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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Company Profile
Introduction:
We are pleased to introduce ourselves as a reputed and experienced consulting firm involved in
the building planning, Analysis, Design and Drawing of various Architectural & Civil
engineering structures. We have been offering our services since last fifteen years, in the various
fields. We have wide experience in dealing with all kinds of structures such as multistoried
buildings, Memorial Complexes, Office Complexes, Cultural Centers, Ranga Mantapa’s, Sports
Complexes, Swimming Pools, Water Tanks, Surveying and layout development.
The key points of our successful track record of our firm are:
Timely services.
Safe, Aesthetic and economic designs
Modern methods of Analysis and Design
Fully computerized procedures
Design as per Indian Codes of practice
Self explanatory working drawings
Quick implementation of client’s changing needs
Well documented design report
Working to the satisfaction of Clients
Services Offered:
Our services in various disciplines are:
Civil Engineering Design:
Architectural Planning & Design
Structural Analysis & Design
Structural drawing
Architectural working drawings
Estimation
Tender Documents
Periodical Supervision
Repair & Rehabilitation:
Rehabilitation of structure
Water proofing
Cracks in buildings
Non destructive testing
Computer Applications:
CAD Conversion
STAAD PRO 2006
Clients:
Some of our Clients are:
Commissioner, Hubli – Dharwad Municipal Corporation, Hubli.
MD, KSSIDC Bangalore.
Karnataka Pollution Board.
Vice Chancellor University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad
Bijjal Associates, Architects Hospet.
Bharath Associates, Archirects Hospet.
Katti Associates, Architects Bijapur.
BDK industries Hubli
Manjunath Kunnur MP Dharwad South.
Basant Betons Bangalore.
Industrial Training is most useful subject to learn the practical and professional skills, it’s
essential to an Engineer as it helps us to know practical things which will enhance confident of a
student before entering in to professional field. The Industrial training was carried out at B. M.
Associates, Structural consultancy, Hubli.
Works Assigned
1) Field study
2) Modelling, analysis, designing and detailing of G+3 building.
The project involves analysis with the aid of suitable software tools i.e Staad pro. Staad pro is
one of the most widely used tools for structural analysis and design. Using this software a model
of building was developed. Generally a few structural components like slabs, beams, staircase
are designed manually for practical difficulty reasons. Before doing the modelling, load
calculations for dead load and live load are done manually. After modelling the Structure, all
calculated loads are applied and static analysis was done in Staad pro software and design has
been done manually.
CHAPTER 2
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOFTWARES USED IN TRAINING
The training allowed for us a great opportunity to acquaint with different software’s like
STAAD PRO
AutoCAD
STAAD PRO
STAAD or (STAAD.Pro) is a structural analysis and design computer program originally
developed by Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, CA. In late 2005, Research
Engineer International was bought by Bentley Systems
Staad pro is an extremely versatile and powerful program with many features and functions. It is
a sophisticated, user friendly, special purpose analysis and design program developed
specifically for building systems. It features an intuitive and powerful graphical interface. It has
explicit modelling, analytical, and design procedures; all integrated using a common database.
Although quick and easy for simple structures, it can also handle the largest and most complex
building models. Its mission is to provide the profession with the most efficient and
comprehensive software for the analysis and design of buildings. To that end, the current release
follows the same philosophical approach put forward by the original programs, namely:
Any building configuration is possible with Staad pro.
Many of the floor levels in buildings are similar and this reduces computational effort.
Input and output conventions used correspond to common building terminology.
With Staad pro, the models are defined logically floor-by-floor, column-by-column, bay-
by-bay and wall-by-wall and not as a stream of non-descript nodes and elements as in
general purpose programs. Thus the structural definition is simple, concise and
meaningful.
In most buildings, the dimensions of the members are large in relation to the bay widths
and storey height
Those dimensions have a significant effect on the stiffness of the Frame. Staad pro
corrects for such effects in the formulation of the member stiffness, unlike most general-
purpose programs that work on centreline- to-centreline dimensions.
The results produced by the programs should be in a form directly usable by the engineer.
General-purpose computer programs produce results in a general form that may need
additional processing before they are usable in structural design.
AUTOCAD
All the drawing and detailing works were done by making use of AutoCAD 2010, released by
AUTODESK Inc. As such, this is the pioneering software in CAD. AutoCAD is a vector
graphics drawing program. It uses primitive entities- such as lines, poly-lines, circles, arcs and
text- as the foundation for more complex objects. AutoCAD’s native file format, DWG, and to a
lesser extent, its interchange file format, DXF has become the standards for interchange of CAD
data.
PROCEDURE
Plan of the building in AutoCAD was drawn; format was changed to dxf format and imported to
Stadd pro. It is very particular that the whole drawing should be in one layer. In Staad pro, the
unit was set as KN-m. After this the building frame was set using beams and columns. Different
sizes of beams and columns were defined by giving their section size and material properties;
and then the beams and columns were assigned. Before assigning slabs local area axis are to be
set from building setting options. Staircase waist slab has to be designed as one-way slab so deck
slab was used. The slabs are to be meshed properly for accurate analysis. This should be done in
such a way that the slab should be continuous in all directions. For shear wall, wall element has
to be selected. After defining all the components we can replicate the structure by giving storey
heights. Loads such as dead load, live load, floor finish load were applied and the building was
analyzed to get the forces and moments. The design of footings, staircase slab, floor slabs and
water tank were done manually.
CHAPTER 3
Plan and modeling of G + 3 residential building
Frames in all the three directions are considered and are analyzed for all types of loads. The
design is carried out as according to IS: 456-2000. Design aids of SP-16 are considered for the
design of column.
Fig.1
Architectural plans were provided. With the given plan, beam column layout was plotted, with
the help of which slabs were identified as one way, two way and cantilever
Load calculations:
Phase –III It involves analysis of the structure for the determination of internal design forces
(like bending moment and shear force) in the members and behaviour of structures under the
action of these forces.
Phase -IV This stage involves the fixing of final sizes of members which is iterative process and
detailing of reinforcement for resisting the design forces.
Slab load
For residential building slab load will be 11kN/mm2
Self weight of slab = (0.130 x 25) = 3.25 kN/mm2
CHAPTER 3
Design of sections
Slab
Slabs are to be designed under limit state method by reference of IS 456:2000.
When the slab are supported in two way direction it acts as two way supported slab.
Design of Slab
Slab name S1
MX = αx w lx 2
MY = αy w lx 2
Calculation of Bending Moments:
Short Span Moments
At Continuous Edge:
MX = 0.05 x 11 x 4.412
= 10.69 KN-m
At mid span:
MX = 0.038 x 11x 4.412
= 8.129 KN-m
Long Span Moments
At Continuous Edge:
My = αy w Lx2
= 0.047 x 11x 4.412
= 10.05 KN-m
At mid Span:
My = αy w Lx2
= 0.035 x 11 x 4.412
= + 7.48 KN-m
Vu = Wu x l/(2)
= 31kN
Calculation of steel
AST= 190mm2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦
Mu = 0.87 fyAstd (1-𝑏𝑑𝑓 )
𝑐𝑘
Spacing=(ast/Ast)*1000
300 mm
Distribution Steel = (0.0012 x 1000 x 130) = 156mm2
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 300mm c/c
𝑣 31 𝑋 1000 𝑛
τv = 𝑏𝑑𝑢 = = 0.23 𝑚𝑚2 = nominal shear stress
130 𝑋 1000
τc>τv,
∴ safe
Name S2
Ast= 473mm2
Provide 10mm diameter bars
Spacing =(ast/Ast)*1000
=166mm
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 150mm c/c.
Distribution steel = 0.12%bd = 0.12% x 1000 x 130 = 156mm2
𝑣 15 𝑋 103 𝑁
τv = 𝑏𝑑𝑢 = = 0.11 𝑚𝑚2 = nominal shear stress
130𝑋 1000
𝑛
% of reinforcement = 100 Ast/bd = 180x100/ 120x1000 = 0.363𝑚𝑚2
τc>τv,
∴ Hence safe
Name S3
Slab type One way slab
Length 1.18m
Load 11KN/m2
MU WU x l2/10
=11 x 1.182/10
=2.29KN-m
AST=(0.5 fck/b) sqrt((1-4.6*Mu/fck*b*d2))bd
=230mm2
Provide 10mm diameter bars
Spacing=(ast/Ast)*1000
=350mm
Provide 10mm diameter bars at 200mm c/c.
Check for shear
Civil Engineering Page 14
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING
𝑣 20.34 𝑋 103 𝑁
τv = 𝑏𝑑𝑢 = = 0.057 𝑚𝑚2 = nominal shear stress
130 𝑋 1000
τc>τv,
Hence safe
S2 10mm dia bars at 150mm c/c 10mm dia bars at 300mm c/c
S3 10mm dia bars at 200mm c/c 10mm dia bars at 300mm c/c
BEAMS
• Beam is a member which transfers the loads from slab to columns and then foundation to soil.
• Dead load
• Live load
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Types of Beam
1) “T” beam
2) “L” beam
3) “Rectangular” beam
bw = width of beam
Df = depth of beam
= 220mm
Cover 50mm
=2.58 KN/m2
= 18.63 KN/m2
=4.66m
MU = WU X l2/(10)
= 21.21 x 4.662/(10)
= 46.05 KN-m
Vu = WU x l/(2)
= 21.21 x 4.66/(2)
= 49.44KN
Tension reinforcement
= 49.68 KN-m
bf = ((0.7 x leff)/12)) x bw x 3 df
= 620 mm
= 410mm2
Vu =49.44KN
VUS = VU – 058(bd)
=17 KN
=310 mmc/c
Hence provide 8mm diameter bar as shear reinforcement at 200mm c/c at support section and at
250mm c/c at mid span
EffectiveLength 2.97m
= 149mm
Cover 50mm
=1.94 KN/m2
18.97 KN/m2
=3.2 m
MU = WU X l2/(10)
= 20.91 x 3.22/(10)
= 21.05 KN-m
Vu = WU x l/(2)
= 20.91 x 3.2/(2)
= 66.912 KN
bf = 230 mm
= 297mm2
Vu =66.91KN
VUS = VU – 058(bd)
=23 KN
=261 mmc/c
Hence provide 8mm diameter bar as shear reinforcement at 200mm c/c at support section and at
250mm c/c at mid span
In order to design beam with point load (primary beam) first we have to design secondary beam
Secondary beam
EffectiveLength 2.97m
= 149mm
Cover 50mm
=1.29 KN/m2
12.48 KN/m2
=3.2 m
MU = WU x l2/(10)
= 20.91 x 3.22/(10)
= 14.10 KN-m
Vu = WU x l/(2)
= 20.91 x 3.2/(2)
= 22.032 KN
bf = 230 mm
= 218mm2
Vu =22.03KN
VUS = VU – 0.58(bd)
=6 KN
=261 mmc/c
Hence provide 8mm diameter bar as shear reinforcement at 200mm c/c at support section and at
250mm c/c at mid span
EffectiveLength 5.49
= 366mm
Cover 50mm
=3.88 KN/m2
=17.595 KN/m2
=30.195KN/m
=16.335 KN/m
=5.94 m
Beam = 22.032
MU1 = WU X l2/(10)
= 68 x 5.942/(10)
= 239.92 KN-m
Vu = WU x l/(2)
= 68 x 5.94/(2)
= 201.96 KN
= 13.192 KN-m
=11.23 KN-m
1) bf = ((0.7 x leff))/6 + bw +6 Df
= 1010 mm
= 1582mm2
Vu =22.03KN
VUS = VU – 058(bd)
=6 KN
=261 mmc/c
Hence provide 8mm diameter bar as shear reinforcement at 200mm c/c at support section and at
250mm c/c at mid span
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Columns
Columns are compression members.
• Larger spacing columns cause stocking columns in lower stores of multi storied buildings.
• Columns are transmitted loads which are coming from slabs to foundations. Larger spans of beams
shall also be avoided from the consideration of controlling the deflection & cracking.
The column takes load of: (a) Slab loads (b) Beam loads (c) Wall loads (d) Self. Wt of column
COLUMN GROUPING
Group C1
Breadth 230mm
Depth 300mm
fck 20N/mm2
fy 500N/mm2
Pu 1169 kN
Mu 22 kN-m
d'/D 0.16
= 0.847
= 0.047
Longitudinal reinforcement
(p x fck) = 0.03
P = 0.10 x 20 = 2
Asc = (pbD/100)
= 1380mm2
Provide 4 numbers of 16mm diameter bars and 2 numbers of 20mm diameter bars.
Lateral ties
2. 6mm
Group C2
Breadth 230mm
Depth 300mm
fck 20N/mm2
fy 500N/mm2
Pu 830 kN
Mu 31 kN-m
d'/D 0.16
= 0.60
= 0.074
Longitudinal reinforcement
(p x fck) = 0.18
P = 0.18 x 20 = 3.6
Asc = (pbD/100)
= 2484mm2
Lateral ties
2. 6mm
Group C1
Breadth 230mm
Depth 300mm
fck 20N/mm2
fy 500N/mm2
Pu 585 kN
Mu 26 kN-m
d'/D 0.16
= 0.42
= 0.062
Longitudinal reinforcement
(p x fck) = 0.06
P = 0.06 x 20 = 1.2
Asc = (pbD/100)
= 828mm2
Lateral ties
2. 6mm
Design of Footings
Footing
PU = 1170KN
1170
P= = 780𝐾𝑁
1.5
= 780+10%(780)
∴ 𝑃 = 858𝐾𝑁
𝑃 1170𝑥103
Upward soil pressure = 𝐴 = 2.1𝑥2.1
= 265.35kn/m2
Bending:-
MU = 101.27 kn-m
MU = 20.77kn-m
𝑀𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 101.27𝑥106
d = √0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏 = √0.138𝑥20𝑥1000 = 191.55mm
Since one way shear will be critical increase the depth twice to thrice
∴ 𝑑 = 350mm D=400mm
MUlim=0.138fckbd2=0.138x20x1000x3502=338.1knm
Mumax< Mlim
∴ Singly reinforced
Pt= 0.955%x1000x400=3820mm2
𝜋
𝑥162
Ast = 43820 𝑥1000 = 52.6𝑚𝑚
Pt= 0.17%x1000x900=680mm2
𝜋
𝑥162
4
Ast = 𝑥1000 = 295.67𝑚𝑚
680
𝜏c = 0.34N/mm2
Conclusions:
Industrial training builds up confidence in fresh engineers as more practical part is learnt
than theoretical education.
My training with B.M .Associates consultants (P) Ltd has been an eye-opening as well as
an enriching experience for me. I gained an in-depth and thorough knowledge on the
Structural Engineering Practices exercised by Engineers in India.
I got to know some thumb rules used in designs which are worth carrying. This is very
important for any structural engineer.
I understood that concepts are more important than procedures also any engineer should
remember that first preference is safety and next is economical designs.
Site visit is must for Site visits not only for a person who is in charged but also for a
person who is designing. Site visits helped me a lot about how the work is carried out
from working drawings to construction, problems associated with it and laying of bars
especially in slabs.
It gives us a bench to learn the things well which is very fruitful.
One aspect of my training that I feel really good was I had got an opportunity to design
combined footings for a number of buildings with different constraints, from which I got
to know how to handle the problems and find solution for it.
I would like to commend on my supervisor, Mr B. Mahesh. His support has been
invaluable throughout this period and I am very indebted for his kind contributions to my
development as a Structural Engineer.
By this report I conclude that industrial training at “B. M. ASSOCIATES” has given me
management skills, design skills & wonderful experience which is essential for the
engineers who are at the budding stage.
6 References:
Ashok kumar Jain, “Reinforced concrete Structure by Limit state method of Design,” (IS:
456-2000),5th Edition, Newchand & bros Publication, Rourkee.
Dr. N. Krishna Raju, “Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures (IS: 456-2000),”
(Volume I & II), CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.
IS 456:2000,”Indian standard plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice,”(fourth
revision), Indian Standard Institution, New Delhi.
SP- 16-1978, “Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456,” Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
IS: 875-1987 (Part 1 - Dead Loads), “Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2002.
IS: 875-1987 (Part 2 - Imposed Loads), “Code of Practice for Design Loads (other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,
1989.