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Engineering
L2 Process and Process Variable
Process Unit
Distillation unit
Process Classification
Absorption
Process Variable
L5 Mass Balance for Non Reactive System
-Single Process Unit
Example 5.1
A liquid mixture of benzene (B) and
toluene (T) containing 55% B by mass is
fed continuously to a distillation column
with a feed rate of 100 kg/h. A product
stream leaving the top of the column
(overhead product) contains 85% B and a
bottom product stream contains 10.6% B
by mass. Determine the mass flow rate of
the overhead product stream and the mass
flow rate of the bottom product stream.
Perform DoF.
Example 5.2
1000 kg/hr of mixture containing equal
parts by mass of methanol and water is
distilled. Product streams leave the top and
the bottom of the distillation column. The
flow rate of the bottom stream is measured
and found to be 673 kg/hr and the
overhead stream is analysed and found to
contain 96.0 wt% methanol.
a. Draw and label a flowchart of the
process and do the degree of freedom
analysis.
b. Calculate the mass and mole fractions of
methanol and the molar flow rates of
methanol and water in the bottom product
stream.
c. Suppose the bottom product stream is
analysed and the mole fraction of methanol
is found to be significantly higher than the
value calculated in part (b), list as many
possible reasons for the discrepancy as you
can think of.
Example 5.3
A liquid mixture contains 50 wt% ethanol
(E), 10 wt% of a dissolved solute (S) and
the balance water (W). A stream of this
mixture is fed to a continuous distillation
column operating at a steady state. Two
streams emerge from the column as the top
product, P and the bottom waste Q,
respectively. The column design class for
the product streams is to have equal mass
flow rate, and for the top product stream, P
is to contain 90 wt% ethanol and no S. By
using an appropriate flowchart of the
process and performing degree of freedom
analysis, calculate the individual mass
fractions of the bottom stream, Q,
assuming the feed, F, is having a mass
flowrate of 1000 kg/h. Subsequently,
check your calculations by forming the
input and output table and determine the
efficiency of the distillation column with
respect to the ethanol recovery in the top
product, P
Example 5.4 Adsorption Unit
Wet air containing 4.0 mole% water vapor
is passed through an adsorption column
containing calcium chloride pellets. The
pellets adsorb 97.0% of the water and none
of the other constituents of the air. The
column packing was initially dry and had a
mass of 3.40 kg. Following 5.0 hours of
operation, the pellets are reweigh and
found to have a mass of 3.54 kg. Calculate
the molar flow rate (mol/h) of the feed gas
and mole fraction of water vapor in the
product gas.
Example 5.5 – Gas Absorption Unit Example 5.6
Example 5.7 Drying Example 5.8
- Multiple Units
Unit Processes
Example 6.1
Bypass and Recyle
Example 6.2
Example 6.3
L6 Mass Balance for Reaction System
Chemical Reaction
* Material changing from a beginning
mass (reactant) to a resulting substance
(product)
* New material/s are made, along with the
disappearance of the reactant
Fractional Conversion
* Involve generation and consumption
Chemical Reaction Stoichiometry
• Description of the quantitative
relationships among substances as they
participate in chemical reactions.
• Stoichiometric equation: statement of
the relative number of molecules or moles
of reactants and products Extent of Reaction
Example 8.2
L8 Performed material balance for
reactive system with multiple
reactions
Example 8.1
Example 8.3
Example 8.2
Mass Balance for Reaction System Example 9.2
Element Balance Approach
Example 9.1
Single Phase System Ideal Gas Mixture
Mixture Density
Example 10.1
Example 10.3
Energy Balance
Work
- Form of energy that represent a transfer
between the system and surroundings
Example
Example
Heat (Q)
Internal Energy (U)
Example
Heat Capacity
Example
Simple relationship :
Example
Example
Example
Latent Heats
Example
Psychrometric Chart Determine the absolute humidity and
humid volume of air at 30oC (dry bulb)
with a hr = 30%.
Example
Determine the Twb of air at 30oC (dry bulb)
with a hr = 30%
Example
Calculation of Heat of Reaction Method 2 : Heat of Formation
Method 1 : Hess’s Law
Example
Example
Exercise
Example