I hereby recommend that the thesis entitled slum rehabilitation scheme dr.

ambedkar nagar
ludhiana submitted by chetna sheetal, a student of 5th year B.Arch.,2002-2007 , under my guidance
be accepted for the partial fulfillment for the five year degree program of Bachelor of
Architecture. This submission is her original work and may be accepted for the partial fulfillment
for a five year Bachelor of Architecture program.

Thesis Guide Thesis Coordinator Head of Department

Ar. Ranbir kaur Ar. Sandeep Dua Ar. P.S. Mahoora
Department of Architecture Department of Architecture Department of Architecture
Guru Nanak Dev University Guru Nanak Dev University Guru Nanak Dev University
Amritsar Amritsar Amritsar
To,
The Thesis Coordinator,
Department of Architecture,
Guru Nanak Dev University,
Amritsar.

Subject: Undertaking regarding authenticity/originality of B.Arch Thesis (Jan-May 2007).

Sir,
This is for your kind information that I, Chetna Sheetal am working on the project slum
rehabilitation scheme dr. ambedkar nagar, ludhiana as my B.Arch Thesis.I hereby state that the
work submitted by me is my original and has not been copied from anywhere at any stage of the
thesis.If at any time(even after I pass out from the department),my work is found to be copied, I am
ready to face consequences as per the University Rules.

Your’s faithfully,

Name: Chetna Sheetal

Class: B.Arch 10 th sem
Roll No: 05/02
Dated:
My first thanks to God my parents my brother manav my bhua and my best friend vrinda who are
solely responsible for where I am today and for giving me unconditional love and support.
Then thanks to head of department mr. paramjit singh mahoora for giving us good lessons and
always helping us whenever we went up to him.
My sincerest thanks to my thesis guide Ms. Ranbir Kaur for believing in me, guiding me, and churning
the best out of me, which only she could do.
I would like to thank all faculty and staff of my department for always being helpful and always
making things easy for us.
Then my thanks to Mr.Balkar Singh brar, senior town planner Ludhiana, Mr.. S.S. Bhatia, municipal
town planner ,Ludhiana, Prof. Rajiv mishra from J.J. College of Architecture,mumbai for helping me
thoroughly with my case studies.
I would also like to extend my thanks to Ar. Chaman Lal, chief architect , Delhi development
authority, Mr.. Jitram , architect, slum and J.J wing ,municipal corporation of Delhi, for helping me
understand the topic in depth.
My sincerest thanks goes to Ar.. Vivek Gupta of Arvind Vivek and associates for inspiring me to give
my best.
I would also like to thank my senior Ar. Jaspreet bedi for lending his valuable support during the
case studies
This acknowledgement cannot be complete without thanking my friends harjit, manrit, ketan,
simran, jasmine, gagan, kanika, mayank, shikha, mansi, abhineet and my juniors manvi and arandeep
for helping me whenever I needed, standing with me in every thick and thin and supporting me
unconditionally. I also want to thank gaurav for always believing in me.
Last but not the least I want to thank all residents of Ambedkar Nagar, Ludhiana, Ajanta Nagar
,Pune and Sion Shivaji housing society for giving their full support during the surveys.

Chetna sheetal
b.Arch 10th sem
Deptt. Of architecture
Guru nanak dev university, Amritsar
 Slums-the myths and the reality
Slums...the picture that conjures up in our minds is that of a dirty, unhygienic group of make shift
shanties ………..long lines of people waiting at the Municipal water pump………… bawling babies
literally left on street corners to fend for themselves and endless cries of help……..!!!!
Unpaved Roads and narrow lanes…..Puddles and slush are common-place after every rain
shower…..This adversely affects the safety and security of residents and is generally believed to
be largely responsible for high rates of night-time crimes.
Surely such an area is not what we want in our cities but it is a sad reality that according to 2001
Census, data was collected for slums which says that population of slums all over India is
40,297,341 (40 million) from the 607 cities/towns reporting slums. This comes to ~4% of total
Indian population (assuming Indian population of 1000 million). More interestingly it comes to ~22%
of the total population of these cities (178,393,941).
According to an Expert Group of the United Nations, a slum is an area that combines to various
extents the following characteristics
(i) inadequate access to safe water
(ii) inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure
(ii) poor structural quality of housing
(iv) overcrowding
(v) insecure residential status.

High time now we need to do something bout it……………..

Upgradation of slums
Slum rehabilitation and redevelopment- rehabilitation means treatment,
remedy or healing. So slum rehabilitation means healing of slums i.e. eradicating
the very basic reason which makes a place slum by giving these people basic
amenities like water supply and sanitation facilities proper roads. So that they
can also live a healthy life.

Is this what we call urbanization…….????

Objectives of the Project
•Provide slum dwellers with resources and
freedom to uplift their standard of living and
not just houses.
•Recognize their problems and treat them like
human beings and not to ignore their
existence amongst us.
•Legalize them and give them a scope of
progress.
•Take their profession to higher step and give
the a scope to prosper in life.
•To provide them with supplementary mental
growth through counseling and awareness
workshops absence of which results in
failure of most of rehabilitation schemes.
•To create an awareness and sensitivity
amongst the higher classes of society-mainly
the industrialists to provide their poor
workers with proper accommodation and
basic amenities, and discourage the growth of
slums.
Data regarding slums of Ludhiana
As per survey conducted by town planning
department of Ludhiana
• The city Ludhiana has the largest population
(1.3 million, census 2001) in Punjab.
• The city has been divided into 70 municipal
wards in which only 31 municipal wards
report slums.
• The rapid and immense industrialization of
Ludhiana city has resulted in the emergence
of several slum colonies in and around the
city.
• There is no formal housing for industrial
workers, due to which there are many slums
that have come up near the industrial areas.
• Total slum population - 2,33,400 (survey
carried out under SJSRY)
• Identified slum pockets - 209 nos.
• House hold size - 7
• No. of dwelling units - 33,343

Year populatio No. of percentag

n (in poor in e
lakhs) lakhs
1991 10.42 1.35 13
2001 13.95 1.50 10.75
2006 16.65 1.62 9.70
 NEED FOR SLUM REHABILITATION IN LUDHIANA
• Stitch in time saves nine
At present the problem of slums in Ludhiana is not as adverse as it is in other metropolitan and
industrial cities of India. At this this time problem of slums is at a bud stage. If at this time
proper steps in terms of improvement schemes and rehabilitation measures are not taken and
ignored by governments, local authorities architects and planners, in future it might become a
Herculean task to remove them form city’s face like in some of the most industrial towns of
India like Mumbai Calcutta etc.
• High immigration in Ludhiana
Because Ludhiana is the commercial capital of Punjab ,laborers have been migrating from
states like U.P., Bihar, Haryana come here for employment and finally settle down in the city.
inadequacy of proper housing schemes for these people and lack of initiative on the part of
employer and government to provide decent shelters combined with extreme poverty forces
these people to live in makeshift shanties and unsanitary conditions.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF DESIGN
•To turn Dr. Ambedkar Nagar into well worked out livable habitat complete with landscape
interventions, streetscapes, boulevards, shopping streets and community facilities which are well
integrated.
•Keeping in mind the needs and aspirations of the dwellers, dwelling such a scheme that they can
identify with.
•To develop a scheme which is conducive to their lifestyle and their work culture.
•To involve building material ,technology, and methods of construction appropriate for such
conditions keeping affordability factors and acceptability in mind.
•Methods to be employed for garbage recycling, water harvesting and harnessing people’s
initiative for complete project.-community participation in development ,improvement and
maintenance of the scheme.
•Propose a module for slum rehabilitation for the whole city and on a broader perspective the
whole state.
 Approaches towards slum Upgradation

• Sites and services

• Slum networking
• On site development
• Slum relocation/resettlement
• Transit housing

Site and services

Under this scheme people residing in slum area are provided with the site. They are allotted plots
on a certain plot of fixed area and are given to them. basic services like water supply pipelines,
sewer lines, electric substation etc are provided to them. people have to construct their house on
their own and for that they might be given loans etc.

Slum networking
Slum Networking is an innovative concept which exploits the linkage between the slums, natural
drainage paths which influence the urban infrastructure and the environmental fabric of the city.
Slum Networking is an initiative driven primarily through community control. In a holistic frame
which converges scales, activities, agencies and resources it exploits the slum fabric in the
context of the total city for sustainable and cost effective improvement in the quality of life of its
people as a whole. The objective is not to find solutions unique to the slums but, instead, explore
the commonality between the slums and the better parts of the city to integrate the two. As slums
are not the causes of urban degradation but the consequences of distorted development, the
solutions likewise must treat the slums as mere symptoms and use them to work back into the city
fabric to the origins of the problems. examples of this kind of project are slum networking in
Indore, slum networking of north Baroda and slum networking of Ahemdabad.
On site development

Under this project type, the site which already has slums is redevelopment and the dwellers are
rehabilitated by giving them better living conditions a strong pacca shelter.
On site development can be of two types

1. Land sharing project: Under such project a piece of land is acquired on which slums already
exist. then is constructed a building which can be sold out in open market and profits made
from it are used to construct houses for slum people and then given these free of cost to
them. On the same site.
2. Complete site rehabilitation: this kind of project redevelops the site as a whole. it involves
local government and N.G.O. participation and funds are allotted for this purpose.

Slum relocation/resettlement
this project aims at relocation of slum dwellers. People are relocated at a new site , new area
either by their consent or forcefully. They might be given a better living condition in this area but
they have to vacate the area inhabitated by them.

Transit housing
This is a relatively new concept and has been introduced in cities like Hyderabad and Bangalore.
Under this project a housing is set up by the government and people are given the tenements on
lease for some period of time and amount taken from them is very nominal. They are not given the
ownership of the house so as to avoid them to sell it off and go back to the slum.
After the lease period is over depending upon the propensity and willing ness of the dweller the
house may be transferred at his/ her name by giving some amount of money.
 Different schemes for slum upgradation

• JNNURM
Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission is designed to assist city governments in improving
property tax collection and bring user charge to the levels that cover at least operating and
maintenance costs and change their accounting methods. The Mission is meant to bring in
transparency in local budget making, as also a higher degree of community participation in d
ecision-making processes. under this project there are further two schemes as follows:
 B.S.U.P- basic services to urban poor
 I.H.S.D.P.-integrated housing &slum
• S.R.S.J.Y
• Vambay
The Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) : The Central Government scheme has the primary
objective to facilitate the construction and upgradation of the dwelling units for the slum
dwellers and to provide health and enabling urban environment through community toilets under
Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, a component of the scheme. This is the first scheme of its kind meant
exclusively for slum dwellers with a Government of India subsidy of 50 percent. The balance 50
percent is to be arranged by State Government with ceiling costs prescribed both for dwelling
units/community toilets. During the financial year 2002-03, central subsidy to the extent of
Rs.218.35 crores for the construction of 110388 dwelling units and 21488 toilet seats was
released. So far a total of 2.08 lakh dwelling units covering 20 States and Union Territories have
been sanctioned under VAMBAY.
• N.S.D.P.
National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) was introduced in the Eight Five Year Plan during
1996-97 with the specific objective of providing basic amenities to slum dwellers in the field of
physical & social amenities, community infrastructure etc.. NSDP is a centrally sponsored scheme
meant for the improvement of slums
 INTEGRATED HOUSING & SLUM DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
( IHSDP ) GUIDELINES – 2005

INTRODUCTION
• 1.1 Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme aims at combining the existing schemes
of VAMBAY and NSDPunder the new IHSDP Scheme for having an integrated approach in
ameliorating the conditions of the urban slum dwellers who do not possess adequate shelter
and reside in dilapidated conditions.
• 1.2 the scheme is applicable to all cities and towns as per 2001 Census except cities\towns
covered under Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Development Renewal mission (JNNURM).
• 1.3 The scheme seems to enhance public and private investments in housing and infrastructural
development in urban areas.

2.OBJECTIVES
The basic objective of the scheme is to strive for holistic slum development with a healthy and
enabling urban environment by providing adequate shelter and basic infrastructure facilities
to the slum dwellers of the identified urban areas.

3.COVERAGE
3.1The scheme will apply to all cities\towns, excepting cities\towns covered under JNNURM. The
target group under the scheme is slum dwellers from all sections of the community through a
cluster approach.
3.2 Allocation of funds among States will be on the basis of the States’ urban slum population in
the country.
3.3 States may allocate funds to towns\cities basing on similar formula. However, funds would be
provided yo only those towns and cities where elections to local bodies have been held and
elected bodies are in position
3.4. The State Government may prioritize towns and cities on the basis of their felt-need. While
prioritizing towns, States would take into account existing infrastructure, economically and
socially disadvantaged sections of the slum population and difficult areas.
4.COMPONENTS
• 4.1The components for assistance under the scheme will include all slum
improvement/upgradation/relocation projects including upgradation/new construction of
houses and infrastructural facilities, like, water supply and sewerage. Cost of land for such
projects will not be provided under the programme and has to be borne by the State
Government. In case the project is to be undertaken on private land, which is to be acquired by
the State, cost of land may also be part of the project costing only in the case of North
Eastern States and hilly States of Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal and Jammu & Kashmir.

• 4.2TITLE OF THE LAND Title of the land should preferably be in the name of the wife and
alternatively jointly in the names of husband and wife. In exceptional cases, title in the name of
male beneficiary may be permitted.

• 4.3A&OE Not more than 5% of the total allocation of funds under the scheme
for A&OE purposes for preparation of project reports and for administrative purposes which
may be distributed among Ministry and State/UTs/Implementing Agencies.

• 4.4Ceiling Cost for Dwelling Unit will be @Rs.80,000 per unit for cities other than those
covered under the Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Development Renewal mission (JNNURM). This
ceiling cost will, however, be reviewed after one year.For special category/hills States and
difficult/far flung areas, 12.5% additional will be permissible over and above the prescribed
ceiling cost per dwelling unit.
• 4.5Selection of Beneficiaries By SUDA/DUDA/ULBs/Government Nodal Agency authorized by
the State Government.
• 4.6Minimum Floor Area of Dwelling Unit Not less than 25 sq. meters. Area and preferably two
room accommodation plus kitchen and toilet should be constructed.
• 4.7Infrastructure Development and maintenance in the slums State Government should ensure
a separate provision for upkeep and maintenance of the public assets created under the
scheme.
• 4.8Beneficiary Contribution
Housing should not be provided free to the beneficiaries by the State Government. A minimum of
12% beneficiary contribution should be stipulated, which in the case of SC/ST/BC/OBC/PH
and other weaker sections shall be 10%.
• 4.9 Admissible Components Provision of shelter including upgradation & construction of new
houses.
ii) Provision of community toilets.
iii) Provision of physical amenities like water supply, storm water drains, community bath,
widening and paving of existing lawns, sewers, community latrines, street lights, etc.
iv) Community infrastructure like provision of community centers to be used for pre-school
education, non-formal education, adult-education, recreational activities, etc.
v) Community Primary Health Care Centre Buildings can be provided.
vi) Social amenities like pre-school education, non-formal education, adult-education, maternity,
child health and Primary health care including immunization, etc.
vii) Sites and Services/houses at affordable costs for EWS & LIG categories.
ix) Slum improvement and rehabilitation projects.
x) Land acquisition cost will not be financed except for acquisition of private land for
schemes/projects in the North Eastern States & Hilly States, viz., Himachal Pradesh,
Uttaranchal and Jammu & Kashmir.
 Cost effective Housing

•Cost Effective Housing is a relative concept and has more to do with budgeting.
•it seeks to reduce the cost construction through better management, appropriate use of local
materials, skills and technology but without sacrificing the performance and life of the
structure.
•It needs to be emphasized that low cost housing does not mean houses constructed by utilizing
cheap building materials of substandard quality.
•A low cost house is designed and constructed as any other house with regard to foundation,
structure, strength etc. the reduction in cost is achieved through effective utilization of
locally available building materials and techniques that are durable, economical, accepted by
users and not requiring costly maintenance,.
•Economy is also achieved by postponing finishing and/implementing them in phases.
•Further, it aims at increasing the efficiency of workers, minimizing wastage in design and space
and applying good management practices, so that shelter can be provided at prices which people
can afford.
 Building cost
The building construction cost can be divided into two parts namely:
Building material cost : 65 to 70 %
Labour cost : 30 to 35 %
The scope for effective means of reducing cost of construction lies with minimizing the quantity
of building materials which consumes less energy. This is possible if one could follow a
rational design procedure of the efficient use of materials. Cost of reduction is achieved by
selection of more efficient material or by an improved design.

Avenues for reducing cost of construction – concept

• The following are the avenues exist for reducing building construction cost.
• Reduce plinth area by using thinner wall concept.Ex.15 cms thick solid concrete block wall.
• Use locally available material in an innovative form like soil cement blocks in place of burnt
brick.
• Use energy efficiency materials which consumes less energy like concrete block in place of
burnt brick.
• Use environmentally friendly materials which are substitute for conventional building
components like use R.C.C. Door and window frames in place of wooden frames.
• Preplan every component of a house and rationalize the design procedure for reducing the size
of the component in the building.
• By planning each and every component of a house the wastage of materials due to demolition of
the unplanned component of the house can be avoided.
• Each component of the house shall be checked whether if it's necessary, if it is not necessary,
then that component should not be used.
• Cost reduction is possible by eliminating redundant components. Ex: Avoid plastering the walls,
eliminating the use of plinth slabs in the foundation.
• Accept lower quality finishes like exposed brick work without plastering.
• Reducing standards - providing jalli work in place of windows, no plinth concrete.
Cost reduction through adhoc methods

1. Foundation
• Normally the foundation cost comes to about 10 to 15% of the total building and usually
foundation depth of 3 to 4 ft. is adopted for single or double store building and also the
concrete bed of 6"(15 cms.) is used for the foundation which could be avoided. It is
recommended to adopt a foundation depth of 2 ft.(0.6m) for normal soil like gravely soil, red
soils etc.
• use the un coursed rubble masonry with the bond stones and good packing. Similarly the
foundation width is rationalized to 2 ft.(0.6m).To avoid cracks formation in foundation the
masonry shall be thoroughly packed with cement mortar of 1:8 boulders and bond stones at
regular intervals.
• It is further suggested adopt arch foundation in ordinary soil for effecting reduction in
construction cost up to 40%.This kind of foundation will help in bridging the loose pockets
of soil which occurs along the foundation.
• In the case black cotton and other soft soils it is recommend to use under ream pile
foundation which saves about 20 to 25% in cost over the conventional method of
construction.
2. Plinth
• It is suggested to adopt 1 ft. height above ground level for the plinth and may be
constructed with a cement mortar of 1:6.
• The plinth slab of 4 to 6" which is normally adopted can be avoided and in its place brick on
edge can be used for reducing the cost. By adopting this procedure the cost of plinth
foundation can be reduced by about 35 to 50%.
• It is necessary to take precaution of providing impervious blanket like concrete slabs or
stone slabs all round the building for enabling to reduce erosion of soil and thereby
avoiding exposure of foundation surface and crack formation.
3. Walling
• Wall thickness of 6 to 9" is recommended for adoption in the construction of walls all
round the building and 41/2 " for inside walls. It is suggested to use burnt bricks which are
immersed in water for 24 hours and then shall be used for the walls.
• Rat - trap bond wall
 It is a cavity wall construction with added advantage of thermal
comfort and reduction in the quantity of bricks required for
masonry work.
 By adopting this method of bonding of brick masonry compared to
traditional masonry, it is possible to reduce in the material cost of
bricks by 25% and about 10to 15% in the masonry cost.
 By adopting rat-trap bond method one can create aesthetically
pleasing wall surface and plastering can be avoided.
• Concrete block walling
 In view of high energy consumption by burnt brick it is suggested to use
concrete block (block hollow and solid) which consumes about only
1/3 of the energy of the burnt bricks units production.
 By using concrete block masonry the wall thickness can be reduced
from 20 cms to 15 cms.
 Concrete block masonry saves mortar consumption, speedy construction
of wall resulting in higher output of labour, plastering can be avoided
thereby an overall saving of 10 to 25% can be achieved.

• Soil cement block technology

 It is an alternative method of construction of walls using soil cement
blocks in place of burnt bricks masonry.
 It is an energy efficient method of construction where soil mixed with
5% and above cement and pressed in hand operated machine and cured
well and then used in the masonry. This masonry doesn't require plastering on
both sides of the wall.
 The overall economy that could be achieved with the soil cement technology is about 15 to 20%
compared to conventional method of construction.
4. Doors and windows
 It is suggested not to use wood for doors and windows and in its place concrete or steel
section frames shall be used for achieving saving in cost up to 30 to 40%.
 Similarly for shutters commercially available block boards, fibre or wooden practical boards
etc. ,shall be used for reducing the cost by about 25%.
 By adopting brick jalli work and precast components effective ventilation could be provided to
the building and also the construction cost could be saved upto 50% over the window
components.
5. Lintels and Chajjas
 The traditional R.C.C. lintels which are costly can be replaced by brick arches for small spans
and save construction cost up to 30 to 40% over the traditional method of construction.
 By adopting arches of different shapes a good architectural pleasing appearance can be given
to the external wall surfaces of the brick masonry.
6. Roofing
Normally 5"(12.5 cms) thick R.C.C. slabs is used for roofing of residential buildings. By adopting
rationally designed in-situ construction practices like filler slab and
precast elements the construction cost of roofing can be reduced by
about 20 to 25%.
• Filler slabs
are normal RCC slabs where bottom half (tension) concrete
portions are replaced by filler materials such as bricks, tiles, cellular concrete blocks, etc.,
These filler materials are so placed as not to
compromise structural strength, result in replacing unwanted and
nonfunctional tension concrete, thus resulting in economy. These are
safe, sound and provide aesthetically pleasing pattern filings and
also need no plaster.

Section through filler slabs ….And this is how the simplest

filler slab looks like !!!
• Funicular shell roof is compression structure, which ensures conservation
of natural resources by utilizing waste materials effectively and optimizing
the use of expensive steel and cement. Further, the arch distributes the
point load in all direction equally thus, is able to withstand impact loading at
any point.
 Diagonal g rid of funicular shell gives the illusion of a larger space.
 Eliminate use of high-energy steel reinforcement used in the conventional RCC roof.
 Allows efficient use of waste materials and provides personality, colour and texture.
 Minimizes requirement of internal plasters.
 Provides roofing at a lower cost.
 Can be demoulded every 48 hours.
 using natural materials and technology as
 can take any shape- square, rectangle, trapezium, triangular or any other shape.
 can carry various conduits, toilet pipes in the area above the brick -bat layer.
facilitates the installment of fixtures
like- ceiling fans, light fixtures etc.
The edge beam can be given a slight
camber or lift in the centre, about 1"-3".
Thus, the beam also acts as an arch,
comes under compression, further
increasing its load bearing capacity.
Step 1 Step 2 This also reduces the amount of steel
and cement consumed in the beam.
Since it acts as an arch, it takes load in
compression and distributes it equally
in all directions. Thus, on the first floor,
the wall can be placed anywhere since it
Step 5
will always rest on the arch.
Construction of a
Step 3 Step 4 funicular shell roof
• Ferro cement channel/shell unit provide an economic solution to RCC slab by providing 30 to
40% cost reduction on floor/roof unit over RCC slabs without compromising the strength.
These being precast construction is speedy, economical due to avoidance of shuttering and
facilitate quality control.

7. Finishing Work
The cost of finishing items like sanitary, electricity, painting etc., varies depending upon the
type and quality of products used in the building and its cost reduction is left to the individual
choice and liking.

Cost effective construction materials

Not only the construction techniques but building materials also need to be cost effective and
easily available.
1.Insulating material
clay-coated straw
•One of the best low-cost insulating materials is clay-coated straw (or other lightweight plant
materials).
•A light coating of clay acts as both a binder and preservative. Clay-coated straw has been
shown to last over 700 years as a non-deteriorating insulation!!
•As the clay dries, it binds the straw together in a surprisingly rigid mass. It's a "natural
Styrofoam".
Uses
•In addition to being an insulator, it can be used as a wall forming material. In the middle ages,
even up the present time, the method works like this:
•A post and beam structure is first built.
•Two boards are temporarily nailed to the posts, one on each side.
•The resulting cavity is filled with straw-clay.
•The material is tamped down (a 2x4, 4x4, or small post will do). The idea is not to compact it into a
solid mass, you couldn't do it easily anyway because the straw will remain springy until it dries.
•The two side boards are moved up immediately and stuffed again and again until the wall is as
high as desired. No need to wait for the straw-clay to dry before moving the boards up. (A
moveable, sliding form could also be used to make walls.)
• A saw is used to cut out windows, or window frames are placed first.
• The wall is allowed to dry and is hand plastered inside and out. The soft undulating plastering
adds a charm that cannot be found in modern buildings.
• The straw-clay can also be pressed against forms to create a structure. Then the structure
can be plastered and waterproofed. This method is talked about in the Design Ideas section. Or
it can be used as an insulated fill material for the honeycomb construction method as
described in the Design section. The important concept here is that insulation materials
protect us from extremes of heat and cold. The best insulators are ones that are non-toxic,
renewable, and widely available. Low cost insulation materials such as straw or expanded
aggregates such as perlite, vermiculite, and other expanded ceramics make excellent non-toxic
insulation. In developed countries with the requisite technologies, the perlite type materials
may be preferable to straw-clay. Fiber composites can be both structural and insulating.

2.Structural Materials
Composites: Fiber, Lightweight Aggregates, and Binders
•The best low-cost structural materials are composites. Composites are a combination of
distributed fiber reinforcement, lightweight aggregate, and a binding agent.
•Ferro-cement is one such composite using metal or synthetic fibers and portland cement, but
there are many others. Fiberglass is a common (but toxic) composite.
•A newcomer in fiber composites is papercrete or fibercrete, which is a combination
of pulped paper, or other cellulose-based raw material, and binders such as lime,
cement, and/or clay.
•Sand adds strength and density to these composites, but lightweight aggregates could also be
used.
•Any composite material can be used to create shell structures which we call Composite-Shell
construction. Domes 100 ft. in diameter, (and only 10 mm thick!) have been built using portland
cement and glass fibers.
•Using lesser fibers and binders, more modest structures can be built. If the fiber composite is
applied to both sides of a thick insulating layer such as straw-clay, perlite cement, or agcrete
(see below), a strong "sandwich" is formed.
•If the insulation layer is made from a structural honeycomb of lightweight fiber composite
(filled with insulation), the strength of the shell is even better.
• Composite materials can be sprayed (using compressed-air driven sprayers), or poured, or
packed directly onto a reusable formwork (using hand methods). Simply pour from a bucket, or
apply from a scoop, and spread. Fiber reinforcement options include natural fibers such as
wood (paper), bamboo, industrial hemp, sisal, and jute, for low-tech applications, and synthetic,
glass, and steel fibers for high-tech applications where greater rigidity is desired.
• Recycled clothing fibers can be used. Bamboo has been used successfully in place of rebar in
many countries for decades. Wood (paper) fiber has been used in Japan for centuries for its
strength and beauty. Industrial hemp fiber has tremendous potential where it is available.
• It is used for architectural molding in North America. Discrete bamboo fibers have tremendous
strength, exceeding hemp, and could be the most effective fiber of all if properly processed.
Jute (burlap) is also a strong natural fiber. All high silica fibers last a long time if protected
from rust or rot.
3.Designing Materials
• Fibercrete Composite
A suggested composite material is paper fiber and mineral binder. So much waste paper is
available, it makes sense to use it. One suggested mix is 60% paper and 40% binder by weight. The
binder can be 50:50 Portland cement/hydrated lime or 25:25:25:25 cement, lime, clay, and sand.
Sand adds strength and density. Liquid soap adds bubbles for a lighter, insulating mix. By
volume, these mixes are primarily paper fiber, but will not burn. Various mixes emphasize
strength or insulating qualities.
• AgStone Composite
Another composite with even more potential than papercrete is Agcrete. This method uses
common agricultural wastes such as crop stalks, chipped wood, or any other low density,
commonly available lightweight material. It's similar to using perlite, vermiculite, scoria, or
other lightweight mineral aggregates. Waste material is simply chopped (up to golf ball size or
so), blended, and mixed with cement (and/or lime) just as you would use ordinary gravel. When
cured and dry, it makes a very lightweight composite. In France, hemp Hurds are used for
aggregate and they have been building quite successfully with it.A formula developed by John
Stahl is:
• Lightweight AgStone Formula
• 20 parts chips (any agricultural waste)
Plants which are high in silica include: Hemp Hurds, Western Sorghum, Concho Wheat, Corn,
Bamboo, Lantana, Sunflower, and Medusa Head. We're searching for more information and
more specifics on high silica plants.
5 parts clay (with sand is OK)
5 parts binders (3 lime, 2 cement)
• It may not be such a good idea to build too rigidly, as is common in both industrialized countries
and developing countries. Rigid concrete materials are brittle and fail catastrophically
during earthquakes. Rebar reinforcement is totally inadequate. Ferro cement structures fare
better. But these structures are very heavy. As a result, we now favor very light composites
such as Fibercrete and Agcrete as more forgiving structural building materials. A lightweight
foamed composite using paper-hemp-bamboo for fiber reinforcement with cement/lime/clay
binder may be an ideal building material. Natural glues may improve flexibility, but some
minerals (20-40% by weight) are needed for fire protection.

• Fibercrete Mixers

 Depending upon the scale of operations, several types mixers are used. The simplest is a 5
gallon bucket.
 A 1/2 to 1 hp electric motor with mixing blade is attached to the lid (plywood reinforced) of a 5
gallon bucket and small batches are mixed.
 A sharp 4-6 inch blade (S-blade is ideal) is mounted 4-6 inches from the bottom. Paper is inserted
through a hole, or the operation is stopped and the lid is lifted to add fiber.
 For larger batches, a 55 gallon drum is cut in half and a gasoline engine from 3-10 hp is
mounted on a board. A larger blade of up to 7-9 inches is attached to an extended shaft.
 Large round animal "stock" tanks, watering tanks, can be used for larger volumes. Shafts are
extended by a collar attached to the motor shaft and a length of shaft is added.
 Replaceable blades are screwed on. For long shafts, some lateral reinforcement may be
necessary to avoid excess stress on the motor or engine bearings. Place a bearing near the
blade using a frame. Such mixers can be moved from tank to tank for mixing many batches or
different ingredients.

• Uses
 Composite Shell construction can be used to build ultra low-cost housing, approaching nearly
rs.50 per square foot (shell only) for the do-it-yourselfer. Also, walls, gazebos, hot tubs, solar
greenhouses, garden walls, almost anything can be made out of these materials inexpensively
using inflatable forms or reusable solid forms.
 Combined with natural insulation, every kind of life supporting, non-toxic construction can be
built. Waterproofing is necessary for fiber composites. For light duty, drying type vegetable
oils, such as soy or linseed, can be used.
 In these days of increasing cost of instruction of the dream of owning a house particularly for
low income and middle income family is becoming a difficult reality. Hence it has become a
necessity to adopt cost effective, innovative and environmental friendly housing technology
for the construction of houses and buildings for enabling the common people to construct
houses at affordable cost. Building Centers (Nirmithi Kendras) Established by the Govt.&
HUDCO in all the districts are promoting Low Cost Housing Technologies and are providing
their Technical Advice and Guidance services to the general public for enabling them to
construct the houses at an economical cost.
Conclusion
The above list of suggestion for reducing construction cost is of general nature and it varies
depending upon the nature of the building to be constructed, budget of the owner,
geographical location where the building is to be constructed, availability of the building
material, good construction management practices etc. However it is necessary that good
planning and design methods shall be adopted by utilizing the services of an experienced
engineer or an architect for supervising the work, thereby achieving overall cost
effectiveness to the extent of 25% in actual practice.
 Sion Shivaji Cooperative Housing Society, Mumbai
Project details
Client: Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA),
Mumbai
Architect: Ranjit Naik
Builders: Kaushik Builders
Total site area: 2567.03sq m
Total no of dwelling units :150
Cost of project: Rs.3,31,20,019

Basic policy and type of development

This is a land sharing project in which a piece of
land is acquired on which slums already
exist. then constructing a building which
can be sold out in open market and profits
made from it are used to construct houses
for slum people and then given these free This what is what sion shivaji nagar
of cost to them. looked like earlier
This kind of project gets an additional
advantage of 2.5 F.S.I. i.e. they can increase
their F.S.I. up to 2.5 which otherwise is not
allowed.

Financial Arrangement
Houses to the dwellers have been
given free of cost. However there
has been an earnest amount of
Rs.7000 that has been deposited by
the owner of the house as
maintenance.
 Target population Daily wages
Vendors laborers
The population statistics show that: and small 15%
shopkeeper
1. Majorly population has a monthly s 20% Monthly income
family income between 2500-500,and Misc. employees
thus after the regular monthly 10% 55%

expenditure they are left with

almost nothing to save. Occupational groups
2. This means their propensity to
maintain their tenement is almost
4 – 8 person
negligible. 88%
3. Almost 90% of residents have an
From
here…. occupation which takes them out of
Above 8
their houses. thus they do not need Up to 4 2%
10%
too much working space within their
tenements. Family size
4. Most of the people who reside here
have a family size of 6-7 so they feel
Between 2500-5000
that a mere 180 sq ft tenement is in 65%
sufficient for them.
5. Most of the population of this Below 2500 Above 5000
locality are either gujrati or 25% 10%

Marathi in their origin. So they have

some kind of similar cultural
Monthly income
practices.
6. Almost 30% of the population is
Andhraites and almost all of them Gujarati
Maharashtrians
45%
live in block A of the complex while 20%
rest live in block B.` Others
Andhra
5%
To this …lot 30%
has to be done

origin
Site
• Location
The site is located very near to the famous Sion hospital or
Lokmanya Tilak Hospital and about 5 km from Mahim
railway station.
• Condition
The site was earlier as any other slum would be dirty
unhygienic and dilapidated.

•as we can see that the

site is longitudinal in
nature and runs from
The site is divided
south to north being
into two parts one
broad at the north end
part is of the
not much could be done
commercial
for open spaces because
building and the
prime concern here is to
other part
give shelter and not open
contains slum
spaces
rehabilitation
building. Even
slum building has
two wings, wing A-
with 28 tenements
and wing B- 122
 Part Plan

•Standards say that the minimum corridor

width in front of the staircase should be
twice the width of the single stair or 5 ‘
which ever is more, thus the corridor
width In front of staircase is very less.

•View of corridor lit up

naturally…the only
source of natural light. •The bath and toilet could
Only one window
•Natural light is a big have been separate so
and that too
problem because there is that in a big family both
occupied by
only on window in the can be used at a time
kitchen area
tenement
Socio behavioral interpretation
Community interaction
• most of the site in this is covered by built up
area so there is very little scope left for
open spaces and community interaction
spaces. but Mumbai being such a city where
land prices are quite high and a scheme like
this it is not advisable to leave open spaces
• If such space are left, building will go all
the more vertical which neither bye laws
allow nor does it suit the dwellers.
• Also planning has hot been done taking
care of the living style of people. But the
social bonding is so strong that it
overcomes this flaw in design.
• People are of the fact that that their
interdependence is their lifeline.
• The corridors are the only place where
people (ladies) sit during day time , or kids
use them as their play areas
Flexibility
• The design is not flexible at all because the
dwellers are not given any scope to grow
their tenement with time.
• The area provided to each tenement is so
low that they have hardly any scope of
incremental growth.
Post -occupancy evaluation
Ownership
• Almost 85% of the dwellers are the ones
who are the original occupants. out of the
rest only 2-3% are those which are living
here on rent. rest 10 -12 % are those who
have bought the tenements , but officially
they say that they are the tenants because
the original owners are not allowed to
sell this tenement before 15 yrs.
• Those who have sold the tenements have
only one reason that they are short of
money and the maintenance of the house is
what they cannot afford
Maintenance and condition of buildings
• Residents have formed their own
cooperative society and they elect 10
people out of themselves who take the
responsibility of safety , secuirty ,
cleanliness and maintenance of the
complex.
• For this each house hold has to pay rs. 1000
yearly or rs. 200 monthly as it it suites for
the maintenance of the building.
• This clearly shows that this is not true that
slum dwellers do not want to live in a
congenial environment. Its just that they
have to given an opportunity to do so.
 Ajantha Nagar slum rehabilitation scheme, Pune
Project details
Client: Pimpri Chinchwad municipal Corporation
(PCMC)
Architect: Shelter Associates
Total site area: 31,100 sq m (8 acre)
Cost of project: Rs.15,31,12,000
Total no of dwelling units :708
Tenement carpet area:20 sq m
Tenement Built up area: 25sq m

Basic policy and type of development Roadside view

 Ajanta Nagar Slum Upgradation Scheme is a joint
venture of Mata Amritanandamayi Math and Pimpri
Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC).
 This is an on-site development project. This project
has been funded 50% by Mata Ashram.
 This project has been achieved through community
participation as the slum dwellers have worked
themselves in the construction of the buildings.

Financial arrangements
• First phase of this scheme, which consists of 688
households, has been funded 50% by ma math.
• Second and third phase of this scheme has been
proposed under JNNURM.
 Maharashtrians
Target population and its characteristic 86%
Andhra
others 12%
2%

The statistics show Origin

•Majorly dwellers are of Maharashtrians origin. they have come to Pune
from neighboring villages and small towns. Daily wages
•The other major community which have been found in this housing are Misc. Labourers 38%
12%
from Andhra Pradesh vendors
Rickshaw
•Monthly income of almost 60% of the dwellers is between 2500-5000. pullers
25%
But 30%people have a monthly income of less than 2500.This clearly 25%
indicates that the people cannot afford expensive land and shelter. Major occupational
groups

rs.2500-5000
60%
Above Rs.5000
Site 10% Below 2500
30%
Location: Ajanta Nagar was an 8-acre
slum, home to over 1700 families, is Monthly Income
located in Nigdi,12km from Pune city.
Condition: Site of Ajanta Nagar was
like any other slum.
Analysis: site is quadrilateral in
shape and is surrounded by roads on
all 4 sodes and the level of the road is
 Site plan
•Trapezoidal site contains two types of planning.
• there is A block which has cutouts in centre and
stairs running along the A type blocks are 3 in no. and
they go uptil g+3
•Whereas type b wing has simple linear type of
planning in which dwelling units are arranged on
both sides of a corridor and stairs at the end.
•they are 25 in no. and go only upto two floors
•Whole buit up is standing on stilts and area under
stilts act as multi usage area.
•There are two wide open spaces yet to be converted
into gardens.

•The distance
between two
blocks is very
less, so the
whole row
looks like one
•4 main arterial
single strip
pathways

•Building blocks placed

in a grid pattern.
 Upper ground floor plan (b block)
Upper ground floor plan
The building stands partially (a block)
on stilts So the space thus
created acts as Creating a sense of
multifunctional spaces, like enclosure
parking area, working area,
playing and assembling areas
Typical floor plan (a block)

Typical floor plan (b block)

 Dwelling unit level

+ve points
•Separate toilet and bath
•One duct catering two
units make service
pipelines maintenance
very easy.

section x-x’
-ve points
•Only one window and
that to is not able to
give proper light and
ventilation.
•Grouping tenements
could have been
View of stilt
parking
better so as to
provide better one to
•The building stands partially on stilts So one interaction
the space thus created acts as
multifunctional spaces, like parking area,
working area, playing and assembling
areas
Socio behavioral interpretation
Community interaction
• very little scope left for open spaces and
community interaction spaces.
• Only the area under the stilts is where kids
can play and act as interaction hubs
• Building could have gone one storey high to
leave more space on ground for parks
gardens and other social amenities.
• The set up of the whole place is so formal
that people feel that they were much close
to their neighbours when they lived in slum.
• planning has hot been done taking care of
the living style of people. But the social
bonding is so strong that it overcomes this
flaw in design.
• People are of the fact that that their
interdependence is their lifeline.
• The corridors and the area under stilts are
the only places where people (ladies) sit
and chat during day time , or kids use them
as their play areas.
Flexibility
• The design is not flexible at all because the
dwellers are not given any scope to grow
their tenement with time.
• The area provided to each tenement is so
low that they have hardly any scope of
incremental growth.
Sense of belongingness
• Loss of intimacy of planning and
restriction of growth make them feel alien
when they shifted to the tenement
• Post occupancy evaluation
Ownership
• All tenements are registered on the name
of a female in the family.
• As the dwellers have sifted here very
recently i.e. just three years back the
original owner ship is almost 95%.
• The remaining 5%are those who live as a
tenant.
• Another reason for this is that many
families are such who have been allotted
more than one tenement so they rent out
one and live in the other.
• There is no visible case of a dweller who
has sold he tenement.
Maintenance and condition of buildings
• There are total 28 buildings, and each one
has its own small society , and its own
chairman, which takes care of the building
maintenance.
• The dwellers pay Rs. 50 per month as
maintenance charges.
• They have their separate water meter and
electricity meter.
• Even after these measures and building
being very new, the condition of services is
very poor.
 Slum Networking of Indore
Project details
Client: Indore development authority
Architect: Himanshu Parikh
Cost of project: Rs.60 crores
• This is a community driven approach which
sees slums, not as resource draining
liabilities but, instead, as opportunities of
sustainable change for the city as a whole.
• The Indore Slum Networking project is
based sanitation and environmental
improvement programme.
• The infrastructure is upgraded using the
network of slum settlements as a starting
point and the project encompasses the
entire city of 3'218 km2 Out of the total
Indore population of 1,400,OOO (1995), 28%
live in slums.
• The expected slum population in urban
Indore, a textile manufacturing and
industrial engineering centre, is expected
to increase to 30% by year 2000. Slum fabric and natural drainage courses
of Indore city
• There are a total of 183 slums within the
networking system.
 Process of slum networking work
• All cities have strong natural drainage paths. Without these, villages and towns would drown
in their own waste long before they ever grow into cities. The paths are nature's own means of
disposal and, if properly exploited, also become ideal routes for the manmade urban
infrastructure systems of sewerage, storm drainage, water supply and roads. The
environmental skeleton of city greens and water bodies also lies on the same paths. Studies of
several cities in India and in other parts of the world showed that slums are consistently
located along these natural paths. Once this correlation between slums, urban
infrastructure and environment is clearly understood, it is easy to see how slum can be used to
transform cities.
• Thus slums help to build up low
cost service trunks, particularly
for gravity based systems of
sewerage and storm drainage,
together with environmental
improvements such as creation of
fresh water bodies, cleaning up of
polluted rivers, development of
green pedestrian spines and
restoration of waterfront
structures.
• The slums naturally benefit from
the improved city level support.
For the city too, the slums offer
opportunities of change through
this symbiotic process.
 Objectives of slum networking

• Improve the overall quality of life of the urban poor in terms of health, education,
skill upgrading and access to finance for shelter improvement and income
generation.
• Transform the sanitation and environment of the entire slum matrix of cities within
a set time scale.
• Revitalize the service infrastructure and environment of the city as a whole as a
consequence of slum intervention.
• Converge the strengths of the communities, economic forces of the city and the government
for the planning and implementation of the programme.

Riverfront before Riverfront after Slum before slum after

Special features of slum networking

•Slums are used to improve environment and infrastructure of the city as a whole.
•A holistic and integrated mix of physical, educational, health and income
generation improvements.
•Substantial human and material resources are mobilized in the partnership
approach.
•Community responsibility and control are increased. Costs are reduced significantly.
 Indore habitat project

Key elements

CITY LEVEL IMPACT

• strengthening of sewage network to receive slums, particularly in areas where city sewers do
not exist
• environmental improvement of the river and the streams of the city
• landscaping within slums and development of lakes and gardens in marginal land/or low-lying
open spaces around shims
• improving city roads on the peripheries of slums improvement of water supply pressures around
slum localities extension of city storm drainage to reach the slum pockets and low-lying areas
improvement of solid waste management
SLUM LEVEL PHYSICAL WORKS
• roads and paving
• individual water supply
• house to house underground sewerage with individual toilets (in preference to public latrines)
• storm drainage
• street lighting
• solid waste management
• community based landscaping
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
• setting up neighborhood groups, women's groups and youth activities
• mobilizing community savings for undertaking physical works
• educational activities for pre-primary age children, school dropouts and illiterate adults
• community health education and other interventions related to mother and child care
• supporting income generating activities by providing vocational training, job access to
unemployed persons developing linkages with formal sector finance to help people start small
businesses and trades
 City level impact

• Most development alternatives designed

for the urban poor rarely transcend
beyond the slum boundaries.
• In contrast, as a byproduct of Slum
Networking, Indore now has 90 kms. of
piped sewer mains installed in the non-slum
areas.
• The city like 80% of cities in India, had until
recently no underground sewerage to
speak of.
• This transformation was possible, firstly,
by interconnecting the internal sewerage
lines of slums along the rivers to create
city level network and, secondly, by
increasing the pipe sizes to accept the
sewage from the entire city population.
• The cost was less than half that for
conventional city systems.
• As the sewage is intercepted, the polluted
rivers of the city are being converted to
fresh water lakes in stages
• the historical riverside structures are
restored and new pedestrian greens
formed,.
• A recent study has shown that the quality
of water in the wells around these areas
has also improved.
 Slum level physical works
In Indore Habitat Project, instead of using the
conventional ‘Slum' solutions to physical
services, an attempt has been made to
penetrate the conventional, high quality
urban infrastructure deep into the slums.
Based on the following principles.
1) Consult with the slum dwellers closely in
order to obtain a better understanding of
their needs and lifestyle. This enables a
clearer idea of needs to be established, as
well as preparing communities for the
changes to come and increasing willingness
to pay for and maintain the systems.
2) Coordinating the roads, storm drainage
Providing community taps results into this and sewerage to natural gradients results
in economy and improved function.
3) Simple and inexpensive topography
management measures such as cut and fill,
site grading and appropriate landscaping
ensure that gravity based services operate
efficiently.
4) Design infrastructure networks to ensure
that basic services reach the entire
population in an equitable manner.
5) Ensure minimum disturbance and relocation
of existing housing and slums.
6) Infrastructure network must be easy to
maintain, repair and upgrade.
7) Avoid wasteful overlaps and
uncoordinated services by using and
integrated and holistic approach to design
Community toilets can never be maintained Ensures that the design makes provision
and thus add to the plight of slum for future growth and expansion of the
slums.
8) Do not use short-term measures to save money e.g. the provision of community toilets is wasted
investment when income levels in the slum become higher. (In any case they are rarely used or
maintained)
9) Provide flexibility to enable upgrading when the resources of the slum dwellers increase e.g.
by making provision for private toilets and house-to-house water supply, the slum dwellers are
able to invest in the option when they can afford it.
10) The success of a project depends on the information available to those designing it. Data banks
and drawing archives must be established prior to design so as to ascertain need and existing
provision, as well as the physical conditions of the site.
11) Professionalism is needed in all aspects of the work carried out, since slum upgrading is more
complex to plan and implement than conventional engineering projects.
12) Use appropriate and innovative technologies. For example, conventional expensive brick
manholes will not work in the narrow and twisting lanes of the slums, but small earthenware
gully traps can be used instead.
13) Set realistic standards and workable specifications. For example, designing for an ideal water
consumption of 250 liters per capita per day, which is unlikely ever to be achieved, will only
result in expensive water supply systems and dry sewer runs.
14) Balance the standards adopted with affordability.
15) The infrastructure systems need to be assessed on the basis of both the capital costs and
continuing maintenance. Looking a capital costs only can produce a deceptive picture. For
example, the cost of public latrines appears low if only the capital cost is considered but once
maintenance costs are included a different picture emerges.
 NETWORKING OF OTHER INFRASTRUCTURES
• As slums are not the causes of urban degradation but the
consequences of distorted development, the solutions
likewise must treat the slums as mere symptoms and use them
to work back into the city fabric to the origins of the
problems.
• Physically, Slum Networking is an integrated upgradation of
the entire city using slums, not as isolated islands but an
urban net.
• The spatial spread of slums over a city together with
contiguity between slum settlements gives an opportunity to
strengthen the city level networks. Using this principle, out
of the 360 km. of roads provided in slums, about 80 km. on the
slum peripheries were widened and linked up at the city level
to reduce the traffic congestion on the existing trunk roads.
Similarly, the storm drainage runs in the slums were placed in
such a manner that large areas of the remaining city were
also relieved of flooding.

Linking slum through

pacca roads to entire city
benefits both slums and cities

Creating road linkages through slum networking

• Similarly, as the city grows, existing water lines branch out
further to reach new areas and at the remote ends the
pressure drops so much that there is no water available. The
internal water lines in the Indore slums were used to short
circuit the existing city branches and turning them into loops.
This improved the water distribution of the city and increased
water pressures in the remote areas.
 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
turning hell into heaven
• As per a 1990 survey, over two thirds of the
slum families in Indore lived below the
poverty line. On average 40% of slum
dwellers were illiterate, with the female
illiteracy rate as high as 53%. A large
proportion of persons reported being sick
within the fortnight before the survey. In
addition to the working days lost, about 8%
of the monthly income was reportedly
spent on medical expenses.
• A mid-term evaluation of the Indore project
showed that many slums are heading
towards full literacy, frequency of
epidemics has dramatically reduced and
incomes, particularly of women, have
increased.
ACHIEVEMENTS
• 120 community halls built
• 4 vocational training workshops built
• 1 health centre built
• 3 existing dispensaries upgraded
• 79 neighborhood committees formed with
4,788 members
• 71 women's groups started with 4,706
members
• 190 kindergarten established in 100 slums
• 67 non-formal education centers in 47
slums covering 1098 drop-out children
• 83 adult education centre covering 15,541
persons.
• 20 slums have reached 100 percent literacy
level
WEAKNESSES OF INDORE
HABITAT PROJECT
• The project was financed
from a grant given by
Overseas Development
Administration,
• U.K. Although the community
contributed substantially in
terms of house improvements
and paying for community
services, nevertheless,
replicating of a grant based
project can always be
questioned.
• The project initiative was
with the local government
with the communities being
‘beneficiaries' and not
‘clients'.
• The Indore work started as a
project and not a process.
• Post-sustenance of the
project came as an
afterthought requiring a
great deal of effort to
redress the oversight.
• Solid waste component of the
project was weak
undermining the excellent
work done in other areas of
environmental sanitation.
• Community development
activities and physical works
did not always run in
tandem.
EVOLUTION AND REPLICATION OF SLUM
NETWORKING
• Slum Networking has a clear vision. It sees the cities of
developing countries without slums. To be able to
achieve that, three conditions have to be satisfied.
 Firstly, u workable concept has to be there which is
holistic, economic, sensitive to the community, practical
and can transcend from micro to macro scale.
 Secondly, resources have to be mobilised
 finally, the community has to have control over the
development.
• Indore clearly demonstrates that it is quite possible to
address the problems of the urban poor, both physical
and socio-economic, at micro and macro scales in
parallel with the infrastructure and environmental
improvements of the city as a whole.
• Indore has fully achieved a third of the goal vis-a-vis the
method but fall short on resource self-sufficiency and
community control.
• In order to replicate the concept and also plug the
deficiencies of Indore, pilot slum projects were initiated
in two new cities of Baroda and Ahmedabad.
• In Baroda, a substantial proportion of the development
funds (over 50%) are raised internally from the slum
dwellers. Further, the control of development rests
with the community.
• In Ahemdabad, the Slum Networking approach has been
taken one stage further by replacing external aid by
contributions from the city's industries so as to augment
the resource and technical manpower needs of both the
slum dwellers as well as the Municipal Corporation. The
multi-partite effort of the community, local economic
forces, Municipal Corporation, NGOs and professionals
at Baroda and Ahemdabad now satisfy all the three
conditions needed to replicate Slum Networking
throughout the country.
 Aranya low cost housing at Indore

Project details
Client: Indore development authority, Indore
Architect: Balkrishna Doshi
Project incharge: Himanshu Parikh
Total site area: 86 hectares
Total no of dwelling units :6500
Cost of project: 100 million
Completed:1989

B.V. Doshi ‘s insight behind aranya

A sense of continuity of Fundamental Values of the society is the essence of good habitat. The
ideological basis for planning Aranya has been the following:
• a) Vitality - development to support socio-physical aspirations of the community.
• b) Imageability - built form to impart identity and inculcate a sense of belonging amongst the
inhabitants.
• c) Equity - to create equitable balanced community with satisfactory level of environmental
qualities and opportunities for all.
• d) Efficiency - to realize development that optimizes natural, material as well as human
resources to the advantage of the user group.
• e) Flexibility - to evolve framework that absorbs with ease the progressive change and growth
as a part of natural development process.
• f) Feasibility- to ensure development within given legal, fiscal and organizational milieu.
Site layout
• A rectilinear site measuring 86 hectares is
designed on the idea of site and services
basis, to accommodate over 6500 families
(dwellings), largely from the economically
weaker section.
• Their size and organization incorporates
all the neighborhood facilities such as
school, medical centers, shops etc. in
appropriate quantities to sustain
community life.
• For identity, access equity and cohesive
functioning and commercial, community and
recreational amenities, required for all,
are located in a linear spine in the center
of the settlement while convenient shops
and other neighborhoods facilities are
dispersed to be accessible in walking
distance.
• Amenities are well integrated with open
spaces to allow overlapping use all
throughout day. Open spaces are interlines
to form a pedestrian network connecting
the whole settlement. Site plan showing the layout of the housing.
The whole site is divided into6 different
sector And a main arterial (not straight)
road running through
Centre. And nodes are created to bifurcate
the wider roads into narrower ones. And
gradually into pathways.
Circulation
• The formal street network draws the
vehicular traffic outward to the perimeter
road while pedestrian on informal
pathways and open space network flows in
the opposite direction achieving clear and
safe segregation of slow and fast moving
traffic.
• Non-rectilinear alignment of streets with
varying widths, bends and widenings are
provided to accommodate range of
spontaneous human activities. The
hierarchy of commercial activities
coincides with street hierarchy.
• Formal commercial outlets are along
major arterial roads while informal
shopping areas occur along narrow
streets and open spaces throughout the
settlement.

Services
• Introduction of open slot around service
core combines twice as much toilets per
manhole and cuts down pipe lengths to
half, achieving economic efficiency without
effecting its performance.
• The service slot has been integrated as
design element helping break the
continuous built mass and becoming useful
play area for children with platform for
neighborly interaction.
Fig. Showing the sewage
networks in a sector.
This is how a proper
network is maintained
Socio behavioral interpretation
• To foster community feel and mutual
interdependence various income groups
have been combined and arranged
concentric rings of plots.
• Each dwelling has its own compound and
territory, which encourage social
interaction, and supports a way of life of
the user group.
• Like mohallas of traditional towns,
dwellings are grouped to create small
cluster spaces in a form of short streets,
or cul-de-sacs or open squares.
• Dwellings are oriented north south and
arranged as row houses so that minimum of
incident solar radiation will be absorbed by
the walls.
• Mass housing where end user is anonymous
it is a challenge to offer choices of form
through flexibility of design.
• At Aranya variations in ottas, entrances,
staircases, verandah, balconies and
fenestration, within the standardized
layout, help each house gain a unique
character.
• These variations not only enrich street
façade but also help users express their
identity.
• This arouses a sense of belonging in the
user, essential to the healthy development
of any living environment and its
subsequent maintenance.
Salient features of design at each level
Township level- approach to integrate
• Provide a focus to the township.
• Achieve on overall cohesion of different
areas and activities.
• Allow formation of an environmental area
by discouraging through traffic.
• Incorporate all the basic community and
institutional facilities.
• Place the community and central facilities
within easy reach.
• Provide a well ordered hierarchy of roads.
• Provide a well ordered hierarchy of
spaces.
• Provide a well ordered hierarchy of
commercial spaces.
• Allow design population densities to
accommodate future growth.
Sector level-approach to optimization
• Use natural features and landmarks to
construct and efficiently.
• Reflect the local, historical
characteristics in the built form.
• Encourage interaction and integration
amongst income/social groups.
• Promote multiple and overlapping land
uses.
• Segregate pedestrian and vehicular
movements.
• Optimize land use, roads and other
infrastructure.
• Provide a sense of boundary to each sector.
• Provide defined entry points and
discourage through vehicular traffic
Concentric circles showing
various amenities and their respective distance as
we move from a dwelling unit to outwards

Sewerage network
of a cluster
community/street level- approach to social
interaction
Ariel view of a street
• Promote person to person contact through Which gives an effect
cluster of human scale. of mohalla
• Provide an individual character to each cluster. Providing great deal of
• Create a functionally sympathetic and an security as well as
esthetically pleasing street environment. social interaction
• Provide spaces for social and religious activities.
• Promote income generation at cluster level.
• Provide all essential amenities and utilities to
every street.
• Define clearly each cluster’s territory and the
sense of entry.
• Have regards for pedestrians.
• Optimize cluster patterns for economic
infrastructure provision and easy access.
For planning the sanitary service core in low cost
housing, the following additional guidelines were
considered:
• Ensure full privacy to the W.C. and wash area.
• Provide safe and adequate sanitation for all Such close placing also
families.
reduces the pipe lenghts
• Consider the environmental impact of the making the whole
sanitation core. process of services
• Integrated the sanitary facilities within the networking very
dwelling. economical
• Make the sewage system adaptable to alternative
treatment/disposal methods.
• Consider energy conservation and the recycling
of waste.
• Radically streamline the services to reduce costs
and ensure easy maintenance.
• Propose economic planning of services,
structure, sub-structure and cores.
Dwelling level- incremental approach
• Make the dwellings sensitive to the
lifestyle and daily needs of the people.
• Give each dwelling a rich, unique identity
• Integrate the spaces with in and outside the
dwelling.
• Maintain privacy within and from outside.
• Consider orientation, light, cross
ventilation, etc. for natural climate
control
• Allow for vertical and horizontal
expansion of the dwelling in future.
• Provide rear access for sub-letting bicycle,
cattle etc.
• Study the efficiency of plot sizes, walls,
foundations and internal circulation.
• Use appropriate materials and
construction methods.
• Make the dwelling simple and economic to
encourage the ‘self-built’ approach

Scope for incremental

growth in a house.

Giving dwellers freedom to

build on their own not only
brings sense of
belongingness but also
provides a rich
street façade.
 Comparative analysis

topics Scion Shivaji, Ajanta Nagar, Pune Aranya, Indore Slum networking,
Mumbai Indore
Concept •Land sharing On site development Sites and services Upgradation through
/projec networking of slums
t type
Financi •Fully funded, 10% dwellers share Mixed user group so Whole project is
al •dwellers get the 30%math funded e.w.s people were given funded on sharing
arrang tenements free of cost 30%hudco funded loans and monthly basis between Indore
ements installments based on development authority
30%state funded avg. family income and overseas
development
administration U.K.
Target •Original slum Original slum dwellers Mixed user group but Entire Indore
populati dwellers largely e.w.s . people including slums and
on non slums

site •Longitudinal site not Site was big enough to Whole site of 86 Whole city is treated
plannin much could be don accommodate dwelling hectare has been fully as one whole
g •But had an additional units, and recreational exploited integrated site
advantage of 2.5 fsi spaces. Hierchy of spaces from Slums are interwoven
•Did maximum that But not much has been township level to sector into city by making them
could be done for this done to provide green level to street level to a part of cities
site. spaces dwelling unit level has functioning
•Absence of adequate Lack of intimate scale been properly maintained All facilities and
and is clearly visible amenities like
green spaces and open Raising the building on underground sewerage
play areas stilts gave adequate space and water supply have
for parking and temporary been provided to them
market place. through networking of
slums
Natural topography is
exploited.
topics Scion Shivaji, Ajanta Nagar, Pune Aranya, Indore Slum networking,
Mumbai Indore
Plannin •As such community •Community planning is not •person to person As the whole city is
planning has not been fully achieved In design contact through cluster targeted, community
g at aimed at deliberately of human scale planning and
•Absence of Inter
communi but the lifestyle work community intimacy in •spaces for social and sensitiveness had to be
ty level culture and makes design religious activities achieved
community •all essential amenities
participation must and utilities to every
street.
•regards for pedestrians
Dwellin •No scope of •No scope of incremental •dwellings sensitive to The project aims at
incremental growth growth the lifestyle and daily overall development
g unit needs of the people. so design of tenement
•No provision of spill •No provision of spill over
level over spaces spaces •Integrate the spaces depends purely on the
with in and outside the dweller
dwelling.
•Scope for incremental
growth in a house.

Socio •No flexibility in design •No flexibility in design Design aims at proper Widely accepted by
•Lesser social •Good social interaction grouping of income people
behavio groups
interaction than in than in slums living standard
ural slums community feel improved a lot
aspects encouraged in design People actively
User group is the basic of participate and
design. mobilize their
resources for the
upgradation
Post •Almost 85% of the •Almost 95% of the A sceme dwellers can An example for rest of
dwellers are the ones dwellers are the ones who identify with the cities for
occupa who are the original are the original occupants. following this type of
Highly successful
ncy occupants. •badly maintained complex project
Perfect example of how
evaluati •Nicely maintained •No Community initiative to a housing should be Evolution and
on complex keep the housing clean and designed specially for replication has
•Community initiative to healthy ews and slum dwellers already initiated
keep the housing clean
and healthy
 Site
• Location
 Site is located near one of the very posh
colonies-model town extension.
 Very near to the site lies the Sidhwan canal
which carries the waste water disposal of the
surrounding areas
• Physical condition
• The neighboring area of the site is a one of the
very posh area of city but the slum area is in a
total dilapidation.
• There is one road which is a major traffic
road which adjoins back side of model town
ext to main road which cuts the site into two
unequal parts.
• Total area of the site is approx 9 acres all of
which contains
• illegal and haphazard semi pucca 532
dwelling units
• 2o shops which people have opened their
houses and some are the encroachments on
the roads. •Stagnant water at places and
level of road higher than
plinth of houses make condition
all the more worse.
•Almost no sewerage system
and illegal water supply pipes
make the place very unhygienic.

•Total no of families to
rehabilitate-1005

Site plan
Description No. Area
Per unit %age of total area total area (sq ft)
Residential 1005 - 35 250540
Flatted 840 -
•Type a 250 375 35
•Type b 270 325 30
•type c 320 270 25
Plotted 165 430 40
Open spaces and parks -- -- 35 250540

Circulation (roads and -- -- 20 143000

pathways)
Primary and middle school 1 -- 2 14000

Primary health centre 1 -- 2 14000

Community centre 1 -- 1 10000

• Community hall 1 --
• Slum office 1 --
• Reading hall 1 --
• crèche 1 --

Other community facilities -- 5

 Water pump and 1
tank 1 --
 Electric 1 --
substation
 Informal markets 1 --
 shops 40 60
Site level considerations
• Site integration
As the site is divided by a traffic road, efforts shall be to give site an integrated character
through
 Appropriate zoning
 Following a pattern in hierarchy of circulation
• Site planning shall aim at promoting
 Community interaction
 Sense of belongingness
 Creating workspaces, multiple spaces, spill over spaces
• Planning conducive to the lifestyle of the dwellers
• such type of layout shall be initiated which is conducive to work culture of the dwellers as
many people here work on khaddis and little handmade crafts. So community worplaces and
open spaces shall be provided
• Intimate scale shall be followed while designing of cluster layout.
• Cluster courts shall be provided which act as community interaction spaces
Dwelling unit level considerations
While deciding for the dwelling units following aspects shall be considered:
• Flexibility: flexibility might be achieved by giving two types of development
 Plotted - min. area of one plot shall be around 35 sq m.
 Flatted - min. area of one tenement to be 25 sq m.
 Further choice in flatted can be given two to three types of tenements depending upon family
type and other personal preferences.
• Provisions for incremental growth: care shall be taken to provide such a dwelling unit which
accommodates incremental growth naturally and in such a way that it does not disturb the
whole setup.
Use of cost effective measures
• As my design is for a class of people for whom out of the three food clothing and shelter the
last one come at last and their primary concern is to earn money to feed themselves, to
convince them for a better shelter means that it has to come to them at a price which they can
shell out after fulfilling their basic needs.
• Also the money that government spends on these projects is very high and is a national asset, it
has to be used meticulously .
• Thus adoption of cost effective measures which not only make the initial cost of the project
low but also make its running cost or maintenance cost extremely affordable.
• This shall be done by adopting
 Cost effective construction techniques
 Easily available, cheap and durable construction material
 Easily available labour, which can be the dwellers themselves
 Proper orientation measures
 Books and articles
1. National slum Policy.
2. National Building codes 1970
3. City development plan, Ludhiana
4. Guidelines—JNNURM
5. Management of Sites and services housing schemes.
6. The Asian experience-Peter J. Swan Emiel A.Wegelin and Komol Panchee.
7. engineered housing for Developing Countries with Psychological implications-Dr. Lonie A
homes (housing Problems in Developing countries, vol 2)
8. physical planning aspects in low income urban areas-Bulent Tokman, BRl, turkey
9. housing. (Problems in Developing countries, vol 1)
10. Building systems for Low Income housing -AK Jain
11. Design with climate, approach to architectural regionalism-Victor olgyay
12. Climatological and social data for India-TN Sheshadri and KR Rao.
13. Standards and specifications for low cost building materials.( Published by BMTPC)
14. New Landscape, Charles Correa
15. Environment friendly materials and technologies, BMPTC
16. Rain water Harvesting ,intermediate technology development group ltd
17. sustainable community Principles, Center for Urban Transportation Research, flonda

Websites

• www.ddadelhi.com
• www.hudcoindia.org •www.sra.com
• www.bmptc.com •www.srsindia.org
• www.anangpur.com •www.muda.com
• www.jnnurm.com •www.ludhianacorp.org
• www.urbanindia.nic.in
• www.archnet.com