to a maximum of 12 feet, the −4 ≤ y ≤ 4 for our graph.
curve oscillates about the middle value, 9 feet. Thus,
D = 9. The maximum depth of the water is 3 feet
above 9 feet. Thus, A = 3. The graph shows that one
complete cycle occurs in 12-0, or 12 hours. The
period is 12.
Thus,
2π
12 =
π
B 112. The function y = −2cos 2π x − is of the form
12B = 2π 2

2π π y = Acos(Bx − C) with A = –2, B = 2π , and
B= =
12 6 π
C= . The amplitude is A = −2 = 2 . The
2
Substitute these values into y = A cos Bx + D . The period is
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2π 2π
= = 1 . The cycle begins at πx
depth of the water is modeled by y = 3cos +9. B 2π
6 π
C π 1 1 1 9
x= = 2 = ⋅ = . We choose ≤ x ≤ ,
B 2π 2 2π 4 4 4
and −3 ≤ y ≤ 3 for our graph.
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113. The function 116.

π π
y = 0.2 sin x + π = 0.2 sin x − (−π ) is of the
10 10

π
form y = Asin(Bx − C) with A = 0.2, B = , and
10
C = −π . The amplitude is A = 0.2 = 0.2 . The π π
The graphs appear to be the same from − to .
2π 2π 10
period is = = 2π ⋅ = 20 . The cycle begins 2 2
π
B 10
π 117.
C −π 10
at x = = = −π ⋅
= −10 . We choose
B π
10
π
−10 ≤ x ≤ 30 , and −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 for our graph.
The graph is similar to y = sin x , except the
amplitude is greater and the curve is less smooth.
118.
114. The function y = 3sin(2x − π ) + 5 is of the form
y = Acos(Bx − C) + D with A = 3, B = 2, C = π , and

D = 5. The amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The period is
The graph is very similar to y = sin x , except not
2π 2π C π
= = π . The cycle begins at x = . Because = smooth.
B 2 B 2
D = 5, the graph has a vertical shift 5 units upward. We 119. a.
π 5π
choose ≤ x ≤ , and 0 ≤ y ≤ 10 for our graph.
2 2
b. y = 22.61sin(0.50x − 2.04) + 57.17
115.
π π 121. makes sense

The graphs appear to be the same from − to .
2 2
122. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample
explanation: It may be easier to start at the highest
point.
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123. makes sense
124. makes sense
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125. a. Since A = 3 and D = −2, the maximum will 1 1

128. y = cos 2 x = + cos 2 x
occur at 3 − 2 = 1 and the minimum will occur 2 2

at −3 − 2 = −5 . Thus the range is [ −5,1]
π 23π π
Viewing rectangle: − , ,  by [ −5,1,1]
6 6 6
b. Since A = 1 and D = −2, the maximum will
occur at 1 − 2 = −1 and the minimum will occur

at −1 − 2 = −3 . Thus the range is [ −3, −1]
π 7π π 
Viewing rectangle: − , , by [ −3, −1,1]
6 6 6 
126. A = π 129. Answers may vary.

2π 2π
B= = = 2π π π π
period 1 130. − < x+ <
2 4 2
C
=
C
= −2 π π π π π π
B 2π − − < x+ − < −
2 4 4 4 2 4
C = −4π 2π π 2π π
y = A cos( Bx − C ) − − <x< −
4 4 4 4
y = π cos(2π x + 4π ) 3π π
or − <x<
4 4
y = π cos [ 2π ( x + 2) ] 3π π 3π π
x− <x< or − ,
4 4 4 4
1 1
127. y = sin x = −
2
cos 2 x
2 2 3π π 2π π
− + − −
131. 4 4 = 4 = 2 =−π
2 2 2 4
132. a.
b. The reciprocal function is undefined.
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Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 π
y tan x from 0 to π . Continue the pattern
2
Check Point Exercises
and extend the graph another full period to the right.
π π
1. Solve the equations 2 x and 2x
2 2
π π
x= x
4 4
π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x
4
π
and x . Midway between these asymptotes is
4
x = 0. An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes
through (0, 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent
is 3, the points on the graph midway between an 3. Solve the equations
x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of π π

x 0 and x π
–3 and 3. Use the two asymptotes, the x-intercept, 2 2
and the points midway between to graph one period π
x 0 x
π π π
of y 3 tan 2 x from to . In order to graph 2
4 4
x 2
π 3π
for x , Continue the pattern and extend Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x = 0 and x = 2.
4 4 Midway between x = 0 and x = 2 is x = 1. An
the graph another full period to the right. x-intercept is 1 and the graph passes through (1, 0).
1
Because the coefficient of the cotangent is , the
2
points on the graph midway between an x-intercept
1
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of and
2
1
. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x = 0 and
2
1 π
x = 2, to graph one full period of y cot x . The
2 2
2. Solve the equations
curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period as
π π π π
x and x shown.
2 2 2 2
π π π π
x x
2 2 2 2
x 0 x π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at

x = 0 and x π .
0π π
x-intercept
2 2
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An x-intercept is π
and the graph passes through
2
π 
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the tangent is 1,
2
the points on the graph midway between an x-
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –1
and 1. Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
x = 0 and x π , to graph one full period of
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π π 3π π 3π
4. The x-intercepts of y sin x correspond to 4. , ; ;
4 4 4 4 4
π
vertical asymptotes of y csc x . 5. 3sin 2 x
4
6. y 2 cos π x
7. false
8. true
Exercise Set 2.2
5. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y 2 cos 2 x . π

1. The graph has an asymptote at x .
The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A = 2 2
and B = 2. C π π
The phase shift, , from to is π units.
amplitude: A 2 2 B 2 2
2π 2π C C
π
period: π Thus,
B 2 B 1
π C π
Use quarter-periods,
4
, to find x-values for the five The function with C π is y tan( x π ) .
key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are
2. The graph has an asymptote at x 0 .
π π 3π
0, , , , and π . Evaluating the function at each C π π
4 2 4 The phase shift, , from to 0 is units. Thus,
value of x, the key points are B 2 2
π π 3π  C C π
(0, 2), ,0 , ,2 , , 0 , (π , 2) . In order to
4 2 4 B 1 2
π
3π 3π C
graph for x , Use the first four points 2
4 4
π π
and extend the graph
3π
units to the left. Use the The function with C is y tan x .
4 2  2
graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function.

Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, 3. The graph has an asymptote at x π .
and use them as guides to graph y 2 sec 2 x . π

π C
2
π
C
2
The function is y tan x π .
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Concept and Vocabulary Check 2.2  2
π
4. The graph has an asymptote at .
2
C C
There is no phase shift. Thus, 0
B 1
π π π π C 0
4 4 
1. , ; ; y tan x .
4 4 The function with C = 0 is
2. (0, π ) ; 0; π
3. (0, 2); 0; 2
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x π x π Continue the pattern and extend the graph another

5. Solve the equations and full period to the right.
4 2 4 2
π π
x 4 x 4
2 2
x 2π x 2π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 2π

and x 2π .
2π 2π 0
x-intercept = 0
2 2
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0,

0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is 3, the π π
7. Solve the equations 2 x and 2 x
points on the graph midway between an x-intercept 2 2
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –3 and 3. π π
Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x 2π and x 2

x 2
x 2 2
x 2π , to graph one full period of y 3 tan from π π
4 x x
4 4
2π to 2π .
π
Continue the pattern and extend the graph another 4
full period to the right. π
and x .
4
π π
4 0 4
x-intercept = 0
2 2
1
0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is , the
2
1
6. Solve the equations and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of and
2
x π x π
and 
4 2 4 2 1 π
. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x
2 4
π π
x 4 x 4
π 1
2 2 and x , to graph one full period of y tan 2 x
4 2
x 2π x 2π
π π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 2π from  to . Continue the pattern and extend the
4 4
and x 2π . graph another full period to the right.
2π 2π 0
x-intercept = 0
2 2
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An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through

(0, 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is 2, the
points on the graph midway between an
x-intercept and the asymptotes have
y-coordinates of –2 and 2. Use the two consecutive
asymptotes, x 2π and x 2π ,
x
to graph one full period of y 2 tan from 2π to
4
2π .
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8. Solve the equations Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x π and
π π 1
2x and 2 x x π , to graph one full period of y 2 tan x
2 2 2
π π from π to π . Continue the pattern and extend the
2 2
x x graph another full period to the right.
2 2
π x
π
x
4 4
π
4
π
and x .
4
π π
4 4 0
x-intercept = 0
2 2 10. Solve the equations
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0, 1x π 1 π
0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is 2, the and x
2 2 2 2
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –2 and 2. π π

x 2 x 2
π 2 2
Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x and
4 x π x π
π Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x π

x , to graph one full period of y 2 tan 2 x from
4 and x π .
π π ππ 0
to . x-intercept = 0
4 4 2 2
Continue the pattern and extend the graph another An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0,
full period to the right. 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is –3, the
and the asymptotes have
y-coordinates of 3 and –3. Use the two consecutive
asymptotes, x π and x π , to graph one full
1
period of y 3 tan x from π to π . Continue
2
the pattern and extend the graph another full period to

the right.
1 π 1 π
x and x
2 2 2 2
π π
x 2 x 2
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2 2
x π x π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x π

and x π .
ππ 0
x-intercept = 0
2 2

0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is –2, the
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 2 and –2.
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11. Solve the equations π

13. An x-intercept is and the graph passes through
π π 4
xπ and xπ
2 2 π 
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the tangent is 1,
π π
x π x π 4
2 2 the points on the graph midway between an x-

π 3π intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –1
x x
2 2 π
and 1. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x
π 4
2 3π
and x , to graph one full period of
3π 4
and x .
2 π
π 3π 4π y tan  x from 0 to π .
2
 4
x-intercept = 2 2 
4π
π
2 24
An x-intercept is π and the graph passes through Continue the pattern and extend the graph another
(π , 0) . Because the coefficient of the tangent is 1, the full period to the right.
points on the graph midway between an x- intercept
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –1
π
and 1. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x
2
3π
2
π 3π
y tan( x π ) from to . Continue the pattern
2 2
and extend the graph another full period to the right.
13. There is no phase shift. Thus,
C C
0
B 1
C 0
Because the points on the graph midway between an
x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of
–1 and 1, A = –1. The function with C = 0 and A = –1
is y cot x .
14. The graph has an asymptote at . The phase shift,
π π π π 2
x and x
4 2 4 2 C π π
, from 0 to is units.
2π π 2π π B 2 2
x x
4 4 4 4 C C π
Thus,
π 3π B 1 2
x x
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
4 4 π
π C
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 2
4 π π
The function with C is y cot x .
3π 2 2
and x .
4
π 3π 2π
4 4 4 π
x-intercept =
2 2 4
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π 18. Solve the equations

15. The graph has an asymptote at . The phase shift,
2 x 0 and x π
C π π Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 0

, from 0 to is units. Thus,
B 2 2 and x π .
0π π
C C π x-intercept =
B 1 2 2 2
π π
C An x-intercept is and the graph passes through
2 2
π π π 
The function with C is y cot x . ,0
 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
2
2 2
1
, the points on the graph midway between an x-
16. The graph has an asymptote at π . The phase shift, 2
C intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of
, from 0 to π is π units.
B 1 1
and . Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
C C 2 2
Thus, π
B 1 x 0 and x π , to graph one full period of

C π 1
y cot x .
The function with C π is y cot( x π ) . 2
17. Solve the equations x 0 and x π . Two

consecutive asymptotes occur at x 0 and x π . The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period
as shown.
0π π
x-intercept
2 2
π
An x-intercept is and the graph passes through
2
π 
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
2
2, the points on the graph midway between an x-
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 2
and –2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x = 0
and x π , to graph one full period of y 2 cot x .
19. Solve the equations 2 x 0 and 2x π
The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period
as shown.
x 0 π
x
2
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x = 0 and
π
x .
2
π π
0 π
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x-intercept = 2 2

2 2 4
π
4
π 
4
1
2
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of
1 1
2 2
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π Because the coefficient of the cotangent is –3, the

x = 0 and x , to graph one full period of points on the graph midway between an x-intercept
2
1 and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –3 and 3.
y cot 2 x . The curve is repeated along the x-axis Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
2
x = 0 and x = 2, to graph one full period of
one full period as shown.
π
y 3cot x . The curve is repeated along the x-axis
2
one full period as shown.
x 0 π
x
2
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 0 and
π π
π 22. Solve the equations x 0 and x π
x . 4 4
2 x 0 π
0π π
π x
π
2 2
x-intercept = 4
2 2 4
x 4
π
An x-intercept is and the graph passes through Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 0 and
4
x 4.
π 
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is 2, 04 4
4 x-intercept = 2
2 2
the points on the graph midway between an x- An x-intercept is 2 and the graph passes through
and –2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x 0 2, 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is –2,
π
and x , to graph one full period of y 2 cot 2 x . intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –2
2
and 2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x 0
The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period as
and x 4 , to graph one full period of
shown.
π
y 2 cot x . The curve is repeated along the x-
4
axis one full period as shown.
π π
21. Solve the equations x 0 and x π
2 2
x 0 π
x π
2
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x 2
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x = 0 and x = 2.
02 2
x-intercept = 1
2 2
An x-intercept is 1 and the graph passes through (1, 0).
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π π 4
x 0 and x π
2 2 π 
π π
x 0 x π 4
2 2 3, the points on the graph midway between an x-

π π intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 3
x x 
2 2 and –3. Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
π π 3π
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x and x
2 4 4
π π
x . y 3cot x . The curve is repeated along the x-
2 4
π π axis one full period as shown.
2 2 0
x-intercept = 0
2 2
0). Because the coefficient of the cotangent is 3, the
π
Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x and
2
π π
x , to graph one full period of y 3cot x .
2 2 1 x
25. The x-intercepts of y sin corresponds to
2 2
The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period 1 x
as shown. vertical asymptotes of y csc . Draw the
2 2
vertical asymptotes, and use them as a guide to
1 x
sketch the graph of y csc .
2 2

π π
x 0 and x π
4 4
π π 26. The x-intercepts of y 3sin 4 x correspond to
x 0 x π
4 4 vertical asymptotes of y 3csc 4 x . Draw the
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π 3π vertical asymptotes, and use them as a guide to

x x
4 4 sketch the graph of y 3csc 4 x .
π
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x and
4
3π
x .
4
π 3π 2π
π
x-intercept = 4 4 4 
2 2 4
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1 intercepts, and use them as guides to graph

27. The x-intercepts of y cos 2π x corresponds to y 3csc x .
2
1
vertical asymptotes of y sec 2π x . Draw the
2
vertical asymptotes, and use them as a guide to

1
sketch the graph of y sec 2π x .
2
30. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y 2 sin x . The
equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A 2 and

B 1.
amplitude: A 2 2
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
π π
28. The x-intercepts of y 3cos x correspond to Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five
2 2
π key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are

vertical asymptotes of y 3sec x . Draw the
2 π 3π
vertical asymptotes, and use them as a guide to 0, , π, , and 2π . Evaluating the function at
2 2
π each value of x, the key points are
sketch the graph of y 3sec x.
2 π 3π
(0, 0), , 2 , (π , 0), , 2 , and (2π , 0) .
2 2
Use these key points to graph y 2 sin x from 0 to
2π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the

Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts,
and use them as guides to graph y = 2cscx.
29. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y 3sin x . The
equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A = 3 and

B = 1.
amplitude: A 3 3
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
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π
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the
2
five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are
π 3π
0, , π , , and 2π . Evaluating the function at
2 2
each value of x, the key points are (0, 0),

π  3π
, 3 , (π , 0), , 3 , and (2π , 0) . Use

2 2
these key points to graph y 3sin x from 0 to 2π .
Extend the graph one cycle to the right.

Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal
function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-
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1 x 3 3
31. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin . The (0, 0), 2π , , (4π , 0), 6π , , and (8π , 0) .
2 2 2 2
1 3 x
equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A and Use these key points to graph y sin from 0 to
2 2 4
B
1
. 8π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right.
2
1 1 Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal
amplitude: A
2 2 function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-

intercepts, and use them as guides to graph
2π 2π
period: 2π 2 4π 3 x
B 1
2
y csc .
2 4
Use quarter-periods, π , to find x-values for the five
key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are 0,
π , 2π , 3π , and 4π . Evaluating the function at each
1
value of x, the key points are (0, 0), π , , (2π , 0),
2
1
3π , , and (4π , 0) . Use these key points to
2
1 x
graph y sin from 0 to 4π .
2 2
Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph
33. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y 2 cos x .
to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw
vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A = 2
1 x and B = 1.
them as guides to graph y csc .
amplitude: A 2 2
2 2
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
π
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five
2
key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are 0,
π 3π
, π, , 2π . Evaluating the function at each value
2 2
π 
of x, the key points are (0, 2), , 0 , (π , 2),
3 x 2
32. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin . The
2 4 3π 
, 0 , and (2π , 2) . Use these key points to graph
3
equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A and 2
2 from 0 to 2π . Extend the graph one
y 2 cos x
1
B .
4
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cycle to the obtain the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw

right. Use vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use
the graph to them as guides to
3 3
amplitude: A graph y 2 sec x .
2 2
2π 2π
period: 2π 4 8π
B 1
4
Use quarter-periods, 2π , to find x-values for the five
0, 2π , 4π , 6π , and 8π . Evaluating the function at
each value of x, the key points are
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34. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y 3cos x . graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain
The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A 3 the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw vertical
asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as
and B 1 .
x
amplitude: A 3 3 guides to graph y sec .
3
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
π
2
π 3π
0, , π , , and 2π . Evaluating the function at
2 2
π 3π 
(0, 3), , 0 , (π , 3), , 0  , (2π , 3) . x
2 2 36. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y cos . The

2
equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A 1 and
Use these key points to graph y 3cos x from 0 to 1

B .
2π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the 2

graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function. amplitude: A 1 1
Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, 2π 2π
and use them as guides to graph y 3sec x . period: B 1
2π 2 4π
2
Use quarter-periods, π , to find x-values for the five

0, π , 2π , 3π , and 4π . Evaluating the function at
(0, 1), π , 0, (2π , 1), 3π , 0 , and (4π , 1) .
x
Use these key points to graph y cos from 0 to
2
x 4π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the

35. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y cos . The graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function.
3
equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A = 1 and Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts,
x
1 and use them as guides to graph y sec .
B . 2
3
amplitude: A 1 1
2π 2π
period: 2π 3 6π
B
1
3
6π 3π
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for
4 2
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the five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values

3π 9π
are 0, , 3π , , and 6π . Evaluating the function
2 2
3π 
at each value of x, the key points are (0, 1), ,0 ,
2
9π
(3π , 1), , 0 , and (6π , 1) . Use these key
2
x
points to graph y cos from 0 to 6π . Extend the
3
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37. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y 2 sin π x . Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts,
The equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A = –2 and use them as guides to graph y
1
csc π x .
and B π . 2
amplitude: A 2 2
2π 2π
period: 2
B π
2 1
Use quarter-periods, , to find
4 2
x-values for the five key points. Starting with x = 0,
1 3
the x-values are 0, , 1, , and 2. Evaluating the
2 2
function at each value of x, the key points are (0, 0), 1
1 3 39. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y cos π x .
, 2 , (1, 0), , 2 , and (2, 0) . Use these key 2
2 2 The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with
points to graph y 2 sin π x from 0 to 2. Extend the 1
graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain A and B π .
2
the graph of the reciprocal function. 1 1
amplitude: A 
Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, 2 2
and use them as guides to graph y 2 csc π x . 2π 2π

period: 2
B π
2 1
4 2
1 3
0, , 1, , and 2. Evaluating the function at each
2 2
1
value of x, the key points are 0, ,
2
1 
38. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin π x . 1 1 3 1
2 , 0 , 1, , , 0, 2, . Use these key

2 2
2 2 
The equation is of the form y A sin Bx with
1
1 points to graph y cos π x from 0 to 2. Extend
A and B π . 2
2
the graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph to
1 1 obtain the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw
amplitude: A
2 2 vertical asymptotes through the
2π 2π x-intercepts, and use them as guides to graph
period: 2
B π 1
y sec π x .
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2 1 2
4 2
1 3
0, , 1, , and 2 . Evaluating the function at each
2 2
value of x, the key points are
1 1 3 1
(0, 0), , , (1, 0), , , and (2, 0) .
2 2 2 2
1
Use these key points to graph y sin π x from 0
2
to 2 . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the

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3 these key points to graph y sin( x π ) from π to

40. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y cos π x .
2 3π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the

The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function.
3
A and B π . Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts,
2 and use them as guides to graph y csc( x π ) .
3 3
amplitude: A
2 2
2π 2π
period: 2
B π
2 1
4 2
1 3
0, , 1, , and 2 . Evaluating the function at each
2 2 π
value of x, the key points are 42. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin x .
 2
3 1 3 3 3 The equation is of the form y A sin( Bx C ) with

0, , , 0 , 1, , , 0 , 2, .
2 2 2 2 2 π
A 1 , B 1 , and C .
3 2
Use these key points to graph y cos π x from 0
2 amplitude: A 1 1
to 2 . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the

2π 2π
graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function. period: 2π
Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, B 1
π
3 C
and use them as guides to graph y sec π x . phase shift: π
2
2 B 1 2
π
2
π
key points. Starting with x , the x-values are
2
π 3π 5π
, π, , 2π , and . Evaluating the function at
2 2 2
π 3π  5π
π π
, 0  ,  , 1,
.
, 0 , 2 , 1, and ,0 
41. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin( x π ) . 2  2 2
The equation is of the form y A sin( Bx C ) with π
A = 1, and B = 1, and C π . Use these key points to graph y sin x  from

2
amplitude: A 1 1 π 5π
to . Extend the graph one cycle to the right.
2π 2π 2 2
period: 2π
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B 1
C π
phase shift: π
B 1
2π π
4 2
x-values for the five key points. Starting with x π ,
3π 5π
the x-values are π , , 2π , , and 3π . Evaluating
2 2
the function at each value of x, the key points are

3π 5π
(π , 0), , 1, (2π , 0), , 1,  (3π , 0) . Use
2  2
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Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal 44. Graph the reciprocal cosine function,
function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x- π

intercepts, and use them as guides to graph y 2 cos x .The equation is of the form
 2
π y A cos( Bx C ) with A 2 and B 1 , and

y csc x .
2
π
C .
2
amplitude: A 2 2
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
C 2π π
phase shift:
B 1 2
43. Graph the reciprocal cosine function,
y 2 cos( x π ) . The equation is of the form π
2
y A cos( Bx C ) with A = 2, B = 1, and C π .
π
amplitude: A 2 2 key points. Starting with x , the x-values are
2
2π 2π π π 3π
period: 2π
B 1 , 0, , π , and .
2 2 2
C π
phase shift: π
B 1 Evaluating the function at each value of x, the key
2π π points are
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for π  π 3π
4 2 , 2 , 0, 0, , 2 , π , 0 , ,2.
the five key points. Starting with x π , the x- 2 2 2
π π π
values are π , , 0, , and π . Evaluating the Use these key points to graph y 2 cos x
2 2 2
function at each value of x, the key points are
π 3π
π  from to . Extend the graph one cycle to the
( π , 2), π , 0 , 0, 2 , , 0 , and (π , 2) . 2 2

2 2 right. Use the graph to obtain the graph of the
Use these key points to graph y 2 cos( x π ) from reciprocal function. Draw vertical asymptotes
π to π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. through the x-intercepts, and use them as guides to
Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal π

graph y 2 sec x .
function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-  2
intercepts, and use them as guides to graph
y 2 sec( x π ) .
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50.
45.
51.
46. 52.
47.
π
53. y f h ( x) f (h( x)) 2 sec 2 x
2
48.
π
54. y g h ( x) g (h( x)) 2 tan 2 x
2
49.
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55. Use a graphing utility with y1 tan x and y2 1 . graph on [0, 2], continue the pattern and extend
For the window use Xmin 2π , Xmax 2π , the graph to 2. (Do not use the left hand side of
Ymin 2 , and Ymax 2 . the first period of the graph on [0, 2].)
5π π 3π 7π
x , , ,
4 4 4 4
x 3.93, 0.79, 2.36, 5.50
56. Use a graphing utility with y1 1 / tan x and
y2 1 . For the window use Xmin 2π ,

Xmax 2π , Ymin 2 , and Ymax 2 .
5π π 3π 7π
x , , ,
4 4 4 4
x 3.93, 0.79, 2.36, 5.50 b. The function is undefined for t = 0.25, 0.75,
1.25, and 1.75.
The beam is shining parallel to the wall at these
57. Use a graphing utility with y1 1 / sin x and y2 1 .
times.
For the window use Xmin 2π , Xmax 2π ,
Ymin 2 , and Ymax 2 . 60. In a right triangle the angle of elevation is one of the
3π π acute angles, the adjacent leg is the distance d, and
x ,
2 2 the opposite leg is 2 mi. Use the cotangent function.

x 4.71, 1.57 d
cot x
2
58. Use a graphing utility with y1 1 / cos x and y2 1 . d 2 cot x
For the window use Xmin 2π , Xmax 2π , Use the equations x 0 and x π .
Ymin 2 , and Ymax 2 . Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 0 and
x 2π , 0, 2π π
x π . Midway between x 0 and x π is x .
x 6.28, 0, 6.28 2
π
59. d 12 tan 2π t An x-intercept is and the graph passes through
2
a. Solve the equations
π π π
2π t and 2π t , 0  . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
2
2 2
π π 2, the points on the graph midway between an x-
t 2
t 2
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –2
2π 2π and 2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x 0
1 1 and x π , to graph y 2 cot x for 0 x π .
t t
4 4
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1 1
x and x .
4 4
1 1
4 4 0
x-intercept 0
2 2
(0, 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is
12, the points on the graph midway between an
x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-
coordinates of –12 and 12. Use the two
1 1
consecutive asymptotes, x and x , to
4 4
graph one full period of d 12 tan 2π t . To
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61. Use the function that relates the acute angle with the 64. Graphs will vary.
hypotenuse and the adjacent leg, the secant function.
d
sec x
10
d 10 sec x
Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y 10 cos x .
The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A 10

and B 1.
amplitude: A 10 10
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1 65. – 76. Answers may vary.
π π π π π π
For x , use the x-values , 0, and to 77. period: π 4 4π
2 2 2 2
  B 1
4
π
π
find the key points , 0 , (0, 10), and ,0 . x
2 2  Graph y tan for 0 x 8π .
4
Connect these points with a smooth curve, then draw

vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use
π π
them as guides to graph d 10 sec x on , . 
2 2 
π π
78. period:
B 4
π
Graph y tan 4 x for 0 x .
2
62. Graphs will vary.
π π
79. period:
B 2
Graph y cot 2 x for 0 x π .
63.
π π
80. period: 1
π 2 2π
B 2
Graph x
y cot
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2
for 0 x
4π .
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π π 2π 2π
81. period: 1 85. period: π
B π B 2
π
Graph y
1
tan π x for 0 x 2 . C 6 π
phase shift:
2 B 2 12
π 25π
Thus, we include x in our graph, and
12 12
5π
graph for 0 x .
2
π π
πx 1 and π x 1
2 2
π π
πx 1 πx 1
2 2
π π 2π 2π
2
1 2
1 86. period: 2
x x
π π B π
π
π2 π2 C 6 π 1
x x phase shift: 1
2π 2π B π 6 π 6
x 0.82 x 0.18 1 25
Thus, we include x in our graph, and
π π 6 6
period: 1 9
B π graph for 0 x .
Thus, we include 0.82 x 1.18 in our graph of 2
1
y tan(π x 1) , and graph for 0.85 x 1.2 .
2
87.
2π 2π
83. period: 2π 2 4π
B
1
2
Graph the functions for 0 x 8π .
The graph shows that carbon dioxide concentration
rises and falls each year, but over all the
concentration increased from 1990 to 2008.
1
88. y sin
x
84. period:
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2π 2π 3
π
2π 6
B 3
π
Graph the functions for 0 x 12 .
The graph is oscillating between 1 and –1.

The oscillation is faster as x gets closer to 0.
Explanations may vary.
89. makes sense
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90. makes sense 96. The range shows that A π .
91. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Since the period is 2, the coefficient of x is given by
Sample explanation: To obtain a cosecant graph, 2π
B where 2
you can use a sine graph. B
2π
92. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. 2
Sample explanation: To model a cyclical B
temperature, use sine or cosine. 2B 2π
B π
93. The graph has the shape of a cotangent function with
Thus, y π csc π x
consecutive asymptotes at
2π 2π 2π 97. a. Since A=1, the range is , 1 1,

x = 0 and x . The period is 0 . Thus,
3 3 3
π 7π
π 2π Viewing rectangle: ,π, by 3, 3,1
6 6
B 3
2π B 3π b. Since A=3, the range is , 3 3,
3π 3
B 1 7
2π 2 Viewing rectangle: , ,1 by 6, 6,1
2 2

The points on the graph midway between an x-
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 1 98. y 2 x sin x
and –1. Thus, A = 1. There is no phase shift. Thus, x
3 2 decreases the amplitude as x gets larger.

C = 0. An equation for this graph is y cot x.
Examples may vary.
2
99. a.
94. The graph has the shape of a secant function.
The reciprocal function has amplitude A 1 . The

8π 2π 8π
period is . Thus,
3 B 3
8π B 6π
6π 3
B
8π 4
There is no phase shift. Thus, C 0 . An equation for
b. yes; Explanations will vary.
3
the reciprocal function is y cos x . Thus, an
4 π
c. The angle is .
3 6
equation for this graph is y sec x.
4 π 1
This is represented by the point , .
95. The range shows that A 2. 6 2
Since the period is 3π , the coefficient of x is given 2π

by B where 3π
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B 100. a.
2π
3π
B
3Bπ 2π
2
B b. yes; Explanations will vary.
3
2x 5π
Thus, y 2 csc c. The angle is .
3 6
5π 3
This is represented by the point , .
6 2
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101. a. Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
b. yes; Explanations will vary.

π
c. The angle is .
3
π  1 π
This is represented by the point , 3. 2. The equation y cos x is of the form
3 2 3
1 π
y A cos Bx with A and B . The
2 3
Mid-Chapter 2 Check Point 1 1

amplitude is A . The period is
2 2
1. The equation y 4 sin 2 x is of the form
2π 2π 6 3
y A sin Bx with A = 4 and B 2 . Thus, the  π 6 . The quarter-period is . Add
B 4 2
3
amplitude is A 4 4 . The period is

2π 2π π points and evaluate the function at each value of x.
π . The quarter-period is . The cycle
B 2 4
begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x- 1 π
x y cos x coordinates
values for the key points and evaluate the function at 2 3
each value of x.
1 π 1 1 1
y 4 sin 2 x 0 cos 0 1 0,
x coordinates 2 3 2 2 2
4 sin(2 0) 4 0 3 1 π 3 1  3 
0 (0, 0) cos 0 0 ,0
0 2 2 3 2 2 2
4 sin 2 41
4π  1 π 1 1 1
π π  3 cos 3 1 3,
, 4 2 3 2 2 2
4 4 4 
9 1 π 9 1 9 
cos 0 0 , 02  
π 2 3 2 2
π 4 sin 2 40 π  2
2 ,0 
2 2  12cos π 36 1
0 6 112 12
6, 2 
3π
3π 4 sin 2 4(1) 3π 
4 ,4 Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
4 4 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
4
4 sin(2 π ) 4 0
π (π , 0)
0
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Mid-Chapter 2 Check Point
3. The equation y 3sin( x π ) is of the form π

4. The equation y 2 cos 2 x is of the form
y A sin( Bx C ) with A = 3, B = 1, and C π . The 4
amplitude is A 3 3 . The period is y A cos( Bx C ) with A = 2, and B = 2, and
2π 2π C π π
2π . The phase shift is π . The C . Thus, the amplitude is A 2 2 . The
B 1 B 1 4
2π π 2π 2π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x π . period is π . The phase shift is
4 2 B 2
Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key π
C 4 π
points and evaluate the function at each value of x. .
B 2 8
x y 3sin( x π ) coordinates π π
The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x
.
4 4
3sin π π 3sin(0) Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
π 30 π , 0 points and evaluate the function at each value of x.
0 x coordinates
3π π π 
3sin π 3sin  π
3π 3π  , 2
2 2 ,3 8 8 
2 31 
2 
3 3π 3π 
,0
3sin 2π π 3sin(π ) 8 8 
2π 30 (2π , 0) 5π 5π
0 , 2
8 8 
5π 3π
3sin π 3sin 
5π 5π  7π 7π 
2 2 ,0
2 3(1) 2 8 8 
3
9π 9π 
3sin 3π π 3sin(2π ) ,2
8 
8
3π 30 3π , 0 
0 graph one complete cycle of the given function
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5. The graph of y cos 2 x 1 is the graph of y cos 2 x shifted one unit upward. The amplitude for both functions is
2π π
1 1 . The period for both functions is π . The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-
2 4
periods to generate x-values
y cos 2 xfor
1 the key points and evaluate the function at each value of x.
x coordinates
y cos 2 0 1 2
0 (0, 2)
π π π 
y cos 2 11 ,1
4 4 
4
π π π 
y cos 2 1 0 ,0 
2 2 
2
3π 3π 3π 
y cos 2 11 ,1
4 
4
y cos 2 π 1 2 4 
π (π , 2)

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 2 sin x 0 1.4 2 1.4 0 1.4 2 1.4 0
y2 2 cos x 2 1.4 0 1.4 2 1.4 0 1.4 2
y 2 sin x 2 cos x 2 2.8 2 0 2 2.8 2 0 2
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π π π π
x and x
4 2 4 2
π 4 π 4
x x
2 π 2 π
x 2 x 2
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 2 and x 2 .

22 0
x-intercept = 0
2 2
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0, 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is 2, the points on the graph
midway between an x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –2 and 2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
π
x 2 and x 2 , to graph one full period of y 2 tan x from 2 to 2 .
4
Continue the pattern and extend the graph another full period to the right.

x 0 π
x
2
π
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 0 and x .
2
π π
 π
0 2 2
x-intercept =
2 2 4
π π
An x-intercept is and the graph passes through , 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is 4, the points on the
4 4
graph midway between an x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 4 and –4. Use the two consecutive
π y 4 cot 2 x . The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period
asymptotes, x 0 and x , to graph one full period of
2
as shown.
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9. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y 2 cos π x . The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A 2 and B π .
amplitude: A 2 2
2π 2π
period: 2
B π
2 1
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are
4 2
1 3
0, , 1, , and 2 . Evaluating the function at each value of x, the key points are
2 2
1 3
0, 2, , 0 , 1, 2 , , 0 , 2, 2 .
2 2
Use these key points to graph y 2 cos π x from 0 to 2 . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain
the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as guides to graph
y 2 sec π x .
10. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y 3sin 2π x . The equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A 3 and B 2π .
amplitude: A 3 3
2π 2π
period: 1
B 2π
1 1 1 3
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are 0, , , , and 1 .
4 4 2 4
1  1 3 
Evaluating the function at each value of x, the key points are (0, 0), , 3 , , 0 , , 3 , and (1, 0) .
4 2 4
Use these key points to graph y 3sin 2π x from 0 to 1 . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain
the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as guides to graph
y 3csc 2π x .
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.3
Check Point Exercises
3 3
1. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
2 2
π π 3 π π 3 π
The only angle in the interval , that satisfies sin θ is . Thus, θ , or sin 1 .

2 2 2 3 3 2 3
2 2
2  2
π π 2 π π 2 π
The only angle in the interval , that satisfies cos θ is . Thus θ , or sin 1 .

2 2 2 4 4 2 4

1 1 1 2π
3. Let θ cos 1
, then cos θ . The only angle in the interval [0, π ] that satisfies cos θ is . Thus,
2 2 2 3
2π 1 2π
θ , or cos1 .
3 2 3
π π π
4. Let θ tan 1 (1) , then tan θ 1 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 1 is . Thus
2 2 4
π π
θ or tan 1 θ .
4 4
Scientific Calculator Solution

5.
Function Mode Keystrokes Display
(rounded to four places)
1
cos1  Radian 1 3 COS1 1.2310
a. 3
tan 1 (35.85) Radian 35.85 TAN 1 –1.5429


b.
Graphing Calculator Solution
Function Mode Keystrokes Display

(rounded to four places)
1 COS1
a. cos1  Radian ( 1 3 ) ENTER 1.2310
3
b. tan 1 (35.85) Radian TAN 1 35.85 ENTER –1.5429
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6. a. cos cos 1 0.7 

x 0.7 , x is in [–1,1] so cos(cos 1 0.7) 0.7
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b. sin 1 (sin π ) x
9. Let θ tan 1 x , then tan θ =x= .
π π 1
x π , x is not in , . x is in the domain
2 2 
of sin x, so sin 1 (sin π ) sin 1 (0) 0
c. cos cos 1 π 
x π , x is not in [–1,1] so cos cos 1 π is not
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the third side, a.
defined. a2 x 2 1 2
3 3 a x2 1
7. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ . Because tan θ is
4 4 Use the right triangle to write the algebraic expression.
positive, θ is in the first quadrant. x 1 2
sec tan 1 x sec θ  x2 1
1
Concept and Vocabulary Check 2.3
π π 1
1. x ; sin x
2 2
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find r. 2. 0 x π; cos 1 x

r 2 32 4 2 9 16 25
π π 1
r 25 5 3. x ; tan x
2 2
Use the right triangle to find the exact value.
3 side opposite θ 3 π π
sin tan 1 sin θ 4. [1,1] ; ,
4 hypotenuse 5 2 2

8. Let θ sin 1
1
, then sin θ
1
Because sin θ 5. [1,1] ; [0, π ]
.
2 2
is negative, θ is in quadrant IV. π π
6. (, ) ; ,
 2 2
π π
7. ,

2 2 
8. [0, π ]
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x. x2 3
x 2 (1)2 2 2 x 3
2
x 1 4
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π π
9. , 10. false 
2 2
Use values for x and r to find the exact value.
1 x 3
cos sin 1 cos θ
2 r 2
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Exercise Set 2.3 3 3

7. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ . The only angle
1 1 2 2
1. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only angle in
2 2 3 π
in the interval [0, π ] that satisfies cos θ is .
π π 1 π 2 6
the interval , that satisfies sin θ is .
2 2 2 6 π 3 π
Thus θ , or cos 1
.
π 1 π 6 2 6
Thus, θ , or sin 1 .
6 2 6
2 2
8. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ
. The only angle
2. Let θ sin 1 0 , then sin θ 0 . The only angle in the 2 2
π π 2 π
interval , that satisfies sin θ 0 is 0. Thus in the interval 0, π that satisfies cos θ is .
2 2 2 4
θ 0 , or sin 1 0 0 . π 2 π
Thus θ  , or cos1 .
4 2 4
2 2
3. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only angle
2 2 2 2
Let θ cos 1 cos θ
2 
9. , then . The only
π π 2 2
in the interval , that satisfies sin θ is

2 2 2 angle in the interval [0, π ] that satisfies
π π 2 π 2 3π 3π
. Thus θ , or sin 1 . cos θ is . Thus θ , or
4 4 2 4 2 4 4
2 3π
3  3 cos1 .
4. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only angle 2 4

2 2
π π 3
in the interval , that satisfies sin θ is 3 3
 
2 2 2 10. Let θ cos 1 , then cos θ .
2  2
π π 3 π
. Thus θ , or sin 1 . The only angle in the interval 0, π that
3 3 2 3
3 5π 5π
satisfies cos θ is . Thus θ , or
1 1 2 6 6
5. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only
2 2  3 5π
cos1 .
 
π π
angle in the interval , that satisfies
2 2 2 6

1 π π 11. Let θ cos 1 0 , then cos θ 0 . The only angle in
sin θ is . Thus θ , or
2 6 6
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π
the interval [0, π ] that satisfies cos θ 0 is .
1 π 2
sin 1 .
2 6 π 1 π
Thus θ , or cos 0 .
2 2
3 3
6. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . 12. Let θ cos1 1 , then cos θ 1 . The only angle in the
2  2
interval 0, π that satisfies cos θ 1 is 0 .
π π
The only angle in the interval , that satisfies Thus θ 0 , or cos1 1 0 .
2 2
3 π π
sin θ is . Thus θ ,
2 3 3
3 π
or sin 1 .
2 3
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3 3 π π 3 π
13. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ is . Thus
3 3 2 2 3 6
π 3 π
θ , or tan 1 .
6 3 6
π π π
14. Let θ tan 1 1 , then tan θ 1 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 1 is .
2 2 4
π π
Thus θ , or tan 1 1 .
4 4
π π
15. Let θ tan 1 0 , then tan θ 0 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 0 is 0. Thus θ 0 , or
2 2
tan 1 0 0 .
π π π
16. Let θ tan 1 (1) , then tan θ 1 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 1 is . Thus
2 2 4
π π
θ , or tan 1 (1) .
4 4
π π π
17. Let θ tan 1  3 , then tan θ 3 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 3 is .
2 2 3
π π
Thus θ , or tan 1  3 .
3 3
3 3 π π 3 π
18. Let θ tan 1
, then tan θ . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ is .
3  3 2 2 3 6
π 3 π
Thus θ , or tan 1 .

6 3 6
19. Scientific Calculator Solution

Display
Function Mode Keystrokes
(rounded to two places)
1
sin 1 0.3 Radian 0.3 SIN 0.30

Display
sin 1 0.3 Radian SIN 1 0.3 ENTER 0.30

Display
sin 1 0.47 Radian 0.47 SIN 1 0.49
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Display
sin 1 0.47 Radian SIN 1 0.47 ENTER 0.49
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Display
sin 1 (0.32) Radian  SIN 1 –0.33
0.32 

Display
sin 1 (0.32) Radian SIN 1  0.32 ENTER –0.33

Display
sin 1 (0.625) Radian 0.625  SIN 1 –0.68

Display
sin 1 (0.625) Radian SIN 1 0.625 ENTER –0.68

Display
3
cos1  Radian 3 8 COS1 1.19
8

Display
3
cos1  Radian COS1 ( 3 8 ) ENTER 1.19
8

Display
4
cos1  Radian 4 9 = COS1 1.11
9

Display
4
cos1  Radian COS1 ( 4 9 ) ENTER 1.11
9
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Display
5
cos1 Radian 5 7 COS1 1.25
7

Display
5
cos1 Radian COS1 ( 5 7 ) ENTER 1.25
7

Display
7
cos1 Radian 7 10 = COS1 1.30
10

Display
7
cos1 Radian COS1 ( 7 10 ) ENTER 1.30
10

Display
tan 1 (20) Radian  TAN 1 –1.52
20 

Display
tan 1 (20) Radian TAN 1  20 ENTER –1.52

Display
tan 1 (30) Radian 30  TAN 1 –1.54

Display
tan 1 (30) Radian TAN 1 30 ENTER –1.54
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Display
tan 1 473  Radian 473 
 TAN 1 –1.52

Display
tan 1 473  Radian TAN 1 (  473 ) ENTER –1.52

Display
tan 1 5061  Radian 5061  TAN 1 –1.56

Display
tan 1 5061  Radian TAN 1 ( 5061 ) ENTER –1.56
31. sin sin 1 0.9 

x 0.9, x is in [1, 1], so sin(sin 1 0.9) 0.9
32. cos(cos1 0.57)

x 0.57, x is in [1, 1], so
cos(cos1 0.57) 0.57
π
33. sin 1 sin
3
π π π π π
x , x is in , , so sin 1 sin
3 2 2 3 3
2π
34. cos1 cos
3
2π
x , x is in [0, π ],
3
2π 2π
so cos1 cos
3 3
5π
35. sin 1 sin
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6
5π π π 5π 1 π
x , x is not in , , x is in the domain of sin x, so sin 1 sin sin 1
6 2 2 6 2 6
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4π  43. sin 1 (sin π )

36. cos1 cos
3 π π
x π , x is not in , ,
4π 2 2
x , x is not in [0, π ], 
3 x is in the domain of sin x, so
x is in the domain of cos x, sin 1 (sin π ) sin 1 0 0
4π 1 2π
so cos1 cos cos1
3 2 3 44. cos1 (cos 2π )
x 2π , x is not in [0, π ],
37. tan tan 1 125  x is in the domain of cos x,
so cos 1 (cos 2π ) cos 1 1 0

x 125, x is a real number, so tan tan 1 125 125
1
45. sin sin 1 π 
38. tan(tan 380)
x π , x is not in [1, 1] , so sin sin 1 π is not
x 380, x is a real number,
defined.
so tan(tan 1 380) 380
π 46. cos(cos 1 3π )
1
39. tan tan
6 
x 3π , x is not in [1, 1]
π π π so cos(cos1 3π ) is not defined.

x , x is in , , so
6 2 2
1 4 4
1 π π 47. Let θ sin , then sin θ . Because sin θ is
tan tan 5 5
6  6 positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
π
40. tan 1 tan

3 
π π π
x , x is in , ,
3 2 2
π π
so tan 1 tan
3 3 x2 y2 r2

x 2 4 2 52
2π 
41. tan 1 tan x 2 25 16 9
3
x 3
2π π π
x , x is not in , , x is in the domain of 4 x 3
3 2 2 cos sin 1 cos θ
5 r 5
1 2π 1 π
tan x, so tan tan tan 3
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3 3
42. 3π
tan 1 tan
4
3π π π
x , x is not in , ,
4 2 2
x is in the domain of tan x
3π π
so tan 1 tan tan 1 (1)
4 4
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7 7 x2 y 2
r 2
48. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ .
24 24 x 2 52 132
Because tan θ is positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
x 2 144
x 12
5 x 12
cot sin 1 cot θ
13 y 5
3 3
51. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . Because sin θ
5 5
r2 x2 y 2
is negative, θ is in
r 2 7 2 24 2 quadrant IV.
r 2 625
r 25
7 y 7
sin tan 1 sin θ
24 r 25
5 5
49. Let θ cos 1 , then cos θ . Because cos θ is
13 13 x2 y2 r2
positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
x 2 (3)2 52 x 2
16 x 4
3 y 3
tan sin 1 tan θ
5  x 4
4 4
x2 y 2 r2 5 5
52 y 2 132 Because sin θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV.

y 2 169 25
y 2 144
y 12
5 y 12
tan cos1 tan θ
13 x 5
x2 y2 r2
5 5
50. Let θ sin 1 then sin θ . x 2 (4)2 52
13 13
because sin θ is positive, θ is in the first quadrant. x2 9

x 3
4 x 3
cos sin 1 cos θ
5 r 5
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2 2 x2 y 2
r 2
53. Let, θ cos1 , then cos θ . Because cos θ
2 2 x 2 (1)2 4 2
is positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
x 2 15
x 15
1 r 4 4 15
sec sin 1 sec θ 
x 15
4 15
1 1
2 2 2 2 2
x y r
2
Because sin θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV.
2 2
2 y 2
y2 2
y 2
2 y 2
sin cos1 sin θ
2  r 2
x2 y2 r2
1 1
54. Let θ sin 1
, then sin θ . x 2 (1)2 2 2
2 2
Because sin θ is positive, θ is in the first quadrant. x2 3
x 3
1 r 2 2 3
sec sin 1 sec θ 
2 x 3 3

1 1
57. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ . Because
3 3
x2 y 2 r2 cos θ is negative, θ is in
x 2 12 22 quadrant II.
x2 3
x 3
1 x 3
cos sin 1 cos θ
2 r 2
1 1 1 x2 y2 r2
55. Let θ sin , then sin θ . Because sin θ
4 4
(1)2 y 2 32
is negative, θ is in
quadrant IV. y2 8
y 8
y 2 2
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1 y 2 2
tan cos1 tan θ  2 2
3 x 1
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1 1 x2 y 2
r 2
58. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ .
4 4 2
x2 2 2 2
Because cos θ is negative, θ is in quadrant II.
x2 2
x 2
2 r 2
sec sin 1 sec θ 2
2  x 2
2 2
x2 y 2 r2 61. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ
.
3 3
(1)2 y 2 42 Because tan θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV.
y 2 15
y 15
1 y 15
tan cos1 tan θ 15
4 x 1

r2 x2 y 2
3 3
59. Let θ cos 1 , then cos θ . Because 2 2 2
2 2 r 3 2

cos θ is negative, θ is in quadrant II. r2 9 4
r 2 13
r 13
2 x 3 3 13
cos tan 1 cos θ 
r 13
3 13
3 3
x2 y2 r2 4 4
3 y
2
22 2 Because tan θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV.
y2 1
y 1
3 r 2
csc cos1 csc θ 2
2 y 1
2 2 r2 x 2
y 2
2 2 2 2 2
r 4 3
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Because sin θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV. r 2 16 9

r 2 25
r 5
3 y 3 3
sin tan 1 sin θ 
4 r 5 5
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63. Let θ cos1 x , then cos θ x

x
. 66. Let θ cos1 2 x.
1 Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the third side,
b.
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the third side,

b.
x 2 b 2 12 (2 x)2 b2 12
b2 1 x 2 b2 1 4 x 2
b 1 x2
b 1 4 x2
Use the right triangle to write the algebraic
expression.
1x 2
sin cos1 
2x
1 4 x2
1
 1 4 x2
tan cos 1 x tan θ 
x
1 1
x x x
64. Let θ tan x , then tan θ x
1
.
1
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the third side, c. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the third side,
c 2 x 2 12 a.
a 2 12 x 2
c x2 1
2 2
Use the right triangle to write the algebraic expression. a x 1
sin(tan 1 ) sin θ a  x2 1
x Use the right triangle to write the algebraic

 expression.
x2 1
2
1 x 1
x x2 1 cos sin 1 cos θ
 x x
x2 1 x2 1
x x2 1

x2 1
65. Let θ sin1 2 x , then sin θ 2 x

y = 2x, r = 1
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x.
x 2 (2 x)2 12
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x2 1 4 x2
x 1 4 x2
cos(sin 1 2 x)  1 4 x2
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1 1 x2 9 x2 9
68. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ . 1
x x 72. Let θ sin , then sin θ .

x x

b.

a.
12 b 2 x 2 2
a x 9 x
b2 x 2 1
2 2 2
2 2
b 2
x 1 a x x2 9 9
Use the right triangle to write the algebraic a 3

expression. Use the right triangle to write the algebraic
1 x expression.
sec cos1 sec θ x
x 1  x2 9  3
cot sin 1 
x x2 9
x 3
69. cot tan1
3 x 3 x2 9 3 x2 9
x2 9 x2 9 x2 9
x 2
70. cot tan1
2 x 73. a. y sec x is the reciprocal of y cos x . The x-
values for the key points in the interval [0, π ]

x x π π 3π
71. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . are 0, , , , and π . The key points are
x2 4 x2 4 4 2 4
π 2 π  3π 2
(0, 1), , , ,0 , , , and
4 2 2 4 2
π
(π , 1) , Draw a vertical asymptote at x .
2
Now draw our graph from (0, 1) through

Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the third side, π
, 2
to on the left side of the
a. 4
a2 x2
 x2 4
 2 asymptote. From on the right side of the
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3π 
asymptote through , 2 to (π , 1) .
a2 x2 4 x2 4 4
a 2
expression.
x  x2 4
sec sin 1 sec θ
x2 4 2
b. With this restricted domain, no horizontal line

intersects the graph of y sec x more than
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once, so the function is one-to-one and has an 75.

inverse function.
c. Reflecting the graph of the restricted secant

function about the line y = x, we get the graph
of y sec1 x .
domain: [−1, 1];

range: [0, π]
76.
74. a. Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 0 and
x π . Midway between x 0 and x π is

x 0 and x π . An x-intercept for the graph
π 
is , 0 . The graph goes through the points
2
π  3π 
, 1 and , 1 . Now graph the domain: [−1, 1];
4 4 
π 3π
function through these points and using the range: , 
asymptotes. 2 2
77.
b. With this restricted domain no horizontal line

intersects the graph of y cot x more than domain: [−2, 0];
once, so the function is one-to-one and has an range: [0, π]
inverse function. Reflecting the graph of the
restricted cotangent function about the line y = 78.
x, we get the graph of y cot 1 x .
c.
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domain: [−2, 0];

π π
range: ,

2 2
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79. 83.
domain: (−∞, ∞); domain: [−2, 2];

range: (−π, π) range: [0, π]
80. 84.
domain: (−∞, ∞);

domain: [−2, 2];
3π 3π 
range: , π π
2 2 range: ,
2 2
81.
1
85. The inner function, sin x, accepts values on the
interval 1,1 . Since the inner and outer functions are
inverses of each other, the domain and range are
as follows.
domain: 1,1 ; range: 1,1
86. The inner function, cos1 x, accepts values on the
domain: (1, 3]; interval 1,1 . Since the inner and outer functions are
range: [−π, 0] inverses of each other, the domain and range are as
follows.
82. domain: 1,1 ; range: 1,1
87. The inner function, cos x, accepts values on the

interval , . The outer function returns values on the
interval 0, π 
domain: , ; range: 0, π 
88. The inner function, sin x, accepts values on the

interval , . The outer function returns values
domain: [1, 3];
π π π π
range: ,
 on the interval ,
2 2
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2 2
 π π
,
domain: , ; range:

2 2
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89. The inner function, cos x, accepts values on the 21.634

interval , . The outer function returns values 95. θ 2 tan1 1.3157 radians;
28
π π 180
on the interval , 1.3157  75.4
 π
2 2

π π 21.634
domain: , ; range: , 1
 
2 2 96. θ 2 tan 0.1440 radians;
 300
90. The inner function, sin x, accepts values on the 180
0.1440 8.2
interval , . The outer function returns values

π
on the interval 0, π 
97. tan 1 b tan 1 a tan 1 2 tan 1 0
domain: , ; range: 0, π  1.1071 square units
91. The functions sin 1 x and cos1 x 98. tan 1 b tan 1 a tan 1 1 tan 1 (2)
accept values on
the interval 1,1 . The sum of these values is always 1.8925 square units
π
. 99. – 109. Answers may vary.
2
π 110. y sin 1 x
domain: 1,1 ; range: 
2 1
 y sin x 2
92. The functions sin 1 x and cos1 x accept values on
the interval 1,1 . The difference of these values

π 3π
range from to
2 2
π 3π  The graph of the second equation is the graph of the

domain: 1,1 ; range: ,
 first equation shifted up 2 units.
2 2

111. The domain of y cos1 x is the interval
33 8
93. θ tan 1 tan 1 [–1, 1], and the range is the interval [0, π ] . Because
x x
the second equation is the first equation with 1
x θ subtracted from the variable, we will move our x
tan 1
33
tan 1
8 π π
5
5
0.408 radians
5 max to π , and graph in a , π, by [0, 4, 1]
2 4 
33 8 viewing rectangle.
10 tan 1 tan 1 0.602 radians
10 10
33 8
15 15
33 8
20 20
33 8
25 25
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The graph of the second equation is the graph of the

first equation shifted right 1 unit.
94. The viewing angle increases rapidly up to about 16

feet, then it decreases less rapidly; about 16 feet;
when x = 15, θ 0.6542 radians; when x = 17,
θ 0.6553 radians.
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1 117. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.

112. y tan x
1 Sample explanation: Though this restriction works
y 2 tan x for tangent, it is not selected simply because it is
easier to remember. Rather the restrictions are based
on which intervals will have inverses.
118. makes sense
119. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.

The graph of the second equation is the graph of the Sample explanation:
first equation reversed and stretched. 5π 2 π
sin 1 sin sin 1
1 4 2 4
113. The domain of y sin x is the interval
π π 120. y 2 sin 1 ( x 5)
[–1, 1], and the range is , . Because the
2 2
y
second equation is the first equation plus 1, and with sin 1 ( x 5)
2
2 added to the variable, we will move our y max to 3,
and move our x min to π , and graph in a y
sin x 5
2
π π
π, , by
2 2 x siny 5
2
[–2, 3, 1] viewing rectangle.
π
121. 2 sin 1 x
4
1 π
sin x
8
π
x sin
The graph of the second equation is the 8
graph of the first equation shifted left
1 π
2 units and up 1 unit. 122. Prove: If x > 0, tan 1 x tan 1
1 x 2
114. y tan x π
Since x > 0, there is an angle θ with 0 θ as
2
shown in the figure.
Observations may vary.

π 1
115. tan θ x and tan θ thus
2 x
1 π
tan 1 x θ and tan 1 θ so
x 2
1 π π
tan 1 x tan 1 θ θ
π x 2 2
It seems sin 1 x cos1 x for 1 x 1 .
2
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Sample explanation: The cosine’s inverse is not a
function over that interval.
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123. Let α equal the acute angle in the smaller right Section 2.4
triangle.
8 Check Point Exercises
tan α
x 1. We begin by finding the measure of angle B. Because
8 C = 90° and the sum of a triangle’s angles is 180°, we
so tan 1 α
x see that A + B = 90°. Thus, B = 90° – A = 90° – 62.7°
33 = 27.3°.
tan(α θ )
x Now we find b. Because we have a known angle, a
1 33 known opposite side, and an unknown adjacent side,
so tan α θ use the tangent function.
x
33 8 8.4
θ α θ α tan1 tan 1 tan 62.7
b
x x
8.4
b 4.34
a tan 62.7
124. tan A b
a Finally, we need to find c. Because we have a known
tan 22.3 angle, a known opposite side and an unknown
12.1 hypotenuse, use the sine function.
8.4
sin 62.7
a 12.1 tan 22.3 c
a 4.96 8.4
c 9.45
sin 62.7
b In summary, B = 27.3°, b ≈ 4.34, and c ≈ 9.45.
cos A c
12.1 2. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, an
cos 22.3
c unknown opposite side, a, and a known adjacent side.
12.1 Therefore, use the tangent function.
c
cos 22.3 a
tan 85.4
c 13.08 80
a 80 tan 85.4 994
opposite The Eiffel tower is approximately 994 feet high.
tan θ
125. adjacent 3. Using a right triangle, we have an unknown angle, A,
18 a known opposite side, and a known hypotenuse.
tan θ
25 Therefore, use the sine function.
6.7
θ tan 1 
18
sin A
13.8
25 6.7
A sin 1 29.0
θ 35.8 13.8
The wire makes an angle of approximately 29.0° with
π  the ground.
126. 10 cos x
6 4. Using two right triangles, a smaller right triangle
amplitude: 10 10 corresponding to the smaller angle of elevation drawn

2π 6 inside a larger right triangle corresponding to the
period: 2π 12 larger angle of elevation, we have a known angle, an
π
6 π unknown opposite side, a in the smaller triangle, b in
the larger triangle, and a known adjacent side in each
triangle. Therefore, use the tangent function.
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
a 7. When the object is released (t 0), the ball’s

tan 32
800 distance, d, from its rest position is
a 800 tan 32 499.9 6 inches down. Because it is down, d is negative:
b when t = 0, d = –6. Notice the greatest distance from
tan 35 rest position occurs at t = 0. Thus, we will use the
800 equation with the cosine function, y a cos ω t, to
b 800 tan 35 560.2
The height of the sculpture of Lincoln’s face is 560.2 model the ball’s motion. Recall that a is the
– 499.9, or approximately 60.3 feet. maximum distance. Because the ball initially moves
down, a = –6. The value of ω can be found using the
5. a. We need the acute angle between ray OD and formula for the period.
the north-south line through O. 2π
The measurement of this angle is given to be period 4
ω
25°. The angle is measured from the south side
of the north-south line and lies east of the north- 2π 4ω
south line. Thus, the bearing from O to D is 2π π
ω
S 25°E. 4 2
Substitute these values into d a cos wt. The
b. We need the acute angle between ray OC and equation for the ball’s simple harmonic motion is
the north-south line through O.
This angle measures 90 75 15.
π
d 6 cos t.
This angle is measured from the south side of 2
the north-south line and lies west of the north-
8. We begin by identifying values for a and ω .
south line. Thus the bearing from O to C is S
π π
15° W. d 12 cos t, a 12 and ω .
4 4
6. a. Your distance from the entrance to the trail a. The maximum displacement from the rest
system is represented by the hypotenuse, c, of a position is the amplitude. Because
right triangle. Because we know the length of a = 12, the maximum displacement is 12
the two sides of the right triangle, we find c centimeters.
using the Pythagorean Theorem.
We have b. The frequency, f, is
π
c 2
a b 2 2 2 2
(2.3) (3.5) 17.54 ω 4 π 1 1
f
c 17.54 4.2 2π 2π 4 2π 8
You are approximately 4.2 miles from the 1

The frequency is cm per second.
entrance to the trail system. 8
c. The time required for one cycle is the period.

b. To find your bearing from the entrance to the
2π 2π 4
trail system, consider a north-south line passing period π
2π 8
through the entrance. The acute angle from this ω 4
π
line to the ray on which you lie is 31 θ . The time required for one cycle is 8 seconds.
Because we are measuring the angle from the
south side of the line and you are west of the Concept and Vocabulary Check 2.4
entrance, your bearing from the entrance is
S (31 θ ) W. To find θ , Use a right triangle 1. sides; angles
and the tangent function.
3.5 2. north; south
tan θ
2.3
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3.5 2π ω
56.7
3. simple harmonic; a ; ;
θ tan 1 ω 2π
2.3
Thus, 31 θ 31 56.7 87.7. Your
bearing from the entrance to the trail system is S
87.7° W.
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Exercise Set 2.4 4. Find the measure of angle B. Because C = 90°,

1. Find the measure of angle B. Because A + B = 90°.
C = 90°, A + B = 90°. Thus, Thus, B 90 A 90 54.8 35.2 .
B 90 A 90 23.5 66.5. Because we have a known angle, a known hypotenuse,
Because we have a known angle, a known adjacent side, and an unknown opposite side, use the sine function.
and an unknown opposite side, use the tangent function. a
sin 54.8
a 80
tan 23.5 a 80 sin 54.8 65.37
10
a 10 tan 23.5 4.35 Because we have a known angle, a known hypotenuse,
Because we have a known angle, a known adjacent side, and an unknown adjacent side, use the cosine function.
and an unknown hypotenuse, use the cosine function. b
cos 54.8
10 80
cos 23.5 b 80 cos 54.8 46.11
c
In summary, B 35.2, a 65.37 , and c 46.11 .
10
c 10.90
cos 23.5 5. Find the measure of angle A. Because
In summary, B = 66.5°, a ≈ 4.35, and c ≈ 10.90. C = 90°, A + B = 90°.
2. Find the measure of angle B. Because C = 90°, Thus, A 90 B 90 16.8 73.2 .
A + B = 90°. Because we have a known angle, a known opposite side

Thus, B 90 A 90 41.5 48.5. and an unknown adjacent side, use the tangent function.
Because we have a known angle, a known adjacent 30.5
tan 16.8
side, and an unknown opposite side, use the tangent a
function. 30.5
a a 101.02
tan 41.5 tan16.8
20 Because we have a known angle, a known opposite
a 20 tan 41.5 17.69 side, and an unknown hypotenuse, use the sine function.
Because we have a known angle, a known adjacent 30.5
side, and an unknown hypotenuse, use the cosine sin 16.8
c
function.
20 30.5
cos 41.5 c 105.52
c sin 16.8
In summary, A = 73.2°, a ≈ 101.02, and
20
c 26.70 c ≈ 105.52.
cos 41.5
In summary, B 48.5, a 17.69 , and c 26.70 . 6. Find the measure of angle A. Because C = 90°,
A + B = 90°.
Thus, A 90 B 90 23.8 66.2 .
3. Find the measure of angle B. Because
C = 90°, A + B = 90°. Because we have a known angle, a known opposite

Thus, B 90 A 90 52.6 37.4 . side, and an unknown adjacent side, use the tangent
function.
Because we have a known angle, a known
hypotenuse, and an unknown opposite side, use the 40.5
tan 23.8
sine function. a
a 40.5
sin 52.6 a 91.83
54 tan 23.8
a 54 sin 52.6 42.90 Because we have a known angle, a known opposite
Because we have a known angle, a known side, and an unknown hypotenuse, use the sine
hypotenuse, and an unknown adjacent side, use the function.
cosine function. 40.5
b sin 23.8
cos 52.6 c
54
40.5
b 54 cos 52.6 32.80 c 100.36
sin 23.8
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In summary, B = 37.4°, a ≈ 42.90, and b ≈ 32.80. In summary, A 66.2, a 91.83 , and c 100.36 .
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7. Find the measure of angle A. Because we have a 10. Find the measure of angle A. Because we have a
known hypotenuse, a known opposite side, and an known opposite side, a known adjacent side, and an
unknown angle, use the sine function. unknown angle, use the tangent function.
30.4 15.3
sin A tan A
50.2 17.6
30.4  15.3
A sin 1 37.3 A tan 1 41.0
50.2 17.6
Find the measure of angle B. Because Find the measure of angle B. Because C = 90°,
C 90, A B 90. Thus, A + B = 90°.
B 90 A 90 37.3 52.7 . Use the Thus, B 90 A 90 41.0 49.0 .
Pythagorean Theorem. Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
a 2 b2 c2 c 2 a 2 b 2 (15.3)2 (17.6)2 543.85
(30.4)2 b 2 (50.2)2 c 543.85 23.32
In summary, A 41.0, B 49.0 , and c 23.32 .

b 2 (50.2)2 (30.4)2 1595.88
b 1595.88 39.95 11. Find the measure of angle A. Because we have a

In summary, A ≈ 37.3°, B ≈ 52.7°, and b ≈ 39.95. known hypotenuse, a known adjacent side, and
unknown angle, use the cosine function.
8. Find the measure of angle A. Because we have a 2
known hypotenuse, a known opposite side, and an cos A
7
unknown angle, use the sine function.
73.4
11.2 1 2
sin A A cos
65.8 7
Find the measure of angle B. Because

9.8
11.2
A sin 1 C = 90°, A + B = 90°.
65.8 Thus, B 90 A 90 73.4 16.6 .
Find the measure of angle B. Because C = 90°, Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
A + B = 90°.
Thus, B 90 A 90 9.8 80.2 . a 2 b2 c2
Use the Pythagorean Theorem. a 2 (2) 2 (7)2
a 2 b2 c2 a 2 (7)2 (2)2 45
(11.2)2 b 2 (65.8)2 a 45 6.71
b 2 (65.8)2 (11.2) 2 4204.2 In summary, A ≈ 73.4°, B ≈ 16.6°, and a ≈ 6.71.

b 4204.2 64.84 12. Find the measure of angle A. Because we have a
In summary, A ≈ 9.8°, B ≈ 80.2°, and b ≈ 64.84. known hypotenuse, a known adjacent side, and an
unknown angle, use the cosine function.
9. Find the measure of angle A. Because we have a
4
known opposite side, a known adjacent side, and an cos A
unknown angle, use the tangent function. 9
10.8 4
tan A A cos 1 63.6
24.7 9
10.8  Find the measure of angle B. Because C = 90°,
A tan 1 23.6
24.7 A + B = 90°.
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Thus, B 90 A 90 63.6 26.4 .

Find the measure of angle B. Because
Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
C = 90°, A + B = 90°.
Thus, B 90 A 90 23.6 66.4 . a 2 b2 c2
Use the Pythagorean Theorem. a 2 (4) 2 (9)2
c 2 a 2 b2 (10.8)2 (24.7)2 726.73
a 2 (9)2 (4)2 65
c 726.73 26.96
a 65 8.06
In summary, A ≈ 23.6°, B ≈ 66.4°, and In summary, A 63.6, B 26.4 , and a 8.06 .
c ≈ 26.96.
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13. We need the acute angle between ray OA and the 18. When the object is released (t = 0), the object’s
north-south line through O. This angle measure distance, d, from its rest position is 8 inches down.
90 75 15. This angle is measured from the Because it is down, d, is negative: When
north side of the north-south line and lies east of the t = 0, d = –8. Notice the greatest distance from rest
north-south line. Thus, the bearing from O and A is N position occurs at t = 0. Thus, we will use the
15° E. equation with the cosine function, y a cos ω t , to
model the object’s motion. Recall that a is the

14. We need the acute angle between ray OB and the
north-south line through O. This angle measures maximum distance. Because the object initially
90 60 30 . This angle is measured from the moves down, a = –8. The value of ω can be found
north side of the north-south line and lies west of the using the formula for the period.
north-south line. Thus, the bearing from O to B is N 2π
period = 2
30° W. ω
2π 2ω
15. The measurement of this angle is given to be 80°.
2π
The angle is measured from the south side of the ω π
north-south line and lies west of the north-south line. 2
Thus, the bearing from O to C is S 80° W. Substitute these values into d a cos ω t .
The equation for the object’s simple harmonic motion
16. We need the acute angle between ray OD and the is d 8 cos π t .
north-south line through O. This angle measures
19. When t = 0, d = 0. Therefore, we will use the equation
90 35 55 . This angle is measured from the
south side of the north-south line and lies east of the with the sine function, y a sin ω t, to model the
north-south line. Thus, the bearing from O to D is S object’s motion. Recall that a is the maximum
55° E. distance. Because the object initially moves down, and
17. When the object is released (t 0), the object’s has an amplitude of 3 inches, a = –3. The value of ω
can be found using the formula for the period.
distance, d, from its rest position is 6 centimeters
2π
down. Because it is down, d is negative: When period 1.5
t 0, d 6. Notice the greatest distance from rest ω
position occurs at t 0. Thus, we will use the 2π 1.5ω
equation with the cosine function, y a cos ω t to 2π 4π

ω
model the object’s motion. Recall that a is the 1.5 3

Substitute these values into d a sin ω t. The equation
maximum distance. Because the object initially
for the object’s simple harmonic motion is
moves down, a = –6. The value of ω can be found
using the formula for the period. 4π
d 3sin t.
2π 3
period 4 20. When t = 0, d = 0. Therefore, we will use the equation
ω
with the sine function, y a sin ω t, to model the
2π 4ω
object’s motion. Recall that a is the maximum
2π π
ω distance. Because the object initially moves down, and
4 2
Substitute these values into d a cos ω t. The has an amplitude of 5 centimeters, a = –5. The value of
ω can be found using the formula for the period.
equation for the object’s simple harmonic motion is
2π
π period = 2.5
d 6 cos t. ω
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2
2π 2.5ω
2π 4π
ω
2.5 5
Substitute these values into d a sin ω t . The equation
for the object’s simple harmonic motion is
4π
d 5sin t.
5
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21. We begin by identifying values for a and ω . 24. We begin by identifying values for a and ω .
π π π π
d 5cos t, a 5 and ω d 8 cos t, a 8 and ω
2 2 2 2
a. The maximum displacement from the rest
position is the amplitude. Because a = 5, the a. The maximum displacement from the rest
maximum displacement is 5 inches. position is the amplitude.
b. The frequency, f, is Because a = –8, the maximum displacement is 8
ω 2 π π 1 1 inches.
f .
π
2π 2π 2 2π 4
ω 2 1
1 b. The frequency, f, is f .
The frequency is inch per second. 2π 2π 4
4
1
c. The time required for one cycle is the period. The frequency is inch per second.
2π 2π 2 4
period 2π 4
ω π π
2 c. The time required for one cycle is the period.
The time required for one cycle is 4 seconds. 2π 2π 2
period = π
2π 4
ω π
22. We begin by identifying values for a and ω . 2
d 10 cos 2π t, a 10 and ω 2π The time required for one cycle is 4 seconds.

a. The maximum displacement from the rest 25. We begin by identifying values for a and ω .
position is the amplitude.
1 1
Because a = 10, the maximum displacement is d sin 2t, a and ω 2
10 inches. 2 2
ω 2π a. The maximum displacement from the rest

b. The frequency, f, is f 1.
2π 2π position is the amplitude.
The frequency is 1 inch per second. 1
Because a , the maximum displacement is
c. The time required for one cycle is the period. 2
2π 2π 1
period = 1 inch.
ω 2π 2
The time required for one cycle is 1 second.
b. The frequency, f, is
23. We begin by identifying values for a and ω . ω 2 1
f 0.32.
d 6 cos 2π t, a 6 and ω 2π 2π 2π π
The frequency is approximately 0.32 cycle per

a. The maximum displacement from the rest second.
Because a = –6, the maximum displacement is 6 c. The time required for one cycle is the period.
inches. 2π 2π
period π 3.14
b. The frequency, f, is ω 2
ω 2π The time required for one cycle is
f 1. approximately 3.14 seconds.
2π 2π
The frequency is 1 inch per second. 26. We begin by identifying values for a and ω .
c. The time required for one cycle is the period. 1 1
d sin 2t, a and ω 2
2π 2π 3 3
period 1
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ω 2π
The time required for one cycle is a. The maximum displacement from the rest
1 second. position is the amplitude.
1
Because a , the maximum displacement is
3
1
inch .
3
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ω 2 1 29. x 500 tan 40 500 tan 25

b. The frequency, f, is f 0.32 .
2π 2π π x 653
The frequency is approximately 0.32 cycle per

second. 30. x 100 tan 20 100 tan 8
x 50
2π 2π 31. x 600 tan 28 600 tan 25
period = π 3.14
ω 2 x 39
The time required for one cycle is
approximately 3.14 seconds. 32. x 400 tan 40 400 tan 28
x 123
2π 2π
d 5sin t, a 5 and ω x
300 300
3 3 33. tan 34 tan 64
a. The maximum displacement from the rest x 298
Because a = –5, the maximum displacement is 5 500 500 tan
inches. 34. x
20 tan 48
b. The frequency, f, is x 924
2π
ω 2π 1
3 1 400 tan 40tan 20
f .
2π 2π 3 2π 3 35. x
tan 40 tan 20
1
The frequency is cycle per second. x 257
3
c. The time required for one cycle is the period. 100 tan 43 tan 38
36. x
2π 2π 3 tan 43 tan 38
period = 2π 3
ω 2π 2π x 482
3
The time required for one cycle is 3 seconds. π

37. d 4 cos πt 
 2
3π 3π
d 4 sin t, a 4 and ω
2 2
a. The maximum displacement from the rest
Because a = –4, the maximum displacement is 4
inches.
b. The frequency, f, is
3π
ω 2 3π 1 3
f .
2π 2π 2 2π 4 a. 4 in.
3 2
The frequency is cycle per second. 1
4 b.
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in. per sec

c. 2 sec
2π 2π 2 4
period = 2π
ω
3π
2
3π 3 1
d.
4 2
The required time for one cycle is seconds.
3
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π 1
38. d 3cos π t a. in.
2 2
1
b. in. per sec
8
c. 8 sec
d. 2
41. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, an

unknown opposite side, a, and a known adjacent side.
Therefore, use tangent function.
a. 3 in. a
tan 21.3
5280
1 a 5280 tan 21.3 2059
b. in. per sec
2 The height of the tower is approximately 2059 feet.
c. 2 sec
3 ft
42. 30 yd 90 ft
 1 1 yd
d.
2 Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, an

unknown opposite side, a, and a known adjacent
πt π  side. Therefore, use the tangent function.
39. d 2 sin
4 2 a
tan 38.7
90
a 90 tan 38.7 72
The height of the building is approximately 72 feet.
43. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, a

known opposite side, and an unknown adjacent side,
a. Therefore, use the tangent function.
305
tan 23.7
a
305
a. 2 in. a 695
tan 23.7
1 The ship is approximately 695 feet from the statue’s
b. in. per sec base.
8
c. 8 sec 44. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, a

known opposite side, and an unknown adjacent side,
d. −2 a. Therefore, use the tangent function.
200
tan 22.3
1 πt π a
40. d sin
2 4 2 200
a 488
tan 22.3
The ship is about 488 feet offshore.
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45. The angle of depression from the helicopter to point P 49. Using the two right triangles, we have a known angle,
is equal to the angle of elevation from point P to the an unknown opposite side, a in the smaller triangle, b
helicopter. Using a right triangle, we have a known in the larger triangle, and a known adjacent side in
angle, a known opposite side, and an unknown each triangle. Therefore, use the tangent function.
adjacent side, d. Therefore, use the tangent function. a
1000 tan 19.2
tan 36 125
d a 125 tan 19.2 43.5
1000 b
d 1376 tan 31.7
tan 36 125
The island is approximately 1376 feet off the coast. b 125 tan 31.7 77.2
The balloon rises approximately 77.2 – 43.5 or 33.7
46. The angle of depression from the helicopter to the feet.
stolen car is equal to the angle of elevation from the
stolen car to the helicopter. Using a right triangle, we 50. Using two right triangles, a smaller right triangle
have a known angle, a known opposite side, and an corresponding to the smaller angle of elevation drawn
unknown adjacent side, d. Therefore, use the tangent inside a larger right triangle corresponding to the
function. larger angle of elevation, we have a known angle, an
800 unknown opposite side, a in the smaller triangle, b in
tan 72 the larger triangle, and a known adjacent side in each
d
triangle. Therefore, use the tangent function.
800
d 260 a
tan 72 tan 53
330
The stolen car is approximately 260 feet from a point
a 330 tan 53 437.9
directly below the helicopter.
b
tan 63
47. Using a right triangle, we have an unknown angle, A, 330
a known opposite side, and a known hypotenuse. b 330 tan 63 647.7
Therefore, use the sine function. The height of the flagpole is approximately
6 647.7 – 437.9, or 209.8 feet (or 209.7 feet).
sin A
23
15.1
6
A sin 1
23
The ramp makes an angle of approximately 15.1° 51. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, a
with the ground. known hypotenuse, and unknown sides. To find the
opposite side, a, use the sine function.
48. Using a right triangle, we have an unknown angle, A, a
a known opposite side, and a known adjacent side. sin 53
150
Therefore, use the tangent function. a 150 sin 53 120
250 To find the adjacent side, b, use the cosine function.
tan A
40 b
cos 53
150
80.9
250
A tan 1
40 b 150 cos 53 90
The angle of elevation of the sun is approximately The boat has traveled approximately 90 miles north
80.9°. and 120 miles east.
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52. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, a 56. Using a right triangle, we have a known adjacent
known hypotenuse, and unknown sides. To find the side, a known opposite side, and an unknown angle,
opposite side, a, use the sine function. A. Therefore, use the tangent function.
a 6
sin 64 tan A
40 9
a 40 sin 64 36 6
A tan 1 34
To find the adjacent side, b, use the cosine function. 9
b We need the acute angle between the ray that runs
cos 64
40 from the ship through the harbor, and the north-south
b 40 cos 64 17.5 line through the ship. This angle measures
The boat has traveled about 17.5 mi south and 36 mi 90 34 56 . This angle is measured from the
east. north side of the north-south line and lies west of the
north-south line. Thus, the bearing from the ship to
53. The bearing from the fire to the second ranger is N
the harbor is N 56° W. The ship should use a bearing
28° E. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle,
of N 56° W to sail directly to the harbor.
a known opposite side, and an unknown adjacent
side, b. Therefore, use the tangent function. 57. To find the jet’s bearing from the control tower,
7 consider a north-south line passing through the tower.
tan 28
b The acute angle from this line to the ray on which the
7 jet lies is 35 θ . Because we are measuring the
b 13.2 angle from the north side of the line and the jet is east
tan 28
The first ranger is 13.2 miles from the fire, to the of the tower, the jet’s bearing from the tower is N
nearest tenth of a mile. (35 θ ) E. To find θ , use a right triangle and the
tangent function.
54. The bearing from the lighthouse to the second ship is 7
N 34° E. Using a right triangle, we have a known tan θ
5
angle, a known opposite side, and an unknown 7
adjacent side, b. Therefore, use the tangent function. θ tan 1 54.5
9 5
tan 34 Thus, 35 θ 35 54.5 89.5.
b
The jet’s bearing from the control tower is
9 N 89.5° E.
b 13.3
tan 34
The first ship is about 13.3 miles from the lighthouse, 58. To find the ship’s bearing from the port, consider a
to the nearest tenth of a mile. north-south line passing through the port. The acute
angle from this line to the ray on which the ship lies
55. Using a right triangle, we have a known adjacent is 40 θ . Because we are measuring the angle from
side, a known opposite side, and an unknown angle, the south side of the line and the ship is west of the
A. Therefore, use the tangent function. port, the ship’s bearing from the port is
1.5 S (40 θ ) W . To find θ , use a right triangle and
tan A
2 the tangent function.
11
37
1.5
A tan tan θ
2 7
We need the acute angle between the ray that runs 11
θ tan 1 57.5
from your house through your location, and the 7
north-south line through your house. This angle
measures approximately 90 37 53. This angle is Thus, 40 θ 40 57.5 97.5 . Because this
measured from the north side of the north-south line angle is over 90° we subtract this angle from 180° to
and lies west of the north-south line. Thus, the find the bearing from the north side of the north-
bearing from your house to you is N 53° W. south line. The bearing of the ship
from the port is N 82.5° W.
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ω 71. y 6e 0.09 x
cos 2π x
59. The frequency, f, is f , so
2π
1 ω

2 2π
1
ω 2π π
2
Because the amplitude is 6 feet, a = 6. Thus, the 10 complete oscillations occur.

equation for the object’s simple harmonic motion is
d 6sin π t. 72. makes sense
ω 73. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.

60. The frequency, f, is f , so Sample explanation: When using bearings, the angle
2π
1 ω must be less than 90 .

4 2π
1 π
ω 2π Sample explanation: When using bearings, north
4 2 and south are listed before east and west.
Because the amplitude is 8 feet, a = 8. Thus, the

equation for the object’s simple harmonic motion is 75. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
π Sample explanation: Frequency and Period are
d 8sin t.
2 inverses of each other. If the period is 10 seconds
1
then the frequency is 0.1 oscillations per
ω 10
2π second.
ω
264 76. Using the right triangle, we have a known angle, an
2π unknown opposite side, r, and an unknown hypotenuse, r
ω 264 2π 528π + 112. Because both sides are in terms of the variable r,
Thus, the equation for the tuning fork’s simple we can find r by using the sine function.
harmonic motion is d sin 528π t. r
sin 76.6
r 112
ω sin 76.6(r 112) r r
2π sin 76.6 112 sin 76.6 r
ω
98,100, 000 r r sin 76.6 112 sin 76.6
2π
ω 98,100, 000 2π 196, 200, 000π r 1 sin 76.6 112 sin 76.6
Thus, the equation for the radio waves’ simple 112 sin 76.6
harmonic motion is d sin 196, 200, 000π t . r 4002
1 sin 76.6
The Earth's radius is approximately 4002 miles.
63. – 69. Answers may vary.
70. y 4e 0.1x cos 2 x
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3
com
plet
e
osci
llati
ons
occ
ur.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
77. Let d be the adjacent side to the 40° angle. Using the Chapter 2 Review Exercises
right triangles, we have a known angle and unknown
sides in both triangles. Use the tangent function. 1. The equation y 3sin 4 x is of the form
h y A sin Bx with A = 3 and B = 4. The amplitude is

tan 20
75 d A 3 3.
h (75 d ) tan 20

2π 2π π
h The period is  . The quarter-period is
Also, tan 40 d B 4 2
π
π 1 π
h d tan 40 2  . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add
Using the transitive property we have 4 2 4 8
(75 d ) tan 20 d tan 40 quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
points.
75 tan 20 d tan 20 d tan 40 x 0
d tan 40 d tan 20 75 tan 20
π π
d (tan 40 tan 20) 75 tan 20 x 0
8 8
d
75 tan 20 π π π
tan 40 tan 20 x
8 8 4
Thus, h d tan 40 π π 3π
x
75 tan 20 4 8 8
tan 40 48
tan 40 tan 20 3π π π
The height of the building is approximately 48 feet. x
8 8 2
x coordinates
1 cos x 1
79. sec x cot x or csc x 0 (0, 0)
cos x sin x sin x π π 

,3
8 8 
sin x 1 cos x π 
80. tan x csc x cos x 1 π
,0
4 4 
cos x sin x 1
3π 3π 
, 3
8 8 
1 sin x 1 sin x
81. sec x tan x
π (2π , 0)
cos x cos x cos x 2

and graph one complete cycle of the given function.
2. The equation y 2 cos 2 x is of the form 1

3. The equation y 2 cos x is of the form
y A cos Bx with A = –2 and B = 2. The amplitude 2

2π 2π 1
is A 2 2. The period is π . The y A cos Bx with A = 2 and B . The amplitude
4 B 2 2
π 2π 2π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add is A 2 2. The period is 2π 2 4π .
B
1
2
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key 4π
points. The quarter-period is π . The cycle begins at x
4
x 0
= 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the
π π key points.
x 0
4 4 x 0
π π π x 0π π
x
4 4 2 x π π 2π
π π 3π
x x 2π π 3π
2 4 4
3π π x 3π π 4π
x π Evaluate the function at each value of x.
4 4
x coordinates
x coordinates
0 (0, 2)
0 (0, –2)
 π (π , 0)
π π
,0
4 4 
2π (2π , 2)
π π 
,2
2 2  3π (3π , 0)
3π 3π  4π (4π , 2)
,0
4 4 
π (π , 2) graph one complete cycle of the given function.

1 π 5. The equation y sin π x is of the form

4. The equation y sin x is of the form
2 3 y A sin Bx with A = –1 and B = π . The amplitude
1 π 2π 2π
y A sin Bx with A = and B = . The amplitude
2 3
is A 1 1. The period is
B π 2. The
1 1 2 1
is A  . The period is quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0.
2 2 4 2
2π 2π 3 Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
π
2π 6. The quarter-period is points.
B π
3 x 0
6 3 1 1
. The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter- x 0
4 2 2 2
periods to generate x-values for the key points. 1 1
x 0 x 1
2 2
3 3 1 3
x 0 x 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 1
x 3 x 2
2 2 2 2
x 3
2 2
9 3
x 6
2 2 x coordinates
0 (0, 0)
x coordinates 1 1 
, 1
2 2 
0 (0, 0)
1 (1, 0)
3 3 1
2 2 2 ,  ,1
3 3 
2 
3 (3, 0)
2 (2, 0)
9 9 1
2
,  Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
2 2
6 (6, 0)

x 7. The equation y 2 sin( x π ) is of the form

6. The equation y 3cos is of the form
3 y A sin( Bx C ) with A = 2, B = 1, and C = π . The

1 amplitude is A 2 2. The period is
y A cos Bx with A = 3 and B = . The amplitude
3 2π 2π C π
is A 3 3. 2π . The phase shift is π . The
B 1 B 1
2π 2π 2π π
The period is 2π 3 6π . The quarter- quarter-period is .
B
1
3 4 2
6π 3π The cycle begins at x π . Add quarter-periods to
period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add generate x-values for the key points.
4 2
x π
points. π 3π
x π
x 0 2 2
3π 3π 3π π
x 0 x 2π
2 2 2 2
3π 3π π 5π
x 3π x 2π
2 2 2 2
3π 9π 5π π
x 3π x 3π
2 2 2 2
9π 3π Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x 6π
2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. x coordinates
x coordinates π (π , 0)
3π 3π 
0 (0, 3) ,2
2 2 
3π 3π 
,0 2π (2π , 0)
2 2 
5π 5π 
3π (3π , 3) 2
, 2

2
9π 9π  3π (3π , 0)
, 0
2 2  Connect the five key points with a smooth curve
6π (6π , 3)

8. y 3cos( x π ) 3cos( x ( π )) 3 π 3  π
cos 2 x  cos 2 x 
4
9. y
The equation y 3cos( x ( π )) is of the form 2 4 2
y A cos( Bx C ) with A = –3, B = 1, and C = π . 

3 π
4
The amplitude is A 3 3. The equation y cos 2 x is of
2
2π 2π
The period is 2π . The phase shift is the form y A cos( Bx C ) with A
3
,
B 1 2
π
C π 2π π
π . The quarter-period is . The B = 2, and C = . The amplitude is
B 1 4 2 4
cycle begins at x π . Add quarter-periods to 3 3
generate x-values for the key points. A .
x π 2 2
2π 2π
π π The period is π . The phase shift is
x π B 2
2 2 π
π π C 4 π 1 π π
x 0 . The quarter-period is .
2 2 B 2 4 2 8 4
π π π
x 0 The cycle begins at x . Add quarter-periods to
2 2 8
π π generate x-values for the key points.
x π π
2 2 x
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 8
π π π
x 
x coordinates 8 4 8
π π 3π
π ( π , 3) x
8 4 8
3π π 5π
x
π π  8 4 8
,0
2 2  5π π 7π
x
8 4 8
0 (0, 3) Evaluate the function at each value of x.
π π  x coordinates
,0
2 2 
π π 3
, 
π (π , 3) 8 8 2
π π8 
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and , 0
graph one complete cycle of the given function. 8
3π 3π 3
,
8 8 2
5π 5π 
,0
8 8 
7π 7π 3 
,
8 8 2

graph one complete cycle of the given function. x coordinates
π π
( , 0)
4 4
5
0 0, 
2
π π 
,0
4 4 
π π 5
5 π 5 π ,
10. y sin 2 x sin 2 x 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 3π 
3π
,0
4 
5 π 4
The equation y sin 2 x is of
2 2
5 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
the form y A sin( Bx C ) with A ,
2
π
B = 2, and C = . The amplitude is
2
5 5
A .
2 2
2π 2π
The period is π . The phase shift is
B 2
π
C 2 π 1 π π
. The quarter-period is .
B 2 2 2 4 4
π
The cycle begins at x . Add quarter-periods to π
4 11. The equation y 3sin x 3π is of
generate x-values for the key points. 3

π the form y A sin( Bx C ) with A = –3,
x
4 π
B= , and C = 3π . The amplitude is A 3 3.
π π 3
x 0
4 4 2π 2π 3
The period is 2π 6. The phase shift
π π B π π
x 0 3
4 4 C 3π 3

π π π is π 3π 9. The quarter-period is
x B 3 π
4 4 2
π π 3π 6 3
x . The cycle begins at x = 9. Add quarter-
2 4 4 4 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. periods to generate x-values for the key points.
x 9 12. The graph of y sin 2 x 1 is the graph of
3 21 y sin 2 x shifted one unit upward. The period for

x 9
2 2 2π π
21 3
both functions is π . The quarter-period is .
x 12 2 4
2 2 The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
x 12 x 0
2 2
27 3 π π
x 15 x 0
2 2 4 4
Evaluate the function at each value of x. π π π
x
4 4 2
x coordinates π π 3π
x
2 4 4
3π π
9 (9, 0) x π
4 4
21 21  Evaluate the function at each value of x.
, 3
2 2 
x coordinates
12 (12, 0) 0 (0, 1)
27 27 
, 3 π π 
2 2  ,2
4 4 
15 (15, 0) π π 
,1
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and 2 2 
3π 3π 
,0
4 4 
π (π , 1)
1 1
13. The graph of y 2 cos x 2 is the graph of y 2 cos x shifted two units downward. The period for both functions is
3 3
2π 6π 3π
1
2π 3 6π . The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values
3
4 2
for the key points.
x 0
3π 3π
x 0
2 2
3π 3π
x 3π
2 2
3π 9π
x 3π
2 2
9π 3π
x 6π
2 2
x coordinates
0 (0, 0)
3π 3π 
, 2
2 2 
3π (3π , 4 )
9π 9π 
, 2
2 2 
6π (6π , 0)

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 3sin x 0 2.1 3 2.1 0 2.1 3 2.1 0
y2 cos x 1 0.7 0 0.7 1 0.7 0 0.7 1
y 3sin x cos x 1 2.8 3 1.4 1 2.8 3 1.4 1

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
y1 sin x 0 0.7 1 0.7 0 0.7 1 0.7 0
1
y2 cos x 1 0.9 0.7 0.4 0 0.4 0.7 0.9 1
2
1
y sin x cos x 1 1.6 1.7 1.1 0 1.1 1.7 1.6 1
2
π 11π 
16. a. At midnight x = 0. Thus, y 98.6 0.3sin 0 
12 12 
11π
98.6 0.3sin
12
98.6 0.3(0.2588) 98.52
The body temperature is about 98.52°F.
2π 2π 12
b. period: 2π 24 hours
B π
12
π
c. Solve the equation x 11

π 11π π x 11 6 17 x 17
x
12 12 2 6 23 x 23 6 29
ππ 11π 6π 11π 17π x 29 6 35
x
12 2 12 12 12 12 Evaluate the function at each value of x. The
17π 12 key points are (11, 98.6), (17, 98.9), (23, 98.6),
x 17 (29, 98.3), (35, 98.6). Extend the pattern to the
12 π
The body temperature is highest for left, and graph the function for 0 x 24.
x = 17.
π 11π 
12 
y 98.6 0.3sin 17
12
π
98.6 0.3sin 98.6 0.3 98.9
2
17 hours after midnight, which is
5 P.M., the body temperature is 98.9°F.
17. Blue:
d. Solve the equation This is a sine wave with a period of 480.
π 11π 3π
x
12 12 2 Since the amplitude is 1, A 1.
π 3π 11π 18π 11π 29π 2π 2π π
x B
12 2 12 12 12 12 period 480 240
29π 12 π
x 29 The equation is y sin x.
12 π 240
The body temperature is lowest for x = 29.

π 11π  Red:
12 
y 98.6 0.3sin 29 This is a sine wave with a period of 640.
12
Since the amplitude is 1, A 1.
3π  2π 2π π
98.6 0.3sin
2 B 
period 640 320
98.6 0.3(1) 98.3 π
29 hours after midnight or 5 hours after The equation is y sin x.
320
midnight, at 5 A.M., the body temperature is
98.3°F. 18. Solve the equations

π π
π 11π 2x and 2 x 
e. The graph of y 98.6 0.3sin x is 2 2
12 12  2π π
2
of the form y D A sin( Bx C ) with A = 0.3, x x
2 2
π 11π π π
B ,C
12
, and D = 98.6. The
12 x x
4 4
amplitude is A 0.3 0.3. The period Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at
from part (b) is 24. The quarter-period is π π
x and x .
24 4 4
6. The phase shift is π π
4 0
4 4
11π x-intercept 0
C 12 11π 12 2 2
11. The cycle begins at x
π
B 12
12 π An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0,
= 11. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is 4, the
for the key points. points on the graph midway between an x-intercept
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –4 and 4.
π 20. Solve the equations

Use the two consecutive asymptotes. x and
4 π π
xπ and xπ
π 2 2
x , to graph one full period of y 4 tan 2 x from
π
4 x π x π
π
π π 2 2
to
. 3π π
4 4 x x
Continue the pattern and extend the graph another 2 2
full period to the right. Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at
3π π
x and x .
2 2
3π π
2π
x-intercept 2
π 2
2 2
An x-intercept is π and the graph passes through
( π , 0) . Because the coefficient of the tangent is 1, the

points on the graph midway between an x- intercept
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –1
and 1. Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
19. Solve the equations 3π π
π π π π x and x , to graph one full period of
x and x 2 2
4 2 4 2 3π π
π 4 π 4 y tan( x π ) from to .
x x 2 2
2 π 2 π
x 2 x 2 Continue the pattern and extend the graph another
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at full period to the right.

x = –2 and x = 2.
22 0
x-intercept 0
2 2
0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is –2, the
Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x = –2 and x =
π
2, to graph one full period of y 2 tan x from –2
4
to 2. Continue the pattern and extend the graph π π π π
another full period to the right. x and x
4 2 4 2
π π π π
x x

2 4 2 4
π x
3π
x
4 4
π 3π
x and x .
4 4
π 3π π
4 4 2
 π
x-intercept
2 2 4
π
4
π  full period to the right.

, 0 . Because the coefficient of the tangent is –1,
4
and –1. Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
π 3π
x and x , to graph one full period of
4 4
π π 3π
y tan x from to . Continue the
4 4 4
pattern and extend the graph another full period to the
right.
π π
x 0 and x π
2 2
2
x 0 x π
π
x 2
x = 0 and x = 2.
02 2
x-intercept 1
2 2
22. Solve the equations (1, 0). Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
3x 0 and 3x π 1
π 2
x 0 x
3 intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at 1 1

π 2 2
x = 0 and x .
3
π π x = 0 and x = 2, to graph one full period of
0 3 π
3
x-intercept 1 π
2 2 6 y cot x from 0 to 2. Continue the pattern and
2 2
π
An x-intercept is and the graph passes through extend the graph another full period to the right.
6
π 
,0 .
6
Because the coefficient of the tangent is 2, the points
on the graph midway between an x-intercept and the
asymptotes have y-coordinates of 2 and –2. Use the
π
two consecutive asymptotes, x = 0 and x , to
3
π
graph one full period of y 2 cot 3x from 0 to .
3
Continue the pattern and extend the graph another

24. Solve the equations Use these key points to graph y 3cos 2π x from 0
π π to 1. Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the

x 0 and x π
2 2 graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function.

π π Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts,
x 0 x π
2 2 and use them as guides to graph y 3sec 2π x.
π x
π
x
2 2
π π
x and x .
2 2
π π
2 0 2
x-intercept 0
2 2
0). Because the coefficient of the cotangent is 2, the
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 2 and –2. 26. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y 2 sin π x .
π The equation is of the form y A sin Bx with

Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x and A = –2 and B π .
2
amplitude: A 2 2
π π
x , to graph one full period of y 2 cot x
2 2 2π 2π
period: 2
π π B π
from to . Continue the pattern and extend the 2 1
2 2 Use quarter-periods, , to find
graph another full period to the right. 4 2
x-values for the five key points. Starting with
1 3
x = 0, the x-values are 0, , 1, , 2 . Evaluating the
2 2
function at each value of x, the key points are (0, 0),

1 3
, 2 , 1, 0, , 2 , (2, 0) . Use these key points
2 2
to graph y 2 sin π x from 0 to 2. Extend the graph
one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain the

graph of the reciprocal function. Draw vertical
asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as
guides to graph y 2 csc π x.
25. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y 3cos 2π x .
The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A = 3

and B 2π .
amplitude: A 3 3
2π 2π
period: 1
B 2π
1
4
1
key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are 0, ,
4
1 3
, , 1 . Evaluating the function at each value of x,
2 4
the key points are (0, 3),
1  1 3 
, 0 , , 3 , , 0 , (1, 3) .
4 2 4
27. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, function at each value of x, the key points
y 3cos( x π ) . The equation is of the form 3π 5 5π 5

are (π , 0), , , (2π , 0) , , , (3π , 0).
y A cos( Bx C ) with A = 3, B = 1, and C π . 2 2 2 2
amplitude: A 3 3
5
period:
2π 2π
2π Use these key points to graph y  sin( x π ) from
B 1 2
π to 3π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right.
C π
phase shift: π Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal
B 1 function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-
2π π intercepts, and use them as guides to graph
4 2 5
x-values for the five key points. Starting with y csc( x π ).
2
π π
x π , the x-values are π , , 0, ,π .
2 2
Evaluating the function at each value of x, the key

π
points are π , 3, , 0 , 0, 3 ,
2
π 
, 0 , (π , 3) . Use these key points to graph
2
y 3cos( x π ) from π to π . Extend the graph
one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain the

graph of the reciprocal function. Draw vertical
asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as 29. Let θ sin 1 1 , then sin θ 1 .
guides to graph y 3sec( x π ).
π π
The only angle in the interval , that satisfies
2 2
π π π
sin θ 1 is . Thus θ , or sin 1 1 .
2 2 2
30. Let θ cos1 1 , then cos θ 1 .

The only angle in the interval 0, π that satisfies
cos θ 1 is 0 . Thus θ 0 , or cos1 1 0 .
31. Let θ tan 1 1 , then tan θ 1 .
5 
28. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin( x π ) . π π
2 The only angle in the interval , that satisfies
The equation is of the form y A sin( Bx C ) with  2 2
π π π
A
5
, B = 1, and C π . tan θ 1 is . Thus θ , or tan 1 1 .
2 4 4 4
5 5
amplitude: A 3 3
 
2 2 32. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
2π 2π 2 2
period: 2π
B 1 π π
C π 2 2
phase shift: π
B 1 3 π π
2π π sin θ is . Thus θ , or
Use quarter-periods, , to find 2 3 3
4 2
3 π
x-values for the five key points. Starting with x π , sin 1 .
2  3
3π 5π
the x-values are π , , 2π , , 3π . Evaluating the
2 2
1 1  3 3
33. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ 1
38. Let θ cos , then cos θ . The only

2 2 2 2
. 
The only angle in the interval 0, π that satisfies angle in the interval 0, π that satisfies
1 2π 2π 3 5π
cos θ is . Thus θ , or cos θ is .
2 3 3 2 6
1 2π 
cos1 . 3 5π 3
2 3 Thus, tan cos1  tan .
2 6 3
3 3
3 3
3 3 39. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ .

3 3
π π π π
2 2 The only angle in the interval , that satisfies
2 2
3 π 3 π
tan θ is . tan θ is .
3 6 3 6
π 3 π π
Thus θ , or tan 1 . 1 3

Thus csc tan csc 2.
6 3 6 3 6

2 2 3 3
35. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only angle 40. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ
2 2 4 4
π π 2 Because tan θ is positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
in the interval , that satisfies sin θ is
2 2 2
π
.
4
2 π 2
Thus, cos sin 1 cos .
2  4 2
36. Let θ cos 1 0 , then cos θ 0 . The only angle in r2 x 2

y 2
π r 2 4 23 2
the interval 0, π that satisfies cos θ 0 is .
2 r 2 25
1 π r 5
Thus, sin cos 0 sin 1.
2 3 x 4
cos tan 1 cos θ
1 1 4 r 5
37. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only
2 2
π π
angle in the interval , that satisfies
2 2
1 π
sin θ is .
2 6
1 π 3
Thus, tan sin 1 tan .
2 6 3
3 3 x2 y 2
r 2
5 5 (4)2 y 2 52
Because cos θ is positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
y 2 25 16 9
y 9 3
4 3
tan cos1 tan θ
5  4
x2 y2 r2 1
44. Let θ tan 1 ,
3
32 y 2 52
Because tan θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV and
y 2 25 9 16 x 3 and y 1 .
y 16 4 r2 x2 y 2
3 y 4 r 2 32 (1) 2
sin cos1 sin θ
5 r 5
r 2 10
3 3 r 10
5 5  4 y 1 10
1
sin tan  sin θ
Because sin θ is negative, θ is in 5 r 10 10
quadrant IV.
π π π π π
45. x , x is in , , so sin 1 sin
3 2 2 3 3
2π π π
46. x , x is not in , . x is in the domain of

3 2 2 
sin x , so
x 2 (3)2 52  2π  3 π
sin  1 sin  sin
1
x2 y2 r2 3 2 3
x 2 25 9 16
 2π  1
1 1
x 16 4 47. sin cos sin
3 2
3 y 3 1 1
tan sin 1 tan θ 1
Let θ sin  , then sin θ . The only
5 x 4
 2 2
π π
, that satisfies
4 4 angle in the interval 
43. Let θ cos 1
, then cos θ . 2 2

5 5
1 π π
Because cos θ is negative, θ is in sin θ is . Thus, θ , or
quadrant II. 2 6 6
2π 1 π
sin 1 cos sin 1 .
3 2 6
x x 50. Find the measure of angle B. Because C 90 ,

2 2 A B 90 . Thus,
B 90 A 90º 22.3 67.7
We have a known angle, a known hypotenuse, and an
unknown opposite side. Use the sine function.
a
sin 22.3
10
a 10 sin 22.3 3.79
We have a known angle, a known hypotenuse, and an
r 2 x 2 22 unknown adjacent side. Use the cosine function.
b
r2 x2 y 2 cos 22.3
10
r x2 4 b 10 cos 22.3 9.25
In summary, B 67.7, a 3.79 , and b 9.25 .
Use the right triangle to write the algebraic 51. Find the measure of angle A. Because C 90 ,
expression. A B 90 . Thus,
x 2 2 x2 4 A 90 B 90 37.4 52.6
cos tan 1 cos θ We have a known angle, a known opposite side, and
2 x2 4 x2 4
an unknown adjacent side. Use the tangent function.
6
1 1 tan 37.4
49. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . a
x x
6
a 7.85
tan 37.4
We have a known angle, a known opposite side, and

an unknown hypotenuse. Use the sine function.
6
Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the third side, b. sin 37.4
c
12 b 2 x 2 6
c 9.88
b2 x 2 1 sin 37.4
In summary, A 52.6, a 7.85 , and c 9.88 .

b x2 1

expression.
 x x2 1
11 x
sec sin sec θ  
x
x2 1 x2 1
52. Find the measure of angle A. We have a known 55. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, an
hypotenuse, a known opposite side, and an unknown unknown opposite side, h, and a known adjacent side.
angle. Use the sine function. Therefore, use the tangent function.
2 h
sin A tan 40
7 60
h 60 tan 40 50 yd
16.6
2
A sin 1
7 The second building is 50 yds taller than the first.
Find the measure of angle B. Because C 90 , Total height = 40 50 90 yd .
A B 90 . Thus, B 90 A 90 16.6 73.4 We have a
known hypotenuse, a known opposite side, and an 56. Using two right triangles, a smaller right triangle
unknown adjacent side. Use the Pythagorean theorem. corresponding to the smaller angle of elevation drawn
inside a larger right triangle corresponding to the
a 2 b2 c 2
larger angle of elevation, we have a known angle, a
22 b 2 7 2 known opposite side, and an unknown adjacent side,
d, in the smaller triangle. Therefore, use the tangent
b 2 7 2 22 45
function.
25
b 45 6.71 tan 68
d
In summary, A 16.6, B 73.4 , and b 6.71 . 125
d 50.5
53. Find the measure of angle A. We have a known tan 68
opposite side, a known adjacent side, and an We now have a known angle, a known adjacent side,
unknown angle. Use the tangent function. and an unknown opposite side, h, in the larger
1.4 triangle. Again, use the tangent function.
tan A h
3.6 tan 71
50.5
21.3
1.4
A tan 1 h 50.5 tan 71 146.7
3.6
The height of the antenna is 146.7 125 , or 21.7 ft,
Find the measure of angle B. Because C 90 , to the nearest tenth of a foot.
A B 90 . Thus,
B 90 A 90 21.3 68.7 57. We need the acute angle between ray OA and the
We have a known opposite side, a known adjacent north-south line through O. This angle measures
side, and an unknown hypotenuse. 90 55 35 . This angle measured from the north
Use the Pythagorean theorem. side of the north-south line and lies east of the north-
c 2 a 2 b2 (1.4)2 (3.6)2 14.92 south line. Thus the bearing from O to A is N35°E.
c 14.92 3.86 58. We need the acute angle between ray OA and the
In summary, A 21.3, B 68.7 , and c 3.86 . north-south line through O. This angle measures
90 55 35 . This angle measured from the south
54. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, an side of the north-south line and lies west of the north-
unknown opposite side, h, and a known adjacent side. south line. Thus the bearing from O to A is S35°W.
Therefore, use the tangent function.
h 59. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, a
tan 25.6 known adjacent side, and an unknown opposite side,
80
d. Therefore, use the tangent function.
h 80 tan 25.6
d
38.3 tan 64
12
The building is about 38 feet high.
d 12 tan 64 24.6
The ship is about 24.6 miles from the lighthouse.
60. 1
62. d sin 4t
2
1
a and ω 4
2
a. maximum displacement:
1 1
a cm
2 2
a. Using the figure,

ω 4 2
b. f 0.64
B 58 32 90 2π 2π π
Thus, use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the frequency: 0.64 cm per second
distance from city A to city C.
2π 2π π
8502 9602 b 2 c. period: 1.57
ω 4 2
b2 722, 500 921, 600
The time required for one cycle is about 1.57
b2 1, 644,100 seconds.
b 1, 644,100 1282.2 63. Because the distance of the object from the rest
The distance from city A to city B is about position at t 0 is a maximum, use the form
1282.2 miles. 2π
d a cos ω t . The period is so,
b. Using the figure, ω
opposite 960 2π
tan A 1.1294 2
adjacent 850 ω
1 2π
A tan (1.1294) 48 ω π
180 58 48 74 2
The bearing from city A to city C is S74°E. Because the amplitude is 30 inches, a 30 .
because the object starts below its rest position

π a 30 . the equation for the object’s simple
61. d 20 cos t
4 harmonic motion is d 30 cos π t .
π
a 20 and ω 64. Because the distance of the object from the rest
4
a. maximum displacement: position at t 0 is 0, use the form d a sin ω t . The
a 20 20 cm 2π
period is so
ω π ω
π1 1
b. f  4
2π
2π 2π 4 2π 8 5
ω
1
frequency: cm per second 2π
8 ω
5
2π 2π 4
c. period: 2π 8 1 1
ω
π
4 π Because the amplitude is inch, a . a is
4 4
The time required for one cycle is negative since the object begins pulled down. The
8 seconds. equation for the object’s simple harmonic motion is
1 2π
d sin t.
4 5
Chapter 2 Test π
2. The equation y 2 cos x is of the form
1. The equation y 3sin 2 x is of the form y A sin Bx 2
with A = 3 and B = 2. The amplitude is A 3 3. y A cos( Bx C ) with A = –2, B = 1, and
2π 2π π π
The period is π . The quarter-period is . C= . The amplitude is A 2 2.
2
B 2 4
2π 2π
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to The period is 2π . The phase shift is
generate x-values for the key points. B 1

π
x 0 C π 2π π
2  . The quarter-period is .
π π B 1 2 4 2
x 0
4 4 π
The cycle begins at x = . Add quarter-periods to
π π π 2
x
4 4 2 generate x-values for the key points.
π π 3π π
x x
2 4 4 2
3π π π π
x π x π
4 4 22
Evaluate the function at each value of x. π 3π
x π
2 2
x coordinates 3π π
x 2π
0 (0, 0) 2 2
π 5π
x 2π
π π  2 2
,3 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
4 4 
π π  x coordinates
, 0
2 2  π π 
, 2
 2 2 
3π 3π
, 3
4 4  π , 0
π
π (π , 0)
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve 3π 32π 
, 2
and graph one complete cycle of the given function. 2
2π 2π , 0 
5π 5π 
,2
2 2 
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Test

x π x π
and

2 2 2 2
π π
x 2 x 2
2 2
x π x π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x π and x π .

ππ 0
x-intercept 0
2 2
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0, 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is 2, the points on the graph
midway between an x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –2 and 2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
x π and x π , to graph one
x
full period of y 2 tan from π to π .
2
1 1
4. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin π x. The equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A = and B π .
2 2
1 1
amplitude: A
2 2
2π 2π
period: 2
B π
2 1
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five key points. Starting with x = 0, the
4 2
1 3
x-values are 0, , 1, , 2. Evaluating the function at each value of x, the key points are
2 2
1 1 3 1
(0, 3), , , 1, 0, , , (2, 0) .
2 2 2 2
1
Use these key points to graph y sin π x from 0 to 2. Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function.
2
1
Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as guides to graph y csc π x.
2

x 0 π 2π
4 2 4 4 2 4
1
y1 sin x 0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0
2
y2 2 cos x 2 1.4 0 1.4 2 1.4 0 1.4 2
1
y sin x 2 cos x 2 1.8 0.5 1.1 2 1.8 0.5 1.1 2
2
1 1
2 2
Because cos θ is negative, θ is in quadrant II.
x2 y2 r2
(1)2 y 2 2 2
y2 4 1 3
y 3
1 y 3
tan cos1 tan θ 3
2 x 1

x x
3 3
Because cos θ is positive, θ is in quadrant I.
x2 y 2 r 2
x 2 y 2 32
y2 9 x2
y 9 x2
x y 9 x2
1 
sin cos sin θ
3 r 3
8. Find the measure of angle B. Because

C = 90°, A + B = 90°.
Thus, B = 90° – A = 90° – 21° = 69°.
We have a known angle, a known hypotenuse, and an unknown opposite side. Use the sine function.
a
sin 21
13
a 13sin 21 4.7
We have a known angle, a known hypotenuse, and an unknown adjacent side. Use the cosine function.
b
cos 21
13
b 13 cos 21 12.1
In summary, B = 69°, a 4.7, and b 12.1.
9. x 1000 tan 56 1000 tan 51

x 247.7 ft
10. We need the acute angle between ray OP and the north-south line through O. This angle measures 90° – 10°. This angle is
measured from the north side of the north-south line and lies west of the north-south line. Thus the bearing from O to P is
N80°W.
11. d 6 cos π t
a 6 and ω π
a. maximum displacement: a 6 6 in.
ω π 1
b. f
2π 2π 2
1
frequency: in. per second
2
2π 2π
c. period = 2
ω π
The time required for one cycle is 2 seconds.
Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer SOLUTIONS MANUAL
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Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer SOLUTIONS MANUAL

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1. The equation y = 3sin x is of the form

y = A sin x with A = 3. Thus, the amplitude is

y = sin x is 2π . We find the three x–intercepts, the

maximum point, and the minimum point on the

Evaluate the function at each value of x. the period, 2π , by 4, = = , then by

Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and

11π 11π π  11π 

11π π 11π 3π 14π 7π y = A cos Bx with A = −4, and B = π .

Evaluate the function at each value of x. 2π 2π

B 2 graph one complete cycle of the given graph.

Find the x-values for the five key points by dividing

8. Select several values of x over the interval.

9. A, the amplitude, is the maximum value of y. The 7. false

The graph is modeled by y = 4 sin 4 x . with A = 4. Thus, the amplitude is A = 4 = 4.

Concept and Vocabulary Check 2.1

2. The equation y = 5sin x is of the form y = A sin x 1

with A = 5. Thus, the amplitude is A = 5 = 5. 3

Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and

1 5. The equation y = −3sin x is of the form y = A sin x

4 with A = –3. Thus, the amplitude is A = −3 = 3 .

4 2 generate x-values for the key points.

with A = –4. Thus, the amplitude is A = −4 = 4 . with A = 1 and B = 2. The amplitude is

the graph of y = sin x . 3π 3π  3π 

Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and

8. The equation y = sin 4 x is of the form y = A sin Bx 1

with A = 1 and B = 4. Thus, the amplitude is 2

1 11. The equation y = 4 sin π x is of the form y = A sin Bx

4 with A = 4 and B = π . The amplitude is A = 4 = 4.

y = A sin Bx with A = 2 and B =

amplitude is A = 2 = 2 . The period is 2 1

14. The equation y = −2 sin π x is of the form 2

y = A sin Bx with A = –2 and B = π . The amplitude 3

17. The equation y = sin(x − π ) is of the form π

Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and

5π π 3π The amplitude is A = 1 =1.

π 21. The equation y = 3sin(2x − π ) is of the form

Evaluate the function at each value of x. C − π2 π 1 π

π 1 π  π 1 Evaluate the function at each value of x.

Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and

Connect the five points with a smooth curve and

π −8 π −8   π −8  29. y = −2sin(2π x + 4π ) = −2sin(2π x − (−4π ))

Evaluate the function at each value of x.

the graph of y = 2 cos x .

32. The equation y = 3 cos x is of the form y = A cos x

with A = 3. Thus, the amplitude is A = 3 = 3.

31. The equation y = 2 cos x is of the form y = A cos x 2π π

A = −2 = 2 . The period is 2π . The quarter- 2π π

4 2 The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to

Connect the five points with a smooth curve and

Connect the five points with a smooth curve and

2π 2π amplitude is A = 5 = 5 . The period is

4 begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-

x y = 4 cos 2π x coordinates x y = 5 cos 2π x coordinates

1 Connect the five points with a smooth curve and

amplitude is A = −4 = 4 . The period is

1 π Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and

π 45. The equation y = 3cos(2x − π ) is of the form

46. The equation y = 4 cos(2x − π ) is of the form

y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = 4, and B = 2, and C = π . 1 π 1 π

4 4 quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key

51. y = 2 cos(2π x + 8π ) = 2 cos(2π x − (−8π )) 52. y = 3 cos(2π x + 4π ) = 3cos(2π x − (−4π ))

y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = 2, B = 2π , and y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = 3, and B = 2π , and