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Total Clear Sky Insolation
Image: http://www.megawattsf.com/gridstorage/gridstorage.htm
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Predicable, but Quite Large Drop-
off Later as the Sun Sets
• Known as the "Duck Curve"
Image:http://www.caiso.com/documents/flexibleresourceshelprenewables_fastfacts.pdf
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Photovoltaics (PV)
Photovoltaic definition- a material or device that is capable
of converting the energy contained in photons of light into an
electrical voltage and current
University of Illinois Solar
"Sojourner" Decathalon House – 2 nd place
Rooftop PV
modules on a
village health
center in West
Bengal, India http://www.solardecathlon.uiuc.edu/gallery.html#
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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/pv_use.html
PV History
• Edmund Becquerel
(1839)
• Adams and Day (1876)
• Albert Einstein (1904)
• Czochralski (1940s)
• Vanguard I satellite
(1958)
• Costs have recently
dropped quite
substantially
Image Source:http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleHtml/2013/EE/c3ee40701b
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US Solar Capacity
Image: http://cleantechnica.com/2014/04/24/us-solar-energy-capacity-grew-an-astounding-418-from-2010-2014/
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PV System Overview
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Some General Issues in PV
• The device
• Efficiency, cost, manufacturability
automation, testing
• Encapsulation
• Cost, weight, strength,
yellowing, etc.
-
+
n-type
p-type
Solar cells are diodes
• Light (photons) generate free
carriers (electrons and holes)
which are collected by the Open-circuit
electric field of the diode voltage
junction Voltage
• The output current is a fraction
Current
of this photocurrent Maximum
Power Point
• The output voltage is a
fraction of the diode built-in
voltage Short-circuit
current 13
Standard Equivalent Circuit Model
Where does the power go?
Series
resistance
(minimize)
Photocurrent
resistance
(maximize)
Diode
Shunt
Load
source
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Photons
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Silicon Solar Cell Max Efficiency
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Silicon Solar Cell Max Efficiency
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Review of Diodes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File
:Pn-junction-equilibrium.png 22
The p-n Junction Diode
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The p-n Junction Diode
I d I 0 (e qVd / kT -1)
I d I 0 (e 38.9Vd
-1) (at 25C)
k = Boltzmann’s constant
1.381x10-23 [J/K]
T = junction temperature [K]
Vd = diode voltage
Id = diode current
q = electron charge 1.602x10-19 C
I0 = reverse saturation current
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Circuit Models of PV Cells
I I
+ +
Id +
ISC
VLoad Vd VLoad
PV
cell -
- -
• The current provided by the ideal source ISC is
proportional to insolation received
• If insolation drops by 50%, ISC drops by 50%
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Circuit Models of PV Cells
I
+
Id +
ISC Vd The subscript SC
VLoad
is for short circuit
-
-
• From KCL, ISC = Id + I, and the current going to the
load is the short-circuit current minus diode current
I I SC I 0 (e qV / kT -1)
• Setting I to zero, the open circuit voltage is
kT I SC
VOC ln 1
q I0
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PV Cell I-V Characteristic
dark curve
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PV Cell I-V Curves
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Need for a More Accurate Model
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PV Equivalent Circuit
(maximize)
output current)
Load
Vd V
RP
source
- -
(minimize)
Photocurrent Id + +
Series resistance drops ISC
Load
Vd V
some voltage (reduces
source
output voltage) - -
Photocurrent
+ +
(maximize)
Load
RP
ISC
source
Vd V
- -
q / kT V RS I V RS I
I ( I SC I 0 (e -1))
RP
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Series and Shunt Resistance Effects
• Parallel (RP) –
current drops by
ΔI=V/RP
• Series (RS) –
voltage drops by
ΔV=IRS
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Fill Factor and Cell Efficiency
Isc•Voc•FF Imax•Vmax
Cell
Efficiency Incident = Incident
(h) = Power Power
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Multijunction Cells Load
- - - -
+ + + +
Problem: Single junction loses
p-type
n-type
p-type
n-type
n-type
p-type
n-type
p-type
all of the photon energy above
the gap energy.
Energy (eV)
4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.9
180
160
Intensity (mW/m2-m)
of different gaps. 120
(0.6 eV gap)
Top Cell (1.9 eV gap)
100
Cell #4
80
(1.4 eV gap)
60
(1.0 eV gap)
Cell #2
40
Cell #3
20
0
300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
Wavelength (nm)
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Record laboratory thin film cell
efficiencies
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