Anthropologist

An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans
within past and present societies.[1][2][3] Social anthropology, cultural anthropology, and philosophical anthropologystudy the norms
and values of societies.Linguistic anthropologystudies how language affects social life, whileeconomic anthropology studies human
economic behavior. Biological (physical), forensic, and medical anthropology study the biological development of humans, the
application of biological anthropology in a legal setting, and the study of diseases and their impacts on humans over time,
respectively.

Contents
Education
Career
Further reading
See also
References

Education
Anthropologists usually cover a breadth of topics within anthropology in their undergraduate education, and then proceed to
specialize in topics of their own choice at the graduate level. In some universities, a qualifying exam serves to test both the breadth
and depth of a student's understanding of anthropology; the students who pass are permitted to work on a doctoral dissertation.

Anthropologists typically hold graduate degrees, either doctorates or master's degrees. Not holding an advanced degree is rare in the
field. Some anthropologists hold undergraduate degrees in other fields thananthropology and graduate degrees in anthropology.[4]

Career
Research topics of anthropologists include the discovery of human remains and artifacts as well as the exploration of social and
cultural issues such as population growth, structural inequality, and globalization by making use of a variety of technologies
including statistical software and Geographic Information Systems (GIS).[5] Anthropological field work requires a faithful
representation of observations and a strict adherence to social and ethical responsibilities, such as the acquisition of consent,
.[6][7]
transparency in research and methodologies, and the right to anonymity

Historically, anthropologists primarily worked in academic settings; however, by 2014, U.S. anthropologists and archaeologists were
largely employed in research positions (28%), management and consulting (23%), and government positions (27%).[8][9] U.S.
employment of anthropologists and archaeologists isprojected to increase from 7,600 to 7,900 between 2016 and 2026, a growth rate
just under half the national median.[10][11]

Anthropologists without doctorates tend to work more in other fields than academia, while those while the majority of those with
doctorates are primarily employed in academia.[12] Many of those without doctorates in academia tend to work exclusively as
researchers and do not teach. Those in research-only positions are often not considered faculty. The median salary for anthropologists
in 2015 was $62,220.[13] Many anthropologists report an above average level of job satisfaction.
Although closely related and often group with archaeology, anthropologists and archeologists perform differing roles. While both
professions focus on the study of human culture from past to present, archaeologists focus specifically on analyzing material remains
such as artifacts and architectural remains.[14] Anthropology encompasses a wider range of professions including the rising fields of
forensic anthropology, digital anthropology, and cyber anthropology. The role of an anthropologist differs as well from that of a
historian. While anthropologists focus their studies on humans and human behavior, historians look at events from a broader
perspective.[15] Historians also tend to focus less on culture than anthropologists in their studies. A far greater percentage of
[16]
historians are employed in academic settings than anthropologists, who have more diverse places of employment.

Anthropologists are experiencing a shift in the twenty-first century United States with the rise of forensic anthropology. In the United
States, as opposed to many other countries forensic anthropology falls under the domain of the anthropologist and not the Forensic
pathologist.[17] In this role, forensic anthropologists help in the identification of skeletal remains by deducing biological
characteristics such as sex, age, stature, and ancestry from the skeleton.[18] However, forensic anthropologists tend to gravitate more
toward working in academic and laboratory settings, while forensic pathologists perform more applied field work.[19] Forensic
anthropologists typically hold academic doctorates, while forensic pathologists are medical doctors.[20] The field of forensic
anthropology is rapidly evolving with increasingly capable technology and more extensive databases.[21] Forensic anthrology is one
of the most specialized and competitive job areas within the field of anthropology and currently has more qualified graduates than
positions.[22]

The profession of Anthropology has also received an additional sub-field with the rise of Digital anthropology. This new branch of
the profession has an increased usage ofcomputers as well as interdisciplinary work withmedicine, computer visualization,industrial
design, biology, and journalism.[23] Anthropologists in this field primarily study the evolution of human reciprocal relations with the
computer-generated world.[24] Cyber anthropologists also study digital and cyber ethics along with the global implications of
increasing connectivity.[25] With cyber ethical issues such as net neutrality increasingly coming to light, this sub-field is rapidly
gaining more recognition. One rapidly emerging branch of interest for cyber anthropologists is artificial intelligence.[26] Cyber
anthropologists study the co-evolutionary relationship between humans and artificial intelligence.[27] This includes the examination
of computer-generated (CG) environments and how people interact with them through media such asmovies, television, and video

Further reading
Some notable anthropologists include: Edward Burnett Tylor, James George Frazer, Franz Boas, Bronisław Malinowski, Elsie Clews
Parsons, Alfred Radcliffe-Brown, Margaret Mead, Zora Neale Hurston, Ruth Benedict, Ella Deloria, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Clifford
Geertz, and Paul Rabinow.

See also
Psychologist
Biologist
List of anthropologists
List of fictional anthropologists

References
1. "anthropology" (http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/anthropology?q=anthropology)
. Oxford Dictionaries.
Oxford University Press. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
2. "anthropology" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/27505/anthropology). Encyclopædia Britannica.
Retrieved 23 March 2015.
3. "What is Anthropology?"(http://www.aaanet.org/about/whatisanthropology.cfm). American Anthropological
Association. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
4. "Career Paths and Education - Advance Y
our Career" (http://www.americananthro.org/AdvanceYourCareer/Content.
aspx?ItemNumber=1782). www.americananthro.org. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
 5. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor
. (2015). Anthropologists and Archaeologists. Occupational
Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-
science/anthropologists-and-archeologists.htm#tab-2
6. American Anthropological Association. (2009). 2009 AAA Code of Ethics. Retrieved from
http://s3.amazonaws.com/rdcms-aaa/files/production/public/FileDownloads/pdfs/issues/policy-advocacy/upload/AAA-
Ethics-Code-2009.pdf
7. Mead, M. (1962). The Social Responsibility of the Anthropologist: The Second Article in a Series on the Social
Responsibility of Scholarship. The Journal of Higher Education, 33(1), 1-12. doi:10.2307/1980194
8. Baba, Marietta L. (1994). "The Fifth Subdiscipline: Anthropological Practice and the Future of Anthropology". Human
Organization. 53 (2): 174–186.doi:10.2307/44126881.
9. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2016). Anthropologists and Archeologists. Occupational
Outlook Handbook, 2016-17 Edition. Retrieved fromhttps://www.bls.gov/ooh/life-physical-and-social-
science/anthropologists-and-archeologists.htm.
10. U.S. Department of Labor, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program. (2016). Employment
by industry, occupation, and percent distribution, 2016 and projected 2026; 19-3091 Anthropologists and
archeologists [Data set]. Retrieved fromhttps://www.bls.gov/emp/ind-occ-matrix/occ_xlsx/occ_19-3091.xlsx.
11. T. Lacey, Mitra Toossi, Kevin Dubina, and Andrea Gensler (October 2017). Projections overview and highlights,
2016–26. Monthly Labor Review, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. doi: 10.21916/mlr.2017.29.
12. "Anthropology Without Doctorates"(https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/02/16/anthropology_master_s_are_
most_likely_to_bring_their_discipline_to_the_public)
. Retrieved 2017-11-28.
13. "Anthropologist Ranks Among Best Jobs of 2017"(https://money.usnews.com/careers/best-jobs/anthropologist).
money.usnews.com. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
14. "Paleontology vs. Archaeology vs. Anthropology | PAESTA" (http://www.paesta.psu.edu/book/earth-systems-science-
introduction/definitions/paleontology-vs-archaeology-vs-anthropology)
. www.paesta.psu.edu. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
15. "What Is The Difference Between A HistorianAnd An Anthropologist? - Career Igniter"(http://www.careerigniter.com/
questions/what-is-the-difference-between-a-historian-and-an-anthropologist/). www.careerigniter.com. Retrieved
2017-11-29.
16. "Where Historians Work: An Interactive Database of History PhD Career Outcomes | AHA"(https://www.historians.or
g/jobs-and-professional-development/career-diversity-for-historians/career-diversity-resources/where-historians-work
-an-interactive-database-of-history-phd-career-outcomes). www.historians.org. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
17. Traithepchanapai, Pongpon; Mahakkanukrauh, Pasuk; Kranioti, Elena F. (2016-04-01). "History, research and
practice of forensic anthropology in Thailand"
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073816300470). Forensic Science International. 261
(Supplement C): 167.e1–167.e6.doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.025(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2016.02.0
25).
18. Stewart, T.D. (1979). Essentials of forensic anthropology: especially as developed in the United States
. Springfield,
Illinois: Charles C. Thomas.ISBN 978-0398038113.
19. "UNCW Forensic Anthropology"(http://people.uncw.edu/albertm/forensic.htm). people.uncw.edu. Retrieved
2017-11-28.
20. "UNCW Forensic Anthropology"(http://people.uncw.edu/albertm/forensic.htm). people.uncw.edu. Retrieved
2017-11-28.
21. "Advances in Forensic Anthropology • T echnology Transition Workshop at NFSTC" (http://projects.nfstc.org/tech_tra
nsition/anthropology/overview.htm). projects.nfstc.org. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
22. "Forensic Anthropologist: Job Description, Outlook and Salary"(http://study.com/articles/Forensic_Anthropologist_Jo
b_Description_Outlook_and_Salary.html). Study.com. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
23. 1961-, Weber, Gerhard W., (2011). Virtual anthropology : a guide to a new interdisciplinary field (https://www.worldca
t.org/oclc/174131450). Bookstein, Fred L., 1947-. Wien: Springer
. ISBN 9783211486474. OCLC 174131450 (https://
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24. Libin, Alexander; Libin, Elena (2005)."Cyber-anthropology: a new study on human and technological co-evolution"
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16301776). Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. 118: 146–155.
ISSN 0926-9630 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0926-9630). PMID 16301776 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
16301776).
25. Ethics and the profession of anthropology : dialogue for ethically conscious practice
(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5
0279971). Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn. (2nd ed.). Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. 2002.ISBN 9780759103375.
OCLC 50279971 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50279971).
26. Ferrando, Francesca (2014-12-01)."Is the post-human a post-woman? Cyborgs, robots, artificial intelligence and the
futures of gender: a case study"(https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40309-014-0043-8). European Journal of
Futures Research. 2 (1): 43. doi:10.1007/s40309-014-0043-8(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40309-014-0043-8) .
ISSN 2195-4194 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2195-4194).
27. Future of intelligent and extelligent health environment(https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/236341831). Bushko, Renata
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36341831).

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