WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING 8

Wastewater Treatment
((Physical
y Unit Operations,
p Pre & Primary
y Treatment))

h Manuell B.Vergell
John
BS CE, MS
BS-CE, CE
MS-CE
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Conventional WasteWater Treatment Process:
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Measuring
g Plant Peroformance:
• To
T evaluate
l hhow wellll a plant
pl or treatment unit
i process
p iis
operating,
p ti g, pperformance
f efficiency
ffi
ff i y or ppercent removall is
i used.
d

• The efficiency of a unit process is its effectiveness in removing

various constituents from the wastewater or water.
water Suspended
solids and BOD removal are therefore the most common
calculations of unit process efficiency.
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Measuring
g Plant Peroformance:
• Plant
Pl PPerformance
f andd Eff
Efficiency:
ff y

• Example
E pl 11: As
A shown,
h the
th influent
i fl t BOD5 iis 247 mg/L,
g/L andd
the pplant effluent BOD is 17 mg/L.
mg/L
g What is the ppercent
removal?
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Measuring
g Plant Peroformance:
• Unit
U PProcess PPerformance
f andd Eff
Efficiency:
ff y
¾ The concentration entering the unit and the concentration
leaving the unit (i.e., primary, secondary, etc.) are used to
d
determine the
h unit performance
p f

• Example2: The primary influent BOD is 235 mg/L,

mg/L and the
primary effluent BOD is 169 mg/L.
mg/L What is the percent
removal?
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Measuring
g Plant Peroformance:
• Percent
P Volatile
Vl l M Matter Reduction
Rd in Sl
Sludge:
dg
¾ The calculation used to determine percent volatile matter
(%VM) reduction is more complicated because of the
changes
h g occurringg dduringg sludge
l dg ddigestion:
g
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Measuring
g Plant Peroformance:
• Percent
P Volatile
Vl l M Matter Reduction
Rd in Sl
Sludge:
dg
• Example3: Using the digester data provided below,
determine the percent volatile matter reduction for the
digester.
g
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Hydraulic
y Detention Time
• Detention
D time (DT)
( ) or hydraulic
hyd l detention
d time (HDT)
( ) refers
f to
the average
th g length
l gth off time
ti (theoretical
((th ti l time)
ti ) a drop
d p off water,
t ,
wastewater,
t t or suspended
p d d particles
p ti l remains
i iin a ttankk or
channel.
channel

• Detention time is used in conjunction with various treatment

processes, including sedimentation and coagulation and
ffl l
flocculation.
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Hydraulic
y Detention Time
y Example
E pl 11: An
A anaerobic
bi digester
dig hhas a volume
l off 22,400,000
,400,000
g l Wh
gal. Whatt iis th
the ddetention
t ti ti time iin ddays
y when
h ththe iinfluent
fl t flflow
rate
t iis 00.07
07 MGD?

y Example
E pl 22: A settling
ttli g ttankk hhas a volume
l off 44
44,000
,000 ft
ft.33 What
Wh t
i th
is the detention
d t ti time
ti in
i hhours when
h ththe flow
fl iis 44.15
15 MGD?
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Hydraulic
y Detention Time
y Example
E pl 33: A grit
g i channel
h l hhas a volume
l off 1340 ft.3
f 3 What
Wh is
i
the detention
th d t ti time
ti in
i minutes
i t when
h the
th flow
fl rate
t is
i 44.33
MGD?
Physical
y Unit Operations
p
y Considerations in Design
g of Plant
1. Effluent Q
Effl Quality
li y
2 Design Loading
2.
3 Design Parameters
3.
Preliminaryy Treatment
y The initial
i iti l stage
t in the wastewater treatment process
(following collection and influent pumping) is preliminary
treatment.
treatment

y Raw influent
fl enteringg the
h treatment plant
pl mayy contain manyy
ki d off materials
kinds i l (trash).
( h))

y The purpose of preliminary treatment is to protect plant

equipment by removing these materials that could cause clogs,
clogs
jams or excessive wear to plant machinery.
jams, machinery
Preliminaryy Treatment
y This Processes include wastewater collections such as:
as
1. iinfluent
fl pumping,
p pi g,
2
2. screening,
3
3. shredding
shredding,
4
4. ggrit
it removal,
l
5. fl measurement,,
flow
6
6. preaeration
preaeration,
7
7. chemical addition,
addition
8
8. fl equalization
flow q li i
Preliminaryy Treatment
1
1. Influent Pumping p g
ƒ ((See
(S M Methods
h d off collection
ll under
d wastewater colelction)
ll )
Preliminaryy Treatment
2
2. Screening g
y The
Th purpose
p p off screening i g is
i to remove large
l g solids,
lid , suchh as
rags,
g , cans,, rocks,
k , bbranches,
h , leaves,
l , roots,
t , etc.,
t , ffrom th
the flflow
b f th
before the flow
fl moves on to t ddownstream
t processes.
p

y The wastestream passes through the screen and the large

solids (screenings) are trapped on the bars for removal.

y The
Th bar
b screen mayy be
b coarse (2
( to
t 44-in.
i openings)
p i g ) or fifine
(0 75 to 2.0-in.
(0.75 2 0 in openings)
openings).
p g
Preliminaryy Treatment
2
2. Screening g
ƒ 2 types
yp off screening:
g

M
Manual
l Screening
S i Mechanical Screeningg
Preliminaryy Treatment
2
2. Screening g
y The
Th bbar screen mayy beb manually
lly cleaned
l d ((bars
(b or screens are
pplaced
l d att an angle
gl off 30° for
f easieri solids
lid removal;
l; or
mechanically
h i lly cleaned
l d ((bars
(b are placed
pl d att 45 ° tot 60 ° angle
gl tto
improve mechanical cleaner operation).
operation)

y Screening removal computations:

Preliminaryy Treatment
2
2. Screening
y Example 4: A total of 65 gal of screenings are removed from
the wastewater flow during a 24
24-hh period.
period What is the
screenings
g removall reported
p d as cubic
b ffeet per
p dday?
y

y Example 5: During 1 week,

week a total of 310 gal of
screenings were removed from the wastewater screens.
screens
What
h is the
h average screening removall in cubic
b feet
f per
d y?
day?
Preliminaryy Treatment
3
3. Shredding g
y As
A an alternative
l to screening,
g, shredding
h ddi g
can bbe usedd to
t reduce
d solids lid to
t a size
i th
thatt
can enter
t ththe plant
pl t without
ith t causingi g
mechanical problems or clogging.
clogging
gg g

y Shredding processes include :

a
a. comminution (comminute means cut
up) and
b barminution devices.
b. devices
Preliminaryy Treatment
3
3. Shredding
a. Comminution
• The
Th comminutor
i t is i th
the mostt common shredding
h ddi g device
d i usedd
in wastewater treatment
treatment. In this device all the wastewater
flow passes through the grinder assembly.

• The grinder consists of a screen or slotted basket,

basket a rotating
or oscillating
ll g cutter,, andd a stationaryy cutter.

• The comminutor will not remove solids, which are too large
to fifit through
h gh the
h slots,
l , andd it
i will
ill not remove flfloating
i g
objects These materials must be removed manually.
objects. manually
Preliminaryy Treatment
3
3. Shredding g
a. Comminution
C
Preliminaryy Treatment
3
3. Shredding
b Barminution
b.
• The
Th barminutor
b i t uses a bbar screen to t collect
ll t solids
lid th
thatt are
shredded and passed through the bar screen for removal at a
later process.

y Cutters must be sharpened or replaced and alignment must

b checked
be h kd

y Solids, which are not shredded, must be removed daily,

storedd in
i closed
l d containers,
i , andd disposed
di p d off bbyy bburial
i l or
incineration.
incineration
Preliminaryy Treatment
3
3. Shredding
b Barminution
b.
• The
Th barminutor
b i t uses a bbar screen to t collect
ll t solids
lid th
thatt are
shredded and passed through the bar screen for removal at a
later process.

y Cutters must be sharpened or replaced and alignment must

b checked
be h kd

y Solids, which are not shredded, must be removed daily,

storedd in
i closed
l d containers,
i , andd disposed
di p d off bbyy bburial
i l or
incineration.
incineration
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
y The
Th purpose
p p off ggrit
it removall iis tto remove th
the hheavyy iinorganic
g i
solids
lid th
thatt could
ld cause excessive
i mechanical
h i l wear.

y Grit is heavier than inorganic solids and includes

includes, sand,
sand
gravel, clay, egg shells, coffee grounds, metal filings, seeds,
andd other
h similarl materials.l

y Grit removal may be accomplished in grit chambers or by the

centrifugal separation of sludge.
sludge
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
y Processes
P off ggrit
i removall use to separate
p the
h solids
lid ffrom
tthe
he wastewate
wastewater are:
a e:
a) gravity and velocity,
velocity
b)) aeration,
i , or
c) centrifugal force
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
a. Gravityy andd velocity
G l y controlled
ll d ggrit removal:
l
y Gravity and velocity controlled grit removal is
normally accomplished in a channel or tank where the
speed or the velocity of the wastewater is controlled to
about 1 ft/s (ideal),
(ideal)
( ) so that grit
g will settle while
organic
g matter remains suspended.
suspended
p

y As long as the velocity is controlled in the range of 0.7

07
to 1.4
1 4 ft/s the grit removal will remain effective.
effective
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
a. Gravityy andd velocity
G l y controlled
ll d ggrit removal:
l
y Process Control Calculations are based on:
i
i. V l ity by
Velocity by Flow
Fl andd Ch
Channell DiDimensions
i
ii Required Settling Time
ii.
iii Required
iii. Required Channel Length g
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
a. Gravityy andd velocity
G l y controlledll d ggrit removal:
l
i
i. Velocity by Flow and Channel Dimensions:
y Example
E pl 66: The
Th plant
pl t iis currently tly using
i g ttwo grit
g it
channels.
h l Each
E h channel
h l is
i 3 ft
f wideid andd hhas a water ddepthph
off 1.2
1 2 fft. Wh
What iis the
h velocity
l i y when h the h influent
i fl flflow rate
is 3.0
3 0 MGD?
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
a. Gravityy andd velocity
G l y controlled
ll d ggrit removal:
l
ii Required Settling Time:
ii.
y Example
E pl 77: The
Th plant’s
pl t’ grit
g it channel
h l is
i designed
d ig d to t
remove sandd andd hhas a settling li g velocity
l i y off 0.085
0 085 fft/sec.
/
Th channel
The h l iis currently
ly operating
p i g at a ddepth p h off 2.2
2 2 fft.
H manyy seconds
How d willll it take
k ffor a sandd particle
p l to
reach
each the
the channel
cha el bottom?
bbotto ?
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
a. Gravityy andd velocity
G l y controlled
ll d ggrit removal: l
iii Required Channel Length:
iii.
y Example
E pl 88: The
Th plant’s
pl t’ grit
g it channel
h l is
i designed
d ig d to t
remove sandd andd hhas a settling li g velocity
l i y off 0.070
0 070 fft/sec.
/
Th channel
The h l iis currently
ly operating
p i g at a ddepth p h off 3 fft. Th
The
calculated
l l d velocityl y off flflow through
h gh the h channel
h l is 00.80
80
ft/sec.
ft/sec.
/ Th Thee cchannel
ha el iss 335 fftt llong.
o g. Iss tthe
he cchannel
ha el llong
o g
enoughh to remove the h ddesiredd sandd particle l size?
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
b. AAeratedd grit
g removal:
l
y Aerated grit removal systems use aeration to keep the
lighter organic solids in suspension while allowing the
heavier grit articles to settle out.
out

y Aerated grit removal maybe manually or mechanically

cleaned; the majority of the systems are mechanically
cleaned.
cleaned
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
b. AAeratedd grit
g removal: l
• If the rate of aeration is
too high
high, all of the solids
remain in suspension.
suspension If
the rate is too low,
low both
ggrit and organics
g will
settle
ttl out.t
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
c. CCyclone
y l degritter
dg ggrit removal:
l
• It uses a rapid spinning motion (centrifugal force) to
separate the heavy inorganic solids or grit from the light
organic solids.
solids
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
• Grit
G i is
i separated
p d from
f flow,
fl , washed,
h d, andd di
discharged
h g d
d ectly to a strange
directly st a ge container.
co ta e .

• Grit
G i removall performance
p f iis ddetermined
i d bbyy calculating
l l i g
the
h percent
p removall ffor iinorganic
g i (fi
(fixed)
( d)) suspended
p d d
solids.
ld
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
• Grit
G Removal
R l Calculations:
Cl l
¾ Wastewater systems typically average 1 to 15 ft 3
of
grit/MG of flow (sanitary systems average 1 to 4
3
ft /MG; combined wastewater systems average from 4
3
to 15 ft /MG of flow)
flow), with higher
g rangesg duringg storm
events.
events

¾ Generally,
Generally grit is disposed of in sanitary landfills.
landfills
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
• Grit
G Removal
R l Calculations:
Cl l
¾ Grit Removed:

¾ Rate off Grit Removal:

l
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
• Grit
G Removal
R l Calculations:
Cl l
y Example 9: A treatment plant removes 10 ft3 of grit in 1
dd. How many cubic feet of grit are removed per million
gallons if the plant flow was 9 MGD?
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
• Grit
G Removal
R l Calculations:
Cl l
y Example 10: The total daily grit removed for a plant is
250 gal
gal. If the plant flow is 12.2
12 2 MGD
MGD, how many cubic
feet of grit are removed per million gallons of flow?
Preliminaryy Treatment
4
4. Grit Removal
• Grit
G Removal
R l Calculations:
Cl l
y Example 11: The monthly average grit removal is 2.5
25
ft3/MGD. If the monthly average flow is 2,500,000
ft3/MGD 2 500 000
gal/d how many cubic yards must be available for grit
gal/d,
disposal pit to have a 90-d
90 d capacity?
y
Preliminaryy Treatment
5
5. Flow Measurement
• ((See
(S flflow
f measurements off pipes)
pp )
Preliminaryy Treatment
6
6. Preaeration
• In the preaeration process (diffused or mechanical), we
aerate wastewater:
aste ater
i
i. to achieve and maintain an aerobic state (to freshen septic
wastes),
ii. strip p off
ff hhydrogen
yd g sulfide lf d ((to reduce
d odorsd andd corrosion), )),
iii. agitate
gi solids
lid ((to release
l trapped
pp d gases
g andd iimprove
p solids
lid
separation and settling),
settling) and
iv to reduce BOD.
iv. BOD (must be conducted from 45 to 60 min)

• All
ll of
of this
th s can
ca be
be accomplished
acco pl shed bbyy aerating
ae at g the
the wastewater
aste ate
for 10 to 30 min.
min
Preliminaryy Treatment
6
6. Preaeration
Preliminaryy Treatment
7
7. Chemical Addition
• Chemical addition is made (either via dry chemical metering
or solution feed metering) g to the wastestream:
astestream
i
i. to improve settling,
settling
ii
ii. reduce odors,
odors
iii neutralize acids or bases,
iii. bases
iv reduce corrosion,
iv. corrosion
v. reduce BOD,
vi. improve
p solids
l d andd grease
g removal,l,
vii. reduce
d lloading
di g on the h plant,
pl ,
iii add
viii. dd or remove nutrients,
ti t
i
ix. add
dd organisms,
g i andd
x. aid subsequent downstream processes. processes
Preliminaryy Treatment
7
7. Chemical Addition
• Chemicals
Ch i l typically
ypi lly usedd iin wastewater treatment
include:
clude:
i
i. chlorine
chlorine,
ii. peroxide,
p id ,
iii acids and bases,
iii. bases
i
iv. miner
i saltslt (f
(ferric
( i chloride,
hl id alum,
l etc.),
t ) andd
v. bioadditives and enzymes.
Preliminaryy Treatment
7
7. Chemical Addition
Preliminaryy Treatment
8
8. Equalization
• The purpose of flow equalization (whether by surge, diurnal,
or complete
p methods) is to reduce or remove
remo e the wide
ide
swings in flow rates normally associated with wastewater
t t
treatmentt plant
pl t lloading;
di g

• It minimizes the impact of storm flows (for combined sewer

system).
y )

• The
Th process
p can bbe ddesigned
ig d to
t prevent
p t flows
fl above
b
maximum plant design hydraulic capacity,
capacity reduce the
magnitude
g i d off di
diurnall flow
fl variations,
i i , andd eliminate
li i flflow
variations.
variations
Preliminaryy Treatment
8
8. Equalization
q
• Equalized
Eq li d flows
fl allow
ll the
h plant
pl to perform
p f at optimum
pi
levels by
levels by providing
p ov d g stable
stable hydraulic
hyd aul c aandd oorganic
ga c lloading
oad g
Preliminaryy Treatment
y Other Preliminary Treatment Process Control
Calculations
• The desired velocity in sewers in approximately 2 ft/sec at
ppeakk flow;
fl ;

• This velocity normally prevents solids from settling from the

lilines.

• When
he the
the flow
flo reaches
eaches the
the grit
g t channel,
cha el, the
the velocity
eloc ty should
should
ddecrease to
t about
b t 1 ft/sec
ft/ to t permit
p it ththe heavy
h y iinorganic
g i
solids to settle.
settle
Primaryy Treatment
y The purpose of primary treatment (primary sedimentation
or primary clarification) is to remove settleable organic and
fl bl solids.
flotable lid

y Normally, each primary clarification unit can be expected to

remove 90 to
t 95% settleable
ttl bl solids,
lid , 40 tto 60% TSS
TSS,, andd 25
to 35% BOD.
BOD

y Sedimentation
S di t ti mayy bbe usedd th
throughout
gh t th
the plant
pl t to
t remove
settleable and floatable solids.
solids It is used in primary treatment,
treatment
secondary treatment, and advanced wastewater
Primaryy Treatment
y Within
Withi these
th basins,
b i mechanical
h i l scrapers
p collect
ll t th
the
p i y settled
primary ttl d solids
lid iinto
t a hhopper
pp where
h th
theyy are
ppumped
p d to
t a sludge-processing
l dg p i g area.

y Oil,
Oil grease,
ggrease and other floatingg materials (scum) are
skimmed
ki d from
f the
th surface.
f
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Description
• In primary sedimentation,
sedimentation wastewater enters a settling tank
or basin.
basin Velocity is reduced to approximately 11-22 ft/min.
ft/min

• Solids that are heavier than water settle to the bottom,

bottom while
solids that are lighter than water float to the top.

• Settled solids are removed as sludge and floating solids are

removed
e o ed as scum.
scu .

• Wastewater leaves the sedimentation tank over an effluent

weir
i andd on to the
h next stepp iin treatment.
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Description
p
• Detention time,, temperature,
p , tankk ddesign,
g , andd condition
d off the
h
equipment
q ip t control
t l the
th efficiency
ffi i y off the
th process.
p
Primaryy Treatment
y Shape
p of Clarifier
a. Rectangular
g l Clarifier:
l f
• Wastewater flows from one end to the other, and the settled
sludge
l dg is
i movedd to a hhopper
pp at theh one end,
d, either
i h bbyy fli
flights
gh set on
parallel chains or by
b a single bottom scraper set on a tra
traveling
eling
bridge Floating material (mostly grease and oil) is collected by a
bridge.
surface skimmer.
Primaryy Treatment
y Shape
p of Clarifier
b. Circular
l Tanks:
k
• the wastewater usually enters at the middle and flows outward.
S l d sludge
Settled l dg iis pushed
p h d to a hhopper
pp iin the
h middle
iddl off the
h tankk
bottom and a surface skimmer removes
bottom, remo es floating material
material.
Primaryy Treatment
y Factors Affecting
g Clarifier Performance
a.. Rate off flow
fl through
h gh the
h clarifier
l f
b Wastewater characteristics:
b.
i
i. strength;
ii temperature;
ii. temperature
iii amountt and
iii. d ttype
yp off iindustrial
d t i l waste;
t
iv. and d the
h ddensity,
i y, size,
i , andd shapes
h p off pparticles
il
c Performance of pretreatment processes
c.
d Nature and amount of any wastes recycled
d.
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
Typ
pes of Sedimentation Tanks
a.. SSeptic
p Tanks
k
b Two Storey Tanks
b.
c. Plain Settlingg Tanks or Clarifier
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
yp of Sedimentation Tanks
a. Septic
S pti Tanks:
T k
• Septic
S pti ttanks
k are prefabricated
p f b i t d ttanks
k th
thatt serve as a combined
bi d
settling and skimming tank and as an unheated–unmixed
unheated unmixed
anaerobic digester.
digester

• Septic tanks provide long settling times (6 to 8 h or more),

more)
but do not separate decomposing solids from the wastewater
flflow.

• When
h the
h tankk bbecomes ffull,
ll, solids
l d willll bbe ddischarged
h g d withh
th flflow.
the
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
Typ
pes of Sedimentation Tanks
a. SSeptic
p Tanks:
• The process is suitable for small facilities (i.e.,
(i e schools,
schools
motels, homes
motels homes, etc
etc.),
) but due to the long detention times and
lack of control, it is not suitable for larger applications.
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
Typ
pes of Sedimentation Tanks
b. Two-Story
S y (Imhoff)
( ff Tank:
ff)
• The two-story or Imhoff tank is similar to a septic tank in the
removal of settleable solids and the anaerobic digestion of
solids.

• The
Th difference
diff is
i that
th t the
th ttwo story
t y ttankk consists
i t off a settling
ttli g
compartment where sedimentation is accomplished,
accomplished a lower
compartment where settled solids and digestion takes place,
place
and gas vents.
vents
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
Typ
pes of Sedimentation Tanks
b. Two-Story
S y (Imhoff)
( ff Tank:
ff)
• Solids removed from the wastewater by settling pass from the
settling compartment into the digestion compartment
through a slot in the bottom of the settling compartment.

• The
Th design
d ig off the
th slot
l t prevents
p t solids
lid from
f returning
t i g tot the
th
settlingg compartment.
compartment

• Solids decompose anaerobically in the digestion section.

Primaryy Treatment
y Types
Typ
pes of Sedimentation Tanks
b. Two-Story
S y (Imhoff)
( ff Tank:
ff)
• Gases produced as a result of the solids decomposition are
released through the gas vents running along each side of the
settling compartment.
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
yp of Sedimentation Tanks
c. Plain
Pl i SSettling
ttli g Tanks
T k (Cl
(Clarifiers):
ifif )
• The
Th plain
pl i settling
ttli g tank
t k or clarifier
l ifi optimizes
pti i th the settling
ttli g
process.
process

• Sludge
Sl dg is
i removedd from
f the
th tank
t k for
f processing
p i g in
i other
th
downstream treatment units.
units

• Flow enters the tank,

tank is slowed and distributed evenly across
the width and depth of the unit,
unit passes through the unit,
unit and
l
leaves over the
h effluent
ffl weir.
Primaryy Treatment
y Types
Typ
pes of Sedimentation Tanks
c. Plain SSettlingg Tanks (Clarifiers):
( f )
• Detention time within the primary settling tank is from 1 to
3 h (2
(2-hh average).
average)
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
• Process controll calculations
l l are usedd in the
h sedimentation
d
pprocess to ddetermine:
1 Percent removal
1.
2 Hydraulic detention time
2.
3 Surface
3. S f lloadingdi g rate
t ((surface
f settling
ttli g rate)
t )
4.. Weire ooverflow
e flo rate
ate (weir
( e loading
load g rate)
ate)
5 Sludge pumping
5.
6 Percent total solids (% TS)
6.
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
1
1. Percent removal:
• The expected range of percent removal for a primary clarifier is:
is

2
2. Detention
D t ti Time:
Ti
• The
Th primary
p i y purpose
p p off pprimary i y settling
ttli g iis tto remove
settleable solids.
solids This accomplished by slowing the flow down
to approximately 1 ft/min.
ft/min The flow at this velocity will stay
in the
h primary
p y tankk ffrom 1.51 5 to 22.55 hh. The
Th llength
g h off time the
h
water
t stays
t y iin th
the ttankk iis called
ll d th
the hhydraulic
yd li ddetention
t ti ti time.
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
3. S f Loadingg Rate (Surface
Surface (S f Settling
S g Rate and Surface
S f Overflow
f
R )
Rate):
• Surface loading rate is the number of gallons of wastewater
2
passing over 1 ft of tank/d. This can be used to compare
actuall conditions
d withh ddesign.
g . Plant
l ddesigns
g generally
g lly use a
surface
f loading
l d g rate off 300 to 1200 ggal/d/
l/d/ ft 2
f .
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
3. S f Loadingg Rate (Surface
Surface (S f Settling
S g Rate and Surface
S f Overflow
f
R )
Rate):
• Example 12: The settling tank is 120 ft in diameter and the
flow to the unit is 4.5 MGD. What is the surface loading rate
in ggallons
ll perp ddayy pper square
q ffoot?
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
3. S f Loadingg Rate (Surface
Surface (S f Settling
S g Rate and Surface
S f Overflowf
R )
Rate):
y Example 13: A circular clarifier has a diameter of 50 ft.
ft If the
primary effluent flow is 2,150,000 gal/d, what is the surface
overflow
fl rate in ggallons
ll perp ddayy per
p square
q ffoot?
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
4. W Overflow
Weir f Rate (W (Weir Loadingg Rate):
)
• Weir overflow rate (weir loading rate) is the amount of water
leaving the settling tank per linear foot of weir
weir. The result of
this calculation can be compared with design. Normally weir
overflow
fl rates off 10,000
, to 20,000
, gal/d/ft
g l d f are usedd in the
h
d g off a settling
design l g tank:
k
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
4. W Overflow
Weir f Rate (W
(Weir Loadingg Rate):
)
• Example 14: The circular settling tank is 90 ft in diameter
and has a weir along its circumference.
circumference The effluent flow rate
is2.55 MGD. What is the weir overflow rate in gallons per
d y pper foot?
day f
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
5. S g Pumping:
Sludge p g
• Determination of sludge pumping (the quantity of solids and
volatile solids removed from the sedimentation tank)
provides accurate information needed for process control of
the
h sedimentation
d p
process::
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
5. S g Pumping:
Sludge p g
• Example 15: The sludge pump operates 20 min/h
min/h. The pump
delivers 20 gal/min of sludge.
sludge Laboratory tests indicate that
the sludge is 5.2% solids and 66% volatile matter. How many
ppoundsd off volatile
l l matter are transferred
f d from
f the
h settling
l g
tankk to the
h ddigester?
g ?
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
5. S g Pumping:
Sludge p g (%Total
( solids))
y Example 16: A settling tank sludge sample is tested for solids.
solids
The sample and dish weigh 74.69
74 69 g. g The dish weighs 21
21.22 g.
g
After drying, the dish with dry solids now weighs 22.3 g.
What
h is the
h ppercent totall solids
l d (%( TS)) off the
h sample?
pl
(Sample+Dish) - Dish = Sample Weight
774.69g – 21.2g = 53.49g
((Dish+Dry
s y So
Solids)
s) – Dish
s = Dry
y Solids
So s WeWeight
g t
22 3g 21 2g = 1.1
22.3g-21.2g 11g
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
6. BOD and SSuspended
p Solids
S Removal:
• To calculate the pounds of BOD or suspended solids (SS)
removed each day,
day you need to know the milligrams per liter
of BOD or suspended solids removed and the plant flow.
Then
h yyou can use the
h milligrams
ll g per
p lliter to pounds
p d perp ddayy
equation:
q
Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
6. BOD and SSuspended
p Solids
S Removal:
• Example 17: If 120 mg/L suspended solids are removed by a
primary clarifier
clarifier, how many pounds per day of suspended
solids are removed when the flow is 6,230,000 gal/d?
 Primaryy Treatment
y Process Control Calculations
6. BOD and SSuspended
p Solids
S Removal:
y Example 18: The flow to a secondary clarifier is 1
1.66 MGD.
MGD If
the influent BOD concentration is 200 mg/L and the effluent
BOD concentration is 70 mg/L, how many pounds of BOD
are removedd ddaily?
ly

BOD removed
d (lb/d) = 200 mg/L
/L – 70 mg/L
/L
= 130 mg/L
g
Primaryy Treatment
y Typical
Typ
pical Operational
p Problems
1.. Poor suspended
p d d solids
l d removall (primary
(p y clarifier)
l f )
2
2. Floating sludge
3
3. Primary sludge
g solids concentration too low
4. S p i wastewater or sludge
Septic l dg
5. Primary sludge solids concentrations too high