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1
Engineering Insight: Modeling
2
Basic Electric Circuits
- i
• Ideal Current Source
v is
+
is Load i
-
3
Example – Power to Incandescent
Lamp
• Find R if the lamp draws 60W at 12 V
v2
i P v i
+ R
2 2
vs 12V v 12
Load R 2.4
P 60W P 60
-
v 12
• Find the current, I i 5A
R 2.4
• What is P if vs doubles and R stays the same? 240W
4
Equivalent Resistance for Resistors
in Series and Parallel
• Resistors in series – voltage divides, current is the
same i
+
R1 i
+
v node v
voltages R2
-
REQ R1 R2 RN
RN
- 5
Equivalent Resistance for Resistors
in Series and Parallel
• Resistors in parallel – current divides, voltage is the
same
i
v R1 R2 RN
branch currents
i Simplification
+ 1 for 2 resistors
REQ
v 1 1 1 R1 R2
... REQ
- R1 R2 RN R1 R2
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Voltage and Current Dividers
Voltage Divider v v
R1 i
i REQ R1 R2
+ + vout i R2
v R2
R2 vout vout v
- - R1 R2
Current Divider R1R2
i v i REQ i
+ R1 R2
R1 R2 v
v i1 i2
i2 R2
- R1
i2 i
R1 R2 7
Wire Resistance
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AC: Phase Angles
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Example: Phase Angle Reference
v1 V sin t 0
1 2
v2 V sin t 4
4
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Important Properties: RMS
-
Identity
p(t )= v(t ) i (t ) 1
cos cos cos cos
2
Vp I p
p(t )= cos V I cos 2t V I
2
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Important Properties:
Average Power
• Average power is found from
to T
1
P
T t p(t )dt T period
o
• Find the average power into the load (derive this for
homework)
Vp I p
p(t )= cos V I cos 2t V I
2
Vp I p
P= cos V I or P= VRMS I RMS cos V I
2
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Important Properties:
Real Power
• P is called the Real Power
P= VRMS I RMS cos V I
P= Re{VI*}
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Review of Phasors
• A quick derivation…
1 jx jx
cos( x) e e
2
Identity
A cos(t ) e
2
e
A j t j t
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Review of Phasors
• Simplifies calculations
– Turns derivatives and integrals into algebraic equations
d
A j A
dt
– Makes it easier to solve AC circuits
vR (t ) V
R i R (t)= =R
R I
diL (t ) V
L vL (t)=L V =Lj I j L jX L j L
dt I
dvC (t ) V
1 1
C iC (t)=C I=CjV jX c j
dt I jC C
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Why Phasors: RLC Circuit
Solve for the current- which circuit do you prefer?
R L R j L
+ +
i (t ) C 1
I
jC
- -
v(t ) V cos t V V
di 1 1
v(t ) Ri (t ) L i (t )dt V RI j LI I
dt C jC
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RLC Circuit Example
2 f
f 60Hz
X L L 3
I=I RMS I S
Q
Asterisk denotes complex conjugate (θV-θI)
VI* VRMS I RMS V I P
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Apparent, Real, Reactive Power
S P jQ VI *
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Apparent, Real, Reactive Power
ELI ICE
Inductive loads Capacitive loads
I lags V (or E) I leads V (or E)
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Apparent, Real, Reactive Power
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Conservation of Power Example
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Example
S VI * 44.920.8 4000
S 17.9820.8 MVA 16.8 j 6.4 MVA
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Reactive Power Compensation
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Power Factor Correction Example
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