2015 05 RMI TheEconomicsOfLoadDefection FullReport

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THE ECONOMICS OF
LOAD DEFECTION
HOW GRID-CONNECTED SOLAR-PLUS-
BATTERY SYSTEMS WILL COMPETE WITH
TRADITIONAL ELECTRIC SERVICE, WHY IT
MATTERS, AND POSSIBLE PATHS FORWARD
1820 FOLSOM STREET | BOULDER, CO 80302 | RMI.ORG PUBLISHED APRIL 2015

COPYRIGHT ROCKY MOUNTAIN INSTITUTE. DOWNLOAD AT: WWW.RMI.ORG
Pi-Lens/Shutterstock.com
AUTHORS
AUTHORS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Peter Bronski, Jon Creyts, Mark Crowdis (global X), The authors thank the following individuals
Stephen Doig, John Glassmire (HOMER Energy), Leia and organizations for offering their insights and
Guccione, Peter Lilienthal (HOMER Energy), James perspectives on this work:
Mandel, Bodhi Rader, Dan Seif (The Butler Firm),
Helen Tocco (global X), Hervé Touati Sunil Cherian, Spirae
Ali Crawford, Sacramento Municipal Utility District
* Authors listed alphabetically. All authors from Jon Fortune, Sunverge Energy
Rocky Mountain Institute unless otherwise noted. Lena Hansen, Rocky Mountain Institute
Tom Key, Electric Power Research Institute
CONTACTS Lee Kosla, Saft Batteries
Chris Kuhl, ZBB Battery
James Mandel (jmandel@rmi.org) Virginia Lacy, Rocky Mountain Institute
Leia Guccione (lguccione@rmi.org) Clay Nesler, Johnson Controls
James Newcomb, Rocky Mountain Institute
Curtis Probst, Rocky Mountain Institute
Owen Smith, Rocky Mountain Institute
Designer: Chris Rowe
Images courtesy of Thinkstock unless otherwise noted.
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN INSTITUTE HOMER ENERGY
Since 1982, Rocky Mountain Institute has advanced HOMER Energy, LLC provides software, consulting,
market-based solutions that transform global energy and market access services for analyzing and
use to create a clean, prosperous, and secure optimizing microgrids and other distributed power
future. An independent, nonprofit think-and-do systems that incorporate high penetrations of
tank, RMI engages with businesses, communities, renewable energy sources. The HOMER® software
and institutions to accelerate and scale replicable is the global standard for economic analysis of
solutions that drive the cost-effective shift from fossil sustainable microgrid systems, with over 122,000
fuels to efficiency and renewables. users in 198 countries. HOMER was originally
developed at the U.S. Department of Energy’s
Please visit http://www.rmi.org for more information. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Its
developers are now the principals of HOMER Energy,
which has the exclusive license.
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THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 2

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. 04
01: Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 15
02: Assumptions and Methodology .................................................. 22
03: Results ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
04: Implications and Conclusion ............................................................... 39
Appendices ................................................................................................................................................. 46
A: Additional Solar-Plus-Battery System Cost Information
B: Additional Technical Performance Assumptions
C: Grid Service Technical Assumptions
D: HOMER Modeling
E: Financial Assumptions Section
F: Analytical Results by Geography
Endnotes ........................................................................................................................................................... 66
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXEC
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
When Greentech Media published its annually ANALYSIS
updated list of cleantech buzzwords in December, its
list for 2014 included “grid defection.”1 Our February In particular, we sought to answer two core questions:
2014 analysis The Economics of Grid Defection was
1. Lowest-Cost Economics: When grid-connected
a central piece of that conversation. We found that in
customers have the option to source their
the coming years and decades—and certainly within
entire load either from a) the grid, b) a solar-
the economic life of new investments in conventional
plus-battery system, or c) some combination
generation—large numbers of residential and
of the grid, solar PV, and batteries, how does
commercial customers alike will find it economical to
that configuration change over time based on
defect from their utilities and the electricity grid and
lowest-cost economics for the customer? And
supply themselves with power from solar-plus-battery
how do the relative contributions of grid- and
systems. This finding foretold a future in which
self-sourced electricity change over time to
customers will have a choice to either cost-effectively
meet customer load?
self-generate without the grid or be a traditional
customer with the grid. 2. Implications: What are the potential implications
for utilities, third-party solar and battery
While the presence of such customer choice has providers, financiers/investors, customers, and
important implications, the number of customers who other electricity system stakeholders? And what
would actually choose to defect is probably small. opportunities might be found in grid-connected
The far more likely scenario is customer investment in solar-plus-battery systems?
grid-connected solar-plus-battery systems. Since such
systems would benefit from grid resources, they could We evaluated the economics through 2050 for a
be more optimally sized, thus making them smaller, median commercial and residential customer in five
less expensive, economic for more customers sooner, cities that represent a diversity of electricity pricing
and adopted faster. More specifically how system and solar resource intensity. We modeled forecasts
configurations and economics would evolve over time, for grid only, grid-plus-solar, and grid-plus-solar-plus-
and what magnitude of customers, load, and revenue battery configurations to find the lowest-cost option
that could represent, are the focus of this analysis. over time (based on systems’ per-kWh levelized cost
of energy equivalent). We also examined the relative
contributions of grid- and self-supplied electricity
for the lowest-cost option over time. For solar and
solar-plus-battery configurations, we modeled largely
self-consuming systems with no export compensation
(i.e., optimized for behind-the-meter operation).
Although export compensation via bill credits or direct
payments (e.g., net energy metering, feed-in tariff,
avoided fuel cost compensation) is today present in
most geographies and would improve the economics
presented here, we assumed no bill credit or direct
compensation for exports as a conservatism to
understand the economic implications in the most
extreme case.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
FINDINGS off-grid solar-plus-battery systems we modeled in

The Economics of Grid Defection, the grid-connected
Our analysis yields several significant findings: systems of this analysis become economic for
customers much sooner, with substantial utility load
Solar-plus-Battery Systems Rapidly Become loss well within the economic life and cost recovery
Cost Effective period for major assets. Smaller solar-only systems
The economically optimal system configuration are economic today in three of our five geographies,
from the customer’s perspective evolves over time, and will be so for all geographies within a decade.
from grid only in the near term, to grid-plus-solar, New customers will find solar-plus-battery systems
to grid-plus-solar-plus-batteries in the longer term. configurations most economic in three of our
Compared to the date of economic parity for the geographies within the next 10–15 years.
FIGURE ES1:
ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
RESIDENTIAL
FIGURE ES1: ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
RESIDENTIAL
Grid Only Grid + PV Grid + PV + Battery
Westchester, NY
Louisville, KY
San Antonio, TX
Los Angeles, CA
Honolulu, HI
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
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2050
FIGURE ES2:
ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
FIGURE ES2:
COMMERCIAL ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
COMMERCIAL
Westchester, NY
Louisville, KY
San Antonio, TX
Los Angeles, CA
Honolulu, HI
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Solar PV Supplants the Grid Supplying the Majority of grid takes a backup-only role. Meanwhile, solar-
Customers’ Electricity plus-battery systems eventually provide the
The relative contributions of the grid and customers’ majority of customers’ electricity. For example, in
solar and solar-plus-battery systems evolves Westchester County, NY, our analysis shows the
over time. Initially the grid supplies a majority grid’s contribution shrinking from 100% today for
of a customer’s electricity needs. Over time, as commercial customers to ~25% by around 2030
retail electricity prices from the grid increase to less than 5% by 2050. Inversely, solar PV’s
and solar and battery costs decrease, customers contribution rises significantly to make up
logically reduce their grid purchases until the the difference.
FIGURE ES3: FIGURE ES4:

ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL GENERATION MIX ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL GENERATION MIX
FIGURE ES3: ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL GENERATION MIX
RESIDENTIAL FIGURE ES4: ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL GENERATION MIX
COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL
Grid Purchases PV Contribution to Load Grid Purchases PV Contribution to Load
WESTCHESTER, NY
WESTCHESTER, NY
100% 100%
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
100% 100%
LOUISVILLE, KY
LOUISVILLE, KY
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
100% 100%
SAN ANTONIO, TX
SAN ANTONIO, TX
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
100% 100%
LOS ANGELES, CA
LOS ANGELES, CA
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
100% 100%
HONOLULU, HI
HONOLULU, HI
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
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2020
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2050
Artur Bogacki/Shutterstock.com
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Potentially Large kWh Defection Could Undermine For example, in the Northeast U.S., by 2030—15 years
Revenue for Grid Investment Under Current Rate away—maximum possible kWh sales erosion could be:
Structure and Business Models
Between 2010 and 2030, the grid will require up Residential
to an estimated $2 trillion in investment, or about • ~58 million MWh annually
$100 billion per year.2 Currently those costs are to (50% of utility residential kWh sales)
be recovered through revenue from energy sales.
• 9.6 million customers
If even a small fraction of the kWh sales supporting
that investment and revenue is lost, it will likely have • ~$15 billion in revenue
a large impact on system economics.3 Notably, our
analysis shows that grid-connected solar-plus-battery Commercial
systems become economic for large numbers of • ~83 million MWh
customers, and those systems have the potential to (60% of utility commercial kWh sales)
supply greater and greater portions of customers’
• 1.9 million customers
electricity. Assuming customer adoption follows
optimal economics, the magnitude of potential kWh • ~$19 billion in revenue
defection from the grid is large.
FIGURE ES5:
FIGURE
NORTHEAST ES5: NORTHEAST
POTENTIAL POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
LOAD DEFECTION
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
Traditional Grid Customers Potential Load Defection
100%
Percent of Customers
80%
60%
40%
20%
0
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
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2050
FIGURE ES6:
FIGUREPOTENTIAL
NORTHEAST ES6: NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
LOAD DEFECTION
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
Traditional Grid Customers Potential Load Defection
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
FIGURE ES7:
NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
FIGURE ES7:
RESIDENTIAL NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
RESIDENTIAL
Potential Load Defection (MWh) Value of Potential Load Defection ($)
180 70
Potential Load Defection (millions of MWh)
Value of Defected Load (billions of 2012$)

160
60
140
50
120
100 40
80 30
60
20
40
10
20
0 0
2014
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2018
2020
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FIGURE ES8:
NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
FIGURE ES8:
COMMERCIAL NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
COMMERCIAL
200 80

180
70
160
60
140
120 50
100 40
80
30
60
20
40
20 10
0 0
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2020
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Eliminating Net Metering Only Delays kWh Loss;

FIGURE ES9:
Fixed Charges Don’t “Fix” the Problem NET GRID PURCHASES WITH AND WITHOUT
Net energy metering (NEM) is a contentious yet NET METERING
FIGURE ES9: NET GRID PURCHASES WITH AND WITHOUT NET METERING
prevalent policy that has successfully supported RESIDENTIAL - WESTCHESTER,
RESIDENTIAL - WESTCHESTER, NY NY
Without Net Metering With Net Metering
distributed solar PV’s growth in the U.S. Some argue 11,000

10,000
that it hastens load loss from the grid (net-metered 9,000

8,000
solar PV customers quickly reach effectively zero 7,000
Grid Purchases (kWh/yr)

6,000
net grid purchases) and that abolishing net metering 5,000

4,000 Delay of Significant Load Defection
will preserve grid load. Our findings suggest that 3,000

2,000
eliminating net metering merely delays inevitable 1,000
0
significant load loss. Grid-connected solar-plus- -1,000
battery systems will gradually but ultimately cause a -2,000
2050
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near-total load loss even in net metering’s absence.
However, fixed charges—which some utilities have
FIGURE ES10:
recently proposed—don’t ‘fix’ the problem. Similar to
NET GRID PURCHASES WITH AND WITHOUT
our “with” and “without” NEM scenarios, residential NET METERING
FIGURE ES10: NET GRID PURCHASES WITH AND WITHOUT NET METERING
fixed charges would likely alter (i.e., delay) the COMMERCIAL - WESTCHESTER,
COMMERCIAL - WESTCHESTER, NY NY
Without Net Metering With Net Metering
economics for grid-connected solar and solar-plus- 600,000

550,000
battery systems, but likely wouldn’t alter the ultimate 500,000
450,000
load defection outcome. Customers might instead wait 400,000
350,000
until economics and other factors reach a tipping point 300,000
threshold and more dramatically “jump” from grid 250,000

200,000
dependence to off-grid solar-plus-battery systems that 150,000

offer better economics for electric service. 50,000

0
-50,000
2050
2020
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Peak Price for Individual Customers

Investing in their lowest-cost option for electric
service through grid-connected solar and solar-
plus-battery systems can effectively cap customers’
electricity costs. No matter how expensive retail
electricity prices get in the future, the levelized cost
for grid-connected solar and solar-plus-battery
systems keeps customers’ bills at or below a ‘peak
price,’ in some cases yielding a significant savings
on their monthly utility bill. Peak per-kWh price
stabilizes at $0.10–$0.30 for commercial customers
and $0.20–$0.35 for residential customers across
our geographies, regardless of how expensive
grid-supplied retail electricity gets in the future.
For example, for a median residential customer
in Westchester County, NY, the average monthly
electricity bill would reach $357 for grid electricity by
2030 based on forecasts, while peak price through
adding a solar-plus-battery system would be just
$268 per month. (Grid-facing costs such as T&D
maintenance and central generation, as well as costs
for grid-dependent customers who can’t or don’t
invest in solar-plus-battery systems, are important
related issues beyond the scope of this analysis.)
FIGURE ES11:
FIGURE ES11: PEAK PRICE
PEAK PRICE
Grid Only (Retail Rate @ 3% Escalation) Grid + PV Grid + PV + Battery 2050 Residential Prices 2050 Commercial Prices
$0.60
$0.55
$0.50
Rising
$0.45 Grid Prices
$0.40
$0.35
2012$/kWh
NY: $0.32
$0.30
HI: $0.25 NY: $0.27
$0.25 CA: $0.23
KY: $0.22 KY: $0.21
$0.20
TX: $0.20 CA: $0.18
$0.15
Solar-Plus-Battery Systems TX: $0.12
$0.10 Insulate Customers HI: $0.10
$0.05
$0
2050
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
IMPLICATIONS • For owners and operators of central generation

and transmission (such as independent power
Although our findings show that utilities’ kWh sales loss producers and merchant power plants), our
to grid-connected solar-plus-battery systems could findings are likely bad news. Our analysis
be very large, customer adoption of these systems predicts that solar-plus-battery systems will
also presents a number of opportunities. Unlike the accelerate the decline of sales from central
off-grid systems we modeled in The Economics of Grid generation, reduce peak price spikes in
Defection, where customers left the grid entirely, the deregulated markets, and also encroach on
grid-connected customers of this analysis crucially do markets for ancillary services. There is a real
maintain their grid connection assuming that potential risk of stranded assets. Existing assets still
fixed charges and other changes to retail electricity within their economic life and cost recovery
price rate structures don’t become so onerous as to period will serve a smaller and smaller remaining
encourage customer grid defection. This means that load, requiring price increases to cover costs
although they could represent significant load loss, and returns. Meanwhile, assets in the planning
customers’ grid-connected solar-plus-battery systems pipeline won’t see the future demand to justify
can potentially provide benefits, services, and values their capacity and generation output.
back to the grid, especially if those value flows are • For vertically-integrated utilities, these systems
monetized with new rate structures, business models, will strain current business models, and
and regulatory frameworks. adjustments will be necessary to fully capitalize
on the rising adoption of solar PV and batteries.
The impact on various electricity-system market Distribution utilities whose revenue depends on
participants and other stakeholders will be profound volumetric sales of electricity (e.g., that are not
and comes with a number of considerations: decoupled) will likely face similar challenges.
• For customers that invest in solar PV and solar-
plus-battery systems, the emergence of choice is
good news. Our analysis suggests that, with smart
solar-plus-battery investments, customers could
see peak pricing emerge, insulating themselves
from rising prices for grid-supplied electricity.
Meanwhile, traditional grid-supplied customers
and completely defected (i.e., off-grid) customers
both had much higher pricing from rising retail
prices and larger, more expensive stand-alone
solar-plus-battery systems, respectively.
• For distribution grid operators (such as wires-
only utilities), the emergence of distributed solar
PV and batteries is good news: customers with
solar and battery systems should be able to
provide value to the distribution grid including
upgrade deferrals, congestion relief, and ancillary
services. However, new pricing, regulatory, and
business models need to emerge and mature to
capitalize fully on these opportunities.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
FIGURE ES12:
POSSIBLE TRAJECTORIES FOR ELECTRICITY GRID EVOLUTION
FIGURE ES12: POSSIBLE TRAJECTORIES FOR ELECTRICITY GRID EVOLUTION
PATH 1 INTEGRATED
GRID
One path leads to grid-optimized smart solar, EGR
ATE
D
PRIC
ING INT GRID
transactive solar-plus-battery systems, and ultimately, SED
TE-BA
an integrated, optimized grid in which customer-sited RIBU
T S • ATT END
E
DERs such as solar PV and batteries contribute value T SPO GIEW
AL HO ENER
O CATION B Q DM M ART •
and services alongside traditional grid assets. • L Ed N S
ICING • Con E THA
OU PR • RWE MOR
T)•T • E.ON • CA
, Fi T, VoS R G • NY REV
E M • N N
MP. (N LATIO
RT CO REGU
• EXPO ASED
Pricing & Rate Reform ANCE-B
FORM
• PER Solar PV and batteries play an important role in
New Business Models the future electricity grid, but decisions made
today will encourage vastly different outcomes.
New Regulatory Models
• NO
• CEN EXPO
TRAL RT PR
GENE ICING
• COS RATIO • FIXE
T-OF-S N •V
ERTIC D CH
ERVIC ARGE
PATH 2 GRID
E R EG A LLY IN S
ULAT T EGRA
ION TE D U
• STR TILITI
DEFECTION AND
ED A
SSET
ES
S
Another path favors non-exporting solar PV,
behind-the-meter solar-plus-battery systems, and ultimately, DEF GRID
actual grid defection resulting in an overbuilt system with excess ECT
ION
sunk capital and stranded assets on both sides of the meter.
The electricity system is at a metaphorical fork in Down another path are pricing structures, business
the road. models, and regulatory environments in which
distributed energy resources such as solar PV and
Down one path are pricing structures, business batteries—and their inherent benefits and costs—are
models, and regulatory environments that favor non- appropriately valued as part of an integrated grid.
exporting solar and solar-plus-battery systems. When Solar PV and batteries can potentially lower system-
economic and other conditions reach the right tipping wide costs while contributing to the foundation of a
point, this trajectory favors true grid defection. In the reliable, resilient, affordable, low-carbon grid of the
meantime, an upward price spiral based on stranded future in which customers are empowered with choice.
assets serving a diminishing load will make solar-plus- In this future, grid and customer-side resources work
battery adoption increasingly attractive for customers together as part of an integrated grid with far more
who can, and lead to untenably high pricing for efficient deployment of capital and physical assets.
customers who remain on the grid, including low-
and fixed-income customers who would bear a These two pathways are not set in stone, and there
disproportionate burden of escalated retail electricity is some room to navigate within their boundaries.
pricing. In this future, both grid and customer-side But decisions made today will set us on a trajectory
resources are overbuilt and underutilized, leaving from which it will be more difficult to course correct in
excess capital on both sides of the meter. the future. The time frame for making such decisions
with long-lasting implications for the future grid is
relatively short, and is shorter and more urgent for
some geographies than others.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Three distinct market phases define the window’s 3. Attribute-based, breaking apart energy,
time frame: capacity, ancillary services, and other
service components
• Phase 1: An Opportunity to Experiment • New business models: Current business
In phase 1, the grid alone offers customers the models need to evolve from the old paradigm
cheapest option for electric service. Solar-plus- of centralized generation and the unidirectional
battery systems come at a cost premium, so early use of the grid (i.e., one-way electron flow from
adopters and technology providers will experiment generators to consumers) to the emerging reality
with systems to leverage secondary values such as of cost-competitive DERs such as solar PV and
reliability. This phase gives utilities and regulators batteries (i.e., grid-connected customers with
the longest runway to consider how to best capture behind-the-meter DERs and a two-way flow of
the opportunities of grid-connected solar-plus- electrons, services, and value across the meter).
battery systems. Creating a sustainable long-term DER market—
• Phase 2: An Opportunity to Integrate considering the near and present opportunity of
In phase 2, solar-plus-battery systems become solar PV and batteries but inclusive of a much
economic relative to grid-supplied electricity. With broader suite of DER technologies—will require
more favorable economics for greater customer aligning the interests of utilities, DER companies,
adoption, this is an ideal time for systems to create technology providers, and customers. Aligning
and share value between individual customers and those interests requires that the value of DERs
the grid. be recognized and shared on both sides of
the meter.
• Phase 3: An Opportunity to Coordinate
• New regulatory models: Regulatory reform
In phase 3, retail electric pricing has escalated
enough and solar-plus-battery system costs have will be necessary for the electricity system
declined enough that the latter becomes economic to effectively incorporate new customer-
to serve a customer’s entire load and grid defection sited technologies like solar and batteries as
becomes a viable choice. Such compelling resources into the grid. Three critical outputs
customer-facing economics make it especially of these reforms are required to sensibly guide
urgent for utilities and regulators to adapt to this the adoption of solar-plus-battery systems in
new market environment. particular and DERs in general: 1) maintain and
enhance fair and equal customer access to
The electricity industry needs to act quickly on DERs, 2) recognize, quantify, and appropriately
three fronts: monetize both the benefits and costs that DERs
such as solar PV and batteries can create, and
• Evolved pricing and rate structures: Today’s
3) preserve equitable treatment of all customers,
rate structures are overly simplistic for the 21st including those that do not invest in DERs and
century needs of the grid. Broadly, pricing needs remain solely grid dependent.
to evolve in three critical ways:
1. Locational, allowing some electric-grid
equivalent of congestion pricing or incentives
2. Temporal, allowing for continued evolution
of time-of-use pricing and real-time pricing
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holbox/Shutterstock.com
01
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
THE ELECTRICITY GRID IS EVOLVING DISTRIBUTED SOLAR-PLUS-BATTERY
SYSTEMS ARE HAVING A PARTICULARLY
The electric industry in the United States is facing ACUTE IMPACT
the greatest disruption in the grid’s century-long
history. The incumbent model of central thermal • Rapid cost reductions with game-changing
generation and one-way electricity distribution to
functionality: Their continuing cost declines
end-use customers out on the grid’s distribution edge
and unique operational characteristics make
is proving increasingly outdated. Rapidly growing
them particularly poised to gain favor among
adoption of customer-sited distributed energy
residential and commercial customers alike—
resources (DERs) such as rooftop solar, battery energy
and when grid connected, to provide value to
storage, micro combined heat and power (CHP),
the grid and society as well, and not just to the
electric vehicles, and smart thermostats that can
individual customer.
communicate with and respond to grid signals are
fundamentally changing the electric grid’s landscape. • Accelerating commercial application and
innovation: Growing numbers of third-party
Utilities and other transmission and distribution grid providers are already offering such technology
electricity system stakeholders (e.g., ISOs, RTOs, etc.) pairings to commercial customers to smooth
have, to date, done an admirable job maintaining load curves and lessen demand charges, while
reliable, cost-effective electric service. But regulatory solar-plus-battery systems are also becoming
mandates, declining costs of distributed technologies, increasingly appealing among early-adopter
climate change, shifting customer preferences, and residential customers, especially in places such
other motivating factors are driving the electric as the Northeast where the memory of blackouts
grid’s evolution toward even more affordable, more after storms like Hurricane Sandy are still fresh.4
reliable, more resilient, and lower carbon electric
service, all while accounting for a new era of choice Until recently, the general media and industry experts
and empowerment with how individual customers both commonly claimed “electricity cannot be stored
produce and use electricity. DERs figure centrally in economically.” Our analysis suggests that the fast-
that evolution. dropping costs of batteries, driven by their vast
deployment in non-energy sectors (e.g., electronics,
telecommunications, and automotive transportation)
are showing otherwise.
Though not yet mainstream, solar-plus-battery

systems are coming soon. Our February 2014 The
Economics of Grid Defection report found that off-grid
solar-plus-battery systems will reach grid parity in
the coming years and decades in many geographies,
within the 30-year time frame under which utilities
typically recover costs on major grid investments.
urbans/Shutterstock.com
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THE FINANCE INDUSTRY IS TAKING Barclays, Utilities Credit Strategy Analyst Report
NOTICE May 20147
• “In the 100+ year history of the electric utility
In 2014, a chorus of analyses from major financial industry, there has never before been a truly
institutions—including Bank of America, Barclays, cost-competitive substitute available for grid
Citigroup, Fitch Ratings, Goldman Sachs, Morgan power. We believe that solar + storage could
Stanley, and UBS (with several directly citing The reconfigure the organization and regulation of
Economics of Grid Defection)—found that solar-plus-
the electric power business over the coming
battery systems pose a real and present threat to
decade. We see near-term risks to credit from
traditional utility business models. Their perspectives
regulators and utilities falling behind the solar
varied, but all echoed the common theme of increasing
+ storage adoption curve and long-term risks
challenges for the current utility business model:
from a comprehensive re-imagining of the role
utilities play in providing electric power.”
Morgan Stanley, Clean Tech, Utilities & Autos
March 4, 20145
Morgan Stanley, Solar Power & Energy Storage:
• “Our analysis suggests utility customers may Policy Factors vs. Improving Economics
be positioned to eliminate their use of the July 28, 20148
power grid.”
• “…we think that customers in parts of the U.S.
• “We expect … batteries to be cost competitive and Europe may seek to avoid utility grid fees
with the grid in many states, and think investors by going ‘off-grid’ through a combination of
generally do not appreciate the potential size of solar power and energy storage. We believe
the market.” there is not sufficient appreciation of the
• “…we see the potential for customers to decide magnitude of energy storage cost reduction
to move off-grid.” … already achieved, nor of the further cost
reduction magnitude…”
Goldman Sachs, Analyst note on Tesla stock • “Over time, many U.S. customers could partially
March 20146 or completely eliminate their usage of the power
• “...decreased reliability from an aging distribution grid. We see the greatest potential for such
infrastructure, a broadening desire to reduce the disruption in the West, Southwest, and mid-
carbon footprint, and perhaps most importantly, Atlantic.”
the reduction of solar panel and battery
costs could also work together to make grid UBS, analyst note on EV and solar
independence a reality for many customers one August 20149
day...the conclusion is very clear – the potential • “The expected rapid decline in battery cost by
for this application could be very large.” (more than) 50 per cent by 2020 should not
• “This puts [off-grid solar and storage] levelized just spur EV sales, but also lead to exponential
cost of energy (LCOE) at $0.20 [per kWh] by 2033 growth in demand for stationary batteries to
which would be at parity with the U.S. grid price.” store excess power.”
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01: INTRODUCTION
• “Our view is that the ‘we have done it like this for RISK WITH REWARD: GRID-CONNECTED
a century’ value chain in developed electricity SOLAR-PLUS-BATTERY SYSTEMS OFFER
markets will be turned upside down within the OPPORTUNITY
next 10–20 years, driven by solar and batteries.”
• “By 2025, everybody will be able to produce Yet within this solar-plus-battery risk is also a great
and store power. And it will be green and cost opportunity. Compared to the off-grid systems
competitive, i.e., not more expensive or even analyzed in The Economics of Grid Defection,
cheaper than buying power from utilities.” optimally sized, grid-connected solar-plus-battery
systems can reach economic parity sooner, and
• “We think large-scale power plants are the
across more geographies, with faster customer
structural losers from this trend...”
adoption, and greater system benefits. This will
herald a marked shift in the relationship between
Citigroup, Energy Darwinism II
customers and utilities, and between customers and
September 201410
the grid. But since such systems will remain grid
• “...on our estimates, renewables with battery connected, they can offer value to that grid, rather
storage is due to reach grid parity in large parts than be seen solely as load defection from it.
of the world within 15 years, which is inside the
typical 30–35-year economic lifecycle of utility RECENT TRENDS: DECLINING COSTS ARE
assets...We expect centralised power generation EXPANDING CUSTOMER OPTIONS
(coal, gas, nuclear and lignite plants) to be the
first to feel the effects.” Customer adoption of distributed solar and storage
• “We see winners (i.e., regulated utilities who will technologies has been growing, while costs for
earn a fair return on what they spend including those technologies have been declining steeply. For
transmission and distribution wires related example, residential rooftop solar’s installed cost
expenditures, which will increase as more per watt fell from $8.2 in 2009 to ~$4.5 through the
renewables are built) and losers (i.e., certain first half of 2014, a 45% decline.11 Meanwhile, U.S.
unregulated/hybrid utilities whose outlook is installed solar PV capacity (MW/year) grew 1,066%
predicated primarily on the economic dispatch over that same period, including 1,350% among
of power generating assets).” residential solar.12,13 Battery energy storage, including
the lithium-ion chemistries focused on in this report,
is on a similar trajectory,14,15,16 though less mature than
those of the solar industry. Batteries are on the cusp
of accelerating cost declines driven by: 1) electric
vehicle and consumer electronics adoption,17,18 and
2) a growing storage market addressing demand
charge reductions and California’s energy
storage mandate.
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FIGURE 13: FIGURE 15:

SOLAR PV U.S. ANNUAL INSTALLED CAPACITY HISTORICAL SOLAR PV INSTALLED COSTS
HISTORICAL AND NEAR-TERM FORECAST HISTORICAL SOLAR PV INSTALLED COSTS
Residential (≤10 kW) Commercial (10-100 kW)
SOLAR PV U.S. ANNUAL INSTALLED CAPACITY $14
Historical and near-term forecast
12 $12
10
$10
Thousands of MW/yr
8
$8
2012$/W
6
$6
4
$4
2
0 $2
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
$0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

U.S. CUMULATIVE SALES OF PLUG-IN LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PACK PRICES: HISTORICAL
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PACK PRICES: HISTORICAL
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
BNEF Stationary Li-ion GTM Research
U.S. CUMULATIVE SALES OF PLUG-IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES EIA - EV-200 Li-ion BNEF Observed EV Battery Pack Price Index
Navigant Large Format Li-ion
Plug-in Electric Vehicle Battery Electric Vehicle (Cell costs converted to pack costs)
$2,500
300,000
275,000
250,000 $2,000
225,000
200,000
$1,500
Cumulative sales
2012$/kWh
175,000
150,000
125,000 $1,000
100,000
75,000
$500
50,000
25,000
0 $0
OCT
OCT
OCT
OCT
APR
APR
APR
APR
JULY
JULY
JULY
JULY
JAN
JAN
JAN
JAN
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

2011 2012 2013 2014
While these cost declines are important, actual In countries such as Germany—where customer-sited
customer adoption will depend on many additional renewables adoption is ahead of the U.S.—utilities
factors beyond pure economics,19 such as a) relative have seen their finances erode. Between 2008 and
hassle factor, b) available financing, c) valuing grid late 2013, European utilities lost a half-trillion euros off
services provided so that customers on one side their market cap.21 And major utilities E.ON and RWE
of the meter and utilities and grid operators on the have shed their financially-strained central thermal
other both see an expanded value proposition for power plant business units to focus on grid operation
such systems, d) customer demand for enhanced and integration of distributed renewables.22,23
resilience, reliability, and other quasi-externalities,
and e) future regulatory and rate structures that open, On the other hand, distributed energy resources such
close, or expand market participation for solar-plus- as rooftop solar and batteries can also have positive
battery systems and which either embrace customers financial impact on utilities. For example, New York
that install these technologies or drive them away. utility ConEd is looking at customer-sited DERs as
a cost-effective alternative to a $1 billion power
However, even low levels of adoption can have substation upgrade in its Brooklyn/Queens Demand
disruptive impacts on the financial health of utilities.20 Management effort.24
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01: INTRODUCTION
SECONDARY DRIVERS OFFER ADDITIONAL (e.g., compensation for services provided to the grid),
VALUE BEYOND CHEAPER KILOWATT- or both. With a recent influx of market participants,
HOURS ranging from startups to established industry titans,
and other companies declaring their intent to enter
There are a few places where customers are investing the solar-plus-battery market, mounting momentum
in these solar-plus-battery systems for their per kWh of players moving into this solution space suggests
energy charge savings alone, displacing pricier grid- that the market opportunity for solar-plus-battery
purchased electricity with cheaper power produced solutions has expanded, and will likely only continue
with on-site solar-plus-battery systems. Most notably, to do so as component costs decline.
Hawaii—where retail electricity prices are the highest
of any U.S. state—has seen a flurry of customers FIGURE 17:
investing in these systems. SECONDARY
SECONDARY CUSTOMER
CUSTOMER VALUES
VALUES BEYOND
BEYOND BASIC
BASIC ECONOMICS
ECONOMICS
But customers, utilities, and third-party developers
REDUCE DEMAND CHARGES
may find reasons beyond simple economic parity (COST)
to invest in solar-plus-battery systems, including ANCILLARY PROVISION

(REVENUE) JUSTIFICATION
PURE ECONOMIC COST
decreased carbon intensity, improved resilience,
EXTERNALITIES
mitigated or avoided impact of future potential rate (RESILENCE/
BACKUP POWER)
increases, ancillary services provision (e.g., frequency
and voltage regulation), deferral of distribution system
GRID
upgrades, reduction in peak power usage, and power

quality management (see Figure 17).
In places where these additional value streams are

sufficiently large and the market environment allows
them to be monetized, solar-plus-battery systems
can have net positive value today—even if their basic
levelized cost of energy is still more expensive than
retail electricity from the grid—and hence are making
market inroads among early adopters.25 For example,
storage systems are providing demand-charge
reduction in California, resilience in the Northeast,
and remote-infrastructure support in off-grid
applications (e.g., cell towers).a
In fact, several companies—including Sunverge,

Sunpower, and SolarCity/Tesla—are actively
commercializing solar-plus-battery technology
combinations with a variety of business models.26 a
See, for example, the Konterra solar-battery microgrid in Laurel,
Most such business models focus on using solar- MD, built by Solar Grid Storage with a 402 kW solar PV array
sized to meet 20% of annual need and grid-interactive battery
plus-battery systems to either decrease customer energy storage earning revenue from ancillary services in the PJM
costs (e.g., cheaper per-kWh price for generation, market. In San Francisco, Stem and CODA deployed distributed
battery storage systems with energy optimization software for
lower demand charges) or increase customer revenue Intercontinental Hotels, helping reduce demand charges at facilities.
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01: INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 18:
GRID RELATIONSHIP SPECTRUM
On-grid/ Grid-tied/ Grid-tied/ Off-grid/

Conventional Solar Solar + Battery Solar + Battery
Customer Customer Customer Customer
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP WITH THE GRID

GRID DEPENDENT GRID INDEPENDENT
CUSTOMERS’ RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ABOUT THIS ANALYSIS: UNDERSTANDING

GRID IS EVOLVING THE EVOLUTION
It remains unlikely that large numbers of customers This report explores how grid-connected solar-plus-
would leap directly from grid connected to grid battery system configurations and economics would
defected. Instead, a far more likely—and thus evolve over time, and what magnitude of customers
potentially even more disruptive—scenario is and load that could represent. In particular, we sought
incremental customer investment in first solar-only to answer two core questions:
and then solar-plus-battery grid-connected systems. 1. Lowest-Cost Economics: When grid-connected
This would lead to increasing levels of load defection, customers have the option to source their
including among current grid-connected rooftop solar entire load either from a) the grid, b) a solar-
customers who “enhance” their solar PV with the plus-battery system, or c) some combination
addition of battery energy storage. of the grid, solar PV, and batteries, how does
that configuration change over time based on
With greater awareness of how this transition might lowest-cost economics for the customer? And
occur, customers will be in a better position to make how do the relative contributions of grid- and
decisions and investments that can lower their self-sourced electricity change over time in
electricity bills and improve the quality of their service. meeting customer load?
In addition, our analyses can provide insights for
entrepreneurs to grow businesses in new markets. 2. Implications: What are the potential implications
At the same time, we hope to provide guidance to for utilities, third-party solar and battery
providers, financiers/investors, customers, and
utilities and regulators who are 1) poised to send better
other electricity system stakeholders? And what
price signals to guide and motivate a more-efficient
opportunities might be found in grid-connected
evolution of the electric grid, 2) lead the creation of
solar-plus-battery systems?
new business models both for utilities and customers,
and 3) begin forging a new regulatory construct.
This analysis is evaluated from a customer-facing
economics perspective but also considers the
implications for utilities and regulators.
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ASSUMPTIONS
AND METHODOLOGY
02
ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODOLOGY
For parallelism and ease of comparison, we began We chose these locations because they cover a
this analysis with the same inputs and assumptions representative range of factors that influence solar-
as The Economics of Grid Defection, held constant plus-battery system economics and operation,
in most cases and updated where appropriate. A including annual solar resource potential, retail
complete list of modeling assumptions, inputs, and electricity prices, and quantity of currently installed
results can be found in appendices A–F. solar PV27 (see Table 1).
TIMELINE CUSTOMER CONSIDERATIONS: LOAD

PROFILES AND SYSTEM SIZE LIMITATIONS
We modeled present day (2014/15) through 2050 in
2012$, just beyond the 30-year cost recovery period Modeled Load Profiles
of rate-based utility investments that would be We modeled both commercial and residential median
made today. load profiles specific to the regional climate for each
of the five locations. For the commercial load profiles,
GEOGRAPHY we considered a generic ~43,000-square-foot,
4-story hotel. For the residential load profiles, we
Our analysis focused on five locations through the considered a ~2,500-square-foot detached single-
United States, considering both residential and family home.
commercial customers in each locale:
• Honolulu, Hawaii Solar-Plus-Battery System Size Limitations and
Configuration
• Los Angeles County, California
We allowed system size and configuration to vary as
• San Antonio, Texas economics dictated, making some modest constraints
• Louisville, Kentucky to account for the likely physical space limitations of
residential customers. We modeled three primary
• Westchester County, New York
system configurations: 1) grid only, 2) grid-plus-solar,
(within the New York City metropolitan area)
and 3) grid-plus-solar-plus-battery. In all cases,
system configuration (including size) and portion of
load served by that system (grid vs. solar) optimized
to find the lowest customer-facing cost.
TABLE 1: PROFILES OF GEOGRAPHIES
WESTCHESTER, NY LOUISVILLE, KY SAN ANTONIO, TX LOS ANGELES, CA HONOLULU, HI
INSOLATION
4.5 kWh 4.5 kWh 6 kWh 6 kWh 5.5 kWh
(kWh/m2/day)
2014 AVG RETAIL
$0.17–$0.23 $0.08–$0.09 $0.06–$0.10 $0.11–$0.18 $0.36–$0.42
PRICE ($/kWh)
INSTALLED PV
140 MW 3 MW 200 MW 1,900 MW 27 MW
BY STATE (MW)
MARKET
Restructured Regulated Restructured Restructured Regulated
STRUCTURE
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SOLAR-PLUS-BATTERY SYSTEM COSTS FIGURE 19:

SOLAR PV INSTALLED COSTS: FORECASTED
RESIDENTIAL
Our modeled forecasts for solar-plus-battery RESIDENTIAL SOLAR PV INSTALLED COSTS: FORECASTED
system costs used averaged projections from a BNEF
EPA - Renewables Energy Costs Database
Average Projection
NREL Strategic Energy Analysis Center
Black & Veatch
GTM/SEIA Report Prices
SolarCity Prices
Morgan Stanley Report Projections
Tracking the Sun VII Prices
(Data used in report analysis)
variety of datasets developed through a thorough $8.00
[dashed lines represent extrapolations]
literature review for solar PV28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35 and $7.00
batteries.36,37,38,39,40 Since capital costs are the $6.00
predominant component of customer-facing costs, we $5.00
2012$/Wdc-Installed
used National Renewable Energy Laboratory-derived41 $4.00
capital costs for both residential and commercial $3.00
systems. In general, forecasts in this report largely $2.00
reflect those previously used in The Economics of Grid $1.00
$0
Defection. However, in the time since that report’s
2050
2020
2025
2026
2040
2022
2028
2029
2030
2024
2045
2046
2023
2032
2035
2036
2048
2049
2038
2039
2042
2044
2034
2043
2033
2027
2047
2037
2011
2010
2015
2016
2012
2018
2019
2021
2014
2013
2031
2041
2017
release in February 2014, new price points for both
solar and storage have emerged that are proving less
expensive, and in the case of storage, substantially FIGURE 20:
so, than our averaged forecast.42 As an added INSTALLED PV COSTS: FORECASTED
COMMERCIAL
conservatism, we did not adjust our analysis based on COMMERCIAL INSTALLED PV COSTS WITH RMI PROJECTIONS
these data points. BNEF

EPA - Renewables Energy Costs Database
Average Projection (Data used in report analysis)
NREL Strategic Energy Analysis Center
Black & Veatch
[dashed lines represent extrapolations]

$7.00
$6.00
$5.00
2012$/Wdc-Installed
$4.00
$3.00
$2.00
$1.00
$0
2050
2020
2025
2026
2040
2022
2028
2029
2030
2045
2046
2024
2035
2036
2042
2048
2049
2023
2032
2038
2039
2044
2034
2043
2033
2027
2047
2037
2011
2010
2012
2015
2016
2018
2019
2021
2014
2013
2041
2031
2017
FIGURE 21:
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PACK PRICES:
HISTORICAL AND FORECASTED
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY PACK PRICES: HISTORICAL AND FORECASTED
BNEF Stationary Li-ion Navigant Large Format Li-ion (Cell costs converted to pack costs) Morgan Stanley Report Tesla Battery Pack Price
EIA - EV-200 Li-ion Average Projection (Data used in report analysis) Boston Consulting Group (High end)
BNEF Observed EV Battery GTM Research Boston Consulting Group (Low end)
Pack Price Index
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
2012$/kWh
$1,000
$500
$0
2020
2050
2026
2040
2022
2028
2030
2046
2024
2036
2042
2032
2038
2048
2044
2034
2010
2016
2012
2018
2014
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RETAIL GRID ELECTRICITY PRICES
We projected utility retail electricity prices assuming no

change to current pricing models and rate structures.b
We used an annual price increase of 3%-real (i.e.,
inflation adjusted) based on recent price trends from
U.S. Energy Information Administration data. During
the period 2004–2012, commercial and residential
retail real prices annually rose an average 2.7% and
2.8%, respectively, for the geographies we studied (see
Figures 22 and 23).c With an aging grid requiring up
to $2 trillion in investment through 203043 to maintain,
replace, and/or upgrade infrastructure, some regions
in the U.S. have more recently been seeing real retail
electricity price increases in excess of 3%.44,45 Until
such trends change, a national average 3%-real per
year price increase should represent a reasonable
estimate for our analysis.

AVERAGE RETAIL ELECTRIC PRICES AVERAGE RETAIL ELECTRIC PRICES
RESIDENTIAL - HISTORICAL AND 3% FORECAST FOR STUDY COMMERCIAL - HISTORICAL AND 3% FORECAST FOR STUDY
GEOGRAPHIES (NY, KY, TX, CA, HI) AVERAGE RETAIL
GEOGRAPHIES ELECTRIC
(NY, KY, PRICES: COMMERCIAL
TX, CA, HI)
HISTORICAL AND 3% FORECAST FOR STUDY GEOGRAPHIES
(NY, KY, TX, CA, HI)
Forecast Historical Forecast Historical

$0.24 $0.24
3% $0.22
$0.22
$0.20 $0.20
2.8% 3%
2012$/kWh
$0.18 $0.18
2012$/kWh
-0.4% 2.7%
$0.16 $0.16
-0.67%
$0.14 $0.14
$0.12 $0.12
$0.10 $0.10
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
b
Commonly, current rate structures are designed to support cost of service utility regulation. While several utilities and regulatory bodies across
the U.S. have begun to experiment with alternate rate structures and cost recovery models, these remain the exception and not the norm. In our
projections of future retail costs, we assumed there would be no changes to current rate structures or cost recovery models for utilities.
c
We are using the same data as in The Economics of Grid Defection to maintain continuity. As of late February 2015, updated EIA average
price by state provider data was released, which included 2013 data. Those updated numbers yield 2005–2013 growth rates of 2.2% and 2.6%
for the commercial and residential retail rates, respectively.
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RETAIL RATE STRUCTURES FIGURE 24:

RETAIL RATE STRUCTURES
RETAIL RATE STRUCTURES
When modeling the economics of grid-connected solar-
plus-battery systems relative to retail electricity from ENERGY
CHARGE
a utility, the retail rate structure is nearly as important
as the magnitude of the rate. Whether a customer
pays a pure volumetric price, has net energy metering,
time-of-use pricing, demand charges, fixed charges, RESIDENTIAL
or other rate structures has an enormous influence on

the economics. For our core analysis, we modeled the
rate structures that cover the overwhelming majority of
CUSTOMER
customers nationwide in each class: CHARGE DEMAND
CHARGE
• Residential customers: volumetric pricing ($/kWh)d
• Commercial customers: three-part pricing, which
COMMERCIAL
includes a volumetric component ($/kWh), a
monthly demand charge based on highest power ENERGY
load ($/kW), and a monthly fixed charge ($). CHARGE
ENERGY CHARGE
To develop geographic-specific prices for our kWh-based generation costs (e.g., fuel, wholesale electricity)
analysis, we referenced tariff sheets compiled by the
CUSTOMER CHARGE
Genability rates database,46 which we than escalated Flat, monthly charge covering fixed costs of servicing
customer regardless of use (e.g., billing, customer service)
at 3%-real annually (see Table 2).
DEMAND CHARGE
d
Residential fixed charges, which are a much smaller portion of the Costs of the generation, transmission, and distribution
customer’s total bill than in commercial rates, were not considered, capacity to serve peak demand
for simplicity.
TABLE 2: UTILITY RATES USED IN MODELING
2012 COMMERCIAL RATES
Escalation WESTCHESTER, NY LOUISVILLE,KY SAN ANTONIO, TX LOS ANGELES, CA HONOLULU, HI
Consumption Winter $0.06 $0.06

3% real $0.11 $0.04 $0.37
($/kWh) Summer $0.07 $0.08
Demand Winter $19.10 $12.49 $6.68

Actual Rate
3% real N/A $10.22

($/kW/month) Summer $24.14 $12.50 $23.39
Fixed Winter $110.29

3% real $201.83 $8.25 $123.31 $38.00
(monthly) Summer $139.96
Winter Oct.–May Oct.–Apr. Oct.–May Oct.–May
Timeline N/A
Summer Jun.–Sep. May–Sep. Jun.–Sep. Jun.–Sep.
2012 RESIDENTIAL RATES

Volumetric 3% real $0.21 $0.09 $0.09 $0.17 $0.34
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EXCESS ELECTRICITY our baseline analysis. Traditional regulatory and utility

business model paradigms have involved the one-way
Behind-the-meter systems flow of electrons across the meter from the grid to the
The rate structures we used in our analysis did not customer. In that paradigm, DERs, when deployed,
value the grid services that batteries could provide, are about behind-the-meter value that accrues to the
such as contingency reserves and voltage and customer (e.g., self-consuming solar PV, batteries for
frequency regulation, which would further improve backup power and demand charge reductions). Net
their economics. Nor did we value any export—not energy metering represents just one of several newer
even avoided fuel costs. All solar-only and solar- policies (e.g., value-of-solar tariffs, feed-in tariffs,
plus-battery systems were modeled as largely avoided fuel cost compensation) that compensate
self-consuming with no export compensation (i.e., two-way flow of electrons across the meter.
optimized for behind-the-meter operation). This
analysis focuses on customer cost (i.e., levelized cost Thus although export compensation via bill credits or
equivalent for electric services) and not potential direct payments is today present in most geographies
revenue to the customer. and would improve the economics presented here,
we assumed no bill credit or direct compensation
Net Metering Treatment for exports as a conservatism to understand the
Under net energy metering (NEM), customers receive economic implications in the most extreme case.
credit at the retail rate for energy exported to the grid. However, we do treat net metering as a special case
Although NEM is a prevalent policy found in most U.S. later in the report.
states, we considered it inappropriate to include in
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MODELING SOFTWARE We also did not consider several variables that could
meaningfully worsen the customer-facing economics
We used the HOMER® hybrid optimization modeling presented in our analysis:
software to find the lowest-cost electric system to • Opportunity costs: We do not account for any
meet electrical demand, ranking simulated systems by penalty a customer might place on solar-plus-
net present cost (NPC), which accounts for all of the storage as a result of locking in an energy
discounted operating costs over the system’s lifetime. source for a period of years.
We used the HOMER model to determine the levelized
• Changes to rate structures or decreases in
cost of energy (LCOE), solar-plus-battery component
overall utility cost structure: We extrapolate
sizes, and grid needs for each location.
current pricing and overall bill increases for
customers. Fundamental changes to pricing or
EXTERNALITIES
breakthroughs that reverse current utility cost
trends would weaken the investment thesis
We did not consider several variables that could
for solar-plus-battery systems. For example,
meaningfully improve the customer-facing economics
the addition of fixed charges for residential
presented in our analysis:
customers—as some utilities have proposed—
• Incentives: We did not consider state-level would retard the economics substantially in the
incentives or the extension of federal incentives near term, but might hasten defection in the
beyond their current expiration date. longer term.
• Export compensation or alternate use of
excess generation: We did not assign any
value to excess electricity production, although
most locations currently have some form of
compensation for electricity exported to the
grid. Additionally, use of excess generation
for water heating or other thermal applications
could improve the system economics, but were
also not considered.
• Accelerated technology cost declines, lower
interest rates, or integrated investments in
efficiency and flexibility: Any of these factors
could improve the economics of these systems.e
• Secondary values: We assigned no value to
attributes of solar-plus-battery systems beyond
direct bill savings (e.g., the potential value of
reliability, ancillary services, or carbon reduction).
e
In our earlier report, we ran alternative scenarios to understand
the effect of these factors and saw dramatic acceleration of parity
for grid defection. We would expect a similar effect for this analysis.
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Our analysis yields several striking findings that will
FIGURE 25:
have important implications for regulators, utilities, DER ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
developers, and customers. In general, grid-connected RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
self-consuming solar will become economic for nearly Grid Only Grid + PV Grid + PV + Battery
Westchester, NY
all customers imminently, with grid-connected solar-
Louisville, KY
plus-battery systems following soon after, much San Antonio, TX
faster than the off-grid solar-plus-battery systems we Los Angeles, CA
modeled in The Economics of Grid Defection. These Honolulu, HI
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grid-connected systems will eventually cover the vast
majority of customer load. This load defection will
essentially relegate the grid to a backup-power-only FIGURE 26:
role for customers that adopt these systems. ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
COMMERCIAL
COMMERCIAL
In greater detail, our key findings are:

Westchester, NY
Solar-plus-Battery Systems Rapidly Become Louisville, KY
San Antonio, TX
Cost Effective Los Angeles, CA
Distributed solar first and then solar-plus-battery Honolulu, HI 2014
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systems covering only a portion of a customer’s load
will have compelling economics without the support
of incentives or feed-in compensation in many In places like Honolulu, Hawaii, Los Angeles,
important markets within 15 years. California, and Westchester, New York, these
systems are economic today. As grid retail prices
The economically optimal system configuration increase further and distributed storage costs drop,
evolves over time, from grid only in the near term, new customers will find solar-plus-battery system
to grid-plus-solar, to grid-plus-solar-plus-batteries configurations most economic in these three major
in the longer term. While many customers in many markets within 12 years. Compared to the date of
geographies already have economic solar with net economic parity for the off-grid solar-plus-battery
energy metering, we found that smaller (e.g., 1–2 systems we modeled in The Economics of Grid
kW for residential customers), non-exporting solar Defection, the grid-connected systems of this analysis
PV systems that do not rely on net energy metering become economic for customers much sooner, with
will become economic for all customers in all substantial utility load loss well within the economic
geographies we studied within the next decade. life and cost recovery period for major assets.
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A GEOGRAPHY IN DETAIL: WESTCHESTER COUNTY, NY
For commercial and residential customers in Westchester County, NY, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) equivalent for grid-
supplied electricity starts today at $0.19 and $0.21, respectively, escalating at our forecasted 3%-real in the years ahead. Within
just a handful of years, small, non-exporting solar PV becomes economic to serve a portion of load as retail grid electricity prices
continue to rise. By 2030, it makes even more compelling economic sense for customers to invest in grid-connected solar-plus-
battery systems, which significantly reduce a customer’s LCOE costs relative to grid-only electricity.

ELECTRICITY COST OF SUPPLY ELECTRICITY COST OF SUPPLY
RESIDENTIAL - WESTCHESTER, NY COMMERCIAL - WESTCHESTER, NY
PEAK PRICES: RESIDENTIAL PEAK PRICES: COMMERCIAL
WESTCHESTER, NY: WESTCHESTER, NY:
Grid Only (Retail Rate @ 3% Escalation) Grid + PV Grid + PV + Battery Grid Only (Retail Rate @ 3% Escalation) Grid + PV Grid + PV + Battery
$0.70 $0.50
$0.60 $0.45
LCOE 2012$/kWh
LCOE 2012$/kWh
$0.50 $0.40
$0.40 PV Only PV+Battery $0.35

2014 2024 PV+Battery
$0.30 $0.30
PV Only 2026
$0.20 $0.25
2016
$0.10 $0.20
$0 $0.15
2050
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Solar PV Supplants the Grid Supplying the Majority This evolution suggests that there is no “new normal,”
of Customers’ Electricity either for the grid or for solar-plus-battery systems.
The relative costs and benefits of grid-connected Solar and solar-plus-battery solutions—including their
solar-plus-battery systems suggest that significant customer-sited deployment and grid integration—
load defection from the grid to these solar-plus- will need to be adaptive. The economically optimal
battery systems will be preferable before complete solar-plus-battery system configuration, size, and
customer defection is economic. load served will change over time, suggesting shifting
patterns of customer and third-party investment.
Our analysis shows that the relative contributions of Meanwhile, customers who previously invested in
the grid and a customer’s solar and solar-plus-battery one system configuration at an earlier date may
systems to meet customer load evolves over time. similarly consider subsequent further incremental
Initially the grid supplies a majority of a customer’s investment, such as to expand a solar PV array and/or
electricity needs. Over time as retail electricity prices add supplemental battery energy storage.
from the grid increase and solar and battery costs
decrease, customers logically reduce their grid
purchases until the grid takes a backup-only role.
Meanwhile, solar-plus-battery systems eventually
provide the majority of customers’ electricity. For
example, in places such as NY, CA, and TX, our
analysis shows the grid optimally supplying 80–100%
of residential and commercial customers’ load today
but just 3–25% by around 2040. Reciprocally, solar
PV grows from supplying little to no customer load to
supplying a substantial majority to nearly all customer
load over that same time period.
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FIGURE ES3: ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL GENERATION MIX
RESIDENTIAL FIGURE ES4: ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL GENERATION MIX
COMMERCIAL
Grid Purchases PV Contribution to Load Grid Purchases PV Contribution to Load
WESTCHESTER, NY
WESTCHESTER, NY
100% 100%
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
100% 100%
LOUISVILLE, KY
LOUISVILLE, KY
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
100% 100%
SAN ANTONIO, TX
SAN ANTONIO, TX
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
100% 100%
LOS ANGELES, CA
LOS ANGELES, CA
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
100% 100%
HONOLULU, HI
HONOLULU, HI
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0% 0%
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A GEOGRAPHY IN DETAIL: WESCHESTER COUNTY, NY
For commercial and residential customers in Westchester County, NY, grid purchases dramatically decrease within 10–15 years (by
2025–2030) from a majority to a minority of customer load, and eventually decline to ~ 3% and 20%, respectively, by about 2040.

ECONOMICALLY
RESIDENTIAL OPTIMAL GENERATION
- WESTCHESTER., NYMIX: RESIDENTIAL ECONOMICALLY OPTIMAL
COMMERCIAL- GENERATIONNY
WESTCHESTER., MIX: COMMERCIAL
WESTCHESTER., NY WESTCHESTER., NY
Grid Purchases (kWh/yr) PV Production (kWh/yr) Grid Purchases (kWh/yr) PV Production (kWh/yr)
100% 100%
90% 90%
80% 80%
70% 70%
60% 60%
50% 50%
40% 40%
30% 30%
20% 20%
10% 10%
0% 0%
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Peak Price for Individual Customers in Westchester County, NY, the average monthly
The adoption of grid-connected solar-plus-battery electricity bill would reach $357 by 2030 and $645
systems will lead to lower and more stable prices for by 2050 for grid electricity based on forecasts,
customers. while peak price through adding a solar-plus-battery
system would be just $268 per month by 2030,
Regardless of how high retail electric prices climb leveling off around $317 per month by 2050. The
in the future, investing in combinations of solar and specific price cap differs slightly by geography, but all
batteries will enable individual customers to contain geographies exhibited this same trend.
costs for electric service. The lowest-cost option Importantly, though, this “peak price” finding holds
for electric service can effectively cap customers’ only for electric service for individual customers
electricity costs for all scenarios we analyzed— who invest in solar and solar-plus-battery systems.
about $0.10–$0.30 for commercial customers and System-wide, grid-facing costs such as T&D
$0.20–$0.35 for residential customers across the maintenance and central generation, as well as costs
geographies—locking in pricing for a portion or all of for grid-dependent customers who can’t or don’t
their load and shielding them from future changes in invest in solar-plus-battery systems, are important
rates. For example, for a median residential customer related issues beyond the scope of this analysis.
FIGURE 33:
PEAK PRICE
FIGURE ES11: PEAK PRICE
Grid Only (Retail Rate @ 3% Escalation) Grid + PV Grid + PV + Battery 2050 Residential Prices 2050 Commercial Prices
$0.60
$0.55
$0.50
Rising
$0.45 Grid Prices
$0.40
$0.35
2012$/kWh
NY: $0.32
$0.30
HI: $0.25 NY: $0.27
$0.25 CA: $0.23
KY: $0.22 KY: $0.21
$0.20
TX: $0.20 CA: $0.18
$0.15
Solar-Plus-Battery Systems TX: $0.12
$0.10 Insulate Customers HI: $0.10
$0.05
$0
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Potentially Large kWh Defection Could Undermine adoption following the optimal economics of our
Revenue for Grid Investment Under Current Rate analysis.f (It will be up to the reader to decide what
Structure and Business Models level of customer adoption is realistic. Our estimate
As grid-connected solar-plus-battery systems become represents an upper boundary to quantify the
economic for large numbers of customers, and as magnitude of the load defection at stake.)
those systems supply greater and greater portions
of customers’ load, the magnitude of potential load In the Northeast U.S. alone, as early as 2020—just five
defection from the grid is large, with significant potential short years away—customer load defection makes
impacts on revenue from energy sales and cost meaningful inroads to utility annual energy sales
recovery for major and necessary grid investments. (~10–20%). By 2030, load defection rises substantially
(to ~50–60%). And by 2050, maximum possible load
Between 2010 and 2030, the grid will require up defection reaches most of utility annual energy sales
to an estimated $2 trillion in investment, or about (~80–97%).
$100 billion per year.47 Those costs will need to be
f
We used 2012 utility sales data from the U.S. Energy Information
recovered through revenue from energy sales. If even Administration (EIA) to identify the total number of residential and
a small fraction of the electricity load supporting that commercial MWhs sold by utilities in the region, including the decile
investment and revenue goes away, it will likely have distribution (i.e., tenths) between the most expensive and least
expensive MWhs. We then compared customers’ lowest-cost option
a large impact. To examine a more comprehensive for grid-connected solar and solar-plus-battery systems to the
cross-section of customer economics and the range of utility retail per-kWh prices to determine what percentage
of customers would be “in the money” with DERs throughout the
magnitude of possible load defection, we looked region. Lastly, we multiplied the MWhs of customers who’d be in the
at the Northeast U.S. more broadly (i.e., PA, NJ, NY, money by the optimal portion of load served by solar and solar-
CT, MA, and RI) to see the maximum possible load plus-battery systems and the per-MWh cost for those deciles. This
yielded, in MWh and 2012$, the maximum possible load defection
defection the grid could see based on customer the grid could see based on the economics of our analysis.
TABLE 3:
POTENTIAL MAGNITUDE OF UTILITY LOAD DEFECTION
% kWh 2012$ % kWh 2012$
MWh # Customers MWh # Customers
Sales (Annual) Sales (Annual)
2020 3.5 million 10% 1.9 million $684 million 2020 9 million 20% 500,000+ $1.6 billion
2030 58 million 50% 9.6 million $15.4 billion 2030 83 million 60% 1.9 million $19.4 billion
2050 139 million 80% 20.7 million $65.8 billion 2050 186 million 97% 2.9 million $78.4 billion
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NORTHEAST LOWEST-COST OPTION VS. NORTHEAST LOWEST-COST OPTION VS.
GRID PRICE RANGE GRID PRICE RANGE
RESIDENTIAL
NORTHEAST RESIDENTIAL LOWEST-COST OPTION VS. GRID PRICE RANGE COMMERCIAL
NORTHEAST COMMERCIAL LOWEST-COST OPTION VS. GRID PRICE RANGE
Retail Electric Price Range Lowest-Cost Solar + Battery Option Retail Electric Price Range Lowest-Cost Solar + Battery Option
$0.80 $0.80
Price of Electricity (2012$/kWh)
Price of Electricity (2012$/kWh)

$0.70 $0.70
$0.60 $0.60
$0.50 $0.50
$0.40 $0.40
$0.30 $0.30
$0.20 $0.20
$0.10 $0.10
$0.00 $0.00
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NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
FIGURE ES5: NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION FIGURE ES6: NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
Traditional Grid Customers Potential Load Defection Traditional Grid Customers Potential Load Defection
100% 100%
80% 80%
60% 60%
40% 40%
20% 20%
0 0
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NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
RESIDENTIAL FIGURE ES8: NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION
COMMERCIAL
FIGURE ES7: NORTHEAST POTENTIAL LOAD DEFECTION COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL
200 80

180 70 180
70
160 160
60 60
140 140
50 50
120 120
100 40 100 40
80 30 80
30
60 60
20 20
40 40
10 20 10
20
0 0 0 0
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Initially, grid-connected solar and solar-plus-battery systems are “in the money” compared to the more-expensive grid MWh throughout the
Northeast region. But over time, grid-connected solar-plus-battery systems become more cost effective than even the cheapest grid prices
across the region. As more and more customers find grid-connected solar-plus-battery systems their most economic option, potential customer
adoption based on optimal economics encompasses all customers. As those customers’ systems supply greater and greater portions of their
load, the defection—in MWh and 2012$—grows substantially.
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Eliminating Net Metering Only Delays kWh Loss; • Net energy metering removes almost all
Fixed Charges Don’t ‘Fix’ the Problem incentive to add a battery to a solar system.
Net energy metering is a contentious yet prevalent For both commercial and residential customers,
policy that has successfully supported distributed when NEM was available, adding a battery to
solar PV’s growth in the U.S. The debate about its the system was never the most economical
future is one of the most politically and emotionally option for the customer. Customers might
charged topics in the electricity industry today. We still choose to invest in a battery if secondary
found ourselves in the middle of a similar debate— values such as resilience (i.e., backup power)
to model the economics of grid-connected solar are important, or if they are charged a capacity-
and solar-plus-battery systems with or without net based fee for grid usage.
metering. Finding convincing reasons for each case, • Systems with and without NEM use the grid
we decided to study both. very differently. Though net-metered systems
almost immediately decline to zero net grid
Importantly, valuation for excess solar generation is purchases, gross grid purchases remain. Net-
not a binary option. “With net metering” and “without metered solar-only systems effectively use
net metering” are only two options along a spectrum the grid daily like a battery, exporting surplus
of valuation techniques we can offer customers with generation during day and buying back electricity
distributed generation. But for the purpose of this at night when solar PV isn’t producing. On
research, these two options presented the most the other hand, for self-consuming solar and
practical bookends to define the realm of possibilities. solar-plus-battery systems, net and gross grid
purchases are the same by definition and decline
In modeling grid-connected solar-plus-battery systems significantly. With the grid serving an infrequent
with and without net energy metering, we found but important backup role for these systems,
notable differences in gross and net grid purchases, important questions remain about implications for
system configurations, and total system electricity needed grid capacity and other considerations.
production. The results for commercial and residential
systems were very similar for all geographies. Though we didn’t specifically model other scenarios,
our quantitative findings with NEM are useful for
Our examination of Westchester County, NY, is qualitatively considering other possibilities, such
illustrative. We found: as recent proposals to introduce more significant
• Load defection happens almost immediately residential fixed charges to utility customers’ bills.
and entirely for customers with net energy Similar to our “with” and “without” NEM scenarios,
metering. Customers today in areas that allow residential fixed charges would likely alter (i.e., delay)
net metering typically purchase or lease a solar the economics for grid-connected solar and solar-plus-
PV system that meets 100% of their total load. battery systems, but likely wouldn’t alter the ultimate
While net grid purchases also decline for non- load defection outcome. Customers might instead
exporting customers, the decline is far more wait until economics and other factors reach a tipping
gradual. However, the ultimate outcome is point threshold and more dramatically “jump” from grid
similar with substantial load defection—non- dependence to off-grid solar-plus-battery systems that
exporting commercial customers’ grid purchases offer better economics for electric service.
shrink to near zero eventually; residential
g
For example, a 6 kW system is enough to meet 100% of a typical
customers’ grid purchase decline is not as
3-bedroom home in Denver, CO, right in the middle of the typical
severe, but still tapers to only ~20% of load.g installed range (Tracking the Sun VII).
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Regardless, these considerations highlight the and on the likely economics and timing of customer
importance of rate structures—both on our analysis behavior, including DER adoption.
FIGURE 40:
NET GRID PURCHASES WITH AND WITHOUT NET METERING
RESIDENTIAL
NET GRID PURCHASES WITH AND WITHOUT NET METERING: RESIDENTIAL
Without Net Metering With Net Metering (Gross Purchases) With Net Metering (Net Purchases)
11,000
10,000
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
-1,000
-2,000
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FIGURE 41:
NET GRID PURCHASES WITH AND WITHOUT NET METERING
NET
COMMERCIAL GRID PURCHASES WITH AND WITHOUT NET METERING: COMMERCIAL
Without Net Metering With Net Metering (Gross Purchases) With Net Metering (Net Purchases)
600,000
550,000
500,000
450,000
400,000
350,000
300,000
250,000
200,000
150,000
50,000
0
-50,000
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THE INFLUENCE OF RATE STRUCTURES ON SOLAR-PLUS-BATTERY SYSTEM ECONOMICS
While future rate structures might look different from those we see today, we can test the potential impact of different types of rates
on the economics of solar-plus-battery systems. We considered two variations on today’s three-part commercial rate by shifting it
to one of two extremes while keeping total utility revenue equal in all variations.
1. Fixed rate: a customer pays the same monthly fee for grid connection and grid power regardless of use of electricity
(i.e., there are no demand or volumetric usage fees).
2. Volumetric rate: a customer pays only for kWhs used, regardless of pattern of use (i.e., there are no demand or fixed fees).
TABLE 4:
INFLUENCE OF RATE STRUCTURE ON SOLAR-PLUS-BATTERY ECONOMICS
FIXED CURRENT VOLUMETRIC
Structure of Single fee for use three-part rate Priced per consumption
potential rate ($/month) ($/kWh, $/kW, $/month) ($/kWh)
Timing of parity
Up to 15 years later
for grid-connected The Economics of Load Defection
(coincident with timeline for Up to 7 years earlier
solar-plus-storage Reference Case
grid defection)
systems
Defer DER investment until Investment in successively larger

Likely customer Invest to reduce both demand
off-grid parity point, and then systems to continually lower
behavior charges and total energy purchases
defect electric cost
Balanced investment between

A completely off-grid system Solar-focused system to reduce
distributed generation and load-
System profile oversized to meet full grid purchases; no investment in
shaping (through batteries) to reduce
customer load improvements to load shape
demand charges
Thus, rate structures can dramatically impact the timing by which solar-plus-battery systems become economic, the optimal con-
figuration of those systems, and how such systems are used in concert with (or in the absence of) the grid.
• A fixed rate has the benefit of stable revenues, but can push customers to defect from the grid without any intermediate
steps when rates become more expensive than solar-plus-battery systems.
• A volumetric rate encourages customers to invest in efficiency and distributed generation, but can lead to unpredictable
or peaky use of grid resources.
While here we only looked at the potential impact of two shifts within the conventional three-part commercial rate structure, a much
wider variety of rate structures will in practice influence customer behavior. It will be important to try to link this customer behavior
back to its potential impact on system-level costs.
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IMPLICATIONS
AND CONCLUSION
04
IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION
BEYOND CUSTOMER SAVINGS: HOW A FORK IN THE ROAD FOR THE
GRID-CONNECTED SYSTEMS CAN ELECTRICITY SYSTEM
BENEFIT THE GRID
The electricity system is at a metaphorical fork in the
There will always be specific applications where road, where the deployment of solar-plus-battery
foregoing a grid connection will make sense (e.g., systems—including their configuration, operation,
remote communities or industrial operations), in and value to the grid and customers—will be greatly
most instances, building completely off-grid solar- affected by utility and regulatory action (or inaction).
plus-battery systems will leave excess capital on More and more of the country will see grid parity for
both sides of the meter. Off-grid systems need to be solar PV systems, even without export compensation
oversized to guarantee stand-alone reliable service, such as net metering. Geographies where PV is
while utilities’ load loss from customer defection already at grid parity will begin to see grid parity
leaves central thermal generation capacity with for solar-plus-battery systems that will allow large
smaller remaining load to serve. Similarly, failing amounts of load to self-provide.
to accurately represent the value of distributed
resources can lead to excess and inefficient Decisions made in the short-term can set markets
investment on both sides of the meter. down extremely different paths articulated in Figure
42. Solar PV and batteries will have value along both
And although our findings show that utilities’ load loss paths and figure centrally in any future electricity grid,
to grid-connected solar-plus-battery systems could but their role and the nature of that future grid will
be very large, customer adoption of these systems vary depending on choices made today that establish
also presents a number of opportunities. Unlike the trajectories with vastly different outcomes.
off-grid systems we modeled in The Economics of
Grid Defection, where customers left the grid entirely, Down one path are pricing structures, business
the grid-connected customers of this analysis models, and regulatory environments that favor
crucially do maintain their grid connection assuming non-exporting solar and solar-plus-battery systems.
that potential fixed charges and other changes to When economic and other conditions reach the right
retail electricity price rate structures don’t become tipping point, this trajectory favors true grid defection.
so onerous as to encourage customer grid defection. In the meantime, an upward price spiral based on
This means that although they could represent stranded assets serving a diminishing load will make
significant load loss, customers’ grid-connected solar-plus-battery adoption increasingly attractive
solar-plus-battery systems can potentially provide for customers who can and lead to untenably high
benefits, services, and values not just to individual pricing for customers who remain on the grid,
customers but also back to the grid and society, including low- and fixed-income customers who
especially if those value flows are monetized with would bear a disproportionate burden of escalated
new rate structures, business models, and regulatory retail electricity pricing. In this future customer-
frameworks. side resources are likely overbuilt and existing and
planned grid assets are underutilized, leaving excess
capital on both sides of the meter.
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04: IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION
Down another path are pricing structures, business assets, with investments made in a way that supports
models, and regulatory environments in which the grid, providing an alternative to central generation
distributed energy resources such as solar PV and and creating value in the distribution system through
batteries—and their inherent benefits and costs—are peak load management, ancillary services, congestion
appropriately valued as part of an integrated grid. relief, and other services that support a more-
Solar PV and batteries can potentially lower system- connected, lower-cost electricity system.
wide costs while contributing to the foundation
of a reliable, resilient, affordable, low-carbon grid These two pathways are not set in stone, and there
of the future in which customers are empowered is some room to navigate within their boundaries. But
with choice. In this future, grid and customer-side decisions made today will set us on a trajectory from
resources work together as part of an integrated grid which it will be more difficult to course correct in
with more-efficient deployment of capital and physical the future.
FIGURE 42:
POSSIBLE TRAJECTORIES FOR ELECTRICITY GRID EVOLUTION
FIGURE ES12: POSSIBLE TRAJECTORIES FOR ELECTRICITY GRID EVOLUTION
PATH 1 INTEGRATED
GRID
One path leads to grid-optimized smart solar, T
ATE
EGR ID
D
ING I N GR
transactive solar-plus-battery systems, and ultimately, PRICSED
TE-BA
an integrated, optimized grid in which customer-sited RIBU
• ATT DE
SPO T S WEN
DERs such as solar PV and batteries contribute value L HOT RGIE
T IONA M R T • ENE
CA D A
and services alongside traditional grid assets. • LO d BQ N SM
CING ConE E THA
U PRI WE • MOR
oS T ) • TO
• E.O N •R EV • CA
• NY R
T, V
EM,Fi • NRG ION
MP. (N ULAT
RT CO
• EXPO ASE D REG
-B
Pricing & Rate Reform ANCE
FORM
• PER Solar PV and batteries play an important role in
New Business Models the future electricity grid, but decisions made
today will encourage vastly different outcomes.
New Regulatory Models
• NO
• CEN EXPO
TRAL RT PR
GENE ICING
• COS RATIO • FIXE
T-OF- N • VE D CH
SERV RTICA ARGE
PATH 2 GRID
ICE R LLY IN S
EG U L TEGR
ATIO ATED
N •S UTILIT
DEFECTION TRAN
DED
ASSE
IES
TS
Another path favors non-exporting solar PV,
behind-the-meter solar-plus-battery systems, and ultimately, DEF GRID
actual grid defection resulting in an overbuilt system with excess ECT
ION
sunk capital and stranded assets on both sides of the meter.
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THREE CATEGORIES OF ACTION electrons, services, and value across the meter).
Creating a sustainable long-term DER market—
The electricity industry needs to act on three fronts: considering the near and present opportunity of
• Evolved pricing and rate structures: Today’s solar PV and batteries but inclusive of a much
broader suite of DER technologies—will require
rate structures are overly simplistic for the 21st
aligning the interests of utilities, DER companies,
century needs of the grid. Broadly, pricing needs
technology providers, and customers. Aligning
to evolve in three critical ways:
those interests requires that the value of DERs
• Locational, allowing some form of congestion be acknowledged and shared from both sides of
pricing or incentives, as is done in some city the meter.
centers and elsewhere
• New regulatory models: Regulatory reform
• Temporal, allowing for continued evolution of will be necessary for the electricity system
time-of-use pricing and real-time pricing to effectively incorporate new customer-
• Attribute-based, breaking apart energy, sited technologies like solar and batteries as
capacity, ancillary services, and other service resources into the grid. Three critical outputs
components of these reforms are required to sensibly guide
• New business models: Current business the adoption of solar-plus-battery systems in
particular and DERs in general: 1) maintain and
models need to evolve from the old paradigm
enhance fair and equal customer access to
of centralized generation and the unidirectional
DERs, 2) recognize, quantify, and appropriately
use of the grid (i.e., one-way electron flow from
monetize both the benefits and costs that DERs
generators to consumers) to the emerging reality
such as solar PV and batteries can create, and
of cost-competitive DERs such as solar PV and
3) preserve equitable treatment of all customers,
batteries (i.e., grid-connected customers with
including those that do not invest in DERs and
behind-the-meter DERs and a two-way flow of
remain solely grid dependent.
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BUSINESS MODELS FOR THE SOLAR-PLUS-BATTERY FUTURE
Grid-connected, net-metered solar dominates current Utility-Coordinated, Customer-Sited Systems

DER business models. The customer makes decisions on At the intersection of new rate structures and new business
placement, size, and use, a third-party provide performs models lies the opportunity for utilities to play an expanded
installation (and frequently maintenance) and provides control and coordination role for customers with solar-plus-
financing, and the host utility performs interconnection and battery systems. Different from battery-ready solar, in this
provides export compensation. As DER technologies improve, model, utilities will more directly control the inverters, charge
costs decline, and customers increasingly seek distributed controllers, and other components in a customer-sited system.
energy resources to meet their local energy needs, current Further, iterations of this model exist where the utility could
business models will need to evolve. The pace and direction of actually own and rate base the battery and/or the controls
that evolution will depend on changes in pricing mechanisms components in the customer-sited system as well.
and regulatory constructs. Several business models we believe
are valuable today or will be valuable in the future include: Utilities as Finance Providers
Where utilities and grid operators are ready to manage and
Grid-Optimized Smart Solar
leverage higher penetrations of solar-plus-battery systems
(e.g., smart inverter-enabled, islandable solar)
on their distribution systems, these actors can stimulate their
The majority of distributed solar PV installed today utilizes broader adoption by acting as DER financiers. In this model,
older, less-sophisticated inverters giving the system owners utilities leverage their comparatively larger balance sheets,
“dumb” solar, and at points, creating distribution system lower costs of capital, ability to purchase and negotiate at
performance challenges for grid operators. Project developers scale, and established relationship with end-use customers
can, and should, more readily offer customers grid-optimized to connect customers with financing solutions and system
smart solar that includes smart inverters with the capability installers. This would most likely manifest itself in on-bill
for islanding, improved voltage ride through, and power financing options for customers to install solar-plus-battery
quality management (e.g., reactive power support, etc.). Grid systems, and a matchmaking service with pre-qualified local
operators and utilities who stand to benefit from these more installers. This model presents opportunities especially for
sophisticated systems through improved distribution system customers who are not able to secure affordable financing
operability could help project developers accommodate through the private sector.
the premium of the controls components with reduced and
expedited interconnection fees and processes. Similarly, Distributed Systems Coordinator
grid operators and utilities can send new price signals and (e.g., Aggregators or Virtual Utilities)*
more transparently share data with customers and third-party
Where total energy services offer to coordinate many different
providers, such as to encourage solar PV panel orientation
distributed energy resources at one location for a single
that more fully takes into account not only an individual
customer, a distributed system coordinator (DSC) would offer
customer’s load profile but also distribution circuit/feeder and
to coordinate similar systems (e.g., smart solar, distributed
macrogrid peaks both by timing and locational congestion.
batteries, or electric vehicles) across many customers. As
coordinator, the DSC could leverage the larger capacity
Total Energy Service (a.k.a. Behind-the-Meter Optimization)*
and functionality of many systems to aggregate them, and
As the portfolio of distributed energy resources available bid them into local markets to earn revenue from sales of
to customers grows in number, volume, diversity, and energy, capacity, or other ancillary services. DSCs could
sophistication—including everything from on-site generation, incent customer participation in their aggregated system
to storage, to smarter appliances—customers will increasingly through discounts or coupons for initial investments, monthly
value service providers who can offer total energy solutions. participation dividends, or in-kind system warranties. This
A total energy service package, at its fullest, would include business model can be especially supportive of regulatory
energy assessments, efficiency improvements, actual DERs models like distribution system operator (DSO),48 distributed
(e.g., solar PV, smart appliances, batteries, controls, etc.), system platform (DSP),49 and transactive grid approaches.50
financing, monitoring, and management of the same. The
integrated combination of these assets would allow customers * = Model where utilities or third parties could act as the lead solution
new capabilities, such as responding dynamically to changes provider depending on the regulatory environment.
in pricing, adjusting consumption of on-site generation
to maximize or minimize export, participation in demand-
response markets, and other opportunities.
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MARKET PHASES OF OPPORTUNITY • Phase 3: An Opportunity to Coordinate

In phase 3, retail electric pricing has escalated
The time frame for making such decisions with long- enough and solar-plus-battery system costs
lasting implications for the future grid is relatively have declined enough that the latter becomes
short, and is shorter and more urgent for some economic to serve a customer’s entire load and
geographies than others. Three distinct market grid defection becomes a viable choice. Such
phases define the window’s time frame: compelling customer-facing economics make it
• Phase 1: An Opportunity to Experiment especially urgent for utilities and regulators to
adapt to this new market environment. In this
In phase 1, the grid alone offers customers the
phase, if utilities can identify where and how
cheapest option for electric service. Solar-plus-
grid-connected solar-plus-battery systems are of
battery systems come at a cost premium, so
the most value to the distribution and macrogrid
early adopters and technology providers will
systems, there is an opportunity to streamline
experiment with systems to leverage secondary
and efficiently manage the growing number of
values such as reliability/backup power and
interconnections. However, there is a risk that
environmental benefits that are not readily
if utilities make interconnection and transaction
available from traditional retail service. This
with the grid too onerous, customers will pursue
phase gives utilities and regulators the longest
complete grid defection.
runway to consider how to best capture the
opportunities of grid-connected solar-plus-
battery systems.
• Phase 2: An Opportunity to Integrate
In phase 2, solar-plus-battery systems become
economic relative to grid-supplied electricity.
With more favorable economics for greater
customer adoption, this is an ideal time for
systems to create and share value between
individual customers and the grid. As grid-
connected solar-plus-battery systems begin to
offer economic savings compared to traditional
retail electric service alone, it is in this place,
at this time, that rate structures and business
models can most dramatically affect the
configuration of a customer’s system to the sole
benefit of the customer or the shared benefit of
the grid.
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CONCLUSION
Regardless of how they are implemented, solar-plus-

battery systems will play an important role in the
electricity system of the future. For customers, they
promise lower and more stable pricing; secondary
values such as reliability; and a low-carbon alternative
to fossil-fueled power plants. However, without
a dramatic evolution of our electricity system
to accommodate them, they will play the role of
disruptor, with ever-increasing levels of load defection
and some portion of actual grid defection straining
incumbent electricity system generators and the
customers who depend solely on the grid for their
electric service. If, on the other hand, incumbent
electricity system players are able to quickly
recognize, and price, the values that solar-plus-battery
systems provide, then these systems can play a
very different role, by lowering costs for distribution
grid operators, providing values laterally to other
customers on the distribution grid, and reducing high
costs associated with peak load. But to make this
latter path a reality we will need pricing, business
model, and regulatory changes, all designed with the
goal of giving distributed solar-plus-storage systems a
chance to compete on a level playing field with other
resources on the grid. Given the fast-approaching and
rapidly improving economics of these technologies,
it is critical that these reforms happen quickly, prior to
investments or investment pressure for systems that
are designed primarily for load defection alone.
Sean Pavone/Shutterstock.com
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APPENDIX A
ADDITIONAL SOLAR-PLUS-
BATTERY SYSTEM COST
INFORMATION
APPENDIX A
ADDITIONAL SOLAR-PLUS-BATTERY SYSTEM COST INFORMATION
SOLAR PV BATTERIES
All solar PV costs were normalized to 2012 U.S. BNEF’s battery projections covered the period
dollars using the Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer 2012–2030. In order to perform our modeling
Price Index Inflation Calculator. Some data sources through 2050, we conservatively held the battery
had merged PV cost curves, combining residential price reduction percentage constant year-over-year
and commercial systems for average market costs. through 2050. Our final projection applied a 1.9%
In these combined market data cases, we utilized reduction to each year’s price, resulting in $99/kWh
market cost deltas from other references to create by 2050. To arrive at 1.9%, we considered multiple
data resolution for residential and commercial costs. best-fit curves, and selected a power-fit trend line
as the most conservative and realistic forward
The PV costs use total installed costs, and therefore projection of battery costs. We chose to use only the
include a grid-tied inverter. To separate PV costs 2021–2030 data for our 1.9% annual price reduction
from the inverter, we used the BNEF PV Market since this range presented a steady and much more
Outlook report as a reference because it included conservative outlook, compared to 2012–2020, which
disaggregated PV, including separate values for the varied by 4–15% each year.
PV module, inverter, and balance of systems.
With this data, we calculated the proportion of total

installed PV costs that came from the inverter alone.
The average, 8%, was used to separate the installed
curve into separate “PV without inverter” and
“inverter” values.
The inverter included in grid-connected PV systems is

a grid-tied inverter. A grid-tied inverter is not capable
of islanding or providing other off-grid capabilities.
In contrast, an off-grid inverter can operate without
a grid connection and includes a battery charging
system, additional control capabilities, and additional
hardwire and wiring (but not batteries). An off-grid
inverter is 25–30% more expensive than a grid-tied
inverter.h Using this as our basis, we applied a 25%
increase to the commercial inverter cost curve and a
30% increase to the residential inverter cost.
h
The 25–30% cost premium is based on confidential interviews with
major inverter suppliers.
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APPENDIX B
ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL
PERFORMANCE ASSUMPTIONS
APPENDIX B
ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL PERFORMANCE ASSUMPTIONS
This appendix includes a description of a number of

the detailed technical performance assumptions used
in the modeling.
PARAMETER VALUE DESCRIPTION SOURCE
The expected lifetime of the solar PV This is typical of the lifetime warranty
Solar panel lifetime 25 years
modules. that solar panel manufacturers offer
Actual installed performance as compared to
Performance de-rate 78% laboratory performance. 100% would match Professional experience
laboratory performance.
Represents a rough limit due to available PV
Net installed capacity array installation area. Actual limit will vary Assumed based on an available roof
20 kWp
limit (residential) based on roof orientation/tilt, area, and PV area of a typical home.
array efficiency.
Commercial space limits will vary substantially
Net installed capacity
None by business type and location, so were not Assumed
limit (commercial)
included.
Installed cost Varies by year See Appendix E: Financial Assumptions
Matched to The angle at which the PV panels are Standard industry practice is to set the
PV slope
latitude mounted relative to horizontal slope equal to latitude.
Table A1 – PV array technical assumptions
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APPENDIX B
Battery technical assumptions are many promising technologies that may exceed
A battery enables an off-grid system to store both the technical and economic performance of
energy and moderate power flows to maximize the these batteries, including advanced lead acid, other
operational efficiency of the system. A battery is a novel chemistries, or flow batteries. The authors do
critical component of most hybrid power systems. not take a position on which chemistry is superior,
but have consolidated professional experience with
The battery used in the model is intended to subject matter expert (SME) interviews and a literature
represent a generic battery with 1 kWh of capacity. review to develop the battery model used in the
However, due to its current promise as an efficient, analysis. It is clear that the storage technology of the
durable, shelf-stable battery with excellent power future will be low(er) cost, have high roundtrip storage
characteristics, lithium-ion (in particular LiFePO4) was efficiency, and have strong power performance
used as a basis for specification development. There relative to energy storage capabilities.
Author-imposed selection to make

Capacity 1 kWh The nominal storage capacity of the battery
analysis generic and transferable
Professional experience validated
The maximum lifetime of the battery,
Calendar life (float life) 15 years with anecdotal review of LiFePO4
regardless of use
specification sheets
3,750 cycles The total amount of energy that can be Professional experience validated
Lifetime throughput at 80% depth cycled through the battery before it needs with anecdotal review of LiFePO4
of discharge replacement specification sheets
The round trip DC-to-storage-to-DC efficiency
Roundtrip efficiency 90% Professional experience
of the battery bank
Minimum state of The relative state of charge below which the

20% Professional experience
charge battery bank is never drawn

Maximum charge The maximum power that can be used to
1 kW with anecdotal review of LiFePO4
power charge each battery
Maximum discharge The maximum power that each battery can
3 kW with anecdotal review of LiFePO4
power discharge
Review of literature validated with SME
Installed cost Varies by year See Appendix E: Financial Assumptions interviews (see main report for full
source list)
Table A2 – Battery technical assumptions
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APPENDIX B
Converter (inverter/rectifier) technical assumptions The inverter installed in typical grid-connected PV

A converter converts electricity from alternating systems is a grid-tie (aka grid-following) inverter.
current (AC) to direct current (DC) and vice-versa. A A grid-tied inverter is not capable of islanding or
converter is composed of two major components: providing other off-grid capabilities. In contrast, an
an inverter that converts AC electricity to DC, and a off-grid inverter can operate without a grid connection
rectifier (aka charger) that converts DC to AC. and includes a battery charging system, grid controls,
Grid-tied inverter costs were derived from the PV and additional hardwire and wiring (but not batteries).
costs listed in Appendix TK. We calculated the cost An off-grid inverter is 25-30% more expensive than a
breakdown based on the BNEF PV Market Outlook grid-tied inverter.i Using this as our basis, we applied
report. It included disaggregated PV including a 25% increase to the commercial inverter cost curve
separate values for the PV module, inverter, and and a 30% increase to the residential inverter cost.
balance of systems. The on-grid inverter costs
represented from 7.8% to 9.5%, depending on the
i
The 25–30% cost premium is based on interviews with a major
year. The average percentage, 8%, was used to derive inverter supplier that asked not to be identified.
the inverter costs from the installed PV cost curves.
An off-grid inverter can operate without a grid

connection and includes a battery charging
Inverter type Grid forming
system, grid controls, and additional hardwire
and wiring (but not batteries)
Rectifier/charger The efficiency of converting electricity from Professional experience validated with
90%
efficiency (AC to DC) AC to DC SME interviews
Inverter efficiency The efficiency of converting electricity from Professional experience validated with
95%
(DC to AC) DC to AC SME interviews
Off-grid inverter cost

An off-grid inverter is more expensive than a Major inverter supplier that asked not to
premium (residential/ 30% / 25%
grid-tie inverter be identified
commercial)
Review of literature validated with SME

Installed cost Varies by year See Appendix E: Financial Assumptions interviews (see main report for full
source list)
Table A3 – Inverter technical assumptions
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APPENDIX C
GRID SERVICE TECHNICAL
ASSUMPTIONS
APPENDIX C
GRID SERVICE TECHNICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Our analysis used several rate variables to model found in the Genability database. The residential
a grid connection. The rate variables allowed us to models used a volumetric power price only, which
define the cost structure of buying electricity from the did not change based on time of day or month in
grid and selling it back through net energy metering. the year. Most of the commercial customers had
different summer and winter rates, , demand and fixed
Using scheduled rates we were able to set specific charges, which are further described in rate Table 2.
summer and winter schedules to match the rates
Allows different grid rates to be applied by

Rate type Scheduled rate Genability
an hourly and monthly schedule.
Varies based on The cost of buying power from the grid in Genability (with an annual 3%-real
Power price
location (see table 2) $/kWh (i.e., volumetric rate). increase)
Varies based on
location (see rate
table TK) The monthly fee charged by the utility on Genability (with an annual 3%-real
Demand rate
the monthly peak demand. increase)
$0.00/kW/mo for all
residential models
The fixed recurring annual costs that occur
Varies based on
regardless of the size or architecture of the
System fixed O&M cost location (see rate
system.
(this variable is found table TK) Genability (with an annual 3%-real
in the Economic Inputs increase)
We used this variable to capture the rate
section of HOMER) $0.00/year for all
fixed charges since the grid inputs do not
residential models
have a place to input this cost.
The price that the utility pays for power
sold back to the grid. Under net metering,
Sellback rate $0.00/kWh Conservatively set to $0.
the sellback rate only applies to net excess
generation.
Signifies when the rate schedule applies;
Time period All Week other choices are weekdays only or Genability
weekends only.
This setting allows energy to be sold
back to the grid at the retail rate. At the
end of the billing period (set to annually
in our model), charges for the net amount
Annual billing
Net metering purchased are calculated (purchases
period
minus sales). If the net amount is negative,
meaning more is sold that bought over the
billing period, the utility pays according to
the sellback rate.
Carbon dioxide (g/
kWh) = 632 Emissions factors from grid power of
Default HOMER values were
Sulfur dioxide (g/ various pollutants. These can be changed
Emissions factors unchanged since this was not a
kWh) = 2.74 to match the generation mix of a particular
core analysis area of our study.
Nitrogen oxides (g/ area.
kWh) = 1.34
Table A4 – Grid connection technical assumptions
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APPENDIX C
GRID SERVICE TECHNICAL ASSUMPTIONS
Due to the complexity in

interconnection charges from utility
to utility, we chose to leave this
value unchanged.
One-time fee charged by the utility for
Interconnection charge $0
connecting to the grid.
Adding this charge presents an
opportunity for further research to
model all applicable charges for a
specific utility and customer.
Due to the complexity in
interconnection charges from utility
to utility, we chose to leave this
value unchanged.
Annual fee charged by the utility for
Standby charge $0.00/year
providing backup grid power.
Adding this charge presents an
opportunity for further research to
model all applicable charges for a
specific utility and customer.
Allowed for various
levels ranging from
0kW up to but
not including the
peak demand for
each geography.
Tested a large range of values in
Additionally a
Maximum amount of power that can be the non-net metered models only.
value of 1000kW
Maximum grid drawn from the grid. HOMER finds the
was included
purchase capacity optimal value of grid purchase capacity per *To match current net metering
to represent an
simulation time step. schemes, no limit was set to the
unlimited grid
grid connection level.
connection.
*Net metered
models used a
value of 1000kW
only.
Table A4 – Grid connection technical assumptions (Continued)
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APPENDIX D
HOMER MODELING
APPENDIX D
HOMER MODELING
The HOMER® software model uses a chronological An hourly simulation includes 8,760 annual energy
annual simulation to determine how systems with balances in a simulation (one for each hour of
different sets of equipment can be used meet an the year). Optimizations encompass a number of
electrical load. The annual simulation includes an chronological annual simulations, and a sensitivity
hour-by-hour energy balance that determines how analysis encompasses a number of optimizations.
energy generators and storage are dispatched. This Together, these can be used to determine what
simulation underpins all analyses in HOMER. system is optimally suited for a particular location, and
how that optimal system might change in the face of
The input data for the simulation includes equipment data uncertainty or future variation.
costs, performance data, solar and fuel resource
data, efficiency, and equipment sizes. Based on Applying the HOMER model to the market
these inputs, HOMER simulates how these different Using the HOMER software, we developed energy
systems will perform. By varying the HOMER capacity models for representative residential and commercial
of installed equipment within a user-defined search off-grid markets in each geographic region. Model
space determines the optimal set of equipment in a inputs including component costs, electrical load
location. HOMER’s optimization ranks the simulated profiles, fuel prices, and geographical location
systems by net present cost (NPC), which accounts were based on the base case data. All residential
for all of the discounted operating costs over the sites were powered exclusively by PV and battery
system’s lifetime. storage. Commercial sites were modeled both with
and without a standby generator sized to 110% of the
In addition to varying the capacity of the installed system peak load. In all systems, the PV array was
equipment, the user may also use HOMER’s automated modeled to include a dedicated inverter to allow it
sensitivity analyses by varying the underlying to connect directly to the AC bus. The battery bank
assumptions for a location—for example, the cost was connected to the system on the DC bus. The
of diesel fuel or the installed cost of equipment. converter to transfer electricity from the AC to DC bus
Sensitivity analysis is different from optimization was modeled to be a grid-forming inverter with battery
because it varies things that a system designer cannot charger. Each location had a different load profile,
control. This enables the model to make a distinction based on NREL OpenEI data. The HOMER model
between things the user can control in the design schematic for the Louisville residential and commercial
(e.g., the size of a diesel generator) from those the models can be seen below.
user can’t control (e.g., diesel fuel price). Together,
simulation, optimization, and sensitivity analysis form
the foundation for HOMER analysis:
ENERGY
BALANCE
SIMULATION
OPTIMIZATION
SENSITIVITY
ANALYSIS
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APPENDIX E
FINANCIAL ASSUMPTIONS
SECTION
APPENDIX E
FINANCIAL ASSUMPTIONS SECTION
For the purposes of this report, the researchers made

Interest'Rates
several key financial assumptions: (weighted'average'cost'of'capital)
Year Residential Commercial
2014 8.8% 9.5%
1. First-Party (Host-Owned) Ownership of 2015 8.2% 8.7%
Residential and Commercial Systems—Many 2016 7.8% 8.7%
2017 5.1% 5.4%
solar PV systems in the U.S. are built using a 2018 4.9% 4.9%
third-party financing model where the system 2019 4.6% 4.5%
2020 4.6% 4.4%
host pays a per kWh rate to a third-party
2021 4.6% 4.4%
financier, allowing for system cost recovery 2022 4.6% 4.4%
over the life of the power purchase agreement. 2023 4.6% 4.4%
2024 4.6% 4.4%
The third-party finance model is largely based 2025 4.6% 4.4%
upon the fact that third-party finance entities 2026 4.6% 4.4%
can utilize more tax credits than most property 2027 4.6% 4.4%
2028 4.6% 4.4%
owners. However, since not all of the current 2029 4.6% 4.4%
tax credits are scheduled to extend far into the 2030 4.6% 4.4%
2031 4.6% 4.4%
future, the researchers chose to model first-
2032 4.6% 4.4%
party system ownership. 2033 4.6% 4.4%
2034 4.6% 4.4%
2. The Models Only Consider Federal Tax 2035 4.6% 4.4%
Credits—To control for potential incentives, 2036 4.6% 4.4%
2037 4.6% 4.4%
only federal tax credits were considered for the
2038 4.6% 4.4%
models; no local or state tax treatments were 2039 4.6% 4.4%
applied. No assumptions were made about the 2040 4.6% 4.4%
2041 4.6% 4.4%
renewal of key federal tax credits. 2042 4.6% 4.4%
3. Assumed Discount Rates—These rates 2043 4.6% 4.4%
2044 4.6% 4.4%
were used to discount system operation and 2045 4.6% 4.4%
maintenance costs and forecast soft costs to the 2046 4.6% 4.4%
2047 4.6% 4.4%
projected construction date. This allowed the 2048 4.6% 4.4%
researchers to determine the net present value 2049 4.6% 4.4%
of systems built in the future. 2050 4.6% 4.4%
MOUN
KY
TA
ROC
IN

IN
STIT UTE
APPENDIX F
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
BY GEOGRAPHY
APPENDIX F
ANALYTICAL RESULTS BY GEOGRAPHY
COMMERCIAL TABLES - WESTCHESTER, NY

Westchester,'NY')'Commercial')'Non)Grid'Exporting'System
Winter( Summer( Total(Annual( Total(
Winter( Demand( Summer( Demand( Fixed( Total(Capital( Total(Annual( Replacement( Total(O&M( Total(Fuel( Total(Ann.( Operating( PV( Grid( Grid(Net( Electrical( AC(Primary( Renewable( Excess( Battery( Battery(
Year Power(Price Rate Power(Price Rate Charges Grid PV 1kWh(Li=ion Converter Cost Total(NPC Capital(Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost COE Production Purchases Grid(Sales Purchases Production Load(Served Fraction Electricity Autonomy Throughput
$/kWh $/kW/mo. $/kWh $/kW/mo. $/yr kW kW kWh kW $ $ $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/kWh kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr % kWh/yr hr kWh/yr
2014 0.114 20.267 0.114 25.614 1530 125 0 0 0 0 915,707 0 0 97,028 0 97,028 97,028 0.168 0 577,407 0 577,407 577,407 577,408 0 0 0 0
2016 0.121 21.501 0.121 27.174 1623 123 75 0 0 99,000 1,013,521 9,835 0 90,851 0 100,686 90,851 0.174 97,347 481,044 0 481,044 578,391 577,396 0.17 996 0 0
2018 0.128 22.81 0.128 28.829 1722 123 100 0 0 158,000 1,483,326 11,098 0 93,095 0 104,193 93,095 0.18 129,796 455,783 0 455,783 585,579 577,396 0.21 8,184 0 0
2020 0.136 24.199 0.136 30.584 1827 123 125 0 0 178,750 1,619,523 11,931 0 96,167 0 108,098 96,167 0.187 162,245 436,935 0 436,935 599,180 577,396 0.24 21,785 0 0
2022 0.144 25.673 0.144 32.447 1938 123 125 0 0 165,000 1,693,515 11,013 0 102,023 0 113,036 102,023 0.196 162,245 436,935 0 436,935 599,180 577,396 0.24 21,785 0 0
2024 0.153 27.237 0.153 34.423 2056 123 150 0 0 184,500 1,772,147 12,315 0 105,970 0 118,285 105,970 0.205 194,694 422,326 0 422,326 617,020 577,396 0.27 39,625 0 0
2026 0.162 28.895 0.162 36.519 2181 123 225 250 50 313,593 1,855,640 20,931 2,173 100,754 0 123,858 102,926 0.215 292,041 349,081 0 349,081 641,122 577,404 0.4 51,089 3.03 47,652
2028 0.172 30.655 0.172 38.743 2314 117 325 700 125 498,222 1,917,764 33,255 5,477 89,273 0 128,004 94,750 0.222 421,837 247,333 0 247,333 669,170 577,318 0.57 56,699 8.5 132,646
2030 0.183 32.522 0.183 41.103 2455 115 425 1,075 175 649,256 1,954,700 43,336 7,667 79,467 0 130,470 87,134 0.226 551,633 161,956 0 161,956 713,589 577,308 0.72 80,836 13.05 209,116
2032 0.194 34.503 0.194 43.606 2605 112 475 1,200 200 720,890 2,013,231 48,117 8,354 77,905 0 134,376 86,259 0.233 616,532 131,215 0 131,215 747,747 577,283 0.77 107,829 14.57 236,178
2034 0.206 36.604 0.206 46.262 2763 112 475 1,225 200 715,728 2,071,185 47,772 8,336 82,136 0 138,245 90,472 0.239 616,532 129,190 0 129,190 745,722 577,283 0.78 105,221 14.87 238,424
2036 0.218 38.833 0.218 49.079 2932 111 500 1,225 200 735,714 San'Antonio,'TX')'Commercial')'Non)Grid'Exporting'System
2,134,085 49,106 8,199 85,137 0 142,443 93,337 0.247 648,980 121,785 0 121,785 770,765 577,283 0.79 128,896 14.87 243,499
2038 0.232 41.198 0.232 52.068 3110 111 500 1,250 200 736,225 2,205,054 49,141 8,222 89,817 0 147,180 98,039 0.255 648,980 120,035 0 120,035 769,015 577,283 0.79 126,645 15.17 245,441
Total( Total(Annual( Total(
2040 0.246 43.707 0.246 55.239 3300 89 750 4,000 325 1,359,040 2,260,142 90,711 24,219 35,926 0 150,857 60,146 0.261 973,471 19,615 0 19,615 993,087 577,296 0.97 329,115 48.56 333,430
Winter( Summer( Fixed( Total(Capital( Annual( Replacement( Total(O&M( Total(Fuel( Total(Ann.( Operating( PV( Grid( Grid(Net( Electrical( AC(Primary( Renewable( Excess( Battery( Battery(
2042 0.261 46.369 0.261 58.603 3501 89 750 4,000 325 1,350,400 2,271,103 90,135 23,827 37,627 0 151,588 61,454 0.263 973,471 19,615 0 19,615 993,087 577,296 0.97 329,115 48.56 333,430
Year Power(Price Power(Price Charges Grid PV 1kWh(Li=ion Converter Cost Total(NPC Capital(Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost COE Production Purchases Grid(Sales Purchases Production Load(Served Fraction Electricity Autonomy Throughput
2044 0.277 49.192 0.277 62.172 3714 89 750 4,000 325 1,334,500 2,276,552 89,073 23,447 39,431 0 151,952 62,879 0.263 973,471 19,615 0 19,615 993,087 577,296 0.97 329,115 48.56 333,430
$/kWh $/kWh $/yr kW kW kWh kW $ $ $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/kWh kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr % kWh/yr hr kWh/yr
2046 0.293 52.188 0.293 65.958 3940 89 750 4,000 325 1,326,420 2,291,632 88,534 23,079 41,345 0 152,959 64,425 0.265 973,471 19,615 0 19,615 993,087 577,296 0.97 329,115 48.56 333,430
2014 0.061 0.069 105 1,000 0 0 0 0 406,633 0 0 43,087 0 43,087 43,087 0.064 0 670,503 0 670,503 670,503 670,504 0 0 0 0
2048 0.311 55.367 0.311 69.975 4180 89 750 4,000 325 1,311,040 2,300,021 87,507 22,635 43,376 0 153,519 66,011 0.266 973,471 19,615 0 19,615 993,087 577,296 0.97 329,115 48.56 333,430
2016 0.065 0.073 111 1,000 0 0 0 0 459,545 0 0 45,652 0 45,652 45,652 0.068 0 670,503 0 670,503 670,503 670,504 0 0 0 0
2050 0.33 58.738 0.33 74.236 4434 89 750 4,000 325 1,303,440 2,319,524 87,000 22,290 45,531 0 154,820 67,820 0.268 973,471 19,615 0 19,615 993,087 577,296 0.97 329,115 48.56 333,430
2018 0.069 0.077 118 1,000 50 0 0 79,000 689,109 5,549 0 42,856 0 48,405 42,856 0.072 77,575 592,928 0 592,928 670,503 670,504 0.12 0 0 0
2020 0.073 0.082 125 1,000 100 0 0 143,000 741,343 9,545 0 39,937 0 49,482 39,937 0.074 155,150 520,663 0 520,663 675,813 670,504 0.22 5,310 0 0
2022 0.077 0.087 133 1,000 125 0 0 165,000 765,501 11,013 0 40,081 0 51,095 40,081 0.076 193,938 492,670 0 492,670 686,608 670,504 0.27 16,104 0 0
2024 0.082 0.093 141 1,000 125 0 0 153,750 790,822 10,262 Westchester,'NY')'Commercial')'With'Exports'to'Grid'(Net'Energy'Metering)
0 42,522 0 52,785 42,522 0.079 193,938 492,670 0 492,670 686,608 670,504 0.27 16,104 0 0
2026 0.087 Winter(0.098 150 Summer(
1,000 125 0 0 147,500 823,369 9,845 0 45,112 Total(Annual(0 54,957 45,112 0.082 193,938 492,670 0 492,670 686,608 670,504 Total( 0.27 16,104 0 0
2028 Winter(0.092 Demand(
0.104 Summer(159 Demand(
1,000 Fixed( 150 0 0 174,000 860,405 Total(Capital(
11,614 45,815 Replacement(
0 Total(Annual( 0 Total(O&M(
57,429 Total(Fuel(
45,815 Total(Ann.(
0.086 Operating(
232,726 471,741 PV( 0 Grid(471,741 704,467 Grid(Net(
670,504 Electrical(0.3 AC(Primary(
33,963 Renewable(0 Excess( 0 Battery( Battery(
Year 2030 Power(Price
0.098 Rate 0.11 Power(Price
169 Rate 1,000 Charges 150 Grid 0 PV 0 1kWh(Li=ion
169,500 Converter
897,707 Cost 11,314 Total(NPC 0 Capital(Cost
48,605 Cost 0 Cost 59,919 Cost 48,605 Cost 0.089 Cost232,726 COE 471,741 Production 0 Purchases
471,741 Grid(Sales
704,467 Purchases
670,504 Production 0.3 Load(Served
33,963 Fraction 0 Electricity 0 Autonomy Throughput
2032 $/kWh0.104 $/kW/mo.
0.117 $/kWh 179 $/kW/mo.
1,000 $/yr 150 kW 0 kW 0 kWh169,500 kW 942,055 $ 11,314 $ 0 $/yr 51,565 $/yr 0 $/yr 62,879 $/yr 51,565 $/yr 0.094 $/yr 232,726 $/kWh
471,741 kWh/yr 0 kWh/yr
471,741 kWh/yr
704,467 kWh/yr
670,504 kWh/yr 0.3 kWh/yr33,963 % 0 kWh/yr 0 hr kWh/yr
2014
2034 0.114
0.11 20.267
0.124 0.114
190 25.614
1,000 1530
175 1,000
100 0
25 212,0390 986,8660 0
14,153 918,397
728 50,9890 0 97,313
65,870 51,7170 97,313
0.098 97,313
271,513 0.169
437,834 0 577,430
437,834 709,3470 577,430
670,504 577,430
0.35 577,431
33,568 0
1.05 0
19,891 0 0
2016
2036 0.121
0.117 21.501
0.132 0.121
201 27.174
1,000 1623
200 1,000
150 425
25 244,1900 1,030,571 0 561,000
16,299 925,003
1,019 55,731
51,470 0 36,161
68,787 52,4880 91,892
0.103 36,161
310,301 0.102
415,771 551,6330 350,545
415,771 324,748
726,072 25,797
670,504 902,178
0.38 577,431
47,559 0.61
1.57 0
30,186 0 0
2018
2038 0.128
0.124 22.81
0.14 0.128
214 28.829
139 1722
250 1,000
450 450
75 343,1010 1,072,422 0 711,000
22,901 1,215,777
2,976 49,943
45,703 0 35,457
71,581 48,6800 85,400
0.107 35,457
387,876 0.092
342,702 584,0830 347,257
342,702 353,910
730,578 =6,652
670,501 931,340
0.49 577,431
36,342 0.63
4.7 0
89,482 0 0
2020
2040 0.136
0.131 24.199
0.148 0.136
227 30.584
134 1827
300 1,000
700 450
100 428,6320 1,105,336 0 643,500
28,610 1,207,070
4,475 42,951
40,693 0 37,616
73,777 45,1680 80,568
0.11 37,616
465,452 0.087
282,932 584,0830 347,257
282,932 353,910
748,384 =6,652
670,460 931,340
0.58 577,431
40,931 0.63
7.32 139,4590 0 0
2022
2042 0.144
0.139 25.673
0.158 0.144
240 32.447
130 1938
350 1,000 450
150 524,6000 1,129,201 0 594,000
35,015 1,191,891
6,378 39,647
33,977 0 39,907
75,370 40,3550 79,555
0.112 39,907
543,025 0.085
216,440 584,0830 347,257
216,440 353,910
759,465 =6,652
670,421 931,340
0.68 577,431
35,792 0.63
10.45 200,7340 0 0
2024
2044 0.153
0.148 27.237
0.167 0.153
255 34.423
123 2056
450 1,000
1,475 450
200 690,7630 1,139,417 0 553,500
46,106 1,187,803
9,234 36,944
20,712 0 42,338
76,052 29,9460 79,282
0.113 42,338
698,176 0.085
112,538 584,0830 347,257
112,538 353,910
810,714 =6,652
670,353 931,340
0.83 577,431
61,434 0.63
15.42 297,4820 0 0
2026
2046 0.162
0.157 28.895
0.177 0.162
270 36.519
123 2181
450 1,000
1,475 450
200 687,7830 1,150,571 0 531,000
45,907 1,203,932
9,095 35,442
21,794 0 44,916
76,797 30,8900 80,358
0.115 44,916
698,176 0.086
112,538 584,0830 347,257
112,538 353,910
810,714 =6,652
670,353 931,340
0.83 577,431
61,434 0.63
15.42 297,4820 0 0
2028
2048 0.172
0.167 30.655
0.188 0.172
287 38.743
122 2314
475 1,000
1,550 450
200 716,0410 1,157,201 0 522,000
47,793 1,235,914
9,271 34,842
20,175 0 47,651
77,239 29,4460 82,493
0.115 47,651
736,964 0.089
95,991 584,0830 347,257
95,991 353,910
832,955 =6,652
670,336 931,340
0.86 577,431
79,848 0.63
16.2 311,9820 0 0
2030
2050 0.183
0.177 32.522
0.2 0.183
304 41.103
122 2455
475 1,000
1,550 450
200 713,0960 1,167,802 0 508,500
47,597 1,265,891
9,135 33,941
21,215 0 50,553
77,947 30,3500 84,494
0.116 50,553
736,964 0.091
95,991 584,0830 347,257
95,991 353,910
832,955 =6,652
670,336 931,340
0.86 577,431
79,848 0.63
16.2 311,9820 0 0
2032 0.194 34.503 0.194 43.606 2605 1,000 450 0 0 508,500 1,312,016 33,941 0 53,632 0 87,573 53,632 0.094 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2034 0.206 36.604 0.206 46.262 2763 1,000 450 0 0 504,000 1,356,450 33,640 0 56,898 0 90,538 56,898 0.097 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2036 0.218 38.833 0.218 49.079 2932 1,000 450 0 0 499,500 1,403,864 33,340 0 60,363 0 93,703 60,363 0.101 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2038 0.232 41.198 0.232 52.068 3110 1,000 450 0 0 499,500 1,458,940 33,340 0 64,039
San'Antonio,'TX')'Commercial')'With'Exports'to'Grid'(Net'Energy'Metering) 0 97,379 64,039 0.105 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2040 0.246 43.707 0.246 55.239 3300 1,000 450 0 0 495,000 1,512,870 33,040 0 67,939 0 100,979 67,939 0.108 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2042 0.261 46.369 0.261 58.603 3501 1,000 450 0 0 495,000 1,574,858 33,040 0 72,077 0 105,116 72,077 0.113 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2044 0.277 49.192 0.277 62.172 3714 1,000 450 0 0 490,500 1,636,122 32,739 0 76,466 0 109,206 76,466 0.117 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2046 0.293 52.188 0.293 65.958 3940 1,000 450 0 0 490,500 1,705,890 32,739 0 81,123 0 113,862 81,123 0.122 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2048 0.311 55.367 0.311 69.975 4180 1,000 450 0 0 486,000 1,775,408 32,439 0 86,064 0 118,502 86,064 0.127 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2014 0.061 0.069 105 1,000 0 0 0 0 406,633 0 0 43,087 0 43,087 43,087 0.064 0 670,503 0 670,503 670,503 670,504 0 0 0 0
2050 0.33 58.738 0.33 74.236 4434 1,000 450 0 0 486,000 1,853,932 32,439 0 91,305 0 123,744 91,305 0.133 584,083 347,257 353,910 =6,652 931,340 577,431 0.63 0 0 0
2016 0.065 0.073 111 1,000 0 0 0 0 459,545 0 0 45,652 0 45,652 45,652 0.068 0 670,503 0 670,503 670,503 670,504 0 0 0 0
2018 0.069 0.077 118 1,000 400 0 0 632,000 686,375 44,394 0 3,819 0 48,213 3,819 0.048 620,602 388,410 338,508 49,902 1,009,011 670,504 0.62 0 0 0
2020 0.073 0.082 125 1,000 425 0 0 607,750 630,519 40,565 0 1,520 0 42,085 1,520 0.04 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2022 0.077 0.087 133 1,000 425 0 0 561,000 585,156 37,445 0 1,612 0 39,057 1,612 0.037 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2024 0.082 0.093 141 1,000 425 0 0 522,750 548,377 34,892 0 1,710 0 36,602 1,710 0.035 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2026 0.087 0.098 150 1,000 425 0 0 501,500 528,687 33,473 0 1,815 0 35,288 1,815 0.034 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2028 0.092 0.104 159 1,000 425 0 0 493,000 521,843 32,906 0 1,925 0 34,831 1,925 0.033 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2030 0.098 0.11 169 1,000 425 0 0 480,250 510,850 32,055 0 2,042 0 34,097 2,042 0.033 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2032 0.104 0.117 179 1,000 425 0 0 480,250 512,713 32,055 0 2,167 0 34,222 2,167 0.033 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2034 0.11 0.124 190 1,000 425 0 0 476,000 510,440 31,771 0 2,299 0 34,070 2,299 0.033 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2036 0.117 0.132 201 1,000 450 0 0 499,500 507,774 33,340 0 552 0 33,892 552 0.031 698,176 380,794 408,467 =27,673 1,078,970 670,504 0.65 0 0 0
2038 0.124 0.14 214 1,000 450 0 0 499,500 508,277 33,340 0 586 0 33,926 586 0.031 698,176 380,794 408,467 =27,673 1,078,970 670,504 0.65 0 0 0
2040 0.131 0.148 227 1,000 450 0 0 495,000 504,312 33,040 0 622 0 33,661 622 0.031 698,176 380,794 408,467 =27,673 1,078,970 670,504 0.65 0 0 0
2042 0.139 0.158 240 1,000 450 0 0 495,000 504,879 33,040 0 659 0 33,699 659 0.031 698,176 380,794 408,467 =27,673 1,078,970 670,504 0.65 0 0 0
COMMERCIAL TABLES - LOUISVILLE, KY

2044
2046
0.148
0.157
0.167
0.177
255
270
1,000
1,000
450
450
0
0
0
0
490,500
490,500
500,981
501,619
32,739
32,739
0
0
700
742
0
0
33,439
33,481
700
742
0.031
0.031
698,176
698,176
380,794
380,794
408,467
408,467
=27,673
=27,673
1,078,970
1,078,970
670,504
670,504
0.65
0.65
0
0
0
0
0
0
2048 0.167 0.188 287 1,000 450 0 0 486,000 497,796 32,439 0 787 0 33,226 787 0.031 698,176 380,794 408,467 =27,673 1,078,970 670,504 0.65 0 0 0
2050 0.177 0.2 304 1,000 450 0 0 486,000 498,514 32,439 0 835 0 33,274 835 0.031 698,176 380,794 408,467 =27,673 1,078,970 670,504 0.65 0 0 0
Louisville,'KY')'Commercial')'Non)Grid'Exporting'System
2014 0.045 13.249 0.045 13.265 2570 133 0 0 0 0 457,876 0 0 48,516 0 48,516 48,516 0.08 0 604,796 0 604,796 604,796 604,797 0 0 0 0
2016 0.048 14.056 0.048 14.073 2726 133 0 0 0 0 520,226 0 0 51,680 0 51,680 51,680 0.085 0 604,796 0 604,796 604,796 604,797 0 0 0 0
2018 0.051 14.912 0.051 14.93 2892 133 0 0 0 0 780,892 0 0 54,852 0 54,852 54,852 0.091 0 604,796 0 604,796 604,796 604,797 0 0 0 0
2020 0.054 15.82 0.054 15.839 3068 133 0 0 0 0 871,340 0 0 58,159 0 58,159 58,159 0.096 0 604,796 0 604,796 604,796 604,797 0 0 0 0
2022 0.058 16.784 0.058 16.804 3255 133 0 0 0 0 927,797 0 0 61,927 0 61,927 61,927 0.102 0 604,796 0 604,796 604,796 604,797 0 0 0 0
2024 0.061 17.806 0.061 17.827 3453 133 50 0 0 61,500 980,704 4,105 0 61,354 0 65,459 61,354 0.108 67,949 536,850 0 536,850 604,799 604,800 0.11 0 0 0
2026 0.065 18.89 0.065 18.913 3664 132 75 0 0 88,500 1,032,270 5,907 0 62,993 0 68,901 62,993 0.114 101,923 503,874 0 503,874 605,798 604,797 0.17 1,002 0 0
2028 0.069 20.04 0.069 20.065 3887 132 100 0 0 116,000 1,088,309 7,743 0 64,898 0 72,641 64,898 0.12 135,898 475,951 0 475,951 611,849 604,798 0.21 7,052 0 0
2030 0.073 21.261 0.073 21.287 4123 132 100 0 0 113,000 1,143,750 7,542 0 68,799 0 76,341 68,799 0.126 135,898 475,951 0 475,951 611,849 604,798 0.21 7,052 0 0
2032 0.077 22.556 0.077 22.583 4374 132 100 0 0 113,000 1,204,819 7,542 0 72,875 0 80,418 72,875 0.133 135,898 475,951 0 475,951 611,849 604,798 0.21 7,052 0 0
2034 0.082 23.929 0.082 23.958 4641 132 100 0 0 112,000 1,271,498 7,476 0 77,393 0 84,868 77,393 0.14 135,898 475,951 0 475,951 611,849 604,798 0.21 7,052 0 0
2036 0.087 25.387 0.087 25.417 4923 132 125 0 0 138,750 1,340,982 9,261 0 80,245 0 89,506 80,245 0.148 169,872 454,847 0 454,847 624,719 604,799 0.25 19,921 0 0
2038 0.092 26.933 0.092 26.965 5223 132 125 0 0 138,750 1,413,097 9,261 0 85,058 0 94,319 85,058 0.156 169,872 454,847 0 454,847 624,719 604,799 0.25 19,921 0 0
2040 0.098 28.573 0.098 28.607 5541 132 125 0 0 137,500 1,490,921 9,178 0 90,336 0 99,514 90,336 0.165 169,872 454,847 0 454,847 624,719 604,799 0.25 19,921 0 0
2042 0.104 30.313 0.104 30.35 5879 132 125 0 0 137,500 1,573,462 9,178 0 95,846 0 105,023 95,846 0.174 169,872 454,847 0 454,847 624,719 604,799 0.25 19,921 0 0
2044 0.11 32.159 0.11 32.198 6237 132 125 0 0 136,250 1,658,430 9,094 0 101,600 0 110,695 101,600 0.183 169,872 454,847 0 454,847 624,719 604,799 0.25 19,921 0 0
2046 0.117 34.117 0.117 34.159 6617 132 175 125 25 208,435 1,751,076 13,912 803 102,163 0 116,878 102,966 0.193 237,821 405,959 0 405,959 643,780 604,801 0.33 33,032 1.45 22,472
2048 0.124 36.195 0.124 36.239 7020 132 175 125 25 206,439 1,841,379 13,779 785 108,342 0 122,906 109,127 0.203 237,821 405,959 0 405,959 643,780 604,801 0.33 33,032 1.45 22,472
2050 0.132 38.4 0.132 38.446 7447 123 325 725 125 448,367 1,924,894 29,927 4,384 94,169 0 128,480 98,553 0.212 441,668 254,095 0 254,095 695,763 604,742 0.58 53,721 8.4 140,684
Louisville,'KY')'Commercial')'With'Exports'to'Grid'(Net'Energy'Metering)
2014 0.045 13.249 0.045 13.265 2570 1,000 0 0 0 0 458,463 0 0 48,578 0 48,578 48,578 0.08 0 604,807 0 604,807 604,807 604,809 0 0 0 0
2016 0.048 14.056 0.048 14.073 2726 1,000 0 0 0 0 520,890 0 0 51,746 0 51,746 51,746 0.086 0 604,807 0 604,807 604,807 604,809 0 0 0 0
2018 0.051 14.912 0.051 14.93 2892 1,000 0 0 0 0 781,888 0 0 54,922 0 54,922 54,922 0.091 0 604,807 0 604,807 604,807 604,809 0 0 0 0
2020 0.054 15.82 0.054 15.839 3068 1,000 0 0 0 0 872,452 0 0 58,233 0 58,233 58,233 0.096 0 604,807 0 604,807 604,807 604,809 0 0 0 0
2022 0.058 16.784 0.058 16.804 3255 1,000 0 0 0 0 928,977 0 0 62,006 0 62,006 62,006 0.103 0 604,807 0 604,807 604,807 604,809 0 0 0 0
2024 0.061 17.806 0.061 17.827 3453 1,000 425 0 0 522,750 976,314 34,892 0 30,274 0 65,166 30,274 0.069 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2026 0.065 18.89 0.065 18.913 3664 1,000 425 0 0 501,500 982,788 33,473 0 32,124 0 65,598 32,124 0.07 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2028 0.069 20.04 0.069 20.065 3887 1,000 425 0 0 493,000 1,003,613 32,906 0 34,082 0 66,988 34,082 0.071 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2030 0.073 21.261 0.073 21.287 4123 1,000 425 0 0 480,250 1,021,887 32,055 0 36,152 0 68,208 36,152 0.072 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2032 0.077 22.556 0.077 22.583 4374 1,000 425 0 0 480,250 1,054,714 32,055 0 38,344 0 70,399 38,344 0.075 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2034 0.082 23.929 0.082 23.958 4641 1,000 425 0 0 476,000 1,085,560 31,771 0 40,686 0 72,457 40,686 0.077 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2036 0.087 25.387 0.087 25.417 4923 1,000 425 0 0 471,750 1,118,434 31,488 0 43,164 0 74,652 43,164 0.079 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2038 0.092 26.933 0.092 26.965 5223 1,000 450 0 0 499,500 1,156,847 33,340 0 43,876 0 77,216 43,876 0.079 611,540 360,487 367,220 =6,732 972,027 604,809 0.63 0 0 0
2040 0.098 28.573 0.098 28.607 5541 1,000 450 0 0 495,000 1,192,418 33,040 0 46,550 0 79,590 46,550 0.082 611,540 360,487 367,220 =6,732 972,027 604,809 0.63 0 0 0
2042 0.104 30.313 0.104 30.35 5879 1,000 450 0 0 495,000 1,234,893 33,040 0 49,385 0 82,425 49,385 0.085 611,540 360,487 367,220 =6,732 972,027 604,809 0.63 0 0 0
2044 0.11 32.159 0.11 32.198 6237 1,000 450 0 0 490,500 1,275,420 32,739 0 52,391 0 85,130 52,391 0.088 611,540 360,487 367,220 =6,732 972,027 604,809 0.63 0 0 0
2046 0.117 34.117 0.117 34.159 6617 1,000 450 0 0 490,500 1,323,252 32,739 0 55,583 0 88,323 55,583 0.091 611,540 360,487 367,220 =6,732 972,027 604,809 0.63 0 0 0
2048 0.124 36.195 0.124 36.239 7020 1,000 450 0 0 486,000 1,369,454 32,439 0 58,968 0 91,406 58,968 0.094 611,540 360,487 367,220 =6,732 972,027 604,809 0.63 0 0 0
2050 0.132 38.4 0.132 38.446 7447 1,000 450 0 0 486,000 1,423,300 32,439 0 62,562 0 95,000 62,562 0.098 611,540 360,487 367,220 =6,732 972,027 604,809 0.63 0 0 0
MOUN
KY
TA
ROC
IN

IN
STIT UTE
APPENDIX F
COMMERCIAL TABLES - SAN ANTONIO, TX
San'Antonio,'TX')'Commercial')'Non)Grid'Exporting'System
2014 0.061 0.069 105 1,000 0 0 0 0 406,633 0 0 43,087 0 43,087 43,087 0.064 0 670,503 0 670,503 670,503 670,504 0 0 0 0
2016 0.065 0.073 111 1,000 0 0 0 0 459,545 0 0 45,652 0 45,652 45,652 0.068 0 670,503 0 670,503 670,503 670,504 0 0 0 0
2018 0.069 0.077 118 1,000 50 0 0 79,000 689,109 5,549 0 42,856 0 48,405 42,856 0.072 77,575 592,928 0 592,928 670,503 670,504 0.12 0 0 0
2020 0.073 0.082 125 1,000 100 0 0 143,000 741,343 9,545 0 39,937 0 49,482 39,937 0.074 155,150 520,663 0 520,663 675,813 670,504 0.22 5,310 0 0
2022 0.077 0.087 133 1,000 125 0 0 165,000 765,501 11,013 0 40,081 0 51,095 40,081 0.076 193,938 492,670 0 492,670 686,608 670,504 0.27 16,104 0 0
2024 0.082 0.093 141 1,000 125 0 0 153,750 790,822 10,262 0 42,522 0 52,785 42,522 0.079 193,938 492,670 0 492,670 686,608 670,504 0.27 16,104 0 0
2026 0.087 0.098 150 1,000 125 0 0 147,500 823,369 9,845 0 45,112 0 54,957 45,112 0.082 193,938 492,670 0 492,670 686,608 670,504 0.27 16,104 0 0
2028 0.092 0.104 159 1,000 150 0 0 174,000 860,405 11,614 0 45,815 0 57,429 45,815 0.086 232,726 471,741 0 471,741 704,467 670,504 0.3 33,963 0 0
2030 0.098 0.11 169 1,000 150 0 0 169,500 897,707 11,314 0 48,605 0 59,919 48,605 0.089 232,726 471,741 0 471,741 704,467 670,504 0.3 33,963 0 0
2032 0.104 0.117 179 1,000 150 0 0 169,500 942,055 11,314 0 51,565 0 62,879 51,565 0.094 232,726 471,741 0 471,741 704,467 670,504 0.3 33,963 0 0
2034 0.11 0.124 190 1,000 175 100 25 212,039 986,866
Honolulu,'HI')'Commercial')'Non)Grid'Exporting'System
14,153 728 50,989 0 65,870 51,717 0.098 271,513 437,834 0 437,834 709,347 670,504 0.35 33,568 1.05 19,891
2036 0.117 0.132 201 1,000 200 150 25 244,190 Total(
1,030,571 Total(Annual(
16,299 1,019 51,470 0 68,787 52,488 0.103 310,301 415,771 0 Total(
415,771 726,072 670,504 0.38 47,559 1.57 30,186
2038 Demand(0.124 Fixed( 0.14 214 139 250 450 Total(Capital(
75 343,101 Annual( 22,901 Total(O&M(
1,072,422 Replacement( 2,976 Total(Fuel(
45,703 Total(Ann.( 0 Operating(
71,581 48,680 PV( 0.107 Grid(387,876 342,702 Grid(Net( 0 Electrical(
342,702 AC(Primary(
730,578 Renewable(
670,501 Excess( 0.49 Battery( 36,342 Battery( 4.7 89,482
Year Power(Price
2040 Rate 0.131 Charges 0.148 Grid 227 PV 134 1kWh(Li=ion
300 Converter700 Cost 100 Total(NPC 1,105,336 Cost 28,610 Cost 4,475 Cost 40,693 Cost
428,632 Capital(Cost 0 Cost 73,777 COE 45,168 Production 465,452 Grid(Sales
0.11 Purchases 282,932 Purchases 0 Production
282,932 Load(Served
748,384 Fraction
670,460 Electricity0.58 Autonomy
40,931 Throughput 7.32 139,459
$/kWh 2042 $/kW/mo.0.139 $/yr 0.158 kW 240 kW 130 kWh 350 kW 1,000 $ 150 $ 524,600 $/yr 1,129,201 $/yr 35,015 $/yr 6,378 $/yr 33,977 $/yr 0 $/yr 75,370 $/kWh 40,355 kWh/yr0.112 kWh/yr 543,025 kWh/yr
216,440 kWh/yr 0 kWh/yr 216,440 kWh/yr759,465 % 670,421 kWh/yr 0.68 hr 35,792 kWh/yr10.45 200,734
2014 0.397
2044 10.845
0.148 484
0.167 124
255 450
123 1,475
450 200 1,129,675
1,475 200 2,034,571 119,700
690,763 1,139,417 25,183
46,106 70,699
9,234 20,712 0 215,582
0 95,882
76,052 0.281
29,946 718,912
0.113 129,692
698,176 44,427
112,538 85,265
0 848,604
112,538 722,666
810,714 83%
670,353 0.830 14.31
61,434 307,050
15.42 297,482
2016 0.421
2046 11.505
0.157 513
0.177 122
270 500
123 1,725
450 225 1,095,409
1,475 200 1,904,829 108,820
687,783 1,150,571 22,931
45,907 57,479
9,095 21,794 0 189,230
0 80,410
76,797 0.238
30,890 798,791
0.115 88,056
698,176 72,639
112,538 15,417
0 886,846
112,538 722,659
810,714 89%
670,353 0.830 16.73
61,434 345,099
15.42 297,482
2018 0.446
2048 12.206
0.167 544
0.188 120
287 550
122 1,775
475 225 1,386,198
1,550 200 2,470,711 97,371
716,041 1,157,201 23,492
47,793 52,688
9,271 20,175 0 173,550
0 76,179
77,239 0.203
29,446 878,669
0.115 70,134
736,964 131,238
95,991 =61,105
0 948,802
95,991 722,632
832,955 92%
670,336 0.860 17.22
79,848 357,810
16.2 311,982
2020 0.473
2050 12.949
0.177 578
0.2 119
304 600
122 1,825
475 225 1,325,722
1,550 200 2,385,114 88,487
713,096 1,167,802 21,286
47,597 49,425
9,135 21,215 0 159,198
0 70,711
77,947 0.173
30,350 958,549
0.116 57,316
736,964 196,148
95,991 =138,8320 1,015,865
95,991 722,628
832,955 94%
670,336 0.860 17.7
79,848 365,969
16.2 311,982
2022 0.502 13.738 613 116 650 1,875 250 1,287,500 2,268,025 85,936 19,525 45,922 0 151,383 65,447 0.154 1,038,429 46,071 262,865 =216,795 1,084,499 722,588 95% 0 18.19 373,389
2024 0.533 14.575 650 112 725 1,900 250 1,279,227 2,157,789 85,384 17,597 41,044 0 144,025 58,641 0.132 1,158,248 35,752 370,681 =334,930 1,193,999 722,541 97% 0 18.43 378,780
2026 0.565 15.462 690 112 725 1,900 250 1,204,103 2,089,221 80,370 15,766 43,312 0 139,448 59,079 0.128 1,158,248 35,752 370,681 =334,930 1,193,999 722,541 97% 0 18.43 378,780
2028 0.6 16.404 732 112 725 1,900 250 1,158,424 2,058,412 77,321 14,353 45,719 0 137,392 60,071 0.126 1,158,248 35,752 370,681 =334,930 1,193,999 722,541 97% 0 18.43 378,780
2030 0.636 17.403 776 105 750 2,150 275 1,176,512 2,022,913 78,528 San'Antonio,'TX')'Commercial')'With'Exports'to'Grid'(Net'Energy'Metering)
14,923 41,571 0 135,023 56,494 0.12 1,198,187 26,858 399,561 =372,703 1,225,046 722,461 98% 0 20.85 386,859
2032 0.675 18.463 824 103 750 2,250 275 1,180,763 2,040,266 78,812 Total( 15,116Total(Annual(
42,252 0 136,181 57,369 0.122 1,198,187 24,781 396,902 =372,121 1,222,969 Total(722,430 98% 0 21.82 389,129
2034 0.716 Winter(
19.587 Summer(874 Fixed( 52 850 3,700 300 1,470,443 Total(Capital(
2,023,843 98,147 Annual(23,511Replacement(
13,427 Total(O&M( 0Total(Fuel(
135,085 Total(Ann.(
36,938 Operating(
0.108 1,357,947 PV( 2,746 Grid(529,540 =526,793 Grid(Net(
1,360,693 Electrical(
722,252 AC(Primary(
100% Renewable(0 Excess( 35.89 Battery( 407,758 Battery(
2036 Year 0.76 Power(Price
20.78 Power(Price
927 Charges 52 Grid 850 PV 3,700 1kWh(Li=ion Converter Cost
300 1,452,841 2,005,572 Total(NPC
96,972 Capital(Cost
23,099 Cost 13,794 Cost 0Cost 133,865 Cost 36,893 Cost COE
0.107 1,357,947 Production
2,746 Purchases
529,540 Grid(Sales Purchases
=526,793 1,360,693 Production
722,252 Load(Served
100% Fraction 0 Electricity
35.89 Autonomy
407,758 Throughput
2038 0.806 $/kWh22.046 $/kWh 983 $/yr 52 kW 850 kW 3,700 kWh kW $
300 1,444,886 1,998,028 $ 96,441 $/yr 22,737 $/yr 14,183 $/yr 0$/yr 133,362 $/yr 36,920 $/yr $/kWh
0.107 1,357,947 kWh/yr 2,746 kWh/yr
529,540 kWh/yr kWh/yr
=526,793 1,360,693 kWh/yr
722,252 kWh/yr 100% % 0 kWh/yr 35.89 hr 407,758 kWh/yr
2040 2014
0.855 0.061
23.388 0.069
1043 105
52 1,000
850 0
3,700 0 0
300 1,428,912 1,983,184 0 406,633
95,375 0
22,399 0
14,596 43,087 0 0
132,371 43,087
36,996 43,087 0.064
0.106 1,357,947 0
2,746 670,503
529,540 0 670,503
=526,793 1,360,693 670,503
722,252 670,504
100% 0
0 0
35.89 407,7580 0
2042 2016
0.907 0.065
24.813 0.073
1107 111
52 1,000
850 0
3,700 0 0
300 1,420,920 1,976,319 0 459,545
94,842 0
22,036 0
15,035 45,652 0 0
131,913 45,652
37,071 45,652 0.068
0.105 1,357,947 0
2,746 670,503
529,540 0 670,503
=526,793 1,360,693 670,503
722,252 670,504
100% 0
0 0
35.89 407,7580 0
2044 2018
0.963 0.069
26.324 0.077
1174 118
52 1,000
850 400
3,700 0 0
300 1,404,650 1,961,758 632,000 686,375
93,756 44,394
21,685 0
15,500 3,819 0 0
130,941 48,213
37,185 3,819 0.048
0.105 1,357,947 620,602
2,746 388,410
529,540 338,508 49,902
=526,793 1,360,693 1,009,011
722,252 670,504
100% 0.620 0
35.89 407,7580 0
2046 2020
1.021 0.073
27.927 0.082
1246 125
52 1,000
850 425
3,700 0 0
300 1,397,176 1,956,570 607,750 630,519
93,257 40,565
21,345 0
15,993 1,520 0 0
130,594 42,085
37,338 1,520
0.104 1,357,9470.04 659,389
2,746 384,460
529,540 373,345 11,114
=526,793 1,360,693 1,043,849
722,252 670,504
100% 0.630 0
35.89 407,7580 0
2048 2022
1.083 0.077
29.627 0.087
1322 133
52 1,000
850 425
3,700 0 0
300 1,381,387 1,942,467 561,000 585,156
92,203 37,445
20,934 0
16,516 1,612 0 0
129,653 39,057
37,450 1,612 0.037
0.104 1,357,947 659,389
2,746 384,460
529,540 373,345 11,114
=526,793 1,360,693 1,043,849
722,252 670,504
100% 0.630 0
35.89 407,7580 0
2050 2024
1.149 0.082
31.432 0.093
1402 141
52 1,000
850 425
3,700 0 0
300 1,374,357 1,938,969 522,750 548,377
91,734 34,892
20,615 0
17,071 1,710 0 0
129,420 36,602
37,686 1,710 0.035
0.103 1,357,947 659,389
2,746 384,460
529,540 373,345 11,114
=526,793 1,360,693 1,043,849
722,252 670,504
100% 0.630 0
35.89 407,7580 0
2026 0.087 0.098 150 1,000 425 0 0 501,500 528,687 33,473 0 1,815 0 35,288 1,815 0.034 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2028 0.092 0.104 159 1,000 425 0 0 493,000 521,843 32,906 0 1,925 0 34,831 1,925 0.033 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2030 0.098 0.11 169 1,000 425 0 0 480,250 510,850 32,055 0 2,042 0 34,097 2,042 0.033 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2032 0.104 0.117 179 1,000 425 0 0 480,250
Honolulu,'HI')'Commercial')'With'Exports'to'Grid'(Net'Energy'Metering)
512,713 32,055 0 2,167 0 34,222 2,167 0.033 659,389 384,460 373,345 11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2034 0.11 0.124 190 1,000 425 0 0 476,000 Total(510,440 Total(Annual(
31,771 0 2,299 0 34,070 2,299 0.033 659,389 384,460 373,345 Total(11,114 1,043,849 670,504 0.63 0 0 0
2036 Demand(0.117 Fixed( 0.132 201 1,000 450 0 Total(Capital(
0 499,500 Annual( 33,340 Total(O&M(0 Total(Fuel(
507,774 Replacement( 552 Total(Ann.( 0 Operating(
33,892 552 PV( 0.031 Grid(698,176 380,794 Grid(Net( =27,673 AC(Primary(
408,467 Electrical( 1,078,970 Renewable(
670,504 Excess( 0.65 Battery( 0 Battery( 0 0
Year Power(Price
2038 Rate 0.124 Charges0.14 Grid 214 PV 1,000 1kWh(Li=ion
450 Converter 0 Cost 0 Total(NPC 508,277 Cost 33,340 Cost
499,500 Capital(Cost 0 Cost 586 Cost 0 Cost 33,926 COE 586 Production 698,176 Grid(Sales
0.031 Purchases 380,794 Purchases =27,673 Load(Served
408,467 Production 1,078,970 Fraction
670,504 Electricity0.65 Autonomy 0 Throughput0 0
$/kWh 2040 $/kW/mo.0.131 $/yr 0.148 kW 227 kW 1,000 kWh 450 kW 0 $ 0 $ 495,000 $/yr504,312 $/yr 33,040 $/yr 0 $/yr 622 $/yr 0 $/yr 33,661 $/kWh 622 kWh/yr0.031 kWh/yr 698,176 kWh/yr
380,794 kWh/yr 408,467 kWh/yr =27,673 kWh/yr
1,078,970 % 670,504 kWh/yr 0.65 hr 0 kWh/yr 0 0
2014 0.397
2042 10.845
0.139 484
0.158 1,000
240 450
1,000 4500 00 670,5000 843,423
495,000 71,046
504,879 33,040 0 18,323
0 659 0 89,369
0 18,323
33,699 0.079
659 718,912
0.031 406,455
698,176 402,666
380,794 3,788 1,125,366
408,467 722,700
=27,673 1,078,970 0.64
670,504 0.650 00 00 0
2016 0.421
2044 11.505
0.148 513
0.167 1,000
255 450
1,000 4500 00 594,0000 789,655
490,500 59,009
500,981 32,739 0 19,437
0 700 0 78,446
0 19,437
33,439 0.07
700 718,912
0.031 406,455
698,176 402,666
380,794 3,788 1,125,366
408,467 722,700
=27,673 1,078,970 0.64
670,504 0.650 00 00 0
2018 0.446
2046 12.206
0.157 544
0.177 1,000
270 450
1,000 4500 00 711,0000 1,004,560
490,500 49,943
501,619 32,739 0 20,621
0 742 0 70,563
0 20,621
33,481 0.063
742 718,912
0.031 406,455
698,176 402,666
380,794 3,788 1,125,366
408,467 722,700
=27,673 1,078,970 0.64
670,504 0.650 00 00 0
2020 0.473
2048 12.949
0.167 578
0.188 1,000
287 450
1,000 4500 00 643,5000 971,252
486,000 42,951
497,796 32,439 0 21,876
0 787 0 64,828
0 21,876
33,226 0.058
787 718,912
0.031 406,455
698,176 402,666
380,794 3,788 1,125,366
408,467 722,700
=27,673 1,078,970 0.64
670,504 0.650 00 00 0
2022 0.502
2050 13.738
0.177 613
0.2 1,000
304 450
1,000 4500 00 594,0000 941,712
486,000 39,647
498,514 32,439 0 23,209
0 835 0 62,856
0 23,209
33,274 0.056
835 718,912
0.031 406,455
698,176 402,666
380,794 3,788 1,125,366
408,467 722,700
=27,673 1,078,970 0.64
670,504 0.650 00 00 0
2024 0.533 14.575 650 1,000 450 0 0 553,500 922,388 36,944 0 24,622 0 61,566 24,622 0.055 718,912 406,455 402,666 3,788 1,125,366 722,700 0.64 0 0 0
2026 0.565 15.462 690 1,000 475 0 0 560,500 919,763 37,411 0 23,980 0 61,391 23,980 0.053 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2028 0.6 16.404 732 1,000 475 0 0 551,000 932,142 36,777 0 25,440 0 62,217 25,440 0.054 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2030 0.636 17.403 776 1,000 475 0 0 536,750 941,104 35,826 0 26,989 0 62,816 26,989 0.054 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2032 0.675 18.463 824 1,000 475 0 0 536,750 965,729 35,826 0 28,633 Louisville,'KY')'Commercial')'Non)Grid'Exporting'System
0 64,459 28,633 0.055 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2034 0.716 19.587 Winter( 874 1,000 Summer(475 0 0 532,000 987,104 35,509 0 30,377 0Total(Annual(
65,886 30,377 0.057 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 Total( 0 0 0
2036 0.76 Winter(
20.78 Demand( 927 Summer( 1,000 Demand( 475 Fixed( 0 0 527,250 1,010,070 35,192 Total(Capital(0 32,227 Total(Annual( 0Replacement(
67,419 Total(O&M(
32,227 Total(Fuel(
0.058 Total(Ann.(
758,851 Operating(
402,672 438,823 PV( Grid(
=36,151 1,161,523 722,700 Grid(Net(0.65 Electrical( 0 AC(Primary( 0 Renewable( 0 Excess( Battery( Battery(
22.046 Rate 983 Power(Price
1,000 Rate 475 Charges 0 Grid 0 PV 1kWh(Li=ion
527,250 1,039,473 Converter
35,192 Cost 0Total(NPC
34,189 Capital(Cost 0Cost 69,381 Cost 34,189 Cost 0.06 Cost 758,851 Cost 402,672 COE 438,823 Production Purchases
=36,151 1,161,523 Grid(Sales
722,700 Purchases0.65 Production 0 Load(Served 0 Fraction 0 Electricity Autonomy Throughput
2040 0.855 $/kWh23.388 $/kW/mo.
1043 $/kWh 1,000 $/kW/mo. 475 $/yr 0 kW 0 kW kWh
522,500 1,065,918 kW 34,875 $ 0$ 36,271 $/yr 0$/yr 71,146 $/yr 36,271 $/yr 0.061 $/yr 758,851 $/yr 402,672 $/kWh438,823 kWh/yr kWh/yr
=36,151 1,161,523 kWh/yr
722,700 kWh/yr 0.65 kWh/yr 0 kWh/yr 0 % 0 kWh/yr hr kWh/yr
2042 2014
0.907 0.045
24.813 13.249
1107 0.045
1,000 13.265
475 2570 0 133 0 0
522,500 1,099,012 0 0
34,875 0 0 457,876
38,480 0 0 0
73,355 48,516
38,480 0.0630 48,516
758,851 48,516
402,672 0.08
438,823 0 604,796
=36,151 1,161,523 722,7000 604,796
0.65 604,796 0 604,797 0 00 0 0 0
2016 0.048 14.056 0.048 14.073 27260 1330 0 1,129,372 0 0 00 520,226 00 0 51,680 0 51,680 51,680 0.085 0 1,161,523
604,796 0 604,796 604,7960 604,7970 00 0 0 0
COMMERCIAL TABLES - LOS ANGELES, CA
2044
2046
2048
0.963
2018
1.021
2020
1.083
26.324
0.051
27.927
0.054
29.627
1174
14.912
1246
15.82
1322
1,000
0.051
1,000
0.054
1,000
475
14.93
475
15.839
475
28920
30680
1330
1330
517,750
517,750
513,000
0 1,166,620
0 1,201,386
0
0
34,558
0
34,558
0
34,241
00
00
40,824
780,892
43,310
871,340
45,947
00
00
75,382
0
77,868
0
80,188
40,824
54,852
43,310
58,159
45,947
0.065
0.067
0.069
0
0
758,851
54,852
758,851
58,159
758,851
402,672
54,852
402,672
58,159
402,672
438,823
0.091
438,823
0.096
438,823
=36,151
0 1,161,523
=36,151 604,796
0 1,161,523
=36,151 604,796
722,700
722,700
722,700
0
0
0.65
604,796
0.65
604,796
0.65
604,7960
604,7960
604,7970
604,7970
00
00
0
0
0
0
0
0
2050 2022
1.149 0.058
31.432 16.784
1402 0.058
1,000 16.804
475 32550 1330 513,0000 1,243,308 0 0
34,241 00 927,797
48,746 00 0
82,987 61,927
48,746 0.0710 61,927
758,851 61,927
402,672 0.102
438,823 0 1,161,523
=36,151 604,796 722,7000 604,796
0.65 604,7960 604,7970 00 0 0 0
2024 0.061 17.806 0.061 17.827 3453 133 50 0 0 61,500 980,704 4,105 0 61,354 0 65,459 61,354 0.108 67,949 536,850 0 536,850 604,799 604,800 0.11 0 0 0
2026 0.065 18.89 0.065 18.913 3664 132 75 0 0 88,500 1,032,270 5,907 0 62,993 0 68,901 62,993 0.114 101,923 503,874 0 503,874 605,798 604,797 0.17 1,002 0 0
2028 0.069 20.04 0.069 20.065 3887 132 100 0 0 116,000 1,088,309 7,743 0 64,898 0 72,641 64,898 0.12 135,898 475,951 0 475,951 611,849 604,798 0.21 7,052 0 0
2030 0.073 21.261 0.073 21.287 4123 132 100 0 0 113,000 1,143,750 7,542 0 68,799 0 76,341 68,799 0.126 135,898 475,951 0 475,951 611,849 604,798 0.21 7,052 0 0
2032 0.077 22.556 0.077 22.583 4374 132 100 0 0 113,000
Los'Angeles,'CA')'Commercial')'Non)Grid'Exporting'System
1,204,819 7,542 0 72,875 0 80,418 72,875 0.133 135,898 475,951 0 475,951 611,849 604,798 0.21 7,052 0 0
2034 Winter(0.082 23.929 Summer( 0.082 23.958 4641 132 100 0 0 112,000 1,271,498 Total(Annual(
7,476 0 77,393 0 84,868 77,393 0.14 135,898 475,951 0 Total(
475,951 611,849 604,798 0.21 7,052 0 0
Winter(2036 Demand(0.087 Summer(
25.387 Demand( 0.087 Fixed(25.417 4923 132 125 0 Total(Capital(
0 138,750 Total(Annual( 9,261 Total(O&M(0 Total(Fuel(
1,340,982 Replacement( 80,245 Total(Ann.( 0 Operating(
89,506 80,245 PV( 0.148 Grid(169,872 454,847 Grid(Net( 0 Electrical(
454,847 AC(Primary(
624,719 Renewable(
604,799 Excess( 0.25 Battery( 19,921 Battery( 0 0
Year Power(Price 26.933 Rate 0.092 Charges
2038 Rate 0.092 Power(Price 26.965 Grid 5223 PV 125 Converter 0 Cost
132 1kWh(Li=ion 138,750 Capital(Cost
0 Total(NPC 1,413,097 Cost 9,261 Cost 0 Cost 85,058 Cost 0 Cost 94,319 COE 85,058 Production0.156 Purchases 454,847 Purchases 0 Production
169,872 Grid(Sales 454,847 Load(Served
624,719 Fraction
604,799 Electricity 0.25 Autonomy19,921 Throughput0 0
$/kWh 2040 $/kW/mo.0.098 $/kWh 28.573 $/kW/mo. 0.098 $/yr 28.607 kW 5541 kW 132 kWh 125 kW 0 $ 0 $ 137,500 $/yr 1,490,921 $/yr 9,178 $/yr 0 $/yr 90,336 $/yr 0 $/yr 99,514 $/kWh 90,336 kWh/yr0.165 kWh/yr 169,872 kWh/yr454,847 kWh/yr 0 kWh/yr 454,847 kWh/yr624,719 % 604,799 kWh/yr 0.25 hr 19,921 kWh/yr 0 0
2014 0.067
2042 7.091
0.104 0.084
30.313 24.819
0.104 1570
30.35 1,000
5879 1320 1250 00 00 581,323 1,573,4620
137,500 9,178 0 61,597
0 95,8460 61,5970 61,597
105,023 0.105
95,846 0.1740 586,556
169,872 454,8470 586,5560 586,556
454,847 586,557
624,719 604,7990 0.250 19,9210 00 0
2016 0.072
2044 7.523
0.11 0.089
32.159 26.33
0.11 1665
32.198 1,000
6237 1320 1250 00 00 660,208 1,658,4300
136,250 9,094 0 65,587
0 101,6000 65,5870 65,587
110,695 0.112
101,600 0.1830 586,556
169,872 454,8470 586,5560 586,556
454,847 586,557
624,719 604,7990 0.250 19,9210 00 0
2018 0.076
2046 7.981
0.117 0.095
34.117 27.934
0.117 1767
34.159 1,000
6617 75
132 1750 1250 118,500
25 967,683 1,751,076
208,435 8,324 13,912 0 59,649
803 102,1630 67,9730 59,649
116,878 0.116
102,966 120,538
0.193 466,941
237,821 405,9590 466,9410 587,479
405,959 586,557
643,780 604,801 0.2 923
0.33 33,0320 1.450 22,472
2020 0.081
2048 8.467
0.124 0.101
36.195 29.635
0.124 1875
36.239 1,000
7020 100
132 1750 1250 143,000
25 1,050,035
206,439 9,545
1,841,379 13,779 0 60,542
785 108,3420 70,0860 60,542
122,906 0.119
109,127 160,717
0.203 436,122
237,821 405,9590 436,1220 596,839
405,959 586,557
643,780 0.26
604,801 10,283
0.33 33,0320 1.450 22,472
2022 0.085
2050 8.983
0.132 0.107
38.4 31.44
0.132 1989
38.446 100
7447 125
123 50
325 25
725 179,020
125 1,089,160
448,367 11,949
1,924,894 641
29,927 60,108
4,384 94,1690 72,6980 60,749
128,480 0.124
98,553 200,897
0.212 412,687
441,668 254,0950 412,6870 613,584
254,095 586,427
695,763 604,742 0.3 26,460
0.58 0.6
53,721 2,599
8.4 140,684
2024 0.091 9.53 0.113 33.354 2110 96 150 75 25 201,762 1,129,677 13,467 786 61,149 0 75,402 61,935 0.129 241,076 394,416 0 394,416 635,492 586,403 0.33 47,612 0.9 5,560
2026 0.096 10.11 0.12 35.386 2238 1,000 125 0 0 147,500 1,197,276 9,845 0 70,069 0 79,914 70,069 0.136 200,897 415,160 0 415,160 616,057 586,557 0.29 29,500 0 0
2028 0.102 10.726 0.127 37.541 2375 1,000 125 0 0 145,000 1,258,707 9,678 0 74,336 0 84,014 74,336 0.143 200,897 415,160 0 415,160 616,057 586,557 0.29 29,500 0 0
2030 0.108 11.379 0.135 39.827 2519 1,000 150 125 25 189,710 1,321,115 12,663 930 74,588 0 88,180 75,517 0.15 241,076 376,884 0 376,884 617,960 586,557 0.36 24,722 1.49 25,185
2032 0.115 12.072 0.143 42.252 2673 1,000 175 250 50 237,113 1,387,243 Louisville,'KY')'Commercial')'With'Exports'to'Grid'(Net'Energy'Metering)
15,826 1,834 74,933 0 92,594 76,767 0.158 281,255 341,583 0 341,583 622,838 586,557 0.42 22,823 2.99 50,723
2034 0.122 12.807 Winter(0.152 44.826 Summer( 2835 1,000 225 500 75 326,195 1,448,009 21,772 3,407Total(Annual(
71,470 0 96,650 74,877 0.165 361,614 278,409 0 278,409 640,023 Total(586,557 0.53 26,767 5.98 100,636
2036 0.129 Winter(
13.587 Demand(0.161 Summer( 47.555 Demand( 3008 Fixed( 108 375 1,275 200 603,361 Total(Capital(
1,486,608 40,272 Total(Annual( 49,656 Total(O&M(0 Total(Fuel(
9,298Replacement( 99,226 Total(Ann.(
58,954 Operating(
0.169 602,689 PV( 96,234 Grid( 0 96,234 Grid(Net( 586,539 AC(Primary(
698,923 Electrical( 0.84 Renewable(
41,287 Excess( 15.24 Battery(267,789 Battery(
14.415 Rate 0.171 Power(Price
50.452 Rate 3191 Charges 108 Grid 375 PV 1,325 1kWh(Li=ion 606,909 Cost1,524,539Total(NPC
200 Converter 40,509 Capital(Cost
8,999Cost 52,250 Cost 0 Cost 101,758 Cost 61,249 Cost 0.173 COE 602,689 Production 93,725 Purchases 0 Grid(Sales
93,725 Purchases 586,540 Load(Served
696,414 Production 0.84 Fraction 38,073 Electricity
15.83 Autonomy
270,574 Throughput
2040 0.145 $/kWh15.293 $/kW/mo.0.182 $/kWh53.524 $/kW/mo. 3386 $/yr 108 kW 375 kW 1,350 kWh 200 kW 603,576 $ 1,561,329$ 40,287 $/yr 8,779$/yr 55,147 $/yr 0 $/yr 104,213 $/yr 63,927 $/yr 0.178 $/kWh 602,689 kWh/yr 92,632 kWh/yr 0 kWh/yr 92,632 kWh/yr
695,321 kWh/yr586,540 kWh/yr 0.84 % 36,675 kWh/yr 16.13 hr 271,787 kWh/yr
2042 2014
0.154 0.045
16.224 13.249
0.193 0.045
56.784 13.265
3592 2570
73 1,000
700 2,7000 0 1,134,320
300 0 0
1,602,246 458,463
75,712 0
16,525 0
14,707 48,5780 106,9440 48,578
31,232 48,578 0.08
0.182 1,125,020 0
6,339 604,8070 0 1,131,360
6,339 604,807 604,807
586,242 604,809
0.99 455,4870 0
32.27 337,3430 0
2044 2016
0.164 0.048
17.212 14.056
0.205 0.048
60.242 14.073
3811 2726
73 1,000
700 2,7000 0 1,121,650
300 0 0
1,594,232 520,890
74,866 0
16,269 0
15,274 51,7460 106,4100 51,746
31,543 51,746 0.086
0.182 1,125,020 0
6,339 604,8070 0 1,131,360
6,339 604,807 604,807
586,242 604,809
0.99 455,4870 0
32.27 337,3430 0
2046 2018
0.174 0.051
18.26 14.912
0.217 0.051
63.91 14.93
4043 2892
73 1,000
700 2,7000 0 1,116,196
300 0 0
1,594,062 781,888
74,502 0
16,020 0
15,876 54,9220 106,3980 54,922
31,896 54,922 0.091
0.181 1,125,020 0
6,339 604,8070 0 1,131,360
6,339 604,807 604,807
586,242 604,809
0.99 455,4870 0
32.27 337,3430 0
2048 2020
0.184 0.054
19.372 15.82
0.23 0.054
67.803 15.839
4289 3068
73 1,000
700 2,7000 0 1,103,877
300 0 0
1,586,478 872,452
73,680 0
15,698 0
16,514 58,2330 105,8920 58,233
32,212 58,233 0.096
0.181 1,125,020 0
6,339 604,8070 0 1,131,360
6,339 604,807 604,807
586,242 604,809
0.99 455,4870 0
32.27 337,3430 0
2050 2022
0.195 0.058
20.552 16.784
0.244 0.058
71.932 16.804
4550 3255
73 1,000
700 2,7000 0 1,098,747
300 0 0
1,587,996 928,977
73,338 0
15,465 0
17,190 62,0060 105,9930 62,006
32,656 62,006 0.103
0.181 1,125,020 0
6,339 604,8070 0 1,131,360
6,339 604,807 604,807
586,242 604,809
0.99 455,4870 0
32.27 337,3430 0
2024 0.061 17.806 0.061 17.827 3453 1,000 425 0 0 522,750 976,314 34,892 0 30,274 0 65,166 30,274 0.069 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2026 0.065 18.89 0.065 18.913 3664 1,000 425 0 0 501,500 982,788 33,473 0 32,124 0 65,598 32,124 0.07 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2028 0.069 20.04 0.069 20.065 3887 1,000 425 0 0 493,000 1,003,613 32,906 0 34,082 0 66,988 34,082 0.071 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2030 0.073 21.261 0.073 21.287 4123 1,000 425 0 0 480,250 1,021,887 32,055 0 36,152 0 68,208 36,152 0.072 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2032 0.077 22.556 0.077 22.583 4374 1,000 425 0 0
Los'Angeles,'CA')'Commercial')'With'Exports'to'Grid'(Net'Energy'Metering)
480,250 1,054,714 32,055 0 38,344 0 70,399 38,344 0.075 577,565 364,015 336,773 27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
2034 Winter(
0.082 23.929 Summer( 0.082 23.958 4641 1,000 425 0 0 476,000 1,085,560 Total(Annual(
31,771 0 40,686 0 72,457 40,686 0.077 577,565 364,015 336,773 Total(27,242 941,580 604,809 0.61 0 0 0
Winter(2036 Demand(0.087 Summer(
25.387 Demand( 0.087 Fixed(25.417 4923 1,000 425 0 Total(Capital(
0 471,750 Total(Annual(
1,118,434 Replacement(
31,488 Total(O&M( 0 Total(Fuel(
43,164 Total(Ann.( 0 Operating(
74,652 43,164 PV( 0.079 Grid(577,565 364,015 Grid(Net(
336,773 Electrical(
27,242 AC(Primary(
941,580 Renewable(
604,809 Excess( 0.61 Battery( 0 Battery( 0 0
Year Power(Price
2038 Rate 0.092 Power(Price
26.933 Rate 0.092 Charges
26.965 Grid 5223 PV 1,000 1kWh(Li=ion
450 Converter 0 Cost 0 Total(NPC
499,500 Capital(Cost
1,156,847 Cost 33,340 Cost 0 Cost 43,876 Cost 0 Cost 77,216 COE 43,876 Production
0.079 Purchases
611,540 Grid(Sales
360,487 Purchases
367,220 Production
=6,732 Load(Served
972,027 Fraction
604,809 Electricity
0.63 Autonomy 0 Throughput 0 0
$/kWh 2040 $/kW/mo.0.098 $/kWh28.573 $/kW/mo.0.098 $/yr 28.607 kW 5541 kW 1,000 kWh 450 kW 0 $ 0 $ 495,000 $/yr
1,192,418 $/yr 33,040 $/yr 0 $/yr 46,550 $/yr 0 $/yr 79,590 $/kWh 46,550 kWh/yr 0.082 kWh/yr
611,540 kWh/yr
360,487 kWh/yr
367,220 kWh/yr =6,732 kWh/yr
972,027 % 604,809 kWh/yr 0.63 hr 0 kWh/yr 0 0
2014 0.067
2042 7.091
0.104 0.084
30.313 24.819
0.104 1570
30.35 1,000
5879 1,000 0 4500 00 00 581,323
495,000 1,234,893 0 33,040 0 61,597
0 49,3850 61,5970 61,597
82,425 0.105
49,385 0.0850 586,556
611,540 360,4870 586,556
367,220 586,556
=6,732 586,557
972,027 604,809 0 0.630 00 00 0
2016 0.072
2044 7.523
0.11 0.089
32.159 26.33
0.11 1665
32.198 1,000
6237 1,000 0 4500 00 00 660,208
490,500 1,275,420 0 32,739 0 65,587
0 52,3910 65,5870 65,587
85,130 0.112
52,391 0.0880 586,556
611,540 360,4870 586,556
367,220 586,556
=6,732 586,557
972,027 604,809 0 0.630 00 00 0
2018 0.076
2046 7.981
0.117 0.095
34.117 27.934
0.117 1767
34.159 1,000
6617 350
1,000 4500 00 553,0000 880,366 1,323,252
490,500 38,844 32,739 0 22,995
0 55,5830 61,8400 22,995
88,323 0.068
55,583 562,510
0.091 341,096
611,540 317,050
360,487 24,046
367,220 903,606
=6,732 586,557
972,027 0.62
604,809 0.630 00 00 0
2020 0.081
2048 8.467
0.124 0.101
36.195 29.635
0.124 1875
36.239 1,000
7020 350
1,000 4500 00 500,5000 865,995 1,369,454
486,000 33,407 32,439 0 24,396
0 58,9680 57,8020 24,396
91,406 0.064
58,968 562,510
0.094 341,096
611,540 317,050
360,487 24,046
367,220 903,606
=6,732 586,557
972,027 0.62
604,809 0.630 00 00 0
2022 0.085
2050 8.983
0.132 0.107
38.4 31.44
0.132 1989
38.446 1,000
7447 350
1,000 4500 00 462,0000 849,754 1,423,300
486,000 30,837 32,439 0 25,881
0 62,5620 56,7180 25,881
95,000 0.063
62,562 562,510
0.098 341,096
611,540 317,050
360,487 24,046
367,220 903,606
=6,732 586,557
972,027 0.62
604,809 0.630 00 00 0
2024 0.091 9.53 0.113 33.354 2110 1,000 375 0 0 461,250 838,781 30,787 0 25,199 0 55,986 25,199 0.06 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2026 0.096 10.11 0.12 35.386 2238 1,000 375 0 0 442,500 843,022 29,535 0 26,734 0 56,269 26,734 0.06 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2028 0.102 10.726 0.127 37.541 2375 1,000 375 0 0 435,000 859,914 29,035 0 28,362 0 57,396 28,362 0.061 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2030 0.108 11.379 0.135 39.827 2519 1,000 375 0 0 423,750 874,541 28,284 0 30,089 0 58,373 30,089 0.062 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2032 0.115 12.072 0.143 42.252 2673 1,000 375 0 0 423,750 901,995 28,284 0 31,921 0 60,205 31,921 0.064 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2034 0.122 12.807 0.152 44.826 2835 1,000 375 0 0 420,000 927,370 28,034 0 33,865 0 61,899 33,865 0.066 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2036 0.129 13.587 0.161 47.555 3008 1,000 375 0 0 416,250 954,518 27,783 0 35,928 0 63,711 35,928 0.068 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2038 0.137 14.415 0.171 50.452 3191 1,000 375 0 0 416,250 987,299 27,783 0 38,116 0 65,899 38,116 0.07 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2040 0.145 15.293 0.182 53.524 3386 1,000 375 0 0 412,500 1,018,326 27,533 0 40,437 0 67,970 40,437 0.072 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2042 0.154 16.224 0.193 56.784 3592 1,000 375 0 0 412,500 1,055,221 27,533 0 42,899 0 70,432 42,899 0.075 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2044 0.164 17.212 0.205 60.242 3811 1,000 375 0 0 408,750 1,090,612 27,283 0 45,512 0 72,795 45,512 0.077 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2046 0.174 18.26 0.217 63.91 4043 1,000 375 0 0 408,750 1,132,138 27,283 0 48,284 0 75,566 48,284 0.08 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2048 0.184 19.372 0.23 67.803 4289 1,000 375 0 0 405,000 1,172,442 27,032 0 51,224 0 78,257 51,224 0.083 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2050 0.195 20.552 0.244 71.932 4550 1,000 375 0 0 405,000 1,219,179 27,032 0 54,344 0 81,376 54,344 0.087 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
MOUN
KY
TA
ROC
IN

IN
STIT UTE
APPENDIX F
COMMERCIAL TABLES - HONOLULU, HI
Honolulu,'HI')'Commercial')'Non)Grid'Exporting'System
Demand( Fixed( Total(Capital( Annual( Replacement( Total(O&M( Total(Fuel( Total(Ann.( Operating( PV( Grid( Grid(Net( Electrical( AC(Primary( Renewable( Excess( Battery( Battery(
Year Power(Price Rate Charges Grid PV 1kWh(Li=ion Converter Cost Total(NPC Capital(Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost COE Production Purchases Grid(Sales Purchases Production Load(Served Fraction Electricity Autonomy Throughput
$/kWh $/kW/mo. $/yr kW kW kWh kW $ $ $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/kWh kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr % kWh/yr hr kWh/yr
2014 0.397 10.845 484 124 450 1,475 200 1,129,675 2,034,571 119,700 25,183 70,699 0 215,582 95,882 0.281 718,912 129,692 44,427 85,265 848,604 722,666 83% 0 14.31 307,050
2016 0.421 11.505 513 122 500 1,725 225 1,095,409 1,904,829 108,820 22,931 57,479 0 189,230 80,410 0.238 798,791 88,056 72,639 15,417 886,846 722,659 89% 0 16.73 345,099
2018 0.446 12.206 544 120 550 1,775 225 1,386,198 2,470,711 97,371 23,492 52,688 0 173,550 76,179 0.203 878,669 70,134 131,238 =61,105 948,802 722,632 92% 0 17.22 357,810
2020 0.473 12.949 578 119 600 1,825 225 1,325,722 2,385,114 88,487 21,286 49,425 0 159,198 70,711 0.173 958,549 57,316 196,148 =138,832 1,015,865 722,628 94% 0 17.7 365,969
2022 0.502 13.738 613 116 650 1,875 250 1,287,500 2,268,025 85,936 19,525 45,922 0 151,383 65,447 0.154 1,038,429 46,071 262,865 =216,795 1,084,499 722,588 95% 0 18.19 373,389
2024 0.533 14.575 650 112 725 1,900 250 1,279,227 2,157,789 85,384 17,597 41,044 0 144,025 58,641 0.132 1,158,248 35,752 370,681 =334,930 1,193,999 722,541 97% 0 18.43 378,780
2026 0.565 15.462 690 112 725 1,900 250 1,204,103 2,089,221 80,370 15,766 43,312 0 139,448 59,079 0.128 1,158,248 35,752 370,681 =334,930 1,193,999 722,541 97% 0 18.43 378,780
2028 0.6 16.404 732 112 725 1,900 250 1,158,424 2,058,412 77,321 14,353 45,719 0 137,392 60,071 0.126 1,158,248 35,752 370,681 =334,930 1,193,999 722,541 97% 0 18.43 378,780
2030 0.636 17.403 776 105 750 2,150 275 1,176,512 2,022,913 78,528 14,923 41,571 0 135,023 56,494 0.12 1,198,187 26,858 399,561 =372,703 1,225,046 722,461 98% 0 20.85 386,859
2032 0.675 18.463 824 103 750 2,250 275 1,180,763 2,040,266 78,812 15,116 42,252 0 136,181 57,369 0.122 1,198,187 24,781 396,902 =372,121 1,222,969 722,430 98% 0 21.82 389,129
2034 0.716 19.587 874 52 850 3,700 300 1,470,443 2,023,843 98,147 23,511 13,427 0 135,085 36,938 0.108 1,357,947 2,746 529,540 =526,793 1,360,693 722,252 100% 0 35.89 407,758
2036 0.76 20.78 927 52 850 3,700 300 1,452,841 2,005,572 96,972 23,099 13,794 0 133,865 36,893 0.107 1,357,947 2,746 529,540 =526,793 1,360,693 722,252 100% 0 35.89 407,758
2038 0.806 22.046 983 52 850 3,700 300 1,444,886 1,998,028 96,441 22,737 14,183 0 133,362 36,920 0.107 1,357,947 2,746 529,540 =526,793 1,360,693 722,252 100% 0 35.89 407,758
2040 0.855 23.388 1043 52 850 3,700 300 1,428,912 1,983,184 95,375 22,399 14,596 0 132,371 36,996 0.106 1,357,947 2,746 529,540 =526,793 1,360,693 722,252 100% 0 35.89 407,758
2042 0.907 24.813 1107 52 850 3,700 300 1,420,920 1,976,319 94,842 22,036 15,035 0 131,913 37,071 0.105 1,357,947 2,746 529,540 =526,793 1,360,693 722,252 100% 0 35.89 407,758
2044 0.963 26.324 1174 52 850 3,700 300 1,404,650 1,961,758 93,756 21,685 15,500 0 130,941 37,185 0.105 1,357,947 2,746 529,540 =526,793 1,360,693 722,252 100% 0 35.89 407,758
2046 1.021 27.927 1246 52 850 3,700 300 1,397,176 1,956,570 93,257 21,345 15,993 0 130,594 37,338 0.104 1,357,947 2,746 529,540 =526,793 1,360,693 722,252 100% 0 35.89 407,758
2048 1.083 29.627 1322 52 850 3,700 300 1,381,387 1,942,467 92,203 20,934 16,516 0 129,653 37,450 0.104 1,357,947 2,746 529,540 =526,793 1,360,693 722,252 100% 0 35.89 407,758
2050 1.149 31.432 1402 52 850 3,700 300 1,374,357 1,938,969 91,734 20,615 17,071 0 129,420 37,686 0.103 1,357,947 2,746 529,540 =526,793 1,360,693 722,252 100% 0 35.89 407,758
Honolulu,'HI')'Commercial')'With'Exports'to'Grid'(Net'Energy'Metering)
Demand( Fixed( Total(Capital( Annual( Replacement( Total(O&M( Total(Fuel( Total(Ann.( Operating( PV( Grid( Grid(Net( Electrical( AC(Primary( Renewable( Excess( Battery( Battery(
Year Power(Price Rate Charges Grid PV 1kWh(Li=ion Converter Cost Total(NPC Capital(Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost COE Production Purchases Grid(Sales Purchases Production Load(Served Fraction Electricity Autonomy Throughput
$/kWh $/kW/mo. $/yr kW kW kWh kW $ $ $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/kWh kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr % kWh/yr hr kWh/yr
2014 0.397 10.845 484 1,000 450 0 0 670,500 843,423 71,046 0 18,323 0 89,369 18,323 0.079 718,912 406,455 402,666 3,788 1,125,366 722,700 0.64 0 0 0
2016 0.421 11.505 513 1,000 450 0 0 594,000 789,655 59,009 0 19,437 0 78,446 19,437 0.07 718,912 406,455 402,666 3,788 1,125,366 722,700 0.64 0 0 0
2018 0.446 12.206 544 1,000 450 0 0 711,000 1,004,560 49,943 0 20,621 0 70,563 20,621 0.063 718,912 406,455 402,666 3,788 1,125,366 722,700 0.64 0 0 0
2020 0.473 12.949 578 1,000 450 0 0 643,500 971,252 42,951 0 21,876 0 64,828 21,876 0.058 718,912 406,455 402,666 3,788 1,125,366 722,700 0.64 0 0 0
2022 0.502 13.738 613 1,000 450 0 0 594,000 941,712 39,647 0 23,209 0 62,856 23,209 0.056 718,912 406,455 402,666 3,788 1,125,366 722,700 0.64 0 0 0
2024 0.533 14.575 650 1,000 450 0 0 553,500 922,388 36,944 0 24,622 0 61,566 24,622 0.055 718,912 406,455 402,666 3,788 1,125,366 722,700 0.64 0 0 0
2026 0.565 15.462 690 1,000 475 0 0 560,500 919,763 37,411 0 23,980 0 61,391 23,980 0.053 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2028 0.6 16.404 732 1,000 475 0 0 551,000 932,142 36,777 0 25,440 0 62,217 25,440 0.054 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2030 0.636 17.403 776 1,000 475 0 0 536,750 941,104 35,826 0 26,989 0 62,816 26,989 0.054 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2032 0.675 18.463 824 1,000 475 0 0 536,750 965,729 35,826 0 28,633 0 64,459 28,633 0.055 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2034 0.716 19.587 874 1,000 475 0 0 532,000 987,104 35,509 0 30,377 0 65,886 30,377 0.057 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2036 0.76 20.78 927 1,000 475 0 0 527,250 1,010,070 35,192 0 32,227 0 67,419 32,227 0.058 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2038 0.806 22.046 983 1,000 475 0 0 527,250 1,039,473 35,192 0 34,189 0 69,381 34,189 0.06 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2040 0.855 23.388 1043 1,000 475 0 0 522,500 1,065,918 34,875 0 36,271 0 71,146 36,271 0.061 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2042 0.907 24.813 1107 1,000 475 0 0 522,500 1,099,012 34,875 0 38,480 0 73,355 38,480 0.063 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2044 0.963 26.324 1174 1,000 475 0 0 517,750 1,129,372 34,558 0 40,824 0 75,382 40,824 0.065 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2046 1.021 27.927 1246 1,000 475 0 0 517,750 1,166,620 34,558 0 43,310 0 77,868 43,310 0.067 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2048 1.083 29.627 1322 1,000 475 0 0 513,000 1,201,386 34,241 0 45,947 0 80,188 45,947 0.069 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
2050 1.149 31.432 1402 1,000 475 0 0 513,000 1,243,308 34,241 0 48,746 0 82,987 48,746 0.071 758,851 402,672 438,823 =36,151 1,161,523 722,700 0.65 0 0 0
Los'Angeles,'CA')'Commercial')'Non)Grid'Exporting'System
2014 0.067 7.091 0.084 24.819 1570 1,000 0 0 0 0 581,323 0 0 61,597 0 61,597 61,597 0.105 0 586,556 0 586,556 586,556 586,557 0 0 0 0
2016 0.072 7.523 0.089 26.33 1665 1,000 0 0 0 0 660,208 0 0 65,587 0 65,587 65,587 0.112 0 586,556 0 586,556 586,556 586,557 0 0 0 0
2018 0.076 7.981 0.095 27.934 1767 1,000 75 0 0 118,500 967,683 8,324 0 59,649 0 67,973 59,649 0.116 120,538 466,941 0 466,941 587,479 586,557 0.2 923 0 0
COMMERCIAL TABLES - ALL LOCATIONS

2020
2022
0.081
0.085
8.467
8.983
0.101
0.107
29.635
31.44
1875
1989
1,000
100
100
125
0
50
0
25
143,000
179,020
1,050,035
1,089,160
9,545
11,949
0
641
60,542
60,108
0
0
70,086
72,698
60,542
60,749
0.119
0.124
160,717
200,897
436,122
412,687
0
0
436,122
412,687
596,839
613,584
586,557
586,427
0.26
0.3
10,283
26,460
0
0.6
0
2,599
2024 0.091 9.53 0.113 33.354 2110 96 150 75 25 201,762 1,129,677 13,467 786 61,149 0 75,402 61,935 0.129 241,076 394,416 0 394,416 635,492 586,403 0.33 47,612 0.9 5,560
2026 0.096 10.11 0.12 35.386 2238 1,000 125 0 0 147,500 1,197,276 9,845 0 70,069 0 79,914 70,069 0.136 200,897 415,160 0 415,160 616,057 586,557 0.29 29,500 0 0
2028 0.102 10.726 0.127 37.541 2375 1,000 125 0 0 145,000 1,258,707 9,678 0 74,336 0 84,014 74,336 0.143 200,897 415,160 0 415,160 616,057 586,557 0.29 29,500 0 0
2030 0.108 11.379 0.135 39.827 2519 1,000 150 125 25 189,710 1,321,115 12,663 930 74,588 0 88,180 75,517 0.15 241,076 376,884 0 376,884 617,960 586,557 0.36 24,722 1.49 25,185
2032 0.115 12.072 0.143 42.252 2673 1,000 175 250 50 237,113 1,387,243 15,826 1,834 74,933 0 92,594 76,767 0.158 281,255 341,583 0 341,583 622,838 586,557 0.42 22,823 2.99 50,723
Financial'Inputs'for'all'Commercial'Locations
2034 0.122 12.807 0.152 44.826 2835 1,000 225 500 75 326,195 1,448,009 21,772 3,407 71,470 0 96,650 74,877 0.165 361,614 278,409 0 278,409 640,023 586,557 0.53 26,767 5.98 100,636
2036 0.129 13.587 0.161 47.555 3008 108 375 1,275 200 603,361 1,486,608 40,272 9,298 49,656 0 99,226 58,954 0.169 602,689 96,234 0 96,234 698,923 586,539 0.84 41,287 15.24 267,789
2038 0.137 14.415 0.171 50.452 3191 108 375 1,325 200 606,909 1,524,539 40,509 8,999 52,250 0 101,758 61,249 0.173 602,689 93,725 0 93,725 696,414 586,540 0.84 38,073 15.83 270,574
2040 0.145 15.293 0.182 53.524 3386 108 375 1,350 200 603,576 1,561,329 40,287 8,779 55,147 0 104,213 63,927 0.178 602,689 92,632 0 92,632 695,321 586,540 0.84 36,675 16.13 271,787
2042 0.154 16.224 0.193 56.784 3592 73 700 2,700 300 1,134,320 1,602,246 75,712 16,525 14,707 0 106,944 31,232 0.182 1,125,020 6,339 0 6,339 1,131,360 586,242 0.99 455,487 32.27 337,343
2044 0.164 17.212 0.205 60.242 3811 73 700 2,700 300 1,121,650 1,594,232 74,866 16,269 15,274 0 106,410 31,543 0.182 1,125,020 6,339 0 6,339 1,131,360 586,242 0.99 455,487 32.27 337,343
2046 0.174 18.26 0.217 63.91 4043 73 700 2,700 300 1,116,196 1,594,062 74,502 16,020 15,876 0 106,398 31,896 0.181 1,125,020 6,339 0 6,339 1,131,360 586,242 0.99 455,487 32.27 337,343
2048
2050
0.184
0.195
19.372
20.552
0.23
0.244
67.803
71.932
PV' 4289
4550
Li4ion'1kWh' Li4ion'1kWh'
73
73
700
700
2,700
2,700
300 1,103,877
300 1,098,747
1,586,478
1,587,996
73,680
73,338
15,698
15,465
16,514
17,190
0
0
105,892
105,993
32,212
32,656
Converter'
0.181 1,125,020
0.181 1,125,020
6,339
6,339
0
0
6,339 1,131,360
6,339 1,131,360
586,242
586,242
0.99
0.99
455,487
455,487
32.27
32.27
337,343
337,343
PV'Capital' Replacement' Battery' Battery' Converter' Replacement' Interest'

Winter(
Year Cost
Summer(
Cost Capital'Cost Replacement'Cost Capital'Cost
Los'Angeles,'CA')'Commercial')'With'Exports'to'Grid'(Net'Energy'Metering)
Total(Annual(
Cost Rate Total(
$/Wdc $/Wdc $/kWh $/kWh $ $ %

2014
2016
2018
0.067
0.072
0.076
7.091
7.523
7.981
2014 0.084
0.089
0.095
1.49
24.819
26.33
27.934
3.18
1570
1665
1767
289.61
1,000
1,000
1,000
0
0
350
0
0
0
0
0
0
619.88
553,000
0
0
581,323
660,208
880,366
0.16
38,844
0
0
0
0
0
61,597
65,587
22,995
0
0
0
61,597
65,587
61,840
61,597
65,587
22,995
0.105
0.112
0.068
0.350
0
562,510
9.5
586,556
586,556
341,096
0
0
317,050
586,556
586,556
24,046
586,556
586,556
903,606
586,557
586,557
586,557 0.62
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2020
2022
0.081
0.085
8.467
8.983 2016 0.101
0.107 1.32
29.635
31.44 2.85
1875
1989 234.15
1,000
1,000
350
350
0
0
0
0 506.05
500,500
462,000
865,995
849,754 0.14
33,407
30,837
0
0
24,396
25,881
0
0
57,802
56,718
24,396
25,881
0.064
0.063 0.31
562,510
562,510 8.7
341,096
341,096
317,050
317,050
24,046
24,046
903,606
903,606
586,557
586,557
0.62
0.62
0
0
0
0
0
0
2024 0.091 9.53 0.113 33.354 2110 1,000 375 0 0 461,250 838,781 30,787 0 25,199 0 55,986 25,199 0.06 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2026
2028
0.096
0.102
10.11
10.726
2018 0.12
0.127
1.58
35.386
37.541
2238
2375
2.6 269.83
1,000
1,000
375
375
0
0
0
0
443.47
442,500
435,000
843,022
859,914
0.17
29,535
29,035
0
0
26,734
28,362
0
0
56,269
57,396
26,734
28,362
0.06
0.061
0.28
602,689
602,689
4.9
337,597
337,597
353,731
353,731
=16,134
=16,134
940,286
940,286
586,557
586,557
0.64
0.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
2020 1.43 2.37 236.56 391.23 0.16 0.26 4.4

2030 0.108 11.379 0.135 39.827 2519 1,000 375 0 0 423,750 874,541 28,284 0 30,089 0 58,373 30,089 0.062 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2032 0.115 12.072 0.143 42.252 2673 1,000 375 0 0 423,750 901,995 28,284 0 31,921 0 60,205 31,921 0.064 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2034 0.122 12.807 0.152 44.826 2835 1,000 375 0 0 420,000 927,370 28,034 0 33,865 0 61,899 33,865 0.066 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2036
2038
2040
0.129
0.137
0.145
13.587
14.415
15.293
2022 0.161
0.171
0.182
1.32
47.555
50.452
53.524
2.19
3008
3191
3386
210.4
1,000
1,000
1,000
375
375
375
0
0
0
0
0
0
347.96
416,250
416,250
412,500
954,518
987,299
1,018,326
0.14
27,783
27,783
27,533
0
0
0
35,928
38,116
40,437
0
0
0
63,711
65,899
67,970
35,928
38,116
40,437
0.068
0.07
0.072
0.24
602,689
602,689
602,689
4.4
337,597
337,597
337,597
353,731
353,731
353,731
=16,134
=16,134
=16,134
940,286
940,286
940,286
586,557
586,557
586,557
0.64
0.64
0.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2042
2044
0.154
0.164
16.224
17.212 2024 0.193
0.205 1.23
56.784
60.242 2.03
3592
3811 186.83
1,000
1,000
375
375
0
0
0
0 308.99
412,500
408,750
1,055,221
1,090,612 0.13
27,533
27,283
0
0
42,899
45,512
0
0
70,432
72,795
42,899
45,512
0.075
0.077 0.22
602,689
602,689 4.4
337,597
337,597
353,731
353,731
=16,134
=16,134
940,286
940,286
586,557
586,557
0.64
0.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
2046 0.174 18.26 0.217 63.91 4043 1,000 375 0 0 408,750 1,132,138 27,283 0 48,284 0 75,566 48,284 0.08 602,689 337,597 353,731 =16,134 940,286 586,557 0.64 0 0 0
2048
2050
0.184
0.195
19.372
20.552
2026 0.23
0.244
1.18
67.803
71.932
1.95
4289
4550
166.37
1,000
1,000
375
375
0
0
0
0
275.15
405,000
405,000
1,172,442
1,219,179
0.13
27,032
27,032
0
0
51,224
54,344
0
0
78,257
81,376
51,224
54,344
0.083
0.087
0.21
602,689
602,689
4.4
337,597
337,597
353,731
353,731
=16,134
=16,134
940,286
940,286
586,557
586,557
0.64
0.64
0
0
0
0
0
0
2028 1.16 1.91 149.96 248 0.13 0.21 4.4

2030 1.13 1.88 137.68 227.69 0.12 0.2 4.4
2032 1.13 1.86 133.45 220.7 0.12 0.2 4.4
2034 1.12 1.85 130.39 215.64 0.12 0.2 4.4
2036 1.11 1.84 127.93 211.58 0.12 0.2 4.4
2038 1.11 1.83 125.78 208.01 0.12 0.2 4.4
2040 1.1 1.82 123.76 204.68 0.12 0.2 4.4
2042 1.1 1.82 121.6 201.1 0.12 0.2 4.4
2044 1.09 1.81 119.5 197.64 0.12 0.2 4.4
2046 1.09 1.8 117.48 194.28 0.12 0.2 4.4
2048 1.08 1.79 115.51 191.04 0.12 0.19 4.4
2050 1.08 1.78 113.61 187.89 0.12 0.19 4.4
MOUN
KY
TA
ROC
IN

IN
STIT UTE
APPENDIX F
RESIDENTIAL TABLES - WESTCHESTER, NY

Westchester,$NY$,$Residential$,$Non,Grid$Exporting$System
Total-Annual-
Volumetric- 1kWh- Total-Capital- Total-Annual- Replacement- Total-O&M- Total-Annual- Operating- PV- Grid- Grid-Net- Total-Electrical- AC-Primary- Renewable- Excess- Battery- Battery-
Year Power-Price Grid PV Li7ion Converter Cost Total-NPC Capital-Cost Cost Cost Cost Cost COE Production Purchases Grid-Sales Purchases Production Load-Served Fraction Electricity Autonomy Throughput
$/kWh kW kW kWh kW $ $ $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/yr $/kWh kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr kWh/yr % kWh/yr hr kWh/yr
2014 0.225 3.05 1 0 0 2,670 26,565 267 0 2,393 2,661 2,393 0.223 1,298 10,637 0 10,637 11,935 11,934 11% 1 0 0
2016 0.239 3.05 2 0 0 4,700 29,387 433 0 2,273 2,706 2,273 0.227 2,596 9,512 0 9,512 12,108 11,934 20% 173 0 0
2018 0.253 3.05 2 0 0 6,060 40,319 426 0 2,406 2,832 2,406 0.237 2,596 9,512 0 9,512 12,108 11,934 20% 173 0 0
2020 0.269 3.05 2 0 0 5,500 43,053 375 0 San$Antonio,$TX$,$Residential$,$Non,Grid$Exporting$System
2,559 2,933 2,559 0.246 2,596 9,512 0 9,512 12,108 11,934 20% 173 0 0
2022 0.285 3 3 0 0 7,530 44,579 513 Total-Annual- 0 2,524 3,037 2,524 0.255 3,894 8,857 0 8,857 12,751 11,934 26% 817 0 0
2024 Volumetric-
0.302 3 4 1kWh- 5 1 Total-Capital-
11,165 45,938 Total-Annual-
761 Replacement-
50 Total-O&M-
2,319 Total-Annual-
3,130 Operating-
2,369 0.262 PV- 5,192 Grid- 7,645 0 Grid-Net-7,645 Total-Electrical-
12,837 AC-Primary-
11,935 Renewable-
36% Excess- 667 Battery-2.94 Battery- 890
2026 Power-Price
Year 0.321 Grid2.9 PV 7 Li7ion 18 Converter 3 Cost 21,433 Total-NPC46,590 Capital-Cost
1,460 Cost 159 Cost 1,555 Cost 3,174 Cost 1,714 COE 0.266 Production
9,086 Purchases
4,732 Grid-Sales0 Purchases
4,732 Production 13,818 Load-Served
11,935 Fraction60% Electricity
1,005 Autonomy10.57 Throughput
3,314
2028 $/kWh 0.34 kW 2.9 kW 8 kWh 21 kW 3$ 23,488 $ 46,744 $/yr 1,600 $/yr 165 $/yr 1,419 $/yr 3,185 $/yr 1,585 $/kWh0.267 kWh/yr10,384 kWh/yr 4,051 kWh/yr 0 kWh/yr 4,051 kWh/yr 14,435 kWh/yr11,935 % 66% kWh/yr1,468 hr 12.33 kWh/yr 3,894
2030
2014 0.361
0.098 2.9
5.5 08 23
0 04 23,4770 47,010
14,924 1,600
0 1740 1,430
1,495 3,203
1,495 1,603
1,495 0.268
0.098 10,384
0 3,833
15,253 00 3,833
15,253 14,217
15,253 11,935
15,253 68%
0% 1,1870 13.510 4,135
0
2032
2016 0.383
0.104 2.9
5.5 08 24
0 04 23,3370 47,782
17,152 1,590
0 1740 1,491
1,579 3,256
1,579 1,666
1,579 0.273
0.104 10,384
0 3,768
15,253 00 3,768
15,253 14,152
15,253 11,935
15,253 68%
0% 1,1040 14.090 4,207
0
2034
2018 0.406
0.11 2.9
5.5 09 26
0 04 25,6770 48,739
23,854 1,749
0 1830 1,389
1,676 3,321
1,676 1,571
1,676 0.278
0.11 11,682
0 3,292
15,253 00 3,292
15,253 14,974
15,253 11,935
15,253 72%
0% 1,8250 15.270 4,585
0
2036
2020 0.431
0.117 2.9
5.5 09 26
0 04 25,3910 49,619
26,090 1,730
0 1800 1,471
1,778 3,381
1,778 1,651
1,778 0.283
0.117 11,682
0 3,292
15,253 00 3,292
15,253 14,974
15,253 11,935
15,253 72%
0% 1,8250 15.270 4,585
0
2038
2022 0.457 5.45
0.124 2.9 29 27
0 04 25,416
5,020 50,634
27,327 1,732
342 1830 1,535
1,520 3,450
1,862 1,718
1,520 0.289
0.122 11,682
3,103 3,241
12,293 00 3,241
12,293 14,923
15,396 11,935
15,253 73%
19% 1,760
143 15.860 4,641
0
2040
2024 0.485 5.45
0.131 2.9 10
2 28
0 04 27,511
4,660 51,734
28,326 1,874
318 1860 1,464
1,612 3,525
1,930 1,650
1,612 0.295
0.127 12,980
3,103 2,904
12,293 00 2,904
12,293 15,883
15,396 11,935
15,253 76%
19% 2,656
143 16.440 4,885
0
2042
2026 0.515 5.45
0.139 2.9 10
2 29
0 04 27,472
4,460 52,704
29,567 1,872
304 1880 1,531
1,711 3,591
2,015 1,719
1,711 0.301
0.132 12,980
3,103 2,861
12,293 00 2,861
12,293 15,841
15,396 11,935
15,253 76%
19% 2,601
143 17.030 4,932
0
2044
2028 0.546 5.45
0.148 2.9 10
2 32
0 05 28,124
4,360 53,712
30,996 1,916
297 2080 1,535
1,815 3,660
2,112 1,743
1,815 0.307
0.138 12,980
3,103 2,694
12,293 00 2,694
12,293 15,674
15,396 11,935
15,253 77%
19% 2,387
143 18.790 5,117
0
2046
2030 0.579
0.157 2.85
5.4 11
3 33
0 05 30,151
6,420 54,702
32,377 2,054
437 2110 1,462
1,769 3,727
2,206 1,673
1,769 0.312
0.145 14,278
4,655 2,411
11,292 00 2,411
11,292 16,689
15,946 11,935
15,253 80%
26% 3,350
694 19.380 5,316
0
2048
2032 0.614 2.85
0.166 5.4 11
3 34
0 05 30,015
6,360 55,560
33,898 2,045
433 2130 1,527
1,876 3,786
2,310 1,741
1,876 0.317
0.151 14,278
4,655 2,377
11,292 00 2,377
11,292 16,655
15,946 11,935
15,253 80%
26% 3,306
694 19.970 5,354
0
2050
2034 0.652 2.85
0.176 5.4 11
3 35
0 05 30,096
6,330 56,715
35,545 2,051
431 2150 1,598
1,991 3,864
2,422 1,814
1,991 0.324
0.159 14,278
4,655 2,344
11,292 00 2,344
11,292 16,622
15,946 11,935
15,253 80%
26% 3,264
694 20.550 5,391
0
2036 0.187 5.4 3 0 0 6,270 37,264 427 0 2,112 2,539 2,112 0.166 4,655 11,292 0 11,292 15,946 15,253 26% 694 0 0
2038 0.198 5.4 4 5 1 9,630 38,988 656 Westchester,$NY$,$Residential$,$With$Exports$to$Grid$(Net$Energy$Metering)
36 1,964 2,656 2,000 0.174 6,206 9,851 0 9,851 16,057 15,253 35% 574 2.3 869
2040 0.21 5.4 5 7 1 12,053 40,651 821 Total-Annual-
47 1,902 2,770 1,949 0.182 7,758 8,970 0 8,970 16,727 15,253 41% 1,118 3.22 1,344
2042 Volumetric-
0.223 5.35 7 1kWh- 19 3 Total-Capital-
1,296 Replacement-
126 Total-O&M-
1,423 Total-Annual-
2,844 Operating-
1,548 0.186 PV- 10,861 Grid- 6,200 0 Grid-Net-
6,200 Total-Electrical-
17,060 AC-Primary-
15,252 Renewable-
59% Excess- 816 Battery-8.73 Battery-3,740
2044 Power-Price
Year 0.237 Grid
5.35 PV 8 Li7ion23 Converter3 Cost 21,726 Total-NPC 42,730 Capital-Cost
1,480 Cost 146 Cost 1,286 Cost 2,911 Cost 1,431 COE 0.191 Production 12,412 Purchases
5,232 Grid-Sales 5,232 Production
0 Purchases 17,644 Load-Served
15,253 Fraction66% Electricity
1,180 Autonomy10.57 Throughput
4,569
2046 $/kWh0.251 kW 5.35 kW 9 kWh 28 kW 4 $ 24,840 $ 43,600 $/yr 1,692 $/yr 177 $/yr 1,101 $/yr 2,971 $/yr 1,278 $/kWh0.195 kWh/yr 13,964 kWh/yr4,158 kWh/yr 0 kWh/yr4,158 kWh/yr 18,122 kWh/yr 15,253 % 73% kWh/yr1,395 hr 12.86 kWh/yr5,559
2048
2014 0.267 5.35
0.225 1000 99 280 40 24,569
24,030 44,227
24,600 1,674
2,407 1750 1,165
57 3,013
2,464 1,339
57 0.198
0.129 13,964
11,682 4,158
7,425 0
7,171 4,158
254 18,122
19,106 15,253
11,935 73%
61% 1,3950 12.860 5,5590
2050
2016 0.283 5.35
0.239 1000 99 280 40 24,481
21,150 45,094
21,809 1,668
1,948 1720 1,232
61 3,072
2,008 1,404
61 0.201
0.105 13,964
11,682 4,158
7,425 0
7,171 4,158
254 18,122
19,106 15,253
11,935 73%
61% 1,3950 12.860 5,5590
2018 0.253 1000 9 0 0 27,270 28,184 1,916 0 64 1,980 64 0.104 11,682 7,425 7,171 254 19,106 11,935 61% 0 0 0
2020 0.269 1000 9 0 0 24,750 25,752 1,686 San$Antonio,$TX$,$Residential$,$With$Exports$to$Grid$(Net$Energy$Metering)
0 68 1,755 68 0.092 11,682 7,425 7,171 254 19,106 11,935 61% 0 0 0
2022 0.285 1000 9 0 0 22,590 23,652 1,539 Total-Annual- 0 72 1,612 72 0.084 11,682 7,425 7,171 254 19,106 11,935 61% 0 0 0
2024 Volumetric-
0.302 1000 9 1kWh- 0 0 Total-Capital-
1,429 Replacement-0 Total-O&M-77 Total-Annual-
1,505 Operating-
77 0.079 PV- 11,682 Grid- 7,425 7,171 Grid-Net- 254 Total-Electrical-
19,106 AC-Primary-
11,935 Renewable-
61% Excess- 0 Battery- 0 Battery- 0
2026 Power-Price
Year 0.321 Grid
1000 PV 9 Li7ion 0 Converter 0 Cost 20,070 Total-NPC 21,266 Capital-Cost
1,367 Cost 0 Cost 81 Cost 1,449 Cost 81 COE 0.076 Production
11,682 Purchases
7,425 Grid-Sales
7,171 Purchases254 Production 19,106 Load-Served
11,935 Fraction61% Electricity 0 Autonomy 0 Throughput 0
2028 $/kWh 0.34 kW1000 kW 9 kWh 0 kW 0$ 19,620 $ 20,887 $/yr 1,337 $/yr 0 $/yr 86 $/yr 1,423 $/yr 86 $/kWh0.074 kWh/yr11,682 kWh/yr 7,425 kWh/yr
7,171 kWh/yr 254 kWh/yr 19,106 kWh/yr11,935 % 61% kWh/yr 0 hr 0 kWh/yr 0
2030
2014 0.361 1000
0.098 1000 09 00 00 19,2600 20,605
14,928 1,312
0 00 92
1,495 1,404
1,495 92
1,495 0.073
0.098 11,682
0 7,425
15,257 7,171
0 254
15,257 19,106
15,257 11,935
15,257 61%
0% 00 00 00
2032
2016 0.383 1000
0.104 1000 09 00 00 19,0800 20,507
17,156 1,300
0 00 97
1,580 1,397
1,580 97
1,580 0.073
0.104 11,682
0 7,425
15,257 7,171
0 254
15,257 19,106
15,257 11,935
15,257 61%
0% 00 00 00
2034
2018 0.406 1000
0.11 1000 09 00 00 18,9900 20,503
23,860 1,294
0 00 103
1,676 1,397
1,676 103
1,676 0.073
0.11 11,682
0 7,425
15,257 7,171
0 254
15,257 19,106
15,257 11,935
15,257 61%
0% 00 00 00
2036
2020 0.431 1000
0.117 1000 09 00 00 18,8100 20,416
26,097 1,282
0 00 109
1,778 1,391
1,778 109
1,778 0.073
0.117 11,682
0 7,425
15,257 7,171
0 254
15,257 19,106
15,257 11,935
15,257 61%
0% 00 00 00
2038
2022 0.457 1000
0.124 1000 99 00 00 18,720
22,590 20,423
24,937 1,275
1,539 00 116
160 1,391
1,699 116
160 0.073
0.073 11,682
13,964 7,425
9,172 7,171
7,879 254
1,293 19,106
23,136 11,935
15,257 61%
60% 00 00 00
2040
2024 0.485 1000
0.131 1000 109 00 00 18,630
23,300 20,437
23,300 1,269
1,588 00 123
0 1,392
1,588 123
0 0.073
0.065 11,682
15,515 7,425
9,018 7,171
9,276 254
7258 19,106
24,533 11,935
15,257 61%
63% 00 00 00
2042
2026 0.515 1000
0.139 1000 109 00 00 18,540
22,300 20,459
22,300 1,263
1,519 00 131
0 1,394
1,519 131
0 0.073
0.062 11,682
15,515 7,425
9,018 7,171
9,276 254
7258 19,106
24,533 11,935
15,257 61%
63% 00 00 00
2044
2028 0.546 1000
0.148 1000 109 00 00 18,450
21,800 20,484
21,800 1,257
1,485 00 139
0 1,396
1,485 139
0 0.073
0.061 11,682
15,515 7,425
9,018 7,171
9,276 254
7258 19,106
24,533 11,935
15,257 61%
63% 00 00 00
2046
2030 0.579 1000
0.157 1000 10
10 00 00 20,400
21,400 20,400
21,400 1,390
1,458 00 00 1,390
1,458 00 0.069
0.059 12,980
15,515 7,306
9,018 8,351
9,276 71,044
7258 20,286
24,533 11,935
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2048
2032 0.614 1000
0.166 1000 10
10 00 00 20,200
21,200 20,200
21,200 1,376
1,444 00 00 1,376
1,444 00 0.068
0.059 12,980
15,515 7,306
9,018 8,351
9,276 71,044
7258 20,286
24,533 11,935
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2050
2034 0.652 1000
0.176 1000 10
10 00 00 20,200
21,100 20,200
21,100 1,376
1,438 00 00 1,376
1,438 00 0.068
0.059 12,980
15,515 7,306
9,018 8,351
9,276 71,044
7258 20,286
24,533 11,935
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2036 0.187 1000 10 0 0 20,900 20,900 1,424 0 0 1,424 0 0.058 15,515 9,018 9,276 7258 24,533 15,257 63% 0 0 0
2038 0.198 1000 10 0 0 20,800 20,800 1,417 0 0 1,417 0 0.058 15,515 9,018 9,276 7258 24,533 15,257 63% 0 0 0
2040 0.21 1000 10 0 0 20,700 20,700 1,410 0 0 1,410 0 0.057 15,515 9,018 9,276 7258 24,533 15,257 63% 0 0 0
2042 0.223 1000 10 0 0 20,600 20,600 1,404 0 0 1,404 0 0.057 15,515 9,018 9,276 7258 24,533 15,257 63% 0 0 0
2044 0.237 1000 10 0 0 20,500 20,500 1,397 0 0 1,397 0 0.057 15,515 9,018 9,276 7258 24,533 15,257 63% 0 0 0
RESIDENTIAL TABLES - LOUISVILLE, KY

2046
2048
0.251 1000
0.267 1000
10
10
0
0
0
0
20,400
20,200
20,400
20,200
1,390
1,376
0
0
0
0
1,390
1,376
0
0
0.057
0.056
15,515
15,515
9,018
9,018
9,276
9,276
7258
7258
24,533
24,533
15,257
15,257
63%
63%
0
0
0
0
0
0
2050 0.283 1000 10 0 0 20,200 20,200 1,376 0 0 1,376 0 0.056 15,515 9,018 9,276 7258 24,533 15,257 63% 0 0 0
Louisville,$KY$,$Residential$,$Non,Grid$Exporting$System
Total-Annual-
2014 0.093 3.65 0 0 0 0 11,928 0 0 1,195 1,195 1,195 0.093 0 12,846 0 12,846 12,846 12,846 0% 0 0 0
2016 0.099 3.65 0 0 0 0 13,811 0 0 1,272 1,272 1,272 0.099 0 12,846 0 12,846 12,846 12,846 0% 0 0 0
2018 0.105 3.65 0 0 0 0 19,203 0 0 1,349 1,349 1,349 0.105 0 12,846 0 12,846 12,846 12,846 0% 0 0 0
2020 0.111 3.65 0 0 0 0 20,928 0 0 1,426 1,426 1,426 0.111 0 12,846 0 12,846 12,846 12,846 0% 0 0 0
2022 0.118 3.65 0 0 0 0 22,248 0 0 1,516 1,516 1,516 0.118 0 12,846 0 12,846 12,846 12,846 0% 0 0 0
2024 0.125 3.55 1 0 0 2,330 23,409 159 0 1,436 1,595 1,436 0.124 1,359 11,490 0 11,490 12,848 12,847 11% 1 0 0
2026 0.133 3.45 2 0 0 4,460 24,521 304 0 1,367 1,671 1,367 0.13 2,718 10,277 0 10,277 12,995 12,847 20% 148 0 0
2028 0.141 3.45 2 0 0 4,360 25,627 297 0 1,449 1,746 1,449 0.136 2,718 10,277 0 10,277 12,995 12,847 20% 148 0 0
2030 0.15 3.45 2 0 0 4,280 26,905 292 0 1,542 1,833 1,542 0.143 2,718 10,277 0 10,277 12,995 12,847 20% 148 0 0
2032 0.159 3.45 2 0 0 4,240 28,222 289 0 1,634 1,923 1,634 0.15 2,718 10,277 0 10,277 12,995 12,847 20% 148 0 0
2034 0.169 3.45 2 0 0 4,220 29,711 288 0 1,737 2,024 1,737 0.158 2,718 10,277 0 10,277 12,995 12,847 20% 148 0 0
2036 0.179 3.45 2 0 0 4,180 31,179 285 0 1,840 2,124 1,840 0.165 2,718 10,277 0 10,277 12,995 12,847 20% 148 0 0
2038 0.19 3.4 3 0 0 6,240 32,743 425 0 1,806 2,231 1,806 0.174 4,077 9,504 0 9,504 13,581 12,847 26% 734 0 0
2040 0.201 3.4 3 0 0 6,210 34,248 423 0 1,910 2,333 1,910 0.182 4,077 9,504 0 9,504 13,581 12,847 26% 734 0 0
2042 0.214 3.35 4 5 1 9,506 35,993 648 35 1,770 2,452 1,805 0.191 5,436 8,225 0 8,225 13,661 12,847 36% 586 2.73 862
2044 0.227 3.35 4 5 1 9,448 37,498 644 34 1,877 2,555 1,911 0.199 5,436 8,225 0 8,225 13,661 12,847 36% 586 2.73 862
2046 0.24 3.2 6 13 2 15,286 38,835 1,041 83 1,521 2,646 1,605 0.206 8,154 6,230 0 6,230 14,384 12,847 52% 907 7.09 2,381
2048 0.255 3.15 7 19 3 18,550 39,753 1,264 121 1,324 2,709 1,445 0.211 9,513 5,044 0 5,044 14,557 12,847 61% 798 10.37 3,445
2050 0.271 3.05 8 22 3 21,074 40,731 1,436 134 1,205 2,775 1,339 0.216 10,872 4,284 0 4,284 15,156 12,847 67% 1,230 12 4,074
Louisville,$KY$,$Residential$,$With$Exports$to$Grid$(Net$Energy$Metering)
Total-Annual-
2014 0.093 1000 0 0 0 0 11,929 0 0 1,195 1,195 1,195 0.093 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2016 0.099 1000 0 0 0 0 13,813 0 0 1,272 1,272 1,272 0.099 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2018 0.105 1000 0 0 0 0 19,205 0 0 1,349 1,349 1,349 0.105 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2020 0.111 1000 0 0 0 0 20,931 0 0 1,426 1,426 1,426 0.111 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2022 0.118 1000 0 0 0 0 22,251 0 0 1,516 1,516 1,516 0.118 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2024 0.125 1000 9 0 0 20,970 22,102 1,429 0 77 1,506 77 0.075 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2026 0.133 1000 9 0 0 20,070 21,275 1,367 0 82 1,450 82 0.072 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2028 0.141 1000 9 0 0 19,620 20,897 1,337 0 87 1,424 87 0.071 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2030 0.15 1000 9 0 0 19,260 20,619 1,312 0 93 1,405 93 0.07 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2032 0.159 1000 9 0 0 19,080 20,520 1,300 0 98 1,398 98 0.07 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2034 0.169 1000 9 0 0 18,990 20,521 1,294 0 104 1,398 104 0.07 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2036 0.179 1000 9 0 0 18,810 20,431 1,282 0 110 1,392 110 0.069 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2038 0.19 1000 9 0 0 18,720 20,441 1,275 0 117 1,393 117 0.07 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2040 0.201 1000 9 0 0 18,630 20,451 1,269 0 124 1,393 124 0.07 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2042 0.214 1000 9 0 0 18,540 20,478 1,263 0 132 1,395 132 0.07 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2044 0.227 1000 10 0 0 20,500 20,500 1,397 0 0 1,397 0 0.066 13,590 7,667 8,409 7742 21,257 12,848 64% 0 0 0
2046 0.24 1000 10 0 0 20,400 20,400 1,390 0 0 1,390 0 0.065 13,590 7,667 8,409 7742 21,257 12,848 64% 0 0 0
2048 0.255 1000 10 0 0 20,200 20,200 1,376 0 0 1,376 0 0.065 13,590 7,667 8,409 7742 21,257 12,848 64% 0 0 0
2050 0.271 1000 10 0 0 20,200 20,200 1,376 0 0 1,376 0 0.065 13,590 7,667 8,409 7742 21,257 12,848 64% 0 0 0
MOUN
KY
TA
ROC
IN

IN
STIT UTE
APPENDIX F
RESIDENTIAL TABLES - SAN ANTONIO, TX
San$Antonio,$TX$,$Residential$,$Non,Grid$Exporting$System
Total-Annual-
2014 0.098 5.5 0 0 0 0 14,924 0 0 1,495 1,495 1,495 0.098 0 15,253 0 15,253 15,253 15,253 0% 0 0 0
2016 0.104 5.5 0 0 0 0 17,152 0 0 1,579 1,579 1,579 0.104 0 15,253 0 15,253 15,253 15,253 0% 0 0 0
2018 0.11 5.5 0 0 0 0 23,854 0 0 1,676 1,676 1,676 0.11 0 15,253 0 15,253 15,253 15,253 0% 0 0 0
2020 0.117 5.5 0 0 0 0 26,090 0 0 1,778 1,778 1,778 0.117 0 15,253 0 15,253 15,253 15,253 0% 0 0 0
2022 0.124 5.45 2 0 0 5,020 27,327 342 0 1,520 1,862 1,520 0.122 3,103 12,293 0 12,293 15,396 15,253 19% 143 0 0
2024 0.131 5.45 2 0 0 4,660 28,326 318 0 1,612 1,930 1,612 0.127 3,103 12,293 0 12,293 15,396 15,253 19% 143 0 0
2026 0.139 5.45 2 0 0 4,460 29,567 304 0 Honolulu,$HI$,$Residential$,$Non,Grid$Exporting$System
1,711 2,015 1,711 0.132 3,103 12,293 0 12,293 15,396 15,253 19% 143 0 0
2028 0.148 5.45 2 0 0 4,360 30,996 297Total-Annual- 0 1,815 2,112 1,815 0.138 3,103 12,293 0 12,293 15,396 15,253 19% 143 0 0
2030Volumetric-
0.157 5.4 31kWh- 0 0Total-Capital-
6,420 32,377Total-Annual-
437Replacement- 0Total-O&M- 1,769Total-Annual-
2,206Operating-
1,769 0.145PV- 4,655Grid- 11,292 0Grid-Net-11,292Total-Electrical-
15,946AC-Primary-
15,253Renewable-
26%Excess- 694Battery- 0Battery- 0
Year 0.166Grid 5.4PV
2032Power-Price 3Li7ion 0Converter 0Cost 6,360Total-NPC
33,898Capital-Cost433Cost 0Cost 1,876Cost 2,310Cost 1,876COE 0.151Production 11,292Grid-Sales 0Purchases
4,655Purchases 11,292Production15,946Load-Served 15,253Fraction 26%Electricity 694Autonomy 0Throughput 0
2034$/kWh 0.176kW kW
5.4 3kWh kW
0 0$ 6,330$ 35,545$/yr 431$/yr 0$/yr 1,991 $/yr 2,422$/yr 1,991 $/kWh 0.159kWh/yr 4,655kWh/yr 11,292kWh/yr 0kWh/yr 11,292 kWh/yr 15,946 kWh/yr 15,253% 26%kWh/yr 694 hr 0kWh/yr 0
2014
2036 0.363
0.187 3.3 5.4 33 00 00 8,010
6,270 44,924
37,264 802
427 00 3,697
2,112 4,500
2,539 3,697
2,112 0.311
0.166 4,793
4,655 10,186
11,292 00 10,186
11,292 14,978
15,946 14,490
15,253 30%
26% 488
694 00 00
2016
2038 0.385
0.198 3.15 5.4 64 13 5 21 19,305
9,630 48,202
38,988 1,778
656 19136 2,469
1,964 4,439
2,656 2,661
2,000 0.306
0.174 9,585
6,206 6,348
9,851 00 6,348
9,851 15,933
16,057 14,490
15,253 56%
35% 746
574 6.292.3 2,630
869
2018
2040 0.408
0.21 3.05 5.4 85 23 7 31 35,610
12,053 63,993
40,651 2,501
821 33047 1,664
1,902 4,495
2,770 1,994
1,949 0.31
0.182 12,781
7,758 3,962
8,970 00 3,962
8,970 16,743
16,727 14,489
15,253 73%
41% 992
1,118 11.13
3.22 4,755
1,344
2020
2042 0.433
0.223 3.055.35 97 2919 43 37,496
19,021 61,103
41,744 2,555
1,296 363
126 1,245
1,423 4,163
2,844 1,608
1,548 0.287
0.186 14,378
10,861 2,741
6,200 00 2,741
6,200 17,119
17,060 14,489
15,252 81%
59% 1,058
816 14.03
8.73 5,925
3,740
2022
2044 0.46
0.237 5.35 3 10 8 3223 43 37,515
21,726 57,585
42,730 2,556
1,480 352
146 1,016
1,286 3,924
2,911 1,367
1,431 0.271
0.191 15,976
12,412 2,071
5,232 00 2,071
5,232 18,047
17,644 14,489
15,253 86%
66% 1,828
1,180 15.48
10.57 6,519
4,569
2024
2046 0.488
0.251 2.955.35 11 9 3528 54 37,945
24,840 54,604
43,600 2,585
1,692 340
177 795
1,101 3,720
2,971 1,135
1,278 0.257
0.195 17,573
13,964 1,486
4,158 00 1,486
4,158 19,060
18,122 14,488
15,253 90%
73% 2,703
1,395 16.93
12.86 7,042
5,559
2026
2048 0.517
0.267 2.955.35 11 9 3528 54 35,610
24,569 52,416
44,227 2,426
1,674 306
175 839
1,165 3,571
3,013 1,145
1,339 0.247
0.198 17,573
13,964 1,486
4,158 00 1,486
4,158 19,060
18,122 14,488
15,253 90%
73% 2,703
1,395 16.93
12.86 7,042
5,559
2028
2050 0.549
0.283 2.955.35 11 9 3528 54 34,060
24,481 51,147
45,094 2,321
1,668 279
172 886
1,232 3,485
3,072 1,164
1,404 0.241
0.201 17,573
13,964 1,486
4,158 00 1,486
4,158 19,060
18,122 14,488
15,253 90%
73% 2,703
1,395 16.93
12.86 7,042
5,559
2030 0.582 2.95 11 36 5 33,137 50,423 2,258 262 916 3,436 1,178 0.237 17,573 1,449 0 1,449 19,022 14,488 90% 2,655 17.41 7,083
2032 0.618 2.9 12 36 5 34,735 50,473 2,367 257 815 3,439 1,072 0.237 19,171
San$Antonio,$TX$,$Residential$,$With$Exports$to$Grid$(Net$Energy$Metering) 1,203 0 1,203 20,374 14,488 92% 3,965 17.41 7,245
2034 0.655 2.9 12 37 5 34,649 50,745 2,361 255 842 3,457 1,097 0.239 19,171 1,172 0 1,172 20,343 14,488 92% 3,924 17.9 7,280
Total-Annual-
2036 0.695 2.9 12 37 5 34,258 50,981 2,334 251 889 3,474 1,139 0.24 19,171 1,172 0 1,172 20,343 14,488 92% 3,924 17.9 7,280
2038 0.738 2.85 12 40 5 34,630 51,393 2,360 264 878 3,502 1,142 0.242 19,171 1,082 0 1,082 20,253 14,487 93% 3,812 19.35 7,379
2040 0.782 2.85 12 41 5 34,582 51,791 2,356 266 906 3,529 1,173 0.244 19,171 1,054 0 1,054 20,224 14,487 93% 3,776 19.83 7,410
2042 0.83 2.85 12 44 5 34,868 52,099 2,376 277 897 3,550 1,174 0.245 19,171 974 0 974 20,145 14,487 93% 3,675 21.28 7,498
2014 0.098 1000 0 0 0 0 14,928 0 0 1,495 1,495 1,495 0.098 0 15,257 0 15,257 15,257 15,257 0% 0 0 0
2044 0.881 2.85 12 45 5 34,794 52,480 2,371 279 926 3,576 1,205 0.247 19,171 950 0 950 20,121 14,487 93% 3,645 21.77 7,525
2016 0.104 1000 0 0 0 0 17,156 0 0 1,580 1,580 1,580 0.104 0 15,257 0 15,257 15,257 15,257 0% 0 0 0
2046 0.934 2.75 13 46 5 36,757 52,824 2,504 280 815 3,599 1,095 0.248 20,769 774 0 774 21,542 14,486 95% 5,042 22.25 7,622
2018 0.11 1000 0 0 0 0 23,860 0 0 1,676 1,676 1,676 0.11 0 15,257 0 15,257 15,257 15,257 0% 0 0 0
2048 0.991 2.75 13 47 5 36,539 52,996 2,490 281 840 3,611 1,121 0.249 20,769 753 0 753 21,522 14,486 95% 5,016 22.74 7,645
2020 0.117 1000 0 0 0 0 26,097 0 0 1,778 1,778 1,778 0.117 0 15,257 0 15,257 15,257 15,257 0% 0 0 0
2050 1.052 2.7 13 50 5 36,955 53,435 2,518 292 831 3,641 1,123 0.251 20,769 695 0 695 21,463 14,485 95% 4,944 24.19 7,709
2022 0.124 1000 9 0 0 22,590 24,937 1,539 0 160 1,699 160 0.073 13,964 9,172 7,879 1,293 23,136 15,257 60% 0 0 0
2024 0.131 1000 10 0 0 23,300 23,300 1,588 0 0 1,588 0 0.065 15,515 9,018 9,276 7258 24,533 15,257 63% 0 0 0
2026 0.139 1000 10 0 0 22,300 22,300 1,519 Honolulu,$HI$,$Residential$,$With$Exports$to$Grid$(Net$Energy$Metering)
0 0 1,519 0 0.062 15,515 9,018 9,276 7258 24,533 15,257 63% 0 0 0
2028 0.148 1000 10 0 0 21,800 21,800 1,485Total-Annual- 0 0 1,485 0 0.061 15,515 9,018 9,276 7258 24,533 15,257 63% 0 0 0
2030Volumetric-
0.157 1000 101kWh- 0 0Total-Capital-
1,458Replacement- 0Total-O&M- 0Total-Annual- 1,458Operating- 0 0.059PV- 15,515Grid- 9,018 9,276Grid-Net- 7258Total-Electrical-
24,533AC-Primary-
15,257Renewable-
Year 0.166Grid1000PV 10Li7ion 0Converter 0Cost
2032Power-Price 21,200Total-NPC
21,200Capital-Cost
1,444Cost 0Cost 0Cost 1,444Cost 0COE 15,515Purchases9,018Grid-Sales
0.059Production 9,276Purchases 7258Production24,533Load-Served 15,257Fraction 63%Electricity 0Autonomy 0Throughput 0
2034$/kWh 0.176kW1000kW 10kWh 0kW 0$ 21,100$ 21,100$/yr 1,438$/yr 0$/yr 0$/yr 1,438$/yr 0$/kWh 0.059kWh/yr 15,515kWh/yr 9,018kWh/yr 9,276kWh/yr 7258kWh/yr 24,533kWh/yr 15,257% 63%kWh/yr 0hr 0kWh/yr 0
2014
2036 0.363
0.187 1000
1000 910 00 00 24,030
20,900 24,437
20,900 2,407
1,424 00 41 0 2,448
1,424 41 0 0.109
0.058 14,378
15,515 8,083
9,018 7,970
9,276 112
7258 22,461
24,533 14,490
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2016
2038 0.385
0.198 1000
1000 910 00 00 21,150
20,800 21,619
20,800 1,948
1,417 00 43 0 1,991
1,417 43 0 0.089
0.058 14,378
15,515 8,083
9,018 7,970
9,276 112
7258 22,461
24,533 14,490
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2018
2040 0.408
0.21 1000
1000 910 00 00 27,270
20,700 27,923
20,700 1,916
1,410 00 46 0 1,961
1,410 46 0 0.087
0.057 14,378
15,515 8,083
9,018 7,970
9,276 112
7258 22,461
24,533 14,490
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2020
2042 0.433
0.223 1000
1000 910 00 00 24,750
20,600 25,464
20,600 1,686
1,404 00 49 0 1,735
1,404 49 0 0.077
0.057 14,378
15,515 8,083
9,018 7,970
9,276 112
7258 22,461
24,533 14,490
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2022
2044 0.46
0.237 1000
1000 910 00 00 22,590
20,500 23,347
20,500 1,539
1,397 00 52 0 1,591
1,397 52 0 0.071
0.057 14,378
15,515 8,083
9,018 7,970
9,276 112
7258 22,461
24,533 14,490
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2024
2046 0.488
0.251 1000
1000 910 00 00 20,970
20,400 21,773
20,400 1,429
1,390 00 55 0 1,484
1,390 55 0 0.066
0.057 14,378
15,515 8,083
9,018 7,970
9,276 112
7258 22,461
24,533 14,490
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2026
2048 0.517
0.267 1000
1000 910 00 00 20,070
20,200 20,922
20,200 1,367
1,376 00 58 0 1,426
1,376 58 0 0.063
0.056 14,378
15,515 8,083
9,018 7,970
9,276 112
7258 22,461
24,533 14,490
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2028
2050 0.549
0.283 1000
1000 910 00 00 19,620
20,200 20,524
20,200 1,337
1,376 00 62 0 1,398
1,376 62 0 0.062
0.056 14,378
15,515 8,083
9,018 7,970
9,276 112
7258 22,461
24,533 14,490
15,257 64%
63% 00 00 00
2030 0.582 1000 9 0 0 19,260 20,219 1,312 0 65 1,378 65 0.061 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2032 0.618 1000 9 0 0 19,080 20,098 1,300 0 69 1,369 69 0.061 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2034 0.655 1000 9 0 0 18,990 20,070 1,294 0 74 1,367 74 0.061 14,378
Louisville,$KY$,$Residential$,$Non,Grid$Exporting$System 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2036 0.695 1000 9 0 0 18,810 19,955 1,282 0 78 1,360 78 0.061 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
Total-Annual-
2038 0.738 1000 9 0 0 18,720 19,935 1,275 0 83 1,358 83 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2040 0.782 1000 9 0 0 18,630 19,919 1,269 0 88 1,357 88 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2042 0.83 1000 9 0 0 18,540 19,908 1,263 0 93 1,356 93 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
RESIDENTIAL TABLES - LOS ANGELES, CA
2044
2014
2046
0.881 1000
0.093 3.65
0.934 1000
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18,450
18,360
0
19,901
11,928
19,899
1,257
1,251
0
0
0
0
99
1,195
105
1,356
1,195
1,356
99
1,195
105
0.06
0.093
0.06
14,378
14,378
0
8,083
12,846
8,083
7,970
7,970
0
112
12,846
112
22,461
12,846
22,461
14,490
12,846
14,490
64%
0%
64%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2016 0.099 3.65 0 0 0 0 13,811 0 0 1,272 1,272 1,272 0.099 0 12,846 0 12,846 12,846 12,846 0% 0 0 0
2048 0.991 1000 9 0 0 18,180 19,813 1,239 0 111 1,350 111 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2018 0.105 3.65 0 0 0 0 19,203 0 0 1,349 1,349 1,349 0.105 0 12,846 0 12,846 12,846 12,846 0% 0 0 0
2050 1.052 1000 9 0 0 18,180 19,913 1,239 0 118 1,357 118 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2020 0.111 3.65 0 0 0 0 20,928 0 0 1,426 1,426 1,426 0.111 0 12,846 0 12,846 12,846 12,846 0% 0 0 0
2022 0.118 3.65 0 0 0 0 22,248 0 0 1,516 1,516 1,516 0.118 0 12,846 0 12,846 12,846 12,846 0% 0 0 0
2024 0.125 3.55 1 0 0 2,330 23,409 159 0 Los$Angeles,$CA$,$Residential$,$Non,Grid$Exporting$System
1,436 1,595 1,436 0.124 1,359 11,490 0 11,490 12,848 12,847 11% 1 0 0
2026 0.133 3.45 2 0 0 4,460 24,521 304Total-Annual- 0 1,367 1,671 1,367 0.13 2,718 10,277 0 10,277 12,995 12,847 20% 148 0 0
2028Volumetric-
0.141 3.45 21kWh- 0 0Total-Capital-
297Replacement- 0Total-O&M- 1,449Total-Annual-
1,746Operating-
1,449 0.136PV- 2,718Grid- 10,277 0Grid-Net-10,277Total-Electrical-
12,995AC-Primary-
12,847Renewable-
Year
2030Power-Price Grid
0.15 3.45 PV 2Li7ion Converter
0 0Cost 4,280Total-NPC
26,905Capital-Cost292Cost 0Cost 1,542 Cost 1,833Cost 1,542 COE 0.143Production
2,718Purchases
10,277Grid-Sales 0Purchases
10,277 Production 12,995 Load-Served
12,847Fraction 20%Electricity 148 Autonomy 0Throughput 0
2032$/kWh 0.159kW 3.45kW 2kWh 0kW 0$ 4,240$ 28,222$/yr 289$/yr 0$/yr 1,634$/yr 1,923$/yr 1,634$/kWh 0.15kWh/yr 2,718kWh/yr 10,277kWh/yr 0kWh/yr 10,277kWh/yr 12,995kWh/yr 12,847% 20%kWh/yr 148hr 0kWh/yr 0
2014
2034 0.181
0.169 1.963.45 12 00 00 2,670
4,220 14,123
29,711 267
288 00 1,147
1,737 1,415
2,024 1,147
1,737 0.179
0.158 1,606
2,718 6,338
10,277 00 6,338
10,277 7,944
12,995 7,920
12,847 20%
20% 23
148 00 00
2016
2036 0.192
0.179 1.963.45 12 00 00 2,350
4,180 15,597
31,179 216
285 00 1,220
1,840 1,436
2,124 1,220
1,840 0.181
0.165 1,606
2,718 6,338
10,277 00 6,338
10,277 7,944
12,995 7,920
12,847 20%
20% 23
148 00 00
2018
2038 0.204
0.19 1.963.4 1 3 0 0 0 0 3,030
6,240 21,453
32,743 213
425 0 0 1,294
1,806 1,507
2,231 1,294
1,806 0.19
0.174 1,606
4,077 6,338
9,504 0 0 6,338
9,504 7,944
13,581 7,920
12,847 20%
26% 23
734 0 0 0 0
2020
2040 0.217
0.201 1.96 3.4 13 00 00 2,750
6,210 22,900
34,248 187
423 00 1,373
1,910 1,560
2,333 1,373
1,910 0.197
0.182 1,606
4,077 6,338
9,504 00 6,338
9,504 7,944
13,581 7,920
12,847 20%
26% 23
734 00 00
2022
2042 0.23
0.214 1.963.35 24 05 01 5,020
9,506 23,637
35,993 342
648 035 1,268
1,770 1,611
2,452 1,268
1,805 0.203
0.191 3,211
5,436 5,520
8,225 00 5,520
8,225 8,731
13,661 7,920
12,847 30%
36% 811
586 0
2.73 0
862
2024
2044 0.244
0.227 1.963.35 24 05 01 4,660
9,448 24,411
37,498 318
644 034 1,346
1,877 1,663
2,555 1,346
1,911 0.21
0.199 3,211
5,436 5,520
8,225 00 5,520
8,225 8,731
13,661 7,920
12,847 30%
36% 811
586 0
2.73 0
862
2026
2046 0.259
0.24 1.95 3.2 36 713 12 8,906
15,286 24,744
38,835 607
1,041 6183 1,018
1,521 1,686
2,646 1,079
1,605 0.213
0.206 4,817
8,154 3,881
6,230 00 3,881
6,230 8,698
14,384 7,920
12,847 51%
52% 403
907 6.19
7.09 1,410
2,381
2028
2048 0.274
0.255 1.9 3.15 47 1419 23 12,752
18,550 24,659
39,753 869
1,264 110
121 701
1,324 1,680
2,709 811
1,445 0.212
0.211 6,423
9,513 2,453
5,044 00 2,453
5,044 8,876
14,557 7,920
12,847 69%
61% 226
798 12.39
10.37 2,752
3,445
2030
2050 0.291
0.271 1.853.05 58 1722 23 15,131
21,074 24,554
40,731 1,031
1,436 126
134 516
1,205 1,673
2,775 642
1,339 0.211
0.216 8,029
10,872 1,656
4,284 00 1,656
4,284 9,685
15,156 7,920
12,847 79%
67% 843
1,230 15.0412 3,471
4,074
2032 0.309 1.85 5 18 3 15,383 24,644 1,048 134 497 1,679 631 0.212 8,029 1,492 0 1,492 9,521 7,920 81% 631 15.93 3,653
2034 0.328 1.85 5 18 3 15,242 24,877 1,038 132 525 1,695 656 0.214 8,029
Louisville,$KY$,$Residential$,$With$Exports$to$Grid$(Net$Energy$Metering) 1,492 0 1,492 9,521 7,920 81% 631 15.93 3,653
2036 0.348 1.85 5 18 3 15,068 25,110 1,027 130 555 1,711 684 0.216 8,029 1,492 0 1,492 9,521 7,920 81% 631 15.93 3,653
Total-Annual-
2038 0.369 1.85 5 19 3 15,162 25,423 1,033 130 569 1,732 699 0.219 8,029 1,440 0 1,440 9,468 7,920 82% 564 16.81 3,711
2040 0.391 1.8 6 20 3 17,324 25,680 1,180 139 430 1,750 569 0.221 9,634 997 0 997 10,632 7,920 87% 1,628 17.7 4,083
2042 0.415 1.8 6 21 3 17,363 25,816 1,183 137 439 1,759 576 0.222 9,634 957 0 957 10,591 7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2044 0.44 1.8 6 21 3 17,230 26,009 1,174 135 463 1,772 598 0.224 9,634 957 0 957 10,591 7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2014 0.093 1000 0 0 0 0 11,929 0 0 1,195 1,195 1,195 0.093 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2046 0.467 1.8 6 21 3 17,100 26,227 1,165 133 489 1,787 622 0.226 9,634 957 0 957 10,591 7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2016 0.099 1000 0 0 0 0 13,813 0 0 1,272 1,272 1,272 0.099 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2048 0.496 1.8 6 21 3 16,912 26,412 1,152 131 516 1,800 647 0.227 9,634 957 0 957 10,591 7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2018 0.105 1000 0 0 0 0 19,205 0 0 1,349 1,349 1,349 0.105 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2050 0.526 1.8 6 21 3 16,846 26,743 1,148 129 545 1,822 674 0.23 9,634 957 0 957 10,591 7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2020 0.111 1000 0 0 0 0 20,931 0 0 1,426 1,426 1,426 0.111 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2022 0.118 1000 0 0 0 0 22,251 0 0 1,516 1,516 1,516 0.118 0 12,848 0 12,848 12,848 12,848 0% 0 0 0
2024 0.125 1000 9 0 0 20,970 22,102 1,429 Los$Angeles,$CA$,$Residential$,$With$Exports$to$Grid$(Net$Energy$Metering)
0 77 1,506 77 0.075 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2026 0.133 1000 9 0 0 20,070 21,275 1,367Total-Annual- 0 82 1,450 82 0.072 12,231 7,799 7,182 617 20,030 12,848 61% 0 0 0
2028Volumetric-
0.141 1000 91kWh- 0 0Total-Capital-
1,337Replacement- 0Total-O&M-87Total-Annual- 1,424Operating-87 0.071PV- 12,231Grid- 7,799 7,182Grid-Net- 617Total-Electrical-
20,030AC-Primary-
12,848Renewable-
Year
2030Power-Price
0.15Grid1000PV 9Li7ion 0Converter 0Cost 19,260Total-NPC
20,619Capital-Cost
1,312Cost 0Cost 93Cost 1,405Cost 93COE 0.07Production
12,231Purchases7,799Grid-Sales
7,182Purchases 617Production20,030Load-Served 12,848Fraction 61%Electricity 0Autonomy 0Throughput 0
2032$/kWh 0.159kW1000kW 9kWh 0kW 0$ 19,080$ 20,520$/yr 1,300$/yr 0$/yr 98$/yr 1,398$/yr 98$/kWh 0.07kWh/yr 12,231kWh/yr 7,799kWh/yr 7,182kWh/yr 617kWh/yr 20,030kWh/yr 12,848% 61%kWh/yr 0hr 0kWh/yr 0
2014
2034 0.181
0.169 1000
1000 59 00 00 13,350
18,990 13,350
20,521 1,337
1,294 00 0
104 1,337
1,398 0
104 0.104
0.07 8,029
12,231 4,784
7,799 4,892
7,182 7108
617 12,813
20,030 7,921
12,848 63%
61% 00 00 00
2016
2036 0.192
0.179 1000
1000 59 00 00 11,750
18,810 11,750
20,431 1,082
1,282 00 0
110 1,082
1,392 0
110 0.084
0.069 8,029
12,231 4,784
7,799 4,892
7,182 7108
617 12,813
20,030 7,921
12,848 63%
61% 00 00 00
2018
2038 0.204
0.19 1000
1000 59 00 00 15,150
18,720 15,150
20,441 1,064
1,275 00 0
117 1,064
1,393 0
117 0.083
0.07 8,029
12,231 4,784
7,799 4,892
7,182 7108
617 12,813
20,030 7,921
12,848 63%
61% 00 00 00
2020
2040 0.217
0.201 1000
1000 59 00 00 13,750
18,630 13,750
20,451 937
1,269 00 0
124 937
1,393 0
124 0.073
0.07 8,029
12,231 4,784
7,799 4,892
7,182 7108
617 12,813
20,030 7,921
12,848 63%
61% 00 00 00
2022
2042 0.23
0.214 1000
1000 59 00 00 12,550
18,540 12,550
20,478 855
1,263 00 0
132 855
1,395 0
132 0.067
0.07 8,029
12,231 4,784
7,799 4,892
7,182 7108
617 12,813
20,030 7,921
12,848 63%
61% 00 00 00
2024
2044 0.244 1000
0.227 1000 510 0 0 0 0 11,650
20,500 11,650
20,500 794
1,397 0 0 0 0 794
1,397 0 0 0.062
0.066 8,029
13,590 4,784
7,667 4,892
8,409 7108
7742 12,813
21,257 7,921
12,848 63%
64% 0 0 0 0 00
2026
2046 0.259
0.24 1000
1000 510 00 00 11,150
20,400 11,150
20,400 760
1,390 00 00 760
1,390 00 0.059
0.065 8,029
13,590 4,784
7,667 4,892
8,409 7108
7742 12,813
21,257 7,921
12,848 63%
64% 00 00 00
2028
2048 0.274
0.255 1000
1000 510 00 00 10,900
20,200 10,900
20,200 743
1,376 00 00 743
1,376 00 0.058
0.065 8,029
13,590 4,784
7,667 4,892
8,409 7108
7742 12,813
21,257 7,921
12,848 63%
64% 00 00 00
2030
2050 0.291
0.271 1000
1000 510 00 00 10,700
20,200 10,700
20,200 729
1,376 00 00 729
1,376 00 0.057
0.065 8,029
13,590 4,784
7,667 4,892
8,409 7108
7742 12,813
21,257 7,921
12,848 63%
64% 00 00 00
2032 0.309 1000 5 0 0 10,600 10,600 722 0 0 722 0 0.056 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
2034 0.328 1000 5 0 0 10,550 10,550 719 0 0 719 0 0.056 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
2036 0.348 1000 5 0 0 10,450 10,450 712 0 0 712 0 0.056 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
2038 0.369 1000 5 0 0 10,400 10,400 709 0 0 709 0 0.055 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
2040 0.391 1000 5 0 0 10,350 10,350 705 0 0 705 0 0.055 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
2042 0.415 1000 5 0 0 10,300 10,300 702 0 0 702 0 0.055 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
2044 0.44 1000 5 0 0 10,250 10,250 698 0 0 698 0 0.055 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
2046 0.467 1000 5 0 0 10,200 10,200 695 0 0 695 0 0.054 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
2048 0.496 1000 5 0 0 10,100 10,100 688 0 0 688 0 0.054 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
2050 0.526 1000 5 0 0 10,100 10,100 688 0 0 688 0 0.054 8,029 4,784 4,892 7108 12,813 7,921 63% 0 0 0
MOUN
KY
TA
ROC
IN

IN
STIT UTE
APPENDIX F
RESIDENTIAL TABLES - HONOLULU, HI
Honolulu,$HI$,$Residential$,$Non,Grid$Exporting$System
Total-Annual-
2014 0.363 3.3 3 0 0 8,010 44,924 802 0 3,697 4,500 3,697 0.311 4,793 10,186 0 10,186 14,978 14,490 30% 488 0 0
2016 0.385 3.15 6 13 2 19,305 48,202 1,778 191 2,469 4,439 2,661 0.306 9,585 6,348 0 6,348 15,933 14,490 56% 746 6.29 2,630
2018 0.408 3.05 8 23 3 35,610 63,993 2,501 330 1,664 4,495 1,994 0.31 12,781 3,962 0 3,962 16,743 14,489 73% 992 11.13 4,755
2020 0.433 3.05 9 29 4 37,496 61,103 2,555 363 1,245 4,163 1,608 0.287 14,378 2,741 0 2,741 17,119 14,489 81% 1,058 14.03 5,925
2022 0.46 3 10 32 4 37,515 57,585 2,556 352 1,016 3,924 1,367 0.271 15,976 2,071 0 2,071 18,047 14,489 86% 1,828 15.48 6,519
2024 0.488 2.95 11 35 5 37,945 54,604 2,585 340 795 3,720 1,135 0.257 17,573 1,486 0 1,486 19,060 14,488 90% 2,703 16.93 7,042
2026 0.517 2.95 11 35 5 35,610 52,416 2,426 306 839 3,571 1,145 0.247 17,573 1,486 0 1,486 19,060 14,488 90% 2,703 16.93 7,042
2028 0.549 2.95 11 35 5 34,060 51,147 2,321 279 886 3,485 1,164 0.241 17,573 1,486 0 1,486 19,060 14,488 90% 2,703 16.93 7,042
2030 0.582 2.95 11 36 5 33,137 50,423 2,258 262 916 3,436 1,178 0.237 17,573 1,449 0 1,449 19,022 14,488 90% 2,655 17.41 7,083
2032 0.618 2.9 12 36 5 34,735 50,473 2,367 257 815 3,439 1,072 0.237 19,171 1,203 0 1,203 20,374 14,488 92% 3,965 17.41 7,245
2034 0.655 2.9 12 37 5 34,649 50,745 2,361 255 842 3,457 1,097 0.239 19,171 1,172 0 1,172 20,343 14,488 92% 3,924 17.9 7,280
2036 0.695 2.9 12 37 5 34,258 50,981 2,334 251 889 3,474 1,139 0.24 19,171 1,172 0 1,172 20,343 14,488 92% 3,924 17.9 7,280
2038 0.738 2.85 12 40 5 34,630 51,393 2,360 264 878 3,502 1,142 0.242 19,171 1,082 0 1,082 20,253 14,487 93% 3,812 19.35 7,379
2040 0.782 2.85 12 41 5 34,582 51,791 2,356 266 906 3,529 1,173 0.244 19,171 1,054 0 1,054 20,224 14,487 93% 3,776 19.83 7,410
2042 0.83 2.85 12 44 5 34,868 52,099 2,376 277 897 3,550 1,174 0.245 19,171 974 0 974 20,145 14,487 93% 3,675 21.28 7,498
2044 0.881 2.85 12 45 5 34,794 52,480 2,371 279 926 3,576 1,205 0.247 19,171 950 0 950 20,121 14,487 93% 3,645 21.77 7,525
2046 0.934 2.75 13 46 5 36,757 52,824 2,504 280 815 3,599 1,095 0.248 20,769 774 0 774 21,542 14,486 95% 5,042 22.25 7,622
2048 0.991 2.75 13 47 5 36,539 52,996 2,490 281 840 3,611 1,121 0.249 20,769 753 0 753 21,522 14,486 95% 5,016 22.74 7,645
2050 1.052 2.7 13 50 5 36,955 53,435 2,518 292 831 3,641 1,123 0.251 20,769 695 0 695 21,463 14,485 95% 4,944 24.19 7,709
Honolulu,$HI$,$Residential$,$With$Exports$to$Grid$(Net$Energy$Metering)
Total-Annual-
2014 0.363 1000 9 0 0 24,030 24,437 2,407 0 41 2,448 41 0.109 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2016 0.385 1000 9 0 0 21,150 21,619 1,948 0 43 1,991 43 0.089 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2018 0.408 1000 9 0 0 27,270 27,923 1,916 0 46 1,961 46 0.087 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2020 0.433 1000 9 0 0 24,750 25,464 1,686 0 49 1,735 49 0.077 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2022 0.46 1000 9 0 0 22,590 23,347 1,539 0 52 1,591 52 0.071 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2024 0.488 1000 9 0 0 20,970 21,773 1,429 0 55 1,484 55 0.066 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2026 0.517 1000 9 0 0 20,070 20,922 1,367 0 58 1,426 58 0.063 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2028 0.549 1000 9 0 0 19,620 20,524 1,337 0 62 1,398 62 0.062 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2030 0.582 1000 9 0 0 19,260 20,219 1,312 0 65 1,378 65 0.061 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2032 0.618 1000 9 0 0 19,080 20,098 1,300 0 69 1,369 69 0.061 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2034 0.655 1000 9 0 0 18,990 20,070 1,294 0 74 1,367 74 0.061 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2036 0.695 1000 9 0 0 18,810 19,955 1,282 0 78 1,360 78 0.061 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2038 0.738 1000 9 0 0 18,720 19,935 1,275 0 83 1,358 83 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2040 0.782 1000 9 0 0 18,630 19,919 1,269 0 88 1,357 88 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2042 0.83 1000 9 0 0 18,540 19,908 1,263 0 93 1,356 93 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2044 0.881 1000 9 0 0 18,450 19,901 1,257 0 99 1,356 99 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2046 0.934 1000 9 0 0 18,360 19,899 1,251 0 105 1,356 105 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2048 0.991 1000 9 0 0 18,180 19,813 1,239 0 111 1,350 111 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
2050 1.052 1000 9 0 0 18,180 19,913 1,239 0 118 1,357 118 0.06 14,378 8,083 7,970 112 22,461 14,490 64% 0 0 0
Los$Angeles,$CA$,$Residential$,$Non,Grid$Exporting$System
Total-Annual-
RESIDENTIAL
2014 TABLES - ALL LOCATIONS
0.181 1.96 1 0 0 2,670 14,123 267 0 1,147 1,415 1,147 0.179 1,606 6,338 0 6,338 7,944 7,920 20% 23 0 0
2016 0.192 1.96 1 0 0 2,350 15,597 216 0 1,220 1,436 1,220 0.181 1,606 6,338 0 6,338 7,944 7,920 20% 23 0 0
2018 0.204 1.96 1 0 0 3,030 21,453 213 0 1,294 1,507 1,294 0.19 1,606 6,338 0 6,338 7,944 7,920 20% 23 0 0
2020 0.217 1.96 1 0 0 2,750 22,900 187 0 1,373 1,560 1,373 0.197 1,606 6,338 0 6,338 7,944 7,920 20% 23 0 0
2022 0.23 1.96 2 0 0 5,020 23,637 342 0 1,268 1,611 1,268 0.203 3,211 5,520 0 5,520 8,731 7,920 30% 811 0 0
2024
2026
0.244 1.96
0.259 1.95
2
3
0
7
0
1
4,660
8,906
24,411
24,744
318
607 Financial'Inputs'for'all'Residential'Locations
61
0 1,346
1,018
1,663
1,686
1,346
1,079
0.21
0.213
3,211
4,817
5,520
3,881
0
0
5,520
3,881
8,731
8,698
7,920
7,920
30%
51%
811
403
0
6.19
0
1,410
2028 0.274 1.9 4 14 2 12,752 24,659 869 110 701 1,680 811 0.212 6,423 2,453 0 2,453 8,876 7,920 69% 226 12.39 2,752
2030 0.291 1.85 5 17 2 15,131 24,554 1,031 126 516 1,673 642 0.211 8,029 1,656 0 1,656 9,685 7,920 79% 843 15.04 3,471
2032 0.309 1.85 5 18 3 15,383 24,644 PV' 1,048 134 Li4ion'1kWh' Li4ion'1kWh'
497 1,679 631 0.212 8,029 1,492 0 Converter'
1,492 9,521 7,920 81% 631 15.93 3,653
2034 0.328 1.85 5 18 3 15,242 24,877 1,038 132 525 1,695 656 0.214 8,029 1,492 0 1,492 9,521 7,920 81% 631 15.93 3,653
2036 0.348 1.85 5 18 3 PV'Capital' Replacement' Battery'
15,068 25,110 1,027 130 555 1,711 Battery'
684 0.216 8,029 Converter' Replacement' Interest'
1,492 0 1,492 9,521 7,920 81% 631 15.93 3,653
2038 0.369 1.85 5 19 3 15,162 25,423 1,033 130 569 1,732 699 0.219 8,029 1,440 0 1,440 9,468 7,920 82% 564 16.81 3,711
2040 0.391 1.8 6 Year 20 3 Cost
17,324 25,680 Cost1,180 139 Capital'Cost Replacement'Cost Capital'Cost Cost
430 1,750 569 0.221 9,634 997 0 997 10,632 Rate 7,920 87% 1,628 17.7 4,083
2042 0.415 1.8 6 21 3 17,363 25,816 1,183 137 439 1,759 576 0.222 9,634 957 0 957 10,591 7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2044 0.44 1.8 6 21 3 $/Wdc
17,230 26,009 $/Wdc
1,174 135 $/kWh463 1,772 $/kWh598 0.224 9,634 $ 957 0 $ 957 10,591 % 7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2046 0.467 1.8 6 21 3 17,100 26,227 1,165 133 489 1,787 622 0.226 9,634 957 0 957 10,591 7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2048 0.496 1.8 6 21 20143 16,912 2.67
26,412 1,152 3.82
131 516 433.92
1,800 647 0.227 619.88
9,634 957 0.34
0 957 0.49
10,591 8.8
7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2050 0.526 1.8 6 21
20163 16,846
2.35
26,743 1,148
3.35
129 545
354.23
1,822 674 0.23
506.05
9,634 957
0.3
0 957
0.43
10,591
7.8
7,920 88% 1,577 18.58 4,128
2018 3.03 3.03 443.47 443.47

Los$Angeles,$CA$,$Residential$,$With$Exports$to$Grid$(Net$Energy$Metering)
Total-Annual-
0.39 0.39 4.9
Volumetric-
Year Power-Price Grid PV
1kWh-
2020
Total-Capital-
Li7ion Converter Cost Total-NPC
2.75
Capital-Cost Cost
2.75 Cost Cost
391.23
Total-Annual- Replacement- Total-O&M- Total-Annual- Operating-
Cost COE
PV-
391.23 Grid-
Production Purchases
0.35
Grid-Net-
Grid-Sales Purchases
0.35 4.6 Electricity
Total-Electrical- AC-Primary- Renewable- Excess-
Production Load-Served Fraction
Battery- Battery-
Autonomy Throughput
2014
$/kWh kW
0.181 1000
kW kWh
5 0
kW 2022
0
$
13,350
$ 2.51
13,350
$/yr
1,337
$/yr 2.51
0
$/yr
0
$/yr 347.96
1,337
$/yr
0
$/kWh
0.104
347.96
kWh/yr
8,029
kWh/yr
4,784
kWh/yr 0.32
4,892
kWh/yr
7108
kWh/yr 0.32
12,813
kWh/yr
7,921
% 4.6 kWh/yr
63% 0
hr
0
kWh/yr
0
2016
2018
0.192 1000
0.204 1000
5
5
0
0
2024
0
0
11,750
15,150
2.33 1,064
11,750
15,150
1,082 2.33
0
0
0
0
308.99
1,082
1,064
0
0
0.084
0.083
308.99
8,029
8,029
4,784
4,784
4,892 0.3 7108
4,892 7108
12,8130.3 7,921
12,813 7,921
4.663%
63% 0
0
0
0
0
0
2020
2022
0.217 1000
0.23 1000
5
5
0
0
2026
0
0
13,750
12,550
2.23
13,750
12,550
937
855
2.23
0
0
0
0
275.15
937
855
0
0
0.073
0.067
275.15
8,029
8,029
4,784
4,784
4,892
4,892
0.29 7108
7108
0.29
12,813
12,813
7,921
7,921
4.6 63%
63%
0
0
0
0
0
0
2024
2026
0.244 1000
0.259 1000
5
5
0
0
2028
0
0
11,650
11,150
2.18 794
11,650
11,150 760
2.18
0
0
0
0
248 00 0.062
794
760 0.059
248 4,784
8,029
8,029 4,784
4,892
4,892
0.28 7108 7108
0.28 7,921
12,813
12,813 7,921
4.663%
63%
0
0
0
0
0
0
2028
2030
0.274 1000
0.291 1000
5
5
0
0
2030
0
0
10,900
10,700
2.14 743
10,900
10,700 729
2.14
0
0
0
0
227.69
743
729
0
0
0.058
0.057
227.69
8,029
8,029
4,784
4,784
4,892
4,892
0.28 7108 7108
0.28 7,921
12,813
12,813 7,921
4.663%
63%
0
0
0
0
0
0
2032
2034
0.309 1000
0.328 1000
5
5
0
0
2032
0
0
10,600
10,550
2.12 722
10,600
10,550 719
2.12
0
0
0
0
220.7
722
719
0
0
0.056
0.056
220.7
8,029
8,029
4,784
4,784
4,892
4,892
0.27 7108 7108
0.27 7,921
12,813
12,813 7,921
4.663%
63%
0
0
0
0
0
0
2036
2038
0.348 1000
0.369 1000
5
5
0
0
2034
0
0
10,450
10,400
2.11 712
10,450
10,400 709
2.11
0
0
0
0
215.64
712
709
0
0
0.056
0.055
215.64
8,029
8,029
4,784
4,784
4,892
4,892
0.27 7108 7108
0.27 7,921
12,813
12,813 7,921
4.663%
63%
0
0
0
0
0
0
2040
2042
0.391 1000
0.415 1000
5
5
0
0
2036
0
0
10,350
10,300
2.09 705
10,350
10,300 702
2.09
0
0
0
0
211.58
705
702
0
0
0.055
0.055
211.58
8,029
8,029
4,784
4,784
4,892
4,892
0.27 7108 7108
0.27 7,921
12,813
12,813 7,921
4.663%
63%
0
0
0
0
0
0
2044
2046
0.44 1000
0.467 1000
5
5
0
0
2038
0
0
10,250
10,200
2.08 695
10,250
10,200
698 2.08
0
0
0
0
208.01
698
695
0
0
0.055
0.054
208.01
8,029
8,029
4,784
4,784
4,892
4,892
0.27 7108 7108
0.27 7,921
12,813
12,813 7,921
4.663%
63% 0
0
0
0
0
0
2048
2050
0.496 1000
0.526 1000
5
5
0
0
2040
0
0
10,100
10,100
2.07 688
10,100
10,100 688
2.07
0
0
0
0
204.68
688
688
0
0
0.054
0.054
204.68
8,029
8,029
4,784
4,784
4,892
4,892
0.27 7108 7108
0.27 7,921
12,813
12,813 7,921
4.663%
63%
0
0
0
0
0
0
2042 2.06 2.06 201.1 201.1 0.26 0.26 4.6
2044 2.05 2.05 197.64 197.64 0.26 0.26 4.6
2046 2.04 2.04 194.28 194.28 0.26 0.26 4.6
2048 2.02 2.02 191.04 191.04 0.26 0.26 4.6
2050 2.02 2.02 187.89 187.89 0.26 0.26 4.6
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ENDNOTES
ENDNOTES
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ROCKY MOUNTAIN INSTITUTE HOMER ENERGY

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 2

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 3

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 5

FINDINGS off-grid solar-plus-battery systems we modeled in

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 6

FIGURE ES3: FIGURE ES4:

Grid Purchases PV Contribution to Load Grid Purchases PV Contribution to Load

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 7

Traditional Grid Customers Potential Load Defection

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 8

Value of Defected Load (billions of 2012$)

Value of Defected Load (billions of 2012$)

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 9

Eliminating Net Metering Only Delays kWh Loss;

distributed solar PV’s growth in the U.S. Some argue 11,000

that it hastens load loss from the grid (net-metered 9,000

solar PV customers quickly reach effectively zero 7,000

Grid Purchases (kWh/yr)

net grid purchases) and that abolishing net metering 5,000

will preserve grid load. Our findings suggest that 3,000

battery systems will gradually but ultimately cause a -2,000

economics for grid-connected solar and solar-plus- 600,000

threshold and more dramatically “jump” from grid 250,000

dependence to off-grid solar-plus-battery systems that 150,000

offer better economics for electric service. 50,000

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 10

Peak Price for Individual Customers

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 11

IMPLICATIONS • For owners and operators of central generation

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 12

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 13

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 14

Though not yet mainstream, solar-plus-battery

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 16

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 17

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 18

FIGURE 13: FIGURE 15:

FIGURE 14: FIGURE 16:

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 19

to invest in solar-plus-battery systems, including ANCILLARY PROVISION

upgrades, reduction in peak power usage, and power

In places where these additional value streams are

In fact, several companies—including Sunverge,

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 20

On-grid/ Grid-tied/ Grid-tied/ Off-grid/

CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP WITH THE GRID

CUSTOMERS’ RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ABOUT THIS ANALYSIS: UNDERSTANDING

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 21

TIMELINE CUSTOMER CONSIDERATIONS: LOAD

TABLE 1: PROFILES OF GEOGRAPHIES

WESTCHESTER, NY LOUISVILLE, KY SAN ANTONIO, TX LOS ANGELES, CA HONOLULU, HI

THE ECONOMICS OF LOAD DEFECTION | 23

SOLAR-PLUS-BATTERY SYSTEM COSTS FIGURE 19:

literature review for solar PV28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35 and $7.00

batteries.36,37,38,39,40 Since capital costs are the $6.00

predominant component of customer-facing costs, we $5.00

capital costs for both residential and commercial $3.00

systems. In general, forecasts in this report largely $2.00

reflect those previously used in The Economics of Grid $1.00

these data points. BNEF