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Version 5.5
Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Table of contents
Using help 12
Using function Find 13
User defined environment 13
Window for application 14
Control menu 14
Horizontal tool bars 15
Tool bar Files 15
Tool bar Scale and shift 16
Tool bar Plot setting 17
Tool bar Stage of construction 17
Tool bar 3D visualization 18
Tool bar Selections 19
Vertical tool bars 19
Setting visualization style 20
Style manager 21
Frames 22
Tables 23
Dialogue windows 25
Active dimensions and objects 26
Unit metric / imperial 27
Copy to clipboard 27
Options 27
Options – copy to clipboard 28
Options – print picture 29
Options - input 30
Common input 30
Project – Earth pressures 30
Inputting and editing soils 31
Soil classification 33
Soil and rock labels 34
Manual classification of soil 34
Interfaces in 2D environment 35
Adding interface 36
Editing interface 37
Corrector of inputted interface 37
World coordinates 39
Assigning soils 39
Design coefficients 40
Running more analyses / verifications 41
Connecting programs 42
Selecting and storing views 43
Setting results visualization 44
Setting color range 45
Scale color definition 46
Import - export DXF 47
Reading data into template 48
Inputting data using template 48
Modifying template during data input 49
Export DXF 50
Input regimes and analysis 51
Program Earth Pressure 51
Project 51
Geometry 52
Profile 52
Soils 53
Assign 54
Terrain 55
Water 55
Surcharge 56
Earthquake 57
Setting 58
Analysis 58
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Water 108
Surcharge 109
Front face resistance 110
Inputted forces 111
Earthquake 112
Base anchorage 112
Setting 113
Verification 114
Bearing capacity 115
Dimensioning 115
Stability 116
Program Masonry wall 117
Project 117
Geometry 118
Material 118
Profile 119
Soils 120
Assign 121
Terrain 121
Water 122
Surcharge 123
Front face resistance 124
Inputted forces 125
Earthquake 126
Base anchorage 126
Setting 127
Verification 128
Bearing capacity 129
Dimensioning 129
Stability 130
Program Gravity Wall 131
Project 131
Geometry 132
Material 132
Profile 133
Soils 134
Assign 135
Terrain 135
Water 136
Surcharge 137
Front face resistance 138
Inputted forces 139
Earthquake 140
Setting 140
Verification 141
Bearing capacity 141
Dimensioning 142
Stability 143
Program Block Wall 144
Project 144
Geometry 144
Profile 145
Soils 146
Assign 147
Terrain 147
Water 148
Surcharge 149
Front face resistance 150
Inputted forces 151
Earthquake 152
Setting 152
Verification 153
Bearing capacity 153
Dimensioning 154
Stability 155
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Project 202
Geometry cut 203
Wings 204
Geometry plane view 205
Foundation steps 206
Material 206
Profile 207
Soils 208
Loading - LC 209
Assign 209
Terrain 210
Water 211
Surcharge 212
Front face resistance 213
Inputted forces 214
Earthquake 215
Setting 215
Verification 216
Bearing capacity 217
Dimensioning 217
Stability 219
Program Nailed slopes 219
Project 219
Geometry 220
Types of nails 220
Geometry of nails 221
Material 222
Profile 222
Soils 223
Assign 223
Terrain 224
Water 225
Surcharge 226
Earthquake 227
Setting 227
Internal stability 228
Verification 228
Bearing capacity 229
Dimensioning 230
External stability 231
Program Ground Loss 232
Project 232
Buildings 232
Profile 233
Soils 234
Assign 235
Geometry 235
Measurement 236
Settings 237
Analysis 237
Damages 238
Program Rock slope 240
Project 240
Terrain 241
Rock 242
Slip surface – plane 242
Slip surface - polygonal 243
Parameters – polygonal slip surface 244
Water – plane slip surface 245
Surcharge – plane and polygonal slip surface 246
Anchors – plane and polygonal slip surface 246
Earthquake 247
Setting 248
Analysis – plane slip surface 248
Analysis – polygonal slip surface 249
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Geometry 250
3D View 250
Slip surface – rock wedge 251
Parameters – rock wedge 252
Surcharge – rock wedge 252
Anchors – rock wedge 253
Water – rock wedge 254
Analysis – rock wedge 254
Program Terrain 255
Project 255
Basic data 255
Global coordinate system 256
Soils 257
Assign 258
Points 258
Import of points 260
Automatic calculation of height 260
Edges 261
Water 263
Bore holes 264
Earth grading 265
Generate 267
Modeling terrain on edges 268
Point constructions 269
Line constructions 270
Launching 271
Outputs 273
Adding picture 273
Picture list 274
Print and export document 275
Print and export picture 276
Control menu Print and export 277
Tool bar Print and export 278
Setting header and footer 279
Page properties 280
Page numbering 281
About company 281
Theory 283
Stress in a soil body 283
Geostatic stress, uplift pressure 283
Effective/total stress in soil 284
Increment of earth pressure due to surcharge 285
Increment of earth pressure under footing 286
Earth pressure 288
Sign convention 288
Active earth pressure 289
Active earth pressure – the Mazindrani theory 289
Active earth pressure - the Coulomb theory 290
Active earth pressure - the Müller-Breslau theory 291
Active earth pressure - the Caqouot theory 292
Active earth pressure - the Absi theory 293
Active earth pressure – total stress 294
Passive earth pressure 294
Passive earth pressure - the Rankin and Mazindrani theory 295
Passive earth pressure - the Coulomb theory 296
Passive earth pressure - the Caquot – Kérisel theory 296
Coefficient of passive earth pressure Kp 298
Reduction coefficient of passive earth pressure 299
Passive earth pressure - the Müller – Breslau theory 299
Passive earth pressure - the Absi theory 300
Passive earth pressure - the Sokolovski theory 300
Passive earth pressure – total stress 302
Earth pressure at rest 302
Earth pressure at rest for inclined ground surface at the back of structure 303
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RC rectangular cross-section under the bending moment and normal compression force 497
Verification of circular RC cross-section 498
Verification of spread footing for punching shear 498
Verification according to CSN 73 6206 499
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Using help
The text hint of all GEO programs is displayed in standard Windows EXPLORER viewer. The
help dialogue window can be launched either through the program menu (items "Help", "
Content") or using the Fn button "F1" anywhere in the program.
Some dialogue windows (e.g., " Add soil") allow for opening the corresponding chapter of
the help by pressing the help button " ".
Bar with basic tool buttons. The "Hide (Show)" button hides (shows) tree
with a list help topics. The ("Back/Forward") buttons allow for listing
pages, which have been already displayed. The " Print" button opens the
printing dialogue window and the " Options" buttons opens the menu to set
the EXPLORER window properties.
Bar containing the tab sheet "Content" (shows tree with individual topics),
tab sheets "Index" and "Search".
"Tree" with a list hint topics – individual items in the tree are
opened/closed by clicking the symbols "+"/"-" in front of the name.
Window for displaying the help itself – the window header contains
currently shown items and the "Back/Forward" buttons that function in
the same way as already described buttons on tool bar.
The text of each help may further contain cross references to other items. The text of these
references is underlined highlighted in blue color.
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The minimum hardware and software c onfiguration corresponding to class of PC PENTIUM III
with 128 MB of operating memory and minimum resolution of graphic adapter and monitor of
1024x768 pixels with 256 bit color range is required. Rec ommended configuration
corresponds to a class of PC c omputers of Pentium 4, 512 MB of operating memory.
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The window header displays information on currently executed task (file name and location) –
see figure:
The desktop constitutes the window of application. It includes the c ontrol menu, horizontal
tool bars, space for graphic visualization of the executed task and vertical tool bars to select
individual inputting modes to specify the task. The bottom part of the desktop displays
frames that allow the user to introduce various input parameters into the task. Loc ation of
individual elements on the desktop is evident from the following figure:
Control menu
Selecting an item from the menu is performed by clicking the left mouse button, or
alternatively using keyboard by pressing ALT + underlined letter in the selected menu
item.
As typical for the WINDOWS environment, some of the options in the m enu can be replaced
with the buttons on individual tool bars, or with abbreviated com mands entered through the
keyboard (providing it exists it is displayed next to the c ommand in the menu – e.g., Save
file – CTRL+S).
Some of the options in the program can be set only with the help of menu – e.g., program "
Options ".
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Use previous scale modifies view scale - returns the original view sc ale
prior to the last applied scale action
Plot setting The button opens the "Setting visualization style" dialogue
window that allows for setting all parameters of the picture
displayed on the desktop.
In all programs GEO5 this bar allows for defining stages of c onstruction. Construction stages
serve to model gradual building of a construction (essential for programs Sheeting
verification, Settlement, FEM). This function can be also used for parametric studies and in
each stage of construction assume different soil assignment or different design coefficients. It
is rather advantageous to model earthquake effects on a structure in a separate stage of
construction as it is then possible to assume different factors of safety or different design
coefficients.
For individual types of input (soil assignment, anchors, supports…) there always exists
relationship over construction stages. There are two types:
Defined heredity – (anchors, supports, surcharges…) – these objects always remember the
stage, in which they were created. This is also the stage where these objects can be edited.
In all subsequent stages these objects can be either removed or it is possible to c hange some
of their properties (post-stressing anchor, changing surc harge magnitude, translating
support…). When defining a new construction stage these objec ts are automatically carried
over to that stage.
Automatic heredity – (assigning soil, terrain profile, water impact, analysis setting…) – for
such types of inputs the properties from the previous stage are carried over to a new one if
created. When changing properties in the current construction stage the program proceeds as
follows:
if the property in the next stage remains the same as in the previous stage it
also receives the tag new – this change also applies to all subsequent stages
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if the property in the next stage differs from the one in the previous stage
(this means that this property has been in the next stage already changed)
then this change is not carried over to subsequent stages
View along the X-axis Sets the view in the direction of the X-axis
View in opposite direction Sets the view in the direction opposite to the X-axis
to X-axis
View along the Y-axis Sets the view in the direction of the Y-axis
View in opposite direction Sets the view in the direction opposite to the Y-axis
to Y-axis
View along the Z-axis Sets the view in the direction of the Z-axis
View in opposite direction Sets the view in the direction opposite to the Z-axis
to Z-axis
Moves the displayed cut Moves the displayed cut in an arbitrary direction – to
move the drawing slide the mouse while pressing the
left mouse button
Rotates the scene Rotates the displayed drawing in an arbitrary
direction – to move the drawing slide the mouse
while pressing the left mouse button
Automatic scene rotation Turns on an automatic rotation of drawing acc ording
to the last used rotation (use the "Rotate scene"
button)
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Selection in a given mode each mouse click adds one object into the
individually selection set (point, edge)
Selection by in a given mode each mouse click adds all objects crossed by
c rossing the line into the selection set (point, edge)
Selection using in a given mode each mouse click adds all objects found inside
rectangle the rectangle into the selection set (point, edge)
Selection using in a given mode each mouse click adds all objects found inside
rhomboid the rhomboid into the selection set (point, edge)
Add to the adds additional objects to the overall list acc ording to the
selection set assumed selection mode
Remove from the removes objects from the overall list acc ording to the assumed
selection set selection mode
Invert selection inverts all selected objects depending on the assumed selection
mode
The following picture shows an example of a tab sheet for setting the plot in the regim e "
Water". Individual columns of the table contain (m oving from the left):
Item list of items plotted in a given input rgime (here, e.g., water tables,
dimensions, gradient, water pressure….)
Active shows / hides a given item in the active regime "Water". In case the
option cannot be turned off (the field has a gray base – in this case
items "Tables" and "Water pressure") the visualization on the
desktop is mandatory!
Inactive shows / hides a given item in other input data regimes.
Visualization color depends on the assumed setting in the tab sheet "
Global"
Desktop determines the item color displayed on the desktop
Pictures determines the item color displayed in the "Picture list" or on printout
("Print and export picture", "Print and export document")
Line type determines the line style
Thickness determines the line thickness
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Dialogue window "Setting visualization style" – setting for the input regime "Water"
Style manager
The red button on a tool bar of the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window opens the
"New style" dialogue window. The window allows for setting the style nam e and its
description. The "OK" button saves the selected style.
In such a way an arbitrary number of user profiles of visualization styles can be defined. The
list of such profiles can be acc essed from a combo list already containing implicitly predefined
profiles (black and white background), or a view manager (can be opened by pressing the
button on a tool bar) that allows for editing the profile. The buttons " Up" and "Down" serve
to move within a list of the user defined profiles.
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Frames
The frame is a permanently opened window in the bottom part of the application window.
Frames are changed depending on the input data regime of a given task selec ted from the
vertical control bar. The frame may contain the following items: table, combo list, fields for
inputting data (h1, h2….) and c ommand buttons.
The function key "Tab" together with cursor arrows for moving within the selec ted element
(e.g., combo list) and in case of c ommand buttons the c orresponding underlined letter ("Add"
– "A") are employed when selecting the data using keyboard.
The frame can be minimized using the button in the left upper c orner. In this case the frame
space is taken by the drawing space. In some cases it is more advantageous to exploit the
frame space for increasing the drawing space, which is possible owing to the fac t that the
program uses the system of active dimensions and active objects so that the frame does not
have to be displayed all the time.
Returning the frame to its original fac e is performed by pressing the button in left bottom
c orner of the desktop showing the fram e name. Providing the frame is minimized, e.g. in the
regime "Soils" it remains hidden even when switc hing to other input data regime.
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Tables
The table is a list of inputted data (for example a list of surcharges, soils, profile interfaces…).
The table header contains a list of items (surcharge, name, width, size…) and in the upper
left corner control elements to manage the table rows:
"+" selects all table rows
"-" cancels selection
"*" inverts selection
The assumed selection can be also changed by pressing the desired row num ber. Buttons
with numbers are "pressed".
The "Add" button opens the corresponding dialogue window for inserting the table data. If
the list of data in the table is empty then all input fields in the dialogue window are em pty. If
the table contains some already inputted elements then the input fields are filled with values
taken from the current table row (an " arrow" is positioned next to the row number).
Elements (rows) are inserted in the table by pressing the " Add" button in the dialogue
window. New data are placed at the end of the table.
Individual rows are edited with the help of the " Edit" button. Only the row marked with an
arrow (see figure) will be edited regardless of other selected rows in the table. Som e of the
dialogue windows allows for editing a group of selected item s using the "Edit selected"
button. It is therefore possible to modify values in more rows all at once. Always the selec ted
rows are edited.
The "Remove" button deletes all selected ("pressed") rows. More than one row can be
removed at the same time. If not item is selected the program deletes the c urrent row
(marked with an "arrow").
It there is among rows selected for deletion a row, which cannot be deleted (e.g. starting
point of a structure), the program stops the deletion proc ess!
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Table example
Selection state of individual table rows corresponds to visualization state of objec ts on the
desktop. An object on the desktop that corresponds to the current row in the table (an "
arrow" is positioned next to the row number) is implicitly displayed extra bold. If the row is
selected ("pressed") the corresponding object is displayed in green. Pressing the "Remove"
button colors all objects selected for deletion red.
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Dialogue windows
A dialogue window is one of the elements that allows for inputting data into program . In all
GEO programs the dialogue windows apply to conventional windows m anagement typic al for
the WINDOWS environment. A left mouse button is used when selec ting objects in the
window or alternatively the function key "Tab" when using keyboard. The cursor arrows, key
"ENTER" or in case of command buttons the c orresponding underlined letter ("Cancel" - "C",
"OK" – "O") are employed when moving within an objec t.
A dialogue window can contain the following item s: table, combo list, fields for inputting data
(number, text) and c ommand buttons. The " OK" command button c onfirms the selec tion,
while the "Cancel" button leaves the input mode.
Providing the window contains a certain non-typical control element (or this element has
some other rather then typical effect) its function is described in the corresponding data input
regime.
As an example consider the following picture showing the " Edit surcharge" dialogue window
that contains the "OK+ " and "OK+ " buttons. These buttons allow the user to m ove within
the list of inputted surcharges and at the sam e time to c onfirm changes made in the window.
Pressing this button results in the same action as if closing the window with the " OK" button
and opening it again for the next element in the list.
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Copy to clipboard
The program allows for using the Windows clipboard in two different ways:
it is possible to copy the current desktop view. The picture can be then
inserted into an arbitrary editor (MS Word, Drawing, Adobe Photoshop, etc.)
Individual parameters are set in the "Options" dialogue window, tab sheet "
Copy to clipboard"
it is possible to copy the program input data (soil parameters, profile and
interfaces, surcharges, water impact, terrain, etc.). The copied data can be
then inserted into another GEO5 program
Copying to clipboard is available either from the c ontrol menu (items "Modifications", "Copy
picture") or using the "Files" button on the tool bar.
Options
The "Options" dialogue window serves to set some of the special program functions (copy to
c lipboard, print view, grid and step, etc.).
This dialogue window is opened from a control menu (items "Setting", "Options").
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The window contains individual tab sheets (num ber and content may vary depending on
individual programs) that allow for spec ifying corresponding settings.
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Options - input
The "Options" dialogue window, tab sheet "Input" allows for setting the "Grid" parameters
and parameters of func tions "Back" and "Repeat".
This tab sheet is implemented only in 2D programs (Slope stability, Settlement, Beam,
etc.).
Grid sets the grid origin and step in the X and Z direc tions
Show grid shows / hides grid on the desktop
Snap to grid turns on / off the snap to grid option using m ouse
(when shifting the mouse the c ursor jumps over the
defined grid – a point off the grid can be specified by
holding the "CTRL" key)
Horizontal rule shows / hides horizontal rule with a scale of distances
on the desktop
Vertical rule shows / hides vertical rule with a scale of distances on
the desktop
Functions Back and turns on / off the possibility of using these func tions in
Repeat the program (on horizontal tool bar these buttons are "
foggy"
Common input
This chapter contains the hint sections that either provide details on the c hapter "Data input
and analysis regimes" or are common to several GEO programs.
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Republic, Germany, France….) and "Standard setting" recommended by the authors for
countries stored in the list.
When the "User" option is selected it is possible choose from an arbitrary type of analysis
offered by the program:
Absi
Earthquake analysis
Mononobe-Okabe
Arrango
Cliking the hint button " " provides information about the theory of analyses linked to
individual values being inputted.
Color and soil sample are selected in "Soil and rock symbols" dialogue window. To open this
window press the "Sample and color" button.
If no geological survey or laboratoray experiments are available, the soil c an be specified with
the help of soil database containg approximate values of basic characteristics. The " Classify"
button opens the "Soil classification" dialogue window with the values offered for inserting
into the window. The "Delete" button allows for removing the information about c lassified
soil from the catalogue. Soil parameters that do not appear in the c atalogue ("Friction angle
struc-soil" in the picture) must be in any case assigned m anually.
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The specified soil is inserted into the list of soils by pressing the " Add" button.
Soil classification
Approximate values of soils can be obtained from the c atalogue of soils ac cording to CSN 73
1001 standard "Foundation soil below spread footings". The combo list serves to selec t the
desired soil and specify its consistency or compactness, respectively. The soil param eters
obtained from the catalogue appear in the window.
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Pressing the "OK" button shows in the "Add new soil" recommended values next to
corresponding input fields (see Fig.). Pressing the " OK+Assign" button then assigns to
individual input fields the average values of soil param eters. The "Cancel" button leaves the
window with no action.
The "Manual" button opens the "Manual soil classification" dialogue window that allows for
c lassifying the soil if its parameters are known, e.g., from laboratory measurements (grading,
moisture, compactness….).
The soil inputted either manually or inserted from the c atalogue of soils can be assigned a
sample (type of hatching) and color to be shown in the profile on the desktop.
A color selected from the "Desktop" combo list is the color used to plot soils (rocks) on the
desktop. A color selected from the "Pictures" combo list is the color used to visualize soils
(rocks) in pictures that are either stored in the "Picture list" or printed with the help of "Print
and export pictures".
The sample color to be sufficiently visible should be chosen with respec t to the desktop
background or printout paper, respectively.
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Interface in 2D environment
The left part of the desktop contains a table with the list of interfaces. Interfaces are ordered
in the table from top to bottom. For currently selected interface the program displays in the
mid section of the desktop another table listing individual interface points.
A tool bar in the top part of the desktop contains control buttons to m anage interfaces.
Every change made to a given interface can be put bac k using the "UNDO and REDO" buttons
on the horizontal tool bar.
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Frame "Interface"
Adding interface
The "Add" button starts the regime for inputting points of a new interfac e. Other buttons on
the same tool bar assumed for inputting and editing interface points become active. The "OK"
button (tinged green) closes the input regime and stores the inputted points. The " Cancel"
button (tinged red) closes the input regime without ac c ounting for changes.
Two options are available to specify coordinates of individual interfac e points:
Using table: interface points are introduced in the "New interface points" table. The "Add"
button opens the "New point" dialogue window that allows for specifying coordinates of a
new point. The "Add" button then inserts the point into the table. The " Cancel" button is
serves to close the input mode when all interface points are introduced. The " Edit" and "
Remove" buttons allow for either editing or deleting the inputted points. Each c hange in
interface geometry immediately appears on the desktop.
Using mouse: individual buttons on the vertic al tool drive this inputting mode. The following
modes are available:
Add point the point is inserted by clicking the left mouse button on the
desktop - the grid option can be exploited when inserting the
point - the inputted point is automatically rounded to two
decimal digits – both mouse and keyboard input modes are
therefore identical
Edit point using pressing the existing interface point using the left m ouse
mouse button allows for selecting this point and then m oving it to a
new position
Edit point in clicking the existing interface point opens the dialogue window
dialogue point that allows for modifying the point c oordinates
Remove point pressing the existing interface point using the left m ouse
button opens the "Remove point" dialogue window – when
confirming this action the point is deleted
When inputting points, it is possible to utilize the tem plate obtained from import DXF.
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The program allows also for introducing vertical interfaces – in such a case the program
requests to insert the point either to the left or to the right. The buttons that serve to
confirm the action are c olored – the same color is also used to visualize both input variants
on the desktop.
The "OK" button (tinged green) is used to store the inputted interface when all interfac e
points are introduced.
The program also contains an automatic corrector of inputted interface that determines the
interface end points and then adds the interface to the list of interfaces.
Frame "Interface"
Editing interface
The "Modify" button turns on the regime of inputting points of a new interfac e. The program
also opens the currently selected interface (it is selected from the "List of interfaces" table;
it is displayed as a solid thick line on the desktop). An interface can be selected also as an
active object by clicking a point, line or interface using the left mouse button.
The actual editing procedure (adding, shifting, deleting points) is the sam e as for adding
interface input mode.
The "OK" button closes the editing regime and stores all performed changes. The " Cancel"
button closes the regime without ac counting for all previously made modifications.
After leaving the edit mode (similarly to adding interface), the program immediately runs the
corrector of the inputted interface to check for the interface shape and if necessary to m odify
the interface end points.
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case the interface must be modified or the inputting process must be stopped using the "
Cancel" button.
Here we present examples of interface corrector functions (correct and incorrec t input):
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World coordinates
The dialogue window serves to specify world coordinates (dimensions) for a given task – left
and right edges. The third data is auxiliary – it determines the depth of drawing earth profiles
on the desktop – it has no effect on the performed analysis.
The world coordinates can be changed at any tim e – when increasing dimensions all inputted
interfaces are automatically prolonged, when reduc ing dimensions all points falling off the
new world coordinates are automatically removed.
Assigning soils
Two options are available to assign soils into individual profile layers. Clic king the left muse
button on the tool bar button above the table selects the desired soil (positioning the m ouse
cursors in the bar above the soil button displays a bubble hint with the soil nam e). The soil is
inserted by moving the mouse cursor (the c ursor mask changes into a "hand") first into a
specific layer and then by pressing the left mouse button.
The second option requires opening a combo list of a specific interfac e and then selecting the
desired soil to be assigned. All c hanges in the soil assignment are automatically displayed on
the desktop.
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Frame "Assigning"
Design coefficients
The "Analysis" or "Verification" frames that display the list of c omputed forces allow for
specifying design coefficients. A design coefficient m ultiplies the corresponding force. When
inputting the coefficient the results are automatically recomputed and the desktop shows
modified forces.
Design coefficients are advantageous for exam ple for:
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The bar in the top part of the frame serves to manage individual analyses.
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Connecting programs
In some cases it is possible to launch a new program from a currently running program. For
example, the "Cantilever wall" program allows for running the " Slope stability" program to
verify the external stability of a structure, or the " Spread footing" program to verify the
bearing capacity of a footing of a structure.
The new program loads the data of structure and then it behaves as a stand alone program –
closing the program, however, is different. Pressing the " OK" button (on the right below the
tool bars) closes the program and the analysis data are passed to the original program . This
is not the case if closing the program with the help of the " Cancel" button.
The program, when running it for the first time, creates the data of a structure and
passes on the structure dimensions, geology, loads, surcharges and other data. The program
then requires inputting some additional data, e.g. the analysis method, analysis setting,
slip surfaces, stages of construction, etc.
When running it again (always necessary if some changes were made in the original
program) the program regenerates the data to be passed on, but keeps the data already
inputted in this program. For example, when connecting the original program with the "
Spread footing" program the new program keeps the additionally inputted sand- gravel
cushion together with inputted soil – the footing dimensions, foundation geometry, and
geological profile are, however, regenerated.
Some actions are not allowed in the new program – e.g. to change the basic setting of the
project, unit, etc. The generated task, however, can be saved into new data using the " Save
as" button and work with it as with any other independent task.
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To simplify the way of managing individual views the programs allow us, using the "Selec ting
and storing views" bar, to store the current view and also to go from one view to the
other in a relatively simple way.
drawn variables
color range
picture zoom
The view is stored for all stages of construction – if it is not possible in a certain construction
stage to perform such a setting (e.g. in the first construction stage the settlem ent and
depression are not defined) the programs displays the closest possible setting and the defined
view is switched to <none> .
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The programs based on the finite element method further allow for setting:
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The number of scale levels and scale type are specified in the " Scale generation "
dialogue window, which opens after pressing the " Generate values " button. It is possible to
adjust both values and colors in the table in the left part of the dialogue window. The range
values can be easily changed in the table. If the box in the " Control color " column is
checked, it is possible to choose an arbitrary color from the combo box. The color on
intermediate not checked rows are automatically blended from the inputted colors in checked
rows. The default values can be recalled anytime after pressing the " Predefined colors "
button.
An important property of the program is a definition of ranges with the fixed minimum and
maximum . If the "Floating minimum and maximum " check box is not checked, the color
range is fixed and its minimum and maximum values are inputted. As oppose to the moving
range it is further possible to specify:
When changing a variable or a construction stage the color range remains still the same ,
keeping the same end ranges. The values found outside the range (below the minimum or
above the maximum value) are drawn using colors specified in the right part of the window.
The minimum and maximum range values are inputted in the " Scale generation "
dialogue window. The inputted minimum and maximum values are linked to the same unit
– e.g. when specifying the rage of 0-200 kPa , this range is kept the same for all variables
being specified in kPa – when changing the currently displayed variable to the variable
settlement, the current range is switched to that corresponding to the unit of settlem ent.
For both the fixed and floating scale it is possible to choose whether the colors in the ranges
are distributed uniformly or across zero . The "Uniform " scale means that colors are
smoothly spread from the minimum to the maximum value of the scale. The " Across zero "
scale draws the colors above the selected value using warm colors (yellow, red), while cold
colors (green, blue) are used to represent the colors below the selected value.
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is now inputted (using the left mouse button) the point from the template is inserted (the
inputted point has now the same coordinates as the point in the template). To accelerate the
input of individual lines it appears useful to employ the zooming tools. After interfaces are
inputted, the procedure can be applied to input other entities. During input it is possible to
modify template anytime .
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Export DXF
To proceed, use the program menu (item " File") and choose the item " Export", "Format
DXF". Next, select the file name intended for export. Using a dialogue window the program
then provides information regarding the performed data export.
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Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
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The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
Geometry
The "Geometry" frame contains table listing the points of a structure. Adding (editing) points
is performed in the "Add (edit) point" dialog window.
The existing geometry points can be further edited on the desktop with the help of active
objects – double clicking on a selected point opens a dialog window to edit the point.
Frame "Geometry"
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
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Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Earth Pressure". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters: "Basic data", "Earth pressure at rest" and "Uplift pressure".
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Frame "Soils"
Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Frame "Assign"
Terrain
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The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
help "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The selected type
together with a graphic hint (“Parameter chart”) of inputted values is displayed in the left
part of the frame. Water parameters (h1, h2...) can be edited either in the fram e by inserting
values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option is a manual input of pore pressure both in front and behind the struc ture. Two
tab sheets "In front of structure" and "Behind structure" appear with tables. The table is
filled with values of pore pressure in front, or behind the structure at a depth of “z” (z-axis).
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surcharges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
chapter "Influence of surcharge".
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Frame "Surcharge"
Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Analysis of earth pressures while accounting for earthquake is desc ribed in the theoretical
part of the hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
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The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the option
"Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7).
Frame "Setting"
Analysis
The "Analysis" frame displays the analysis results. The frame serves to select type of
computed earth pressure (active pressure, pressure at rest, passive pressure). Two options "
Create soil wedge" and "Minimum dimensioning pressure " are available when computing the
active earth pressure.
Several analyses can be performed for a single task by varying design coefficients of
individual components of earth pressure.
The analysis results are displayed on the desktop and are updated im mediately for an
arbitrary change in input data or setting. Visualization of results c an be adjusted in the "
Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
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Frame "Analysis"
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
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Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Sheeting design". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters: "Basic data" and "Uplift pressure".
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Frame "Soils"
Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Frame "Assign"
Geometry
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The "Geometry" frame is used to specify the depth of a construction ditch and by pressing
the button to choose the shape of a bottom . The selected shape with a graphic hint ("
Parameter chart") appears in the left part of the frame. The dimensions of a struc ture can
be edited either in the frame by inserting values into input fields, or on the desktop with the
help of active dimensions.
The frame can be further used to input surcharge of a construction ditc h bottom and
coefficient of reduction of earth pressure below the ditch bottom (this coefficient serves to
analyze braced sheeting).
Frame "Geometry"
Anchors
The "Anchors" frame contains a table with a list of inputted anc hors. Adding (editng)
anchors is performed in the "New anchor (Edit anchor)" dialogue window. The inputted
anchors can be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
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Frame "Anchors"
Props
The "Props" frame contains a table with a list inputted props. Adding (editing) props is
performed in the "New prop (Edit prop)" dialogue window. The inputted props can also be
edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects, respectively.
Frame "Props"
Supports
The "Supports" frame contains a table with a list of inputted supports. Adding (editing)
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supports is performed in the "New support (Edit support)" dialogue window. The inputted
supports can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active
objects, respectively.
Frame "Supports"
Pressure determination
The "Pressure specification" frame allows by pressing the button "Analyze" ("Input",
respectively) for selecting a method for the calculation of active earth pressure. Choose
option "Analyze" if you wish the active earth pressure to be c omputed automatically based
on specified earth profile.
In some special cases (redistribution of earth pressures due to presence of anc hors,
nonstandard rotation of a structure) it advisable to specify the distribution of earth pressure
on a structure manually. Selecting the option "Input" opens a table in the frame with a list of
inputted points and the corresponding pressure value. The pressure is spec ified up to the
depth of structure increased by the depth of zero point (the depth of zero point is introduc ed
in the top part of the frame). The depth of zero point equal to zero is selected if we wish to
specify the pressure values only up to the depth of construction ditch. Below the ditch the
programs computes the pressure values based on the specified geological profile. Providing
the earth pressure is specified manually the program does not ac count for the influenc e of
terrain profile, surcharge and water.
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Terrain
The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint, chapter "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
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Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The selected type
together with a graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the left
part of the frame. Water parameters h1, h2 can be edited either in the frame by inserting
values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surc harges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
chapter "Influence of surcharge".
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Frame "Surcharge"
Forces
The "Forces" frame contains a table with a list of forces acting on a structure. Adding
(editing) forces is performed in the "New force (edit force)" dialogue window. The inputted
forces can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
Frame "Forces"
Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
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Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the option
"Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7-1).
Frame "Setting"
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Analysis
The "Analysis" frame displays the analysis results. The analysis is c arried out by pressing the
"Analyze" button in the right part of the frame. The frame has two variants. The first variant
applies to a wall free of anchors (sheet pile) and the second one to an anchored (strutted)
wall.
A coefficient of reduction of passive earth pressure (or factor of safety) together with a choice
whether to consider a minimum dimensioning pressure behind the structure is specified for a
non-anchored wall.
A type of heel support (fixed, free) and analysis parameters (coefficient of reduction of
passive pressure, minimum dimensioning pressure) are spec ified for an anchored wall.
The analysis results are displayed on the desktop. Visualization of results c an be adjusted in
the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
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Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
The "Other" tab sheet allows the user to specify subdivision of a wall in to finite elements (by
default the number of elements equals to 30).
Profile
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The "Profile " frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions .
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Sheeting check". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters: "Basic data", "Earth pressure at rest", "Uplift pressure" and "
Modulus of subsoil reaction".
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Frame "Soils"
Geometry
The "Geometry" frame contains a table with a list of inputted structural sections form ing the
sheeting wall. For each section the table stores its cross-sectional characteristics (A – area, I
– Moment of inertia) and material characteristic s (E – Modulus of elasticity, G – Shear
modulus – these variables are always expressed with respect to 1m of a construction length).
Adding (editing) sections is performed in the "New section (Edit section)" dialogue window.
The program allows for adding (inserting) another sec tion in between two already existing
sections of a structure. Inserting a new section is perform ed in the "Insert section" dialogue
window that complies with the "New section" dialogue window. The inserted section is
ordered such as to precede the currently selected section of a structure.
The inputted sections can be further edited on the desktop with the help of active objects –
double clicking on a structure opens a dialog window with a given section.
Frame "Geometry"
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The "User catalogue" button in the bottom part of the window opens the "User catalogue"
dialogue window.
User catalogue
The user catalogue allows the user to define and store own cross-sections and their
characteristics that appear in the construction of a wall. At first use of the catalogue (has not
been yet created) the program prompts a warning message that no c atalogue was found.
Then, pressing the button "OK" opens the "Save as" dialogue window that allows for entering
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the catalogue name and saving it into a specified location by pressing the "Save" button (by
default a folder used for saving the project data is assumed).
The program allows the user to create more than one catalogue. The next c atalogue is
created by pressing the "New" button – the program asks, whether the current catalogue
should be replaced (the currently loaded catalogue is not deleted!) and saves the new
catalogue under a new name. The "Open" button allows for loading an arbitrary user
catalogue and by pressing the "Save as" button for saving it under a different nam e.
The "User catalogue" dialogue window contains a table listing the user defined
cross-sections. The “Add item” button opens the “New catalogue item” dialogue window
that allows for specifying and subsequent saving of characteristics of a new cross-section into
the catalogue. Buttons “Edit item” and “Remove item” serve to edit individual items in the
table.
The "Accept current" button accepts the current cross-sectional characteristics of a
cross-section specified in the "New section" dialogue window and opens the "New catalogue
item" dialogue window that allows for modifying and saving the current cross-section.
Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
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Frame "Assign"
Excavation
The "Excavation" frame serves to input the depth of a construction ditch and by pressing the
button to select the shape of the ditch base. The selected shape with a graphic hint "
Parameter chart" appears in the left part of the frame. The dimensions of a struc ture can be
edited either in the frame by inserting values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help
of active dimensions.
The frame also allows for specifying surcharge acting on the ditch base or a thickness of
made-up ground of new soil below the ditch base (the soil c an be selected from a combo list
c ontaining soils inputted in the regime "Soils"). When introducing the made-up ground with
brace sheeting it is assumed that there is a sheeted structure in the location of m ade-up
ground, i.e., all pressures are acting on the entire width of a structure as above the
construction ditch base.
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Frame "Excavation"
Terrain
The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint, chapter "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
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Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The selected type
together with a graphic hint (“Parameter chart”) of inputted values is displayed in the left
part of the frame. Water parameters (h1, h2...) can be edited either in the fram e by inserting
values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option is a manual input of pore pressure both in front and behind the struc ture. Two
tab sheets "In front of structure" and "Behind structure" appear with tables. The table is
filled with values of pore pressure in front, or behind the structure at a depth of “z” (z-axis).
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surc harges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
chapter "Influence of surcharge".
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Frame "Surcharge"
Forces
The "Forces" frame contains a table with a list of forces acting on a structure. Adding
(editing) forces is performed in the "New force (edit force)" dialogue window. The inputted
forces can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
Frame "Forces"
Anchors
The "Anchors" frame contains a table with a list of inputted anc hors. Adding (editng)
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anchors is performed in the "New anchor (Edit anchor)" dialogue window. The inpuuted
anchors can be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
You are asked to input the anchor location, its length and inclination, pre-stress forc e and
parameters needed to determine the anchor stiffness (cross-sectional area, m odulus of
elasticity). The anchor is introduced automatically on already deformed structure (obtained
from the previous stage of construction).
The anchor stiffness becomes effective in subsequent stages of construction. In subsequent
stages the anchor can no longer be edited. The only action available is the c hange of anchor
pre-stress force.
Note: The program does not check the anchor bearing c apacity against breakage.
Frame "Anchors"
Props
The "Props" frame contains a table with a list inputted props. Adding (editing) props is
performed in the "New prop (Edit prop)" dialogue window. The inputted props can also be
edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects, respectively.
You are asked to input the prop location, its length and param eters needed to determ ine the
prop stiffness (cross-sectional area, modulus of elasticity).
The prop is introduced automatically on already deformed structure (obtained from the
previous stage of construction). In subsequent stages the props can no longer be edited. The
only action available is the change of prop stiffness.
Note: The program does not check the prop bearing c apacity neither for c ompression nor for
buckling.
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Frame "Props"
Supports
The "Supports" frame contains a table with a list of inputted supports. Adding (editing)
supports is performed in the "New support (Edit support)" dialogue window. The inputted
supports can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active
objects, respectively.
You are asked to specify the support type (free, fixed, and spring) and its loc ation. The
support is inputted automatically on already deformed structure (obtained from the previous
stage of construction). In subsequent stages the supports can no longer be edited. The only
action available is the introduction of prescribed (forc ed) displacement in a support.
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Frame "Support"
Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Analysis of earth pressures while accounting for earthquake is desc ribed in the theoretical
part of the hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
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The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the option
"Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7).
The "Other" tab sheet contains setting for minimum dimensioning pressure and setting of
parameters of internal stability of a structure.
The program "Sheeting check" is useful particularly when modeling real behavior of a
structure – consequently we recommend the analysis to be performed without reduction of
input characteristics of soils ("Standard setting").
Analysis
The frame "Analysis" displays the analysis results. Switc hing to this regime automatically
runs the analysis. The frame contains three buttons to show the analysis results:
Kh + pressures
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Variation of the modulus of subsoil reaction is displayed in the left part of the desktop
(by default a blue color with hatc hing) is assumed. Referring to the method of
depending pressures some of the springs (values of modules of subsoil reaction) are
removed (spring stiffness set equal to zero) from the analysis. The analysis may fail to
converge providing the critical (limit) state developed both in front and behind the
structure and there is not enough constrains available (anc hors, supports). The
program exists without finding a solution. An error m essage appears in the bottom part
of the frame – such a case calls for modification in problem input – e.g., add an
anchor, change a depth of excavation, improve soil parameters, etc .
Some construction stages display (by default a yellow dotted line is assum ed)
deformation at the onset of mobilization of the earth pressure at rest – this is a
c omplementary information showing plastic deformation of a struc ture.
Distributions of limiting pressures (by default a green dashed line is assum ed) are
presented in the right part of the window ( passive pressure, pressure at rest and active
pressure). The actual pressure acting on a structure is plotted in a solid blue line.
Both deformed (by default a solid red c olor is assumed) and undeformed structure
appears in the right part of the desktop. Forc es and displacements developed in
anchors, supports and props are also shown.
Internal forces
Plot of a structure together with forces acting in anchors, reactions and deform ations of
supports and props appear in the left part of the desktop. Distributions of bending
moment and shear force are then plotted on the right.
Deformations + Stresses
Plot of a structure together with forces acting in anchors, reactions and deform ations of
supports and props appear in the left part of the desktop. The deform ed shape of a
structure together with overall pressure acting on a structure is then plotted on the
right.
Providing the modulus of subsoil reaction is found by iteration it is nec essary to c heck the
course of iteration in the dialogue window. Details are provided in the theoretic al part of the
hint "Modulus of subsoil reaction determined by iteration".
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Internal stability
This frame serves to check the internal stability of anchors – the frame is therefore accessible
only in stages, in which the anchors are introduced. For each row of anchors the table shows
inputted anchor forces and the maximum allowable forces in each anchor. Overall check for
the most stressed row of anchors is displayed in the right part of the fram e.
The verification procedure depends on "Setting" – either based factors of safety or according
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to the theory of limit states. The solution procedure is desc ribed herein.
External stability
Pressing the "External stability" button launches the "Slope stability" program. This
program then allows us to check the overall stability of the analyzed struc ture. The button is
available only if the program "Slope stability" is installed.
After completing all analyses press the "OK" button to leave the program – all data are then
carried over to the analysis protocol of the " Sheeting verification" program.
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Envelopes
The frame "Envelopes" allows for displaying an envelope of internal forces and
displacements from all analyses (stages of constructions). By default the envelope is
constructed from the results from all construction stages. It can, however, be created only
from the selected stages (pressing buttons selects the constructions stages that are used to
generate the current envelope). The program makes possible to c onstruct more envelopes
with various combinations.
The maximum internal forces and displacements are displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Frame "Envelopes"
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Analysis" tab sheet is used to specify whether the analysis is perform ed in total or
effective parameters.
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Interface
The "Interface" frame serves to introduce individual soil interfaces into the soil body.
Detailed description how to deal with interfaces id described herein.
Frame "Interface"
Embankment
The "Embankment" frame allows for inputting interfaces to create an embankment above
the current terrain. The frame contains a table with a list of interfaces forming the
embankment. A table listing the points of c urrently selected interface of the em bankment is
displayed in the mid section of the fram e. Inputting an embankment interface follows the
same steps as used for standard interfaces.
An embankment cannot be spec ified in the first stage of construction. An embankment cannot
be built if there is an earth cut already specified in a given stage - in such a case either a new
stage of construction must be introduced for embankment input or the existing open c ut must
be first removed.
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Frame "Embankment"
Earth cut
The "Earth cut" frame serves to specify the shape of an open cut. This function allows for
modifying the terrain profile within a given stage of construction. Several earth cuts can be
introduced at the same time. In such a case some of the lines in the c ut appear partially
above the terrain.
A table listing individual interface points is displayed in the left part of the fram e. Inputting
an earth cut interface follows the same steps as used for standard interfaces.
An open cut cannot be specified in the first stage of construction. An earth cut cannot be built
if there is an embankment already specified in a given stage - in such a case either a new
stage of construction must be introduced for earth c ut input or the existing embankment
must be first removed.
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Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Slope stability". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters:"Uplift pressure" and "Foliation". An input of parameters
further depends on the selected type of analysis ( effective / total stress state), which is set in
the frame "Projekt", tab sheet "Analysis".
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Frame "Soils"
Rigid bodies
The "Rigid bodies" frame contains a table with a list of inputted rigid bodies. The rigid
bodies serve to model regions with a high stiffness – e.g., sheeting structures or rock
subgrade. This table also provides information about the c urrently selected rigid body
displayed in the right part of the frame.
Adding (editing) rigid bodies is performed in the "Add new rigid body" dialogue window.
This window serves to input the unit weight of the rigid body material and to select color and
pattern. The rigid bodies are in the frame "Assign" ordered after inputted soils.
Rigid bodies are introduced in the program as regions with high strength so they are not
intersected by a potential slip surface. Providing we wish the slip surface to c ross a rigid
body (e.g., pile wall) it is recommended to model the rigid body as a soil with a c ohesion
corresponding to pile bearing capacity against slip.
Assign
The “Assign” frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
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Frame "Assign"
Anchors
The "Anchors" frame contains a table with a list of inputted anc hors. Adding (editing)
anchors is performed in the "New anchor (Modify anchor parameters)" dialogue window.
The inputted anchors can be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
You are asked to input the anchor location (starting point), its length and inclination, anchor
spacing and pre-stress force. The anchor starting point is always attached to the terrain.
All inputted parameters can be modified in the stage of construction, in which the anchor was
introduced. In subsequent stages the program allows only for modifying the anchor pre-stress
force (option "Anchor post-stressing").
Anchors can also be introduced with help of a mouse click. Mouse input mode is determined
by pressing buttons on the horizontal bar " Anchor". The following modes are available:
Add clicking the left mouse button allows for specifying the starting and
end point of an anchor. The grid function can be exploited in the
input mode. The starting point is always "attac hed" to the terrain.
The coordinates of inputted points are automatically round up to
two digits – both input modes (manual, mouse) are therefore
identical
Modify clicking the left mouse button on already existing anc hor opens the
"Modify anchor property" dialogue window, where the selected
anchor can be modified
Remove clicking the left mouse button on an anchor opens the dialogue
window to confirm the reinforcement removal – confirming this
action then removes the anchor
Effect of anchors on the analysis is described in more details in the theoretical part of the
hint.
Note: The program does not check the anchor bearing c apacity against breakage.
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Frame "Anchors"
Reinforcements
The "Reinforcement" frame contains a table with a list of inputted reinforc ements. Adding
(editing) reinforcement is performed in the "New reinforcement (Modify interface
properties)" dialogoue window. The inputted reinforcements can be edited on the desktop
with the help of active objects.
Properties like reinforcement location, anc horage length from both left and right end and
reinforcement strength must be spec ified. All inputted parameters can be modified only in
the stage of construction, in which the reinforcement was introduced. In subsequent stages
the geo-reinforcement can only be removed.
Reinforcements can also be introduc ed with help of a mouse click. Mouse input mode is
determined by pressing buttons on the horizontal bar " Reinforcement". The following modes
are available:
Add clicking the left mouse button allows for specifying the starting
and end point of a reinforcement. A predefined grid can be used
in the input mode. The starting point is always "attac hed" to the
terrain. The coordinates of inputted points are autom atically
round up to two digits – both input modes (manual, mouse) are
therefore identical
Modify clicking the left mouse button on already existing reinforc ement
opens the "Modify reinforcement property" dialogue window,
where the selected reinforcement can be modified
Remove clicking the left mouse button on reinforcement opens the
dialogue window to confirm the reinforcement removal –
confirming this action then removes the reinforcement
Reinforcements can be introduced only in the horizontal direction.
Including reinforcements in the analysis is described in more details in the theoretical part of
the hint.
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Frame "Reinforcements"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surc harges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
All inputted parameters of a surc harge can be modified in the construction stage where the
surcharge was specified. Only the surcharge magnitude can be modified in all subsequent
construction stages (option "Adjust surcharge").
Influence of surcharge on stability analysis of slopes is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint.
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Frame "Surcharge"
Water
The "Water" frame serves to set the type of ground water table. Five options to specify the
type of water are available from the combo list.
Inputting the ground water table or isolines, respectively, is identical with the standard input
of interfaces.
A field for specifying a value of coefficient Ru or pore pressure appears next to the table if
introducing water using isolines of Ru-interfaces or pore pressure, respectively. Pressing
the button with a blue arrow next to the input field opens the " Coefficient Ru" or "Pore
pressure" dialogue window to enter the desired value. It is advantageous to input all values
at once using the "OK+ " and "OK+ ". The value of a given quantity found in a spec ific
point between two isolines is approximated by linear interpolation of values pertinent to
given isolines. The first (the most top one) always coincides with terrain – it therefore
cannot be deleted.
The ground water table or table of suction, respectively, is specified as continuous
interfaces, which can be located even above the terrain.
If the inputted data in individual stages are different, the program then allows for accepting
the data from the previous stage of construction by pressing the " Accept" button.
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Slope stability analysis while accounting for earthquake is desc ribed in the theoretical part of
the hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
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The "Settings" frame contains basic settings to assess the slope stability. The program offers
pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "Standard
setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in the list.
While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed. Changing settings in the c ombo list
modifies previously set values in corresponding windows.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting".
Selecting the option "Safety factor" allows the user to specify in input field own value of the
factor of safety.
Selecting the option "Limit states" allows for specifying individual values of the coefficients of
reduction of soil parameters (e.g.,recommended values of coefficients according to EC7-1)
and coefficient of overall stability.
Frame "Settings"
Analysis
The "Analysis" frame displays the analysis results. Several analyses can be performed for a
single task.
The starting point in the slope stability analysis is the selection of the type of slip surface. The
input is available from a combo list in the left top part of the fram e containing two options –
circular slip surface and polygonal slip surface. After introducing the slip surface the
analysis is started using the "Analysis" button. The analysis results appear in the right part
of the frame.
The type of analysis is selected in the mid section of the frame – the circular slip surface
allows two options – the Bishop or Petterson method, the polygonal slip surface is analyzed
exploiting the Sarma method.
Based on the "Settig" in the frame the verification of the slope stability is perform ed using
either the factor of safety concept or the theory of limit states.
Checking the box "Optimize slip surface" allows for optimizing either the c ircular or
polygonal slip surface. This step also activates the " Constrains" button – pressing this button
changes the frame appearance and makes possible to introduce c onstrains on optimization
procedure.
It is also possible to specify how to deal with anchors in the analysis (box "Infinite anchor
lengths assumed").
The slip surface (even the optimized one) must be introduced in the frame – several
possibilities are available:
Circular slip surface
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using mouse – press the "Input" button to active the input regime and then by
clicking the left mouse button enter three points to define a c ircular slip surface
(the introduced slip surface can be further modified using the "Modify" button or
specified again with the help of the " Replace" button
using the dialogue window – pressing the "Input" button in the "Circular slip
surface" frame opens the "Circular slip surface" dialogue window that allows for
specifying the radius and coordinates of center
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Height multiplier
Providing the analyzed slope is too long or has small height the plotted slip surfac e might not
be sufficiently visible. This problem can be solved by selected c ourser scale in the vertic al
direction with the help of height m ultiplier. The value of this multiplier is set in the "Setting
visualization style" dialogue window, tab sheet "Global 2D". Using standard setting ("Height
multiplier" equal to one) plots undistorted struc ture proportional to its dimensions.
Only polygonal slip surface can be inputted graphically when exploiting the height m ultiplier
option. The circular slip surface must be in such a case inputted m anually in the "Circular
slip surface" dialogue window using the "Input" button.
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Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Project" tab sheet further serves to specify a standard for concrete structures
dimensioning. Referring to the selected standard the types of concrete and steel are then
inputted in the "Material" frame. The dimensioning of cross-sections of the analyzed struc ture
is then performed in the "Dimensioning" frame. Only ACI standard is available when selec ting
imperial units. While selecting standard it is also necessary to specify whether the stress in
the foundation joint used for verification of a wall front key is assum ed uniform (CSN) or
trapezoidal (Eurocode).
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
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Geometry
The "Geometry" frame allows by pressing the button for selecting the wall shape. The
selected shape with a graphic hint "Wall geometry chart" appears in the left part of the
frame. The shape of a wall can be edited either in the frame by inserting values into input
fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
In case the structure is composed of inclined segments it is required to enter the ratio of
sides of an inclined segment 1:x. The straight structure is specified by entering the value
zero.
Frame "Geometry"
Material
The "Material" frame allows for the selection of material parameters for concrete and
longitudinal steel reinforcements.
Two options are available when selecting the material type:
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the "Catalogue" button opens the "Material catalogue" dialogue window (for
concrete or steel reinforcements), the list of materials then serves to select the
desired material
the "User" button opens the "Edit material – concrete" dialogue window (for
concrete) or the "Edit material – concrete steel" dialogue window (for
longitudinal steel reinforcements), which allows for manual specification of
material parameters
The catalogues content depends on the selection of standard for the design of concrete
structures set in the "Project" frame. The input field in the upper part of the fram e serves to
specify the wall unit weight.
Frame "Material"
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Cantilever wall". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters: "Basic data", "Earth pressure at rest" and "Uplift pressure".
Frame "Soils"
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Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Frame "Assign"
Terrain
The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint, chapter "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
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Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The selected type
together with a graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the left
part of the frame. Water parameters (h1, h2...) can be edited either in the fram e by inserting
values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The combo list serves to specify whether the influence of uplift pressure of water due to
different tables at the foundation joint is considered. The uplift pressure c an be assumed to
be linear, parabolic or it may not be considered at all. When verifying the wall, the uplift
pressure in base of footing joint due to different water tables is introduc ed in terms of a
special force.
The last option is a manual input of pore pressure both in front and behind the struc ture. Two
tab sheets "In front of structure" and "Behind structure" appear with tables. The table is
filled with values of pore pressure in front, or behind the structure at a depth of "z" (z-axis).
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surcharges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
chapter "Influence of surcharge".
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Frame "Surcharge"
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Inputted forces
The "Inputted forces" frame contains a table with a list of forces acting on a structure.
Adding (editing) forces is performed in the "New force (edit force)" dialogue window. The
inputted forces can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
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Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Analysis of earth pressures while accounting for earthquake is desc ribed in the theoretical
part of the hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Base anchorage
The frame "Base anchorage" serves to input parameters (anchorage geometry, bearing
capacity against pulling-out and pulling-apart) specifying an anc horage of the wall
foundation. Geometry of footing anc horage can be edited either in the frame by inserting
values in the inputting boxes or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions. The
bearing capacity values can be either inputted or c omputed by the program from the inputted
parameters.
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Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
Evaluating the structure according to theory of limit states also calls for the input of
coefficient of overall stability of a structure. When subjecting the wall to overall
verification this coefficient is used to multiply the resisting moment Mres and the resisting
shear force Hres.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the option
"Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7-1).
The "Other" tab sheet serves to specify the type of pressure acting on a wall based on the
allowable wall deformation. Providing the wall is free to move an active pressure is assumed,
otherwise, a pressure at rest is used.
For wall with footing jump it is possible to choose in the tab sheet "Other" the way of
accounting for the wall footing jump.
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Frame "Setting"
Verification
The "Verification" frame shows the analysis results. Several computation with different
coefficients of resultant force effects can be carried out for a single task.
The wall is loaded either by active pressure or pressure at rest depending on input in the
frame "Setting".
Procedure for wall verification is described in the theoretical part of the hint.
The computed forced are displayed on the desktop and are automatically updated with every
change of input data and setting. The right part of the fram e shows the result of verific ation
of a wall against overturning and translation. The "In detail" button opens the dialogue
window, which contains detailed listing of the results of verific ation analysis.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Verification"
Bearing capacity
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The "Bearing capacity" frame displays the results from the analysis of foundation soil
bearing capacity. The stress in the footing bottom (assumed constant) is derived from all
verifications performed in the frame "Verification". The program "Spread footing" then
considers all verifications as loading cases.
Three basic analysis options are available in the fram e:
Input the foundation soil The input field serves to specify the foundation soil
bearing capacity bearing capacity. The results of verific ation analysis
of a soil for eccentricity and bearing capacity are
displayed in the right part of the frame. The "In
detail" button opens the dialogue window that
displays detailed listing of the results of verific ation
analysis of foundation soil bearing capacity.
Compute the foundation Pressing the "Run "Spread footing" button starts
soil bearing capacity the program "Spread footing" that allows for
using the program computing the soil bearing capacity or settlement and
"Spread footing" rotation of a footing. Pressing the "OK" button leaves
the analysis regime – the results and all plots are
copied to the program "Cantilever wall". The
program "Spread footing" must be installed for the
button to be active.
Do not compute (pile The foundation soil bearing capacity is not c omputed.
footing)
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Dimensioning
The "Dimensioning" frame serves to design and verify the reinforcement of wall
cross-section – the cross-section subjected to dim ensioning is selected in the combo list.
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Frame "Dimensioning"
Stability
Pressing the "Stability" button launches the "Slope stability" program. This program then
allows us to check the overall stability of the analyzed structure. The button is available only
if the program "Slope stability" is installed.
After completing all analyses press the "OK" button to leave the program – all data are then
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carried over to the analysis protocol of the " Cantilever wall" program.
Frame "Stability"
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Project" tab sheet further serves to specify a standard for concrete structures
dimensioning. Referring to the selected standard the types of concrete and steel are then
inputted in the "Materiál" frame. The dimensioning of cross-sections of the analyzed struc ture
is then performed in the "Dimensioning" frame. Only ACI standard is available when selec ting
imperial units. While selecting standard it is also necessary to specify whether the stress in
the foundation joint used for verification of a wall front key is assum ed uniform (CSN) or
trapezoidal (Eurocode).
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
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Geometry
The "Geometry" frame allows by pressing the button for selecting the wall shape. The
selected shape with a graphic hint "Wall geometry chart" appears in the left part of the
frame. The shape of a wall can be edited either in the frame by inserting values into input
fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
Based on the selected shape of a wall, you spec ify in the frame "Geometry of masonry" the
number and dimensions of masonry blocks in individual columns, or if applic able also the
thickness of vertical joint between blocks. In addition it is nec essary to input c ompressive
strength of masonry, which serves as the basic input parameter for the bearing capacity
verification of reinforced masonry.
Frame "Geometry"
Material
The "Material" frame allows for the selection of material parameters for concrete and
longitudinal steel reinforcements.
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the "Catalogue" button opens the "Material catalogue" dialogue window (for
concrete or steel reinforcements), the list of materials then serves to select the
desired material
the "User" button opens the "Edit material – concrete" dialogue window (for
concrete) or the "Edit material – concrete steel" dialogue window (for
longitudinal steel reinforcements), which allows for manual specification of
material parameters
The catalogues content depends on the selection of standard for the design of concrete
structures set in the "Project" frame. The input field in the upper part of the fram e serves to
specify the wall unit weight.
Frame "Material"
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Cantilever wall". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters: "Basic data", "Earth pressure at rest" and "Uplift pressure".
Frame "Soils"
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Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Frame "Assign"
Terrain
The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint, chapter "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
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Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The selected type
together with a graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the left
part of the frame. Water parameters (h1, h2...) can be edited either in the fram e by inserting
values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The combo list serves to specify whether the influence of uplift pressure of water due to
different tables at the foundation joint is considered. The uplift pressure c an be assumed to
be linear, parabolic or it may not be considered at all. When verifying the wall, the uplift
pressure in base of footing joint due to different water tables is introduc ed in terms of a
special force.
The last option is a manual input of pore pressure both in front and behind the struc ture. Two
tab sheets "In front of structure" and "Behind structure" appear with tables. The table is
filled with values of pore pressure in front, or behind the structure at a depth of "z" (z-axis).
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surcharges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
chapter "Influence of surcharge".
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Frame "Surcharge"
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Inputted forces
The "Inputted forces" frame contains a table with a list of forces acting on a structure.
Adding (editing) forces is performed in the "New force (edit force)" dialogue window. The
inputted forces can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
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Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Analysis of earth pressures while accounting for earthquake is desc ribed in the theoretical
part of the hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Base anchorage
The frame "Base anchorage" serves to input parameters (anchorage geometry, bearing
capacity against pulling-out and pulling-apart) specifying an anc horage of the wall
foundation. Geometry of footing anc horage can be edited either in the frame by inserting
values in the inputting boxes or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions. The
bearing capacity values can be either inputted or c omputed by the program from the inputted
parameters.
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Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
Evaluating the structure according to theory of limit states also calls for the input of
coefficient of overall stability of a structure. When subjecting the wall to overall
verification this coefficient is used to multiply the resisting moment Mres and the resisting
shear force Hres.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the option
"Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7-1).
The "Other" tab sheet serves to specify the type of pressure acting on a wall based on the
allowable wall deformation. Providing the wall is free to move an active pressure is assumed,
otherwise, a pressure at rest is used.
For wall with footing jump it is possible to choose in the tab sheet "Other" the way of
accounting for the wall footing jump.
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Frame "Setting"
Verification
The "Verification" frame shows the analysis results. Several computation with different
coefficients of resultant force effects can be carried out for a single task.
The wall is loaded either by active pressure or pressure at rest depending on input in the
frame "Setting".
Procedure for wall verification is described in the theoretical part of the hint.
The computed forced are displayed on the desktop and are automatically updated with every
change of input data and setting. The right part of the fram e shows the result of verific ation
of a wall against overturning and translation. The "In detail" button opens the dialogue
window, which contains detailed listing of the results of verific ation analysis.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Verification"
Bearing capacity
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The "Bearing capacity" frame displays the results from the analysis of foundation soil
bearing capacity. The stress in the footing bottom (assumed constant) is derived from all
verifications performed in the frame "Verification". The program "Spread footing" then
considers all verifications as loading cases.
Three basic analysis options are available in the fram e:
Input the foundation soil The input field serves to specify the foundation soil
bearing capacity bearing capacity. The results of verific ation analysis
of a soil for eccentricity and bearing capacity are
displayed in the right part of the frame. The "In
detail" button opens the dialogue window that
displays detailed listing of the results of verific ation
analysis of foundation soil bearing capacity.
Compute the foundation Pressing the "Run "Spread footing" button starts
soil bearing capacity the program "Spread footing" that allows for
using the program computing the soil bearing capacity or settlement and
"Spread footing" rotation of a footing. Pressing the "OK" button leaves
the analysis regime – the results and all plots are
copied to the program "Cantilever wall". The
program "Spread footing" must be installed for the
button to be active.
Do not compute (pile The foundation soil bearing capacity is not c omputed.
footing)
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Dimensioning
The "Dimensioning" frame serves to design and verify the reinforcement of wall
cross-section – the cross-section subjected to dim ensioning is selected in the combo list.
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Wall jump verification type of assumed stress acting in construction joint for
verification (linear, constant) can be selected in the
frame "Project"
Verification of heel of type of assumed stress acting in construction joint for
wall verification (linear, constant) can be selected in the
frame "Project"
Calculation of forces and their action on the analyzed cross-section is described here.
The wall is loaded either by the active earth pressure or by the pressure at rest depending on
the setting in the frame "Setting".
Procedure to derive distribution of internal forces in individual cross-sections is described in
the theoretical part of this hint.
Joints between masonry blocks are verified according to AS 3700 "Masonry structures"
standard. The program verifies the bearing capacity for bending, shear and combination of
compression and bending. Reinforcement can be spec ified on both front and bac k sides of a
structure. An additional loading applied to a c ross-section (bending moment, compressive
normal force and shear force) can also be specified. These additional forc es are added to the
computed ones.
Dimensioning of steel-reiforced concrete structure is performed according to the standard set
in the frame "Project".
Several computations for various cross-sections can be carried out. Various design
coefficients of individual forces can also be specified. The resulting forc es are displayed on the
desktop and are updated with an arbitrary change in data or setting spec ified in the frame.
The "In detail" button opens the dialogue window that contains detailed listing of the
dimensioning results.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Dimensioning"
Stability
Pressing the "Stability" button launches the "Slope stability" program. This program then
allows us to check the overall stability of the analyzed structure. The button is available only
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|Frame "Stability"
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The “Project” tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Project" tab sheet further serves to specify a standard for normy se concrete structures
dimensioning. Referring to the selected standard the types of concrete and steel are then
inputted in the "Material" frame. The dimensioning of cross-sections of the analyzed struc ture
is then performed in the "Dimensioning" frame. Only ACI standard is available when selec ting
imperial units. While selecting standard it is also necessary to specify whether the stress in
the foundation joint used for verification of a wall front key is assum ed uniform (ČSN) or
trapezoidal (Eurocode).
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
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Geometry
The "Geometry" frame allows by pressing the button for selecting the wall shape. The
selected shape with a graphic hint ("Wall geometry chart") appears in the left part of the
frame. The shape of a wall can be edited either in the frame by inserting values into input
fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
In case the structure is composed of inclined segments it is required to enter the ratio of
sides of an inclined segment 1:x. The straight structure is specified by entering the value
zero.
Frame "Geometry"
Material
The "Material" frame allows for the selection of material parameters for concrete and
longitudinal steel reinforcements.
Two options are available when selecting the material type:
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the "Catalogue" button opens the "Material catalogue" dialogue window (for
concrete or steel reinforcements), the list of materials then serves to select the
desired material
the "User" button opens the "Edit material – concrete" dialogue window (for
concrete) or the "Edit material – concrete steel" dialogue window (for
longitudinal steel reinforcements), which allows for manual specification of
material parameters
The catalogues content depends on the selection of standard for the design of concrete
structures set in the "Project" frame. The input field in the upper part of the fram e serves to
specify the wall bulk weight.
Frame "Material"
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Gravity wall". These characteristics are
further specified in chapters: "Basic data", "Earth pressure at rest" and "Uplift pressure".
Frame "Soils"
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Assign
The “Assign” frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Frame "Assign"
Terrain
The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint, chapter "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
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Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The selected type
together with a graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the left
part of the frame. Water parameters (h1, h2...) can be edited either in the fram e by inserting
values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The combo list serves to specify whether the influence of uplift pressure of water due to
different tables at the foundation joint is considered. The uplift pressure c an be assumed to
be linear, parabolic or it may not be considered at all. When verifying the wall, the uplift
pressure in foundation joint due to different water tables is introduc ed in terms of a special
force.
The last option is a manual input of pore pressure both in front and behind the struc ture. Two
tab sheets "In front of structure" and "Behind structure" appear with tables. The table is
filled with values of pore pressure in front, or behind the structure at a depth of "z" (z-axis).
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surcharges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
chapter "Influence of surcharge".
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Frame "Surcharge"
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Inputted forces
The "Inputted forces" frame contains a table with a list of forces acting on a structure.
Adding (editing) forces is performed in the "New force (edit force)" dialogue window. The
inputted forces can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
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Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Analysis of earth pressures while accounting for earthquake is desc ribed in the theoretical
part of the hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
Evaluating the structure according to theory of limit states also calls for the input of
coefficient of overall stability of a structure. When subjecting the wall to overall
verification this coefficient is used to multiply the resisting moment Mres and the resisting
shear force Hres.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the option
"Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7).
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Frame "Setting"
Verification
The "Verification" frame shows the analysis results. Several computation with different
coefficients of resultant force effects can be carried out for a single task.
Procedure for wall verification is described in the theoretical part of the hint.
The computed forced are displayed on the desktop and are automatically updated with every
change of input data and setting. The right part of the fram e shows the result of verific ation
of a wall against overturning and translation. The "In detail" button opens the dialogue
window, which contains detailed listing of the results of verific ation analysis.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Verification"
Bearing capacity
The "Bearing capacity" frame displays the results from the analysis of foundation soil
bearing capacity. The stress in the footing bottom (assumed constant) is derived from all
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verifications performed in the frame "Verification". The program "Spread footing" then
considers all verifications as loading cases.
Three basic analysis options are available in the fram e:
Input the foundation soil The input field serves to specify the foundation soil
bearing capacity bearing capacity. The results of verific ation analysis
of a soil for eccentricity and bearing capacity are
displayed in the right part of the frame. The "In
detail" button opens the dialogue window that
displays detailed listing of the results of verific ation
analysis of foundation soil bearing capacity.
Compute the foundation Pressing the "Run "Spread footing" button starts
soil bearing capacity the program "Spread footing" that allows for
using the program computing the soil bearing capacity or settlement and
"Spread footing" rotation of a footing. Pressing the "OK" button leaves
the analysis regime – the results and all plots are
copied to the program "Gravity wall". The program "
Spread footing" must be installed for the button to
be active.
Do not compute (pile The foundation soil bearing capacity is not c omputed.
footing)
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Dimensioning
The "Dimensioning" frame serves to design and verify the reinforcement of wall
cross-section – the cross-section subjected to dim ensioning is selected in the combo list.
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Wall jump verification type of assumed stress acting in construction joint for
verification (linear, constant) can be selected in the
frame "Project"
Calculation of forces and their action on the analyzed cross-section is described here.
The wall stem and construction joint are always loaded by the pressure at rest. When
verifying the front wall jump the wall is loaded either by the ac tive pressure or the pressure
at rest depending on input specified in the fram e "Setting".
Procedure to derive distribution of internal forces in individual cross-sections is described in
the theoretical part of this hint.
Dimensioning of the steel-reinforced concrete structure is performed according to the
standard set in the frame "Project".
Several computations for various cross-sections can be carried out. Various design
coefficients of individual forces can also be specified. The resulting forc es are displayed on the
desktop and are updated with an arbitrary change in data or setting spec ified in the frame.
The "In detail" button opens the dialogue window that contains detailed listing of the
dimensioning results.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Dimensioning"
Stability
Pressing the "Stability" button launches the "Slope stability" program. This program then
allows us to check the overall stability of the analyzed structure. The button is available only
if the program "Slope stability" is installed.
After completing all analyses press the "OK" button to leave the program – all data are then
carried over to the analysis protocol of the " Gravity wall" program.
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Frame "Stability"
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
Geometry
The "Geometry" frame contains a table with a list of inputted structural precast units
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(blocks) of a wall (the lowest bloc k is labeled as No. 1). Adding (editing) bloc ks is performed
in the "New block (Edit block)" dialogue window.
This dialogue window serves to define the geometry of a block, parameters of
reinforcement (overhang length, anchorage length, bearing capacity against pull out,
reinforcement strength) and material characteristics (self weight, shear resistance between
two blocks, cohesion).
The program allows for adding (inserting) another bloc k in between two already existing
blocks of a structure. Inserting a new block is perform ed in the "Insert block" dialog window
that complies with the "New block" dialogue window. The inserted block is ordered such to
proceed the currently selected block of a structure.
The inputted blocks can be further edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions
or active objects - double clicking on a structure opens a dialog window with a given bloc k.
When using the regime of active objects the visualization of detailed dimensions
must be turned off in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Geometry"
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Block wall". These characteristics are
further specified in chapters: "Basic data", "Earth pressure at rest" and "Uplift pressure".
Frame "Soils"
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Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Frame "Assign"
Terrain
The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint, chapter "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
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Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" frame allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The
selected type together with a graphic hint (" Parameter chart") of inputted values is
displayed in the left part of the frame. Water parameters h1, h2 can be edited either in the
frame by inserting values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active
dimensions.
The combo list serves to specify whether the influence of uplift pressure of water due to
different tables at the foundation joint is considered. The uplift pressure c an be assumed to
be linear, parabolic or it may not be considered at all. When verifying the wall, the uplift
pressure in foundation joint due to different water tables is introduc ed in terms of a special
force.
The last option is a manual input of pore pressure both in front and behind the struc ture. Two
tab sheets "In front of structure" and "Behind structure" appear with tables. The table is
filled with values of pore pressure in front, or behind the structure at a depth of "z" (z-axis).
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surcharges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
chapter "Influence of surcharge".
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Frame "Surcharge"
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Inputted forces
The "Inputted forces" frame contains a table with a list of forces acting on a structure.
Adding (editing) forces is performed in the "New force (edit force)" dialogue window. The
inputted forces can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
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Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Analysis of earth pressures while accounting for earthquake is desc ribed in the theoretical
part of the hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
Evaluating the structure according to theory of limit states also calls for the input of
coefficient of overall stability of a structure. When subjecting the wall to overall
verification this coefficient is used to multiply the resisting moment Mres and the resisting
shear force Hres.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the option
"Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7-1).
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Frame "Setting"
Verification
The "Verification" frame shows the analysis results. Several computation with different
coefficients of resultant force effects can be carried out for a single task.
Procedure for wall verification is described in the theoretical part of the hint.
The computed forced are displayed on the desktop and are automatically updated with every
change of input data and setting. The right part of the fram e shows the result of verific ation
of a wall against overturning and translation. The "In detail" button opens the dialogue
window, which contains detailed listing of the results of verific ation analysis.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Verification"
Bearing capacity
The "Bearing capacity" frame displays the results from the analysis of foundation soil
bearing capacity. The stress in the footing bottom (assumed constant) is derived from all
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verifications performed in the frame "Verification". The program "Spread footing" then
considers all verifications as loading cases.
Three basic analysis options are available in the fram e:
Input the foundation soil The input field serves to specify the foundation soil
bearing capacity bearing capacity. The results of verific ation analysis
of a soil for eccentricity and bearing capacity are
displayed in the right part of the frame. The "In
detail" button opens the dialogue window that
displays detailed listing of the results of verific ation
analysis of foundation soil bearing capacity.
Compute the foundation Pressing the "Run "Spread footing" button starts
soil bearing capacity the program "Spread footing" that allows for
using the program computing the soil bearing capacity or settlement and
"Spread footing" rotation of a footing. Pressing the "OK" button leaves
the analysis regime – the results and all plots are
copied to the program "Block wall". The program "
Spread footing" must be installed for the button to
be active.
Do not compute (pile The foundation soil bearing capacity is not c omputed.
footing)
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Dimensioning
The "Dimensioning" frame allows for verifying joints between individual bloc ks of a wall. The
"Joint above block No." field serves to select the desired joint subjected to verific ation
analysis. The verification against overturning and translation is performed in the same way
as for the entire wall – friction between blocks and cohesion of a bloc k material are inputted
in the frame "Geometry".
Several computations for various cross-sections can be carried out. Various design
coefficients of individual forces can also be specified. The resulting forc es are displayed on the
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desktop and are updated with an arbitrary change in data or setting spec ified in the frame.
The "In detail" button opens the dialogue window that contains detailed listing of the
dimensioning results.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Dimensioning"
Stability
Pressing the "Stability" button launches the "Slope stability" program. This program then
allows us to check the overall stability of the analyzed structure. The button is available only
if the program "Slope stability" is installed.
After completing all analyses press the "OK" button to leave the program – all data are then
carried over to the analysis protocol of the " Block wall" program.
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Frame "Stability"
Program Gabion
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
Material
The "Material" frame contains a table with a list of inputted filling (aggregates) and m aterial
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parameters of applied gabion wire netting. Adding (Editing) m aterial and netting is perform ed
in the "New material (Edit material)" dialogue window.
The material parameters of filling and netting of c urrently selected gabion block are displayed
in the right part of the frame.
Frame "Material"
Geometry
The "Geometry" frame contains a table with a list of inputted blocks of a wall (the lowest
block is labeled as No. 1). Adding (editing) bloc ks is performed in the "New block (Edit
block)" dialogue window.
This dialogue window serves to define the geometry of a block, and parameters of mesh
overhang (overhang length, overhang anchorage, bearing capacity against pull out).
The program allows for adding (inserting) another bloc k in between two already existing
blocks of a structure. Inserting a new block is perform ed in the "Insert block" dialog window
that complies with the "New block" dialogue window. The inserted block is ordered such to
proceed the currently selected block of a structure.
The inputted blocks can be can be further edited on the desktop with the help of active
dimensions or active objects - double clicking on a structure opens a dialog window with a
given block. When using the regime of active objects the visualization of detailed
dimensions must be turned off in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
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Frame "Geometry"
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Gabion". These characteristics are
further specified in chapters: "Basic data", "Earth pressure at rest" and "Uplift pressure".
Frame "Soils"
Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
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Frame "Assign"
Terrain
The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint, chapter "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
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Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The selected type
together with a graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the left
part of the frame. Water parameters (h1, h2...) can be edited either in the fram e by inserting
values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The combo list serves to specify whether the influence of uplift pressure of water due to
different tables at the foundation joint is considered. The uplift pressure c an be assumed to
be linear, parabolic or it may not be considered at all. When verifying the wall, the uplift
pressure in foundation joint due to different water tables is introduc ed in terms of a special
force.
The last option is a manual input of pore pressure both in front and behind the struc ture. Two
tab sheets "In front of structure" and "Behind structure" appear with tables. The table is
filled with values of pore pressure in front, or behind the structure at a depth of "z" (z-axis).
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surcharges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
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Frame "Surcharge"
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Inputted forces
The "Inputted forces" frame contains a table with a list of forces acting on a structure.
Adding (editing) forces is performed in the "New force (edit force)" dialogue window. The
inputted forces can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
Earthquake
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Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
Evaluating the structure according to theory of limit states also calls for the input of
coefficient of overall stability of a structure. When subjecting the wall to overall
verification this coefficient is used to multiply the resisting moment Mres and the resisting
shear force Hres.
Pro An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the
option "Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7).
The "Other" tab sheet allows for specifying the coefficient of reduction of friction between
blocks.
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Frame "Setting"
Verification
The "Verification" frame shows the analysis results. Several computation with different
design coefficients of resultant force effects can be carried out for a single task.
Procedure for wall verification is described in the theoretical part of the hint.
The computed forced are displayed on the desktop and are automatically updated with every
change of input data and setting. The right part of the fram e shows the result of verific ation
of a wall against overturning and translation. The "In detail" button opens the dialogue
window, which contains detailed listing of the results of verific ation analysis.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Verification"
Bearing capacity
The "Bearing capacity" frame displays the results from the analysis of foundation soil
bearing capacity. The stress in the footing bottom (assumed constant) is derived from all
verifications performed in the frame "Verification". The program "Spread footing" then
considers all verifications as loading cases.
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Input the foundation soil The input field serves to specify the foundation soil
bearing capacity bearing capacity. The results of verific ation analysis
of a soil for eccentricity and bearing capacity are
displayed in the right part of the frame. The "In
detail" button opens the dialogue window that
displays detailed listing of the results of verific ation
analysis of foundation soil bearing capacity.
Compute the foundation Pressing the "Run "Spread footing" button starts
soil bearing capacity the program "Spread footing" that allows for
using the program computing the soil bearing capacity or settlement and
"Spread footing" rotation of a footing. Pressing the "OK" button leaves
the analysis regime – the results and all plots are
copied to the program "Gabion". The program "
Spread footing" must be installed for the button to
be active.
Do not compute (pile The foundation soil bearing capacity is not c omputed.
footing)
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Dimensioning
The "Dimensioning" frame allows for verifying individual joints of gabion bloc ks. The "Joint
above block No." field serves to select the desired joint subjected to verific ation analysis.
The verification against overturning, translation, for side pressure and joint between bloc ks
is performed.
Several computations for various cross-sections can be carried out. Various design
coefficients of individual forces can also be specified. The resulting forc es are displayed on the
desktop and are updated with an arbitrary change in data or setting spec ified in the frame.
The "In detail" button opens the dialogue window that contains detailed listing of the
dimensioning results.
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Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Dimensioning"
Stability
Pressing the "Stability" button launches the "Slope stability" program. This program then
allows us to check the overall stability of the analyzed structure. The button is available only
if the program "Slope stability" is installed.
After completing all analyses press the "OK" button to leave the program – all data are then
carried over to the analysis protocol of the " Gabion" program.
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Frame "Stability"
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run.
The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic data about the
analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet further serves to specify a standard for normy se concrete structures
dimensioning. Referring to the selected standard the types of concrete and steel are then
inputted in the "Material" frame. The dimensioning of cross-sections of the analyzed struc ture
is then performed in the "Dimensioning" frame. Only ACI standard is available when selec ting
imperial units. While selecting standard it is also necessary to specify whether the stress in
the foundation joint used for verification of a wall front key is assum ed uniform (ČSN) or
trapezoidal (Eurocode).
The "Analysis" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed in the
solution of a given problem.
Project - Analyses
The "Project" frame – "Analysis" tab sheet contains basic analysis settings. Three variants are
available for the analysis of vertical bearing capac ity of shallow foundation – foundation on
drained subsoil, foundation on undrained subsoil and foundation on rock subsoil.
The "Analysis method" tab sheet then serves to choose the analysis standard or solution
procedure, respectively, based on the selected variant.
Options to determine the foundation vertical bearing capacity:
Analysis for drained conditions Analysis for undrained conditions Foudation on rock subsoil
analysis
Standard approach Standard approach Standardní approach
PN PN EC7
IS IS
EC7 EC7
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Options for settlement and foundation rotation Options for determination of depth of
analysis influence zone when computing
settlement
Janbu theory
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Spread footing". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters: "Uplift pressure", "Foundation bearing capacity" and "
Settlement".
Frame "Soils"
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Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Frame "Assign"
Foundation
The "Foundation" frame allows for selecting a type of foundation. The selected type with
graphic hint ("Geometry chart") of inputted values is displayed in the left part of the fram e.
The values can be edited either in the frame by inserting values into input fields, or on the
desktop with the help of active dimensions. The frame also serves to specify the bulk weight
of overburden.
The following types of foundations can be selected:
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specified (Overburden bulk weight). Providing the analysis follows the theory of limit states
its weight is multiplied by the coefficient inputted in the fram e "Setting".
For foundations with an undrained subsoil (type of analysis is selected in the fram e "Project"
tab sheet "Analysis") it is possible to introduce an inclination of the finished grade and
footing bottom. In all other cases both the gound and footing bottom are horizontal.
Frame "Foundation"
Load
The "Load" frame contains a table with a list of inputted loads. Adding (editing) loads is
performed in the "New (edit) load" dialogue window. Input of individual forces follows the
sign convention displayed in the right part of the dialogue window.
The following types of loading can be spec ified:
- design load serves to verify the foundation bearing capacity
- service load serves to compute the foundation settlement and rotation
Dimensioning of reinforc ements assumed for the foundation is carried out for both types of
loading.
The foundation is loaded always in the contact point between colum n and foundation. The
program automatically computes the foundation self weight and the weight of
overburden.
When inputting loads the program allows by pressing the " Service" button for creating the
service loads by dividing the already inputted design loads by design coeffic ient.
The program also allows for import of loading using the "Import" button.
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Frame "Loading"
Import of loading
It is possible to import values of loading into the program from text files. Import parameters
are set in the "Import loading" dialogue window. In the "Column" input boxes you define
the column number in the text file, from which you wish to read data. The " Multiplier" box
allows for multiplying the original value by an arbitrary num ber (e.g. using the num ber one
with a minus sign changes the load direction). The "Import" button opens the "Open"
dialogue window, which allows for loading the respec tive text file. The nam es of individual
loadings if contained by the first column of the text file c an loaded while importing the data
by checking the "Name in the first column" box.
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Geometry
The "Geometry" frame allows for specifying the foundation shape. The selected shape with
graphic hint ("Geometry chart") of inputted values is displayed in the left part of the fram e.
The values can be edited either in the frame by inserting values into input fields, or on the
desktop with the help of active dimensions.
Foundation type and its thickness are specified in the "Foundation"frame.
The program automatically computes the self weight of both foundation and overburden
above the foundation. The foundation self weight is spec ified in the "Material" frame.
Providing the analysis is carried out employing the theory of limit states the footing self
weight is multiplied by coefficients specified in the " Settings" frame.
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Frame "Geometry"
The "Dimensions design" button opens the "Foundation dimensions design" that serves
with the help of program to c ompute dimensions of a foundation. The dialogue window allows
for inputting the bearing capacity of foundation soil Rd or to selec t the option "Analyze". In
such a case the program determines all dimensions of a foundation based on inputted
parameters (soils, profile, water impact, send-gravel-cushion, setting, etc .).
While leaving the dialogue window by pressing the " OK" button the spec ified dimensions are
loaded into the "Geometry" frame.
Sand-gravel cushion
The "Sand-gravel cushion" frame allows for inputting parameters of the sand-gravel
cushion below foundation. The cushion thickness and overhang over foundation edge are
required. The values can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values into input fields, or
on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
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The cushion filling can be selected from a combo list that c ontains soils specified in the
regime "Soils".
The inputted sand-gravel cushion influences the analysis of both the foundation load bearing
capacity and settlement.
Material
The "Material" frame allows for the selection of material parameters for concrete and
longitudinal and transverse steel reinforc ements.
Two options are available when selecting the material type:
the "Catalogue" button opens the "Material catalogue" dialogue window (for
concrete or steel reinforcements), the list of materials then serves to select the
desired material
the "User" button opens the "Edit material – concrete" dialogue window (for
concrete) or the "Edit material – concrete steel" dialogue window (for
longitudinal and transverse steel reinforc ements), which allows for m anual
specification of material parameters
The catalogues content depends on the selection of standard for the design of concrete
structures set in the "Project" frame.
The input field in the upper part of the frame serves to specify the wall bulk weight.
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Frame"Material"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surc harges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The values are
specified according to "Geometry" chart displayed in the right part of the dialogue window.
The inputted surchages can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
The z-coordinate measured from the foundation joint of a struc ture is specified (positive
direction downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a depth different from the depth of
foundation joint.
The surcharge is considered only when computing settlement and rotation of a foundation,
in which case it increases the stress in soil below foundation. When computing the
foundation bearing capacity, the surcharge is not considered – its presence would increase
the bearing capacity.
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Frame "Surcharge"
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Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings to assess the footings. The program offers
pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "Standard
setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in the list.
While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting".
Selecting the option "Safety factor" allows the user to specify in input fields own values of
the factor of safety for vertical and horizontal bearing capacity.
Selecting the option "Limit sates" allows for specifying individual values of the coefficients of
reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values of coefficients according to EC7)
and coefficients for computing the self weight of both foundation and overburden.
The frame further serves for inputting the design coeffic ients to determine the vertical
bearing capacity and the horizontal bearing capacity of a foundation, respectively.
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original ground
finished grade
not specified
Distributions of the geostatic stress and the stress increment below foundation are
displayed in the left part of the desktop. The label below footing represents the depth of
deformation zone. The stress is drawn below footing at the point with a characteristic
deformation.
The frame also allows for specifying the coefficient of reduction of computation of settlement.
The detailed listing of the verification analysis results is displayed in the right part of the
desktop. It can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
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Dimensioning
The "Dimensioning" frame allows for designing and verifying the longitudinal reinforc ement
of a foundation and also for verifying the foundation against being pushed through. The
verification can be performed either for individual loads or the program finds the most
critical one (can be selected from a combo list).
The program derives the stress in the construc tion joint (the stress diagram is inputted in the
frame "Project") and determines the internal forces in individual cross-sections.
Dimensioning of the steel-reinfoced concrete structure is performed according to the standard
set in the frame "Project".
The resulting information are displayed on the desktop and are updated with an arbitrary
change in data or setting specified in the frame. The "In detail" button opens the dialogue
window that contains detailed listing of the dimensioning results.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
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Frame "Dimensioning"
Program Pile
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run.
The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic data about the
analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project " tab sheet further serves to specify a standard for concrete structures
dimensioning. Referring to the selected standard the types of concrete and steel are then
inputted in the " Material " and the dimensioning is verified in the "Horizontal bearing capacity "
frame.
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Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Earth Pressure". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters: "Uplift pressure", "Oedometric modulus" and "Modulus of
subsoil reaction". The specified soil parameters depend on the set up of modulus of subsoil
rection and selected theory of analysis specified in the fram e "Project", tab sheet "Analysis".
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Rám "Zeminy"
Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Frame "Assign"
Load
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The "Load" frame contains a table with a list inputted loads. Adding (editing) load is
performed in the "New (edit) load" dialogue window. The forces are inputted following the
sign convention displayed in the upper part of the dialogue window.
The program also allows for import of loading using the "Import" button.
Frame "Load"
Geometry
The "Geometry" frame allows for specifying the pile cross-section (circular, circular
variable, rectangle, I-type cross-section) based on the theory of analysis (specified in the "
Project" frame, tab sheet "Analyses"). The selected shape with graphic hint is displayed in
the central section of the frame. Input fields serve to specify dimensions of the selected
cross-section.
Cross-sectional characteristics (area and moment of inertia) are computed by default, but
they can also be specified (tubes, hollow cross-sections, steel I-profiles).
The bottom part of the frame serves to specify the pile location (pile lift out and the depth of
finished grade). The pile lift out can also be negative – in such a case the pile is placed
"in-ground".
Providing the pile is analyzed using the finite element method it is possible to account for
influence of pile technology by selecting the specific type of pile or directly by inputting
coefficients.
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Frame "Geometry"
Material
The "Material" frame allows for specifying the material parameters. The bulk weight of a
structure and material of a pile (concrete, timber, steel) are introduced in the input field
in the right part of the frame.
The elastic and shear moduli need to be specified when assum ing timber or steel piles.
In case of a concrete pile the concrete material and parameters of transverse and
longitudinal steel reinforcements are required. Two options are available when selec ting the
type of material:
the "Catalogue" button opens the "Material catalogue" dialogue window (for
concrete or steel reinforcements), the list of materials then serves to select the
desired material
the "User" button opens the "Edit material – concrete" dialogue window (for
concrete) or the "Edit material – concrete steel" dialogue window (for
longitudinal and transverse steel reinforc ements), which allows for m anual
specification of material parameters
The catalogues content depends on the selection of standard for the design of concrete
structures set in the "Project" frame.
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Frame "Material"
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Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for footings verification. The program offers
pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "Standard
setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in the list.
While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting".
Selecting the option "Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7).
The setting in the frame becomes available only if the type of analysis FEM is selected in the
frame "Project" – tab sheet "Analysis".
Frame "Setting"
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window.
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Program Settlement
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The frame "Analyses" serves to select the theoretical approach for the settlement analysis
and the way of reducing the influence zone.
Interface
The "Interface" frame serves to introduce individual soil interfaces into the soil body.
Detailed description how to deal with interfaces id described herein.
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Frame "Interface"
Embankment
The "Embankment" frame allows for inputting interfaces to create an embankment above
the current terrain. The frame contains a table with a list of interfaces forming the
embankment. A table listing the points of c urrently selected interface of the em bankment is
displayed in the mid section of the fram e. Inputting an embankment interface follows the
same steps as used for standard interfaces.
An embankment cannot be spec ified in the first stage of construction. An embankment cannot
be built if there is an earth cut already specified in a given stage - in such a case either a new
stage of construction must be introduced for embankment input or the existing open c ut must
be first removed.
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Frame "Embankment"
Earth cut
The "Earth cut" frame serves to specify the shape of an open cut. This function allows for
modifying the terrain profile within a given stage of construction. Several earth cuts can be
introduced at the same time. In such a case some of the lines in the c ut appear partially
above the terrain.
A table listing individual interface points is displayed in the left part of the fram e. Inputting
an earth cut interface follows the same steps as used for standard interfaces.
An open cut cannot be specified in the first stage of construction. An earth cut cannot be built
if there is an embankment already specified in a given stage - in such a case either a new
stage of construction must be introduced for earth c ut input or the existing embankment
must be first removed.
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Incompressible subsoil
The frame "Incompressible subsoil" serves to input a depth of incompressible subsoil.
Inputting the depth of inc ompressible subsoil is the same as when inputting standard
interfaces.
Inputting an incompressible subsoil is one the options how to restric t an influence zone – if
inputted, then both ranges and tilted sections are drawn up to a depth of incom pressible
subsoil. No ground deformation appears below the inc ompressible subsoil.
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Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Settlement". These characteristics are
further specified in chapters:"Uplift pressure" and "Settlement analysis" - the input
parameters of soils are determined based on the selec ted theory of analysis in the fram e "
Project" tab sheet "Analyses".
Frame "Soils"
Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
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Frame "Assign"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surc harges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
All inputted parameters of a surc harge can be modified in the construction stage where the
surcharge was specified. Only the surcharge magnitude can be modified in all subsequent
construction stages (option "Adjust surcharge").
Influence of surcharge on the change of stress in the soil body is described in the theoretic al
part of the help section.
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Frame "Surcharge"
Water
The "Water" frame serves to set the type of ground water table.
Inputting the ground water table or isolines, respectively, is identical with the standard input
of interfaces.
If the inputted data in individual stages are different, the program then allows for ac c epting
the data from the previous stage of construction by pressing the " Accept" button.
Frame "Water"
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Setting
The frame "Setting" allows for specifying the position of control holes and thicknesses and
locations of layers where the stress values are calculated.
The program determines stresses at individual control holes. The terrain is always
subdivided into twenty holes with even spac ing. Additional holes are automatically generated
in points specifying terrain, embankment, GWT, soil layer interfac es and end points of
surcharge. The control (calculation) holes can be plotted in the fram e "Analysis".
Individual holes are divided into layers according to the inputted values. The first layer
always coincides with the original ground. In addition, all points specifying interfaces, GWT
and incompressible subsoil are included. The default setting of thic knesses of layers ensures
reasonable speed and accuracy of the analysis.
The layers are introduced up to depth of 250m. In actual analyses, however, the depth of
influence zone is restricted either by the inputted incompressible subsoil or by the reduction
of magnitude of stress change or by the structural strength, respectively (depending on the
setting in the frame "Project").
The number and location of calculation holes can be adjusted when selecting the option " user
defined". In such a case it is possible to select both the location of doles and thicknesses and
location of layers. The holes are then created according to the input – in addition, the
program automatically includes all important points. When selec ting the option exact
distribution, the holes are included into all terrain points, soil layer interfac es,
embankments, GWP and into end points of surc harge. When selecting the option minimal
distribution, the holes are not included into points of interfac es of soil and embankment
layers.
For standard analyses we recommend to keep the default setting of the analysis.
Frame "Setting"
Analysis
The "Analysis" frame displays the analysis results. The analysis is carried out based on
the calculation theory selected in the frame "Project", tab sheet "Analyses". The depth of
influence zone is determined either by inputted incompressible subsoil, by the theory
restriction of primary stress or by the theory of structural strength.
Information regarding the course of analysis, maximum settlement and the depth of influenc e
zone are printed out in the bottom section of the frame. The results, as the m ain output, are
displayed on the screen. To view the results, use the horizontal bar in the upper section of
the screen, which allows for adjusting the way the resulting values are plotted. The bar
contains the following control items:
- the button to display the "Settlement - results visualization setting " dialogue window.
This dialogue window allows for specifying all drawing param eters: parameters to display
depression line and influence zone, to set color range, to draw tilted sections, isosurfac es and
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isolines, etc.
- option to store individual views
- selecting values for visualization – either total values, or their change during the last
calculation stage or their change in comparison with previous stages can be plotted.
The setting is available only in problems where it makes sense. It is therefore possible to
display the change of stress, settlement or deformation in comparison with previous stages –
however, always the current depth of influence zone is plotted.
- selecting variables
SigmaZ,tot - overall vertical total stress [kPa,ksf]
SigmaZ,eff - overall vertical effective stress [kPa, ksf]
Pore pressure - stress due to water [kPa, ksf]
Settlement - settlement of a point [mm, feet]
Deformation - relative settlement of a layer [-]*1000
- plotting option (do not plot, isosurfaces, isolines)
The color range is visible on the right part of the desktop. The buttons for setting the color
range are located below.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Analysis"
Program Abutment
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
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The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Project" tab sheet further serves to specify a standard for concrete structures
dimensioning. Referring to the selected standard the types of concrete and steel are then
inputted in the"Material" frame. The dimensioning of cross-sections of the analyzed struc ture
is then performed in the "Dimensioning" frame. Only ACI standard is available when selec ting
imperial units. While selecting standard it is also necessary to specify whether the stress in
the foundation joint used for verification of a wall front key is assum ed uniform (CSN) or
trapezoidal (Eurocode).
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
Geometry cut
The frame "Geom. cut" allows for selecting the shape of bridge abutment. The selected
shape with a graphic hint "Wall geometry chart" appears in the left part of the frame. The
shape of a wall can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values into input fields, or on
the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
In case the structure is composed of inclined segments it is required to enter the ratio of
sides of an inclined segment 1:x. The straight structure is specified by entering the value
zero.
The frame serves to specify the final shape of abutment including the closure wall. The
abutment can be verified also for the construction state (without the closure wall) based on
the choice in the frame "Loading - LC ". The abutment length and the length of abutment
foundation is specified in the frame "Geometry plane view ".
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Wings
The frame "Wings" allows for inputting the bridge wings dimensions. The wings can be either
symmetrical or unsymmetrical. Assuming unsymmetrical wings requires inputting the right
and left wing dimensions separately. The sc reen always displays the c urrently inputted wing –
only the left wing is then visualized in the rem aining frames.
The frame "Geometry plane view " can also be used to input or edit the wing thic knesses and
lengths.
The Wing-abutment joint cross-section can also be verified in the fram e "Dimensioning". The
loading due to moment is considered. The whole wing is loaded by active pressure
developed behind the wall. The "Dimensioning" dialogue window serves to input the
magnitude of surface surcharge to determine the wing pressure. The surcharge specified in
the frame "Surcharge" is then not taken into acc ount and the terrain behind the wing is
c onsidered as flat. The resulting moment applied to the joint is obtained by m ultiplying the
overall magnitude of soil pressure acting on the wall surfac e and by the differenc e of
centroids of the pressure resultant and the joint.
The length of cross-section used for dimensioning is considered by default as the wing height
– a different length of wing-abutment joint can also be specified after selec ting the option "
Reduce for dimensioning".
When using prolonged wing walls it is possible to input dimensions of the foundation below
the wall. Such foundation jumps are reflected in the analysis by computing a fictitious width
of the foundation as:
At o t
d f i c t
S
where: Atot - overall area of foundation inc luding all jumps
The foundation is then considered as being rectangular, which is simplified but rather
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conservative assumption.
Frame "Wings"
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Foundation steps
The frame "Foundation steps" serves to input the steps of foundation below abutment. This
option thus allows for spec ifying additional shapes of bridge abutment.
Adding (editing) foundation step is performed in the "New step" dialogue window. Inputted
foundation steps can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active
objects, respectively.
Material
The "Material" frame allows for the selection of material parameters for concrete and
longitudinal steel reinforcements.
Two options are available when selecting the material type:
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Frame "Material"
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Cantilever wall". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters: "Basic data", "Earth pressure at rest" and "Uplift pressure".
Frame "Soils"
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Loading - LC
The frame "Loading – LC" serves to specify individual loading cases (construction, service)
and the loading caused by the bridge and approac h slab. Verification and dimensioning
analyses of the whole bridge abutment or only its part are carried out according to the
specified type of LC.
No load specified in the case of construction state and the abutment is verified in a given
stage of construction without a closure wall and bridge wings.
In the case of service state the abutment is loaded by the bridge and approach slab, the
whole abutment is verified.
For abutment verification it appears advantageous to exploit the stage of construction and
specify in individual stages different load cases (e.g. construction state, service state without
live load, service state with all loads). Individual stages then allow inputting different loads,
surcharges, terrain shapes, type of pressure analysis (active, at rest), design coefficients, etc.
Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
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Frame "Assign"
Terrain
The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint, chapter "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
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Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The selected type
together with a graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the left
part of the frame. Water parameters (h1, h2...) can be edited either in the frame by inserting
values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The combo list serves to specify whether the influence of uplift pressure of water due to
different tables at the foundation joint is considered. The uplift pressure c an be assumed to
be linear, parabolic or it may not be considered at all. When verifying the wall, the uplift
pressure in base of footing joint due to different water tables is introduc ed in terms of a
special force.
The last option is a manual input of pore pressure both in front and behind the struc ture. Two
tab sheets "In front of structure" and "Behind structure" appear with tables. The table is
filled with values of pore pressure in front, or behind the structure at a depth of " z" (z-axis).
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surcharges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
chapter "Influence of surcharge".
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Frame "Surcharge"
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Inputted forces
The "Inputted forces" frame contains a table with a list of forces acting on a structure.
Adding (editing) forces is performed in the "New force (edit force)" dialogue window. The
inputted forces can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
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Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Analysis of earth pressures while accounting for earthquake is desc ribed in the theoretical
part of the hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
Evaluating the structure according to theory of limit states also calls for the input of
coefficient of overall stability of a structure. When subjecting the wall to overall
verification this coefficient is used to multiply the resisting moment Mres and the resisting
shear force Hres.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the option
"Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7-1).
The "Other" tab sheet serves to specify the type of pressure acting on a wall based on the
allowable wall deformation. Providing the wall is free to move an active pressure is assumed,
otherwise, a pressure at rest is used.
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Frame "Setting"
Verification
The "Verification" frame shows the analysis results. Several computation with different
coefficients of resultant force effects can be carried out for a single task.
The wall is loaded either by active pressure or pressure at rest depending on input in the
frame "Setting".
Procedure for wall verification is described in the theoretical part of the hint.
The computed forced are displayed on the desktop and are automatically updated with every
change of input data and setting. The right part of the fram e shows the result of verific ation
of a wall against overturning and translation. The "In detail" button opens the dialogue
window, which contains detailed listing of the results of verific ation analysis.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Verification"
Bearing capacity
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The "Bearing capacity" frame displays the results from the analysis of foundation soil
bearing capacity. The stress in the footing bottom (assumed constant) is derived from all
verifications performed in the frame "Verification". The program "Spread footing" then
considers all verifications as loading cases.
Three basic analysis options are available in the fram e:
Input the foundation soil The input field serves to specify the foundation soil
bearing capacity bearing capacity. The results of verific ation analysis
of a soil for eccentricity and bearing capacity are
displayed in the right part of the frame. The "In
detail" button opens the dialogue window that
displays detailed listing of the results of verific ation
analysis of foundation soil bearing capacity.
Compute the foundation Pressing the "Run "Spread footing" button starts
soil bearing capacity the program "Spread footing" that allows for
using the program computing the soil bearing capacity or settlement and
"Spread footing" rotation of a footing. Pressing the "OK" button leaves
the analysis regime – the results and all plots are
copied to the program "Abutment". The program "
Spread footing" must be installed for the button to
be active.
Do not compute (pile The foundation soil bearing capacity is not c omputed.
footing)
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Dimensioning
The "Dimensioning" frame serves to design and verify the reinforcement of abutment
cross-section – the cross-section subjected to dim ensioning is selected in the combo list. The
table shows the abutment forces.
Offer of cross-sections that can be verified depands on the selected load case (construction,
service). The following cross-sections are available for both the construction and servic e
state:
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Verification of closure
wall
Verification wing - the surface surcharge due to terrain is inputted, for
abutment actual analysis we refer to section "Wings"
The abutment is loaded either by active pressure or pressure at rest depending on the input
specified in the frame "Settting", an active earth pressure is used when analysing wing walls.
Procedure to derive distribution of internal forces in individual cross-sections is described in
the theoretical part of this hint.
Dimensioning of the steel-reinforced concrete structure is performed according to the
standard set in the frame "Project". Verification analysis based on the standard CSN 73 6206
"Design of concrete and steel reinforced concrete bridge structures " is described
herein.
Several computations for various cross-sections can be carried out. Various design
coefficients of individual forces can also be specified. The resulting forc es are displayed on the
desktop and are updated with an arbitrary change in data or setting spec ified in the frame.
The "In detail" button opens the dialogue window that contains detailed listing of the
dimensioning results.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Dimensioning"
Stability
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Pressing the "Stability" button launches the "Slope stability" program. This program then
allows us to check the overall stability of the analyzed structure. The button is available only
if the program "Slope stability" is installed.
After completing all analyses press the "OK" button to leave the program – all data are then
carried over to the analysis protocol of the " Abutment" program.
Frame "Stability"
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run. The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic
data about the analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc .
The "Project" tab sheet also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
The "Project" tab sheet further serves to specify a standard for concrete structures
dimensioning. Referring to the selected standard the types of concrete and steel are then
inputted in the "Material" frame. The dimensioning of cross-sections of the analyzed struc ture
is then performed in the "Dimensioning" frame. Only ACI standard is available when selec ting
imperial units.
The "Earth pressures" tab sheet serves to choose the basic theory or standards to be followed
in the solution of a given problem.
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Geometry
The frame "Geometry" contains a table with a list of inputted points of the structure front
face. Adding (editing) points is performed in the "Add (edit) point" dialogue window.
The inputted points can also be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects –
double-clicking an already inputted point then opens a dialogue window for its editing.
Frame "Geometry"
Types of nails
The frame "Types of nails " serves to specify a nail type in a specific table. The strength
parameters of nails can be either inputted by the user or directly determined by the program
depending on the inputted data.
The table lists the following input data, either inputted or c omputed – tensile strength, pull
- out resistance, nail head strength per 1m (1ft).
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Geometry of nails
The frame "Geometry of nails" contains a table with a list of inputted nails. Adding (editing)
nails is performed in the "New nail (Edit nail)" dialogue window. The inputted nails can also
be edited on the desktop with the help of active objects.
The user is required to specify the nail depth, depth of a bench from a given nail (the next
nail must be introduced as deep as to be located below the benc h of the upper nail), nail
length, its diameter and distance.
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Material
The "Material" frame allows for the selection of material parameters for concrete and
longitudinal steel reinforcements.
Two options are available when selecting the material type:
Frame "Material"
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions.
Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue window. The
z-coordinate measured from the top point of a struc ture is specified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
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Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
The soil characteristics are specified in the program "Nailed slopes". These characteristics
are further specified in chapters: "Basic data", "Earth pressure at rest" and "Uplift pressure".
Frame "Soils"
Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
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graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Frame "Assign"
Terrain
The "Terrain" frame allows, by pressing the button, for specifying the terrain shape. The
selected shape with graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the
left part of the frame. The terrain shape can be edited either in the fram e by inserting values
into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The last option to choose from is a general shape of a terrain. In this case the frame contains
a table with a list of terrain points. The first point with coordinates [0, 0] coinc ides with the
top point of a structure.
Analysis of earth pressures in case of inclined terrain is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint, chapter "Distribution of earth pressures for broken terrain ".
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Frame "Terrain"
Water
The "Water" allows, by pressing the button, for selecting the type of water. The selected type
together with a graphic hint ("Parameter chart") of inputted values is displayed in the left
part of the frame. Water parameters (h1, h2...) can be edited either in the frame by inserting
values into input fields, or on the desktop with the help of active dimensions.
The combo list serves to specify whether the influence of uplift pressure of water due to
different tables at the foundation joint is considered. The uplift pressure c an be assumed to
be linear, parabolic or it may not be considered at all. When verifying the wall, the uplift
pressure in base of footing joint due to different water tables is introduc ed in terms of a
special force.
The last option is a manual input of pore pressure both in front and behind the struc ture. Two
tab sheets "In front of structure" and "Behind structure" appear with tables. The table is
filled with values of pore pressure in front, or behind the structure at a depth of "z" (z-axis).
The ground water table can also be specified above the structure or earth profile,
respectively – in such a case the depth of water is inputted with negative value.
Analysis of earth pressures with influence of water is described in the theoretic al part of the
hint chapter "Influence of water".
The program further allows for specifying a depth of tensile cracks filled with water.
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Frame "Water"
Surcharge
The "Surcharge" frame contains a table with a list of inputted surcharges. Adding (editing)
surcharge is performed in the "New (edit) surcharge" dialogue window. The inputted
surchages can be edited on the desktop with the help of active dimensions or active objects,
respectively.
The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified (positive direction
downwards) when inputting the surcharge at a certain depth. Providing the surcharge is
found off the terrain the c omputer prompts an error message.
Analysis of earth pressures due to surcharges is described in the theoretic al part of the hint,
chapter "Influence of surcharge".
Frame "Surcharge"
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Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Analysis of earth pressures while accounting for earthquake is desc ribed in the theoretical
part of the hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
The "Setting" frame contains basic settings for the analysis of earth pressures. The program
offers pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "
Standard setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in
the list. While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting". Selecting the option
"Reduce soil parameters" allows for specifying in input fields individual values of the
coefficients of reduction of soil parameters (e.g., recommended values according to EC7-1).
The tab sheet "Other" is used to specify a procedure for the verification of internal stability of
a structure. When using factors of safety it is possible to input different factors of safety for
the plane and broken slip surfaces, respectively.
V The tab sheet "Other" further serves to introduce a coefficient of reduction of active
pressure acting on a structure, which influences the calculation of nails bearing capacity. By
default the value of 0,85 is recommended.
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Frame "Setting"
Internal stability
The frame allows for the verification of internal stability of a struc ture assuming either plane
or broken slip surface. The verification can be c arried out depending on "Setting" using
either factor of safety or the theory of limit states . Individual steps of the verification
procedure are described herein.
This frame also allows for the verification of nails bearing capacity. This analysis must be
checked in the frame "Setting" tab sheet "Other".
Verification
The "Verification" frame shows the analysis results. Several computation with different
coefficients of resultant force effects can be carried out for a single task.
To verify the external stability a fictitious structure (wall) is created and further subjected
to the verification analysis. A fictitious wall consists of the structure front face, a line
connecting end points of individual nails, a vertical line constructed from the end point of the
first nail up to the terrain depth and from the end point of the last nail up to the structure
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depth (thus the bottom edge of a fictitious structure is always horizontal). The wall points
that cause a concave curvature of the structure back face are automatically excluded by the
program. The structure is loaded by an active earth pressure.
Procedure for wall verification is described in the theoretical part of the hint.
The computed forced are displayed on the desktop and are automatically updated with every
change of input data and setting. The right part of the fram e shows the result of verific ation
of a wall against overturning and translation. The "In detail" button opens the dialogue
window, which contains detailed listing of the results of verific ation analysis.
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Frame "Verification"
Bearing capacity
The "Bearing capacity" frame displays the results from the analysis of foundation soil
bearing capacity. The stress in the footing bottom (assumed constant) is derived from all
verifications performed in the frame "Verification". The program "Spread footing" then
considers all verifications as loading cases.
Three basic analysis options are available in the fram e:
Input the foundation soil The input field serves to specify the foundation soil
bearing capacity bearing capacity. The results of verific ation analysis
of a soil for eccentricity and bearing capacity are
displayed in the right part of the frame. The "In
detail" button opens the dialogue window that
displays detailed listing of the results of verific ation
analysis of foundation soil bearing capacity.
Compute the foundation Pressing the "Run "Spread footing" button starts
soil bearing capacity the program "Spread footing" that allows for
using the program computing the soil bearing capacity or settlement and
"Spread footing" rotation of a footing. Pressing the "OK" button leaves
the analysis regime – the results and all plots are
copied to the program "Nailed slopes". The program
"Spread footing" must be installed for the button to
be active.
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Do not compute (pile The foundation soil bearing capacity is not c omputed.
footing)
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Dimensioning
The frame "Dimensioning" allows for the design and verification of the reinforcement of the
structure concrete cover. The upper part of the frame serves to choose whether the vertical
or horizontal reinforcement and its location will be verified. The program then determines
internal forces developed on the selected section.
The table in the bottom part of the frame serves to specify locations for the verification of the
designed reinforcement depending on the inputted standard for dimensioning of
steel-reinforced concrete structures (the standard is specified in the frame "Project"). A cross-
section is loaded by the bending moment in a given point. An amount of the tensile
reinforcement in the cross-section is inputted. If the moment is negative, the designed
reinforcement is placed at the structure front face and if it is negative, then at the structure
back face.
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Frame "Dimensioning"
External stability
Pressing the "External stability" button launches the "Slope stability" program. This
program then allows us to check the overall stability of the analyzed struc ture. The button is
available only if the program "Slope stability" is installed.
After completing all analyses press the "OK" button to leave the program – all data are then
carried over to the analysis protocol of the " Nailed slopes" program.
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Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run.
The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic data about the
analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc . The "Project" tab sheet
also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
Buildings
The frame "Buildings " serves to input objects above excavation. An arbitrary number of
buildings can be specified both on a ground surface and at a given depth.
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Frame "Buildings"
Profile
The "Profile" frame contains a table with a list of inputted interfaces. After specifying
interfaces it is possible to edit thicknesses of individual layers with the help of active
dimensions. Adding (editing) layer is performed in the "Add (edit) interface" dialogue
window. The z-coordinate measured from the top point of a structure is spec ified.
The program allows for raising or lowering the top point of a struc ture in the "Change
terrain elevation" dialogue window so that the whole interface c an be translated while
keeping the thicknesses of individual layers. This func tion is important when c opying the
profile from program "Terrain".
Inputting data in the frame is allowed providing the classical theory of analysis is selected
in the frame "Projekt".
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Frame "Profile"
Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e. Adding
(editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window.
Inputting data in the frame is allowed providing the classical theory of analysis is selected
in the frame "Projekt".
Possible values of the angle of internal friction and cohesion are available in chapter " Rocks
parameters".
Frame "Soils"
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Assign
The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
Inputting data in the frame is allowed providing the classical theory of analysis is selected
in the frame " Projekt".
Frame "Assign"
Geometry
The frame "Geometry" contains a table with a list of inputted excavations. The " New
excavation (Edit excavation)" dialogue window serves to add (edit) excavations. The
inputted excavations can also be modified on the desktop with help of active objects.
Parameters of excavation differ depending on the analysis m ethod selected in the fram e "
Project". Each excavation can be specified either by the radius or the area of excavation.
Providing a sequential excavation is being inputted it is useful to specify the excavation area
and place a fictitious center of excavation to a center of gravity of this area.
Additional input parameters are explained in more details when desc ribing individual analysis
methods (Volume loss, Classical theories).
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Frame "Geometry"
Measurement
The frame "Measurement" contains a table with a list inputted measurements. The "New
measurement (Edit measurement)" dialogue window serves to add (edit) measurements.
The inputted measurements can also be modified on the desktop with help of active objects.
Inputted measurements do not influence the actual analysis – their introduction into the
program has resulted purely from designers needs. After exc avating the first part of a
sequential tunnel it is useful to input the values measured in the construction site into the
program and subsequently to add the excavation input parameters such that the calculated
and measured values are the same. Practical experience shows that the values of input
parameters acquired from this procedure (e.g. coefficient of volume loss) are valid also for
subsequent stages.
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Frame "Measurement"
Settings
The frame "Settings" allows for introduction of boundaries of tensile and gradient dam age.
These values serve to verify the building dam age in the frame "Damages". The program
offers a default pre-setting (default setting for masonry buildings) and a user-defined
setting – here it is possible to define arbitrary c riteria recommended by standards or gained
from practical experience for arbitrary types of buildings.
The boundary values must be defined either in a desc ending or ascending order, respectively.
Providing we wish to define fewer regions than spec ified in the program it is possible to
characterize certain boundaries by the same value.
Frame "Settings"
Analysis
The frame "Analysis" provides the results from the analysis of subsidence trough. More than
one analysis at different depths below the terrain surface can be performed for a single task.
The computed values are displayed on a desktop and are continuously updated whenever a
certain change in the inputted data or setting in the frame is introduced.
For a quick switch between different styles of graphical presentation of results ( subsidence
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trough, distribution of values) the user may use the buttons in sec tion "Visualization".
Visualization of results can be adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window.
Damages
The frame "Failures" provides the results of failure analysis of buildings. The program offers
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Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data and to specify the overall setting
of the analysis run.
The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic data about the
analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc . The "Project" tab sheet
also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
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Content of the vertical tool bar depends on the selected type of analysis.
Terrain
The frame "Terrain" contains a table with a list of defined sections of a rock slope.
The coordinates of the origin – the first point of terrain followed by defined sec tions – are
entered in the upper part of the frame. In the program the slope is always oriented from the
left to the right.
Adding (editing) section is performed in the "New section (Edit section)" dialogue window.
These sections can also be edited on desktop with the help of active objects.
Each section can be defined by its dip, by the overall length of section, by the horizontal
length and height of section of a rock slope. Only two selected values are used while the
others are determined by the program automatically (if more than two entry fields are
checked than the input and computation are not carried out). Both vertic al and horizontal
sections as well as overhangs can be represented.
In case of a proper input the program automatically plots the defined section on desktop
using dashed line, so that before accepting the defined sec tion by pressing the "Add" button
it is possible to check, whether the section is correctly defined.
Frame "Terrain"
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Rock
The frame "Rock" allows for entering the material parameters of a roc k slope (depending on
the type of shear strength) including the bulk weight of a rock. Three types of shear strengths
on a slip surface are available in the program :
- Mohr - Coulomb
- Barton - Bandis
- Hoek - Brown
Material parameters of rock are then entered based on the selected m ethod.
Frame "Rock"
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Earthquake
The "Earthquake" frame serves to input earthquake parameters. Directions of inputted
earthquake effects are displayed on the desktop.
Rock slope analysis while accounting for earthquake is described in the theoretical part of the
hint in chapter "Influence earthquake".
Frame "Earthquake"
Setting
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The "Settings" frame contains basic settings to assess the slope stability. The program offers
pre-setting for different countries (Czec h Republic, Germany, France,...) and "Standard
setting" recommended by the authors of the program for countries no included in the list.
While changing settings in the combo list the values of coeffic ients of reduction of soil
parameters in corresponding windows are changed.
An arbitrary analysis setting is available with the option "User setting".
Selecting the option "Safety factor" allows the user to specify in input field own value of the
factor of safety.
Selecting the option "Limit states" allows for specifying individual values of the coefficients of
reduction of soil parameters and coefficient of overall stability.
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Geometry
The frame "Geometry" allows for entering the shape of a rock slope (earth wedge).
Geometry of earth wedge is defined by directions and gradients of fall lines of fac es forming
the wedge. Geometry of earth wedge is displayed on desktop using a stereographic projection
.
The "3D view" button opens the dialogue window for viewing an earth wedge in spac e.
Frame "Geometry" – input using directions and gradients of fall lines of fac es
3D View
3D view allows for graphical check of defined values. The picture can be rotated,
translated, zoomed in and out and highlighted in a standard way. A direc t print out of the
picture is not in this version allowed.
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Surcharge forces are introduced into the stability analysis of earth wedge using resolution of
forces.
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Program Terrain
Project
The "Project" frame is used to input the basic project data.
The "Project" tab sheet contains an input form to introduce the basic data about the
analyzed task, i.e. project information, project description, date, etc . The "Project" tab sheet
also allows the user to switch analysis units ( metric / imperial).
In this input regime the assumed setting c an be modified only in the first construction stage.
Frame "Project"
Basic data
The frame "Basic data" serves to input basic parameters of the task.
The frame contains a table with a list of specified layers. Layers can be added, inserted or
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removed using the buttons on the right from the table. The first layer c an be neither
removed, nor can another layer be inserted in front of it.
The frame section "Basic setting" serves to define world dimensions of the task. When
increasing or decreasing these dimensions the program prompts possible consequences of
this action.
The section "Inputting grid" serves to define an origin and step of the grid in the X and Y
directions. The dialogue window, which allows for setting these param eters, is desc ribed in
the hint section "User-defined environment", chapter "Input".
Crossing the item "Input in the global coordinate system" opens the way for introducing
the data in the global coordinate system (JTSK, Gauss-Krüeger).
In this input regime the assumed setting c an be modified only in the first construction stage.
Visualization of drawing on the desktop can be m odified in any input regime based on the
setting adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window and with the help of
buttons on tool bars "3D visualization", "Scale and shift" and "Plot setting".
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Soils
The "Soils" frame contains a table with a list of inputted soils. The table also provides
information about currently selected soil displayed in the right part of the fram e.
Adding (editing) a soil is performed in the "Add (edit) soil" dialogue window. The program
Terrain calls only for specification of the coefficient of bulkage to com pute yardage of
excavation pits or embankments. The remaining data are used only for possible export into
other GEO programs and have no effec t on actual calc ulations performed in program Terrain.
Frame "Soils"
Assign
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The "Assign" frame contains a list of layers of profile and associated soils. The list of soils is
graphically represented using buttons in the bar above the table, or is acc essible from a
combo list for each layer of the profile.
Procedure to assign soil into a layer is described in details herein.
In subsequent stages of construction the program automatically adds a new layer, to whic h a
soil adjacent to terrain is automatically assigned. In many cases (exc avation pits) this layer
may have no volume – its introduction is necessary providing the new terrain is found above
the terrain of the previous stage. The soil is always assigned, since it is not possible to a
priory estimate, whether some part of the terrain in the new stage will be loc ated above the
original one.
Frame "Assign"
Points
The frame "Points" serves to define the coordinates of terrain points. There are two options
available to define coordinates of individual points:
With the help of table : points are defined in the table. Pressing the " Add" button opens the
"New point " dialogue window; coordinates of points are then specified and by pressing the "
Add" button added to the table. An arbitrary number of points can be defined in this way.
The "Cancel" button is used at last to close the window. These points can be further m odified
(in the dialogue window) using the " Edit" button or removed with the help of " Remove"
button (more points can be marked in the table to remove them all at once – before
removing, the selected points are displayed on the desktop in red). Each change is
immediately reflected on the desktop.
With the help of mouse: this inputting mode is turned on by pressing a respective button
on the horizontal bar. The following options are available:
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Add to input a point, click the left mouse button on the desktop (the
mouse cursor changes – see picture) – the program then opens
the "New point" dialogue window, which allows for modifying the
point coordinates, or to input its Z-coordinate – after pressing the
"OK" button the program adds this point into the table. Providing
the point cannot be added (e.g. duplicity of coordinates) the
program prompts a warning message
grid functions can also be used when specifying a point
Edit clicking an already existing point (see active objects) using the
left mouse button opens the "Edit point" dialogue window, which
allows for editing the point coordinates - in the dialogue window
the following buttons ("OK+ " a "OK+ ") can be used
Remove clicking the point using the left mouse button opens a dialogue
window, which requests to confirm deletion of the selec ted point
Select actives the regime of graphical selection of points (type of
selection is set in the tool bar "Selections")
The selected points can also be imported from files in formats TXT, Atlas DNT, respectively
DXF.
When defining points the program in some cases automatically calculates their Z-coordinates.
Only one point can be assigned to a single coordinate X, Y.
Visualization of drawing on the desktop can be m odified in any input regime based on the
setting adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window and with the help of
buttons on tool bars "3D visualization", "Scale and shift", "Selections" and "Plot setting".
Frame "Points"
Import of points
The program allows for data import in formats DXF, ATLAS DMT and TXT. When importing, all
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old data are deleted and replaced by the new ones. The world dimensions are automatically
determined according to minimal and maximal values of coordinates x and y – it is therefore
desirable to subsequently adjust the world dimensions in the frame " Basic data".
The program allows for importing TXT data from respective files . Each point is written on a
separate line of the file, coordinates are separated by comma. If the file contains for each
point first its name, it is necessary to check the item "Labeling of pints". In the dialogue
window is then necessary to specify the order of coordinates. If the data have an opposite
sign convention, it possible to multiply the corresponding line by the value -1. The data
import is performed after pressing the " Import " button.
if no terrain is generated, the height is not calculated and the respec tive field
remains empty (blank)
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Dialogue window – add new bore hole and calculate the Z-coordinate, thickness of GWT and
layer thicknesses
Edges
The frame " Edges" serves to input edges connecting the terrain points. Two options are
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Frame "Edges"
Water
The frame "Water" serves to specify the ground water table (GWT). A c ombo list "Type of
water" contains the following items:
No water – no water specified
Water specified by points – the GWT points are defined in the table in the same way as
when defining terrain points. This approach is particularly suitable if having a horizontal
water table – then it is sufficient to define only one point of a given coordinate Z and the
program automatically generates a horizontal line representing the GWT.
Water specified in bore holes – Ground water is defined within bore holes. A partic ular
depth of GWT measured from terrain surface is spec ified. This approach is suitable when bore
holes with measured depths of GWT are available.
Visualization of drawing on the desktop can be m odified in any input regime based on the
setting adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window and with the help of
buttons on tool bars "3D visualization", "Scale and shift" and "Plot setting".
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Frame "Water"
Bore holes
The frame "Bore holes" serves to define bore holes (both real and fictitious), which allow for
the modeling individual geological layers (depending on the setting in the fram e "Basic data
") or ground water tables (depending on the setting in the fram e "Water").
To input points that determine the location of individual bore holes proc eed in the similar way
as when defining terrain points. Apart from coordinates it is necessary to enter the bore-hole
name and thicknesses of layers. The generated geological profile c an be easily modified
exploiting the option of automatic calculation of height z from the thic knesses of individual
layers.
Bore holes can be defined only in the first stage of construction. The program automatically
assures that a lower layer always lies below an upper layer – "Crossing of layers" is not
acceptable – the dominant layer is always the upper layer.
Visualization of drawing on the desktop can be m odified in any input regime based on the
setting adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window and with the help of
buttons on tool bars "3D visualization", "Scale and shift" and "Plot setting".
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Earth grading
The frame "Earth grading " serves to define terrain earth grading. The earth grading cannot
be defined in the first stage of construction.
The earth grading should considerably simplify an input of excavation pits or embankments.
The essential part of earth grading is the shape of bottom , form which the slopes of
excavations or embankments are directed towards the original terrain. The original terrain
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points and edges, found in the region of earth grading, are during generation automatically
removed.
More than one earth grading can be defined within a single stage of constructions. They
must not, however, cross each other . If that happens, they need to be com bined into a
single earth grading. No part of earth grading can also exceed the world dimensions – in such
a case one should realize that faces of earth grading may exceed the world dimensions even
if the bottom is defined well inside.
The earth grading can be edited only in the stage, where it is defined. In to next stage of
construction, the earth grading is transferred in terms of terrain new points and edges.
With the help of table : earth grading is defined in the table. The "Add" button opens the "
New earth grading " dialogue window, which allows for specifying the name of earth grading
(by checking individual boxes it is possible to define a uniform depth of the bottom and a
uniform gradient of the slope). This dialogue window contains further a table to introduce
points, which define the ground plan (general polygon) of earth grading. To enter these
points, proceed in the similar way as when defining terrain points . Pressing the " Add" button
closes the dialogue window and the new earth grading is inserted into the table.
The earth grading can be further modified (in the dialogue window) using the " Edit" button or
removed with the help of " Remove" button (more than one earth grading can be marked in
the table to remove them all at once - before removing, the selected earth grading is
displayed on the desktop in red). Each change is immediately reflected on the desktop.
With the help of mouse: this inputting mode is turned on by pressing a respective button
on the horizontal bar. The following options are available:
Add earth To input an earth grading, click the left mouse button on the desktop
grading to successively define individual points of the polygon, whic h
determines a ground plan of an earth grading – the polygon must be
closed (the last clicked point serves as the first point of the polygon)
– after closing the polygon the program opens the "New earth
grading" dialogue window; to continue follow the same steps as
when an input using the table is assumed - providing the earth
grading cannot be defined, or it overlays an already existing one, the
program prompts a warning message
Edit earth c licking an already existing earth grading using the left m ouse
grading button (see active objects) opens the "Edit earth grading" dialogue
window, which allows for editing the respec tive grading (is possible
use buttons in the dialogue window "OK+ " a "OK+ ")
Remove earth clicking an earth grading using the left mouse button opens a
grading dialogue window, which requests to confirm deletion of the selected
earth grading
Visualization of drawing on the desktop can be m odified in any input regime based on the
setting adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window and with the help of
buttons on tool bars "3D visualization", "Scale and shift" and "Plot setting".
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Generate
The frame "Generate" serves to generate a model of the terrain.
Parameters to generate the model, which are valid for all subsequent stages, are spec ified
in the first stage of construction.
These are model smoothing (none, medium, maximal)
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Frame "Generate"
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Point constructions
The frame "Line constructions" serves to introduce line constructions into the terrain.
To input points that determine the location of individual point construc tions proceed in the
similar way as when defining terrain points (using either table or mouse). The "New point
construction" ("Edit point construction") dialogue window allows also for specifying the
name of the program to analyze the c orresponding construction. The frame "Launch" is then
used to run the calculation program and to transfer thic knesses of layers and assignment of
soils into the program.
Point constructions can be defined only if a correct m odel of the terrain is generated.
Visualization of drawing on the desktop can be m odified in any input regime based on the
setting adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window and with the help of
buttons on tool bars "3D visualization", "Scale and shift" and "Plot setting".
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Line constructions
The frame "Line constructions" serves to introduce line constructions into the terrain.
To input lines that determine the location of individual line constructions proceed in the
similar way as when defining terrain edges (using either table or mouse). The "New line
construction" ("Edit line construction") dialogue window allows for specifying the name
and type of a construction line:
"Longitudinal line construction" is defined by coordinates of the starting and end points
(the table is a part of the dialogue window). A combo list serves to select a particular
calculation program (Settlement, Slope stability, FEM…). To run the program , use the frame "
Launch". Terrain shape and interfaces are transferred in the same way as when assigning
soils to layers.
"Line with points" is defined by coordinates of a broken line and can be used to spec ify new
point construction. Point constructions are defined in the table " Point constructions on line
", which is a part of the "New line construction" dialogue window. The frame "Launch" is
then used to run the calculation program and to transfer thicknesses of layers and
assignment of soils into the program .
Line constructions can be defined only if a correct model of the terrain is generated.
Visualization of drawing on the desktop can be m odified in any input regime based on the
setting adjusted in the "Setting visualization style" dialogue window and with the help of
buttons on tool bars "3D visualization", "Scale and shift" "Plot setting".
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Launching
The frame "Launching" contains a table with a list of defined point or line constructions.
Based on the selection in the table and after pressing the " Launch" button the program
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associated with a particular task is launched (the c orresponding calculation module must be
purchased). The required data are transferred into the program . The program then allows for
performing the specific calculations and verific ations. If the program is not purchased, the
launching button is not accessible.
When all calculations are completed the program is exited by pressing the "OK" button – the
results and defined pictures are transferred back into a corresponding calculation protocol in
program "Terrain".
Frame "Launching"
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Outputs
The program contains three basic output options:
Adding picture
The program allows for storing the c urrent picture irrespectively of the program regime. To
that end, press the "Add picture" button on the vertical tool bar. The button opens the "New
picture" dialogue window and inserts the current view on the desktop view in the window.
The picture is always linked to a c ertain input regime or analysis. (The c urrent regime is
displayed next to the picture name). When printing document the picture is automatically
added to a specific regime in the tree.
The program allows for defining the picture either for a specific stage of construc tion (or for
the current analysis) or adjusting the setting such that the picture is added to the doc ument
in all stages of construction (or all analyses). The latter option is assum ed when selecting "all
" in the "Stages" combo list (or "Analysis" list).
Warning: All inputted pictures are automatically regenerated whenever modifying
data.
The picture view can be adjusted with the help of vertical tool bar in the left part of the
window (edit size and location). See "Tool bar - scale and shift" section for more details on
individual buttons. The last button on the bar allows for adjusting the picture page ratio. The
"Picture setting" frame in bottom part of the dialogue window further allows for adjusting
colors and style of line (object) drawing – see "Setting visualization style".
The "OK" button stores the picture into the "Picture list". It can be then opened and modified
at any time.
The picture can be also printed out from this window – pressing the "Print" button opens the
dialogue window for printing and exporting pictures. If the picture is active over all stages (or
all analyses), then all possible combinations of pictures are printed all at onc e (each picture
on a separate page).
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Picture list
Pictures stored with the help of the "New picture" dialogue window are ordered in the table in
"Picture list". The "Picture list" dialogue window is opened using the button on the vertical
tool bar. The table of list of pictures contains the picture nam e and description, the regime in
which it was created and stage of construction or the analysis num ber.
Individual pictures can be edited using the "Modify" button, which opens the "Picture
modification" dialogue window (this window corresponds to the "New picture" dialogue
window both in the way it looks and in the way it func tions).
These pictures can be printed out from the window by pressing the " Print" button that opens
the dialogue window for printing and exporting the picture. Providing the picture is active
over all stages of construction (over all analyses, respectively) then the program prints all
possible combinations of the picture (each picture on a separate page). Providing m ore
pictures are selected then all selected pictures are printed out.
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using the c ontrol menu (items "Files", "Print view") or the "
Files" button on the tool bar to print data from the desktop.
using the "New picture" dialogue window by pressing the "
Print" button
using the "Picture list" dialogue window by pressing the "
Print" button
The window may contain more than one picture at the same time (when printing more
construction stages or analyses) when printing more pictures from the list. Each pic tured is
printed on a separate page. The picture preview can be adjusted using buttons on the tool
bar or a mouse ball.
The dialogue window contains its own "Control menu" and "Tool bar" for finalizing the page
face (header and footer definition, page size and edges definition and definition page
numbering).
The button part of the dialogue window displays current information (defined page size,
current document page and the total number of pages).
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Save as opens the "Save as" dialogue window that allows for
saving the file in format *.PDF, or *.RTF
Send opens the dialogue window for mail client an adds the
picture as an attachement in format *.PDF
Open for edit opens text editor (associated in the Windows system
with *.RTF extenison) that allows for editing the page
manulally
Page properties opens the "Page properties" dialogue window that
allows for specifying the page style (size, edges,
layout)
Header and footer opens the "Header and footer" dialogue window that
allows for inputting the document headers and footers
Print opens the system window for "Print"
Close closes the dialogue window
Edit
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View
Full page modifies the page size such that the entire page in the
dialogue window is visible
Page width fits the page to a m aximum width of the doc ument
dialogue window
Page (this item appers in the menu only if the doc ument has more than one page)
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Objects can be introduced using the "Insert" button (the button opens a list of objects). The
button is active only if the cursor is found in one of the line that allows for inserting text
(object). Inserted objects are written in an internal format different from other text and
placed in curly brackets.
The program allows for defining various headers for the first page or odd and even pages,
respectively. Individual headers are in such a case defined in separate tab sheets.
The "use as default" option sets the inputted header and footer parameters as default for
the newly created data. The assum ed default setting is com mon for all GEO programs.
Different computer users may use different settings.
Writing format and the resulting view are evident from the following pictures.
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Page properties
The dialogue window allows for setting the page layout (paper form at, print orientation and
edges).
The "use as default " option sets the inputted page properties as default for the newly
created data. The assumed default setting is common for all GEO programs. Different
computer users may use different settings.
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Page numbering
This dialogue window allows the user to set page numbering. The combo list serves to define
the numbering style (Arabic digits, roman digits, with the help of sym bols). A constant text
can be placed both in front and behind the page num ber. The "Numbering from" option
allows for starting the page numbering from an arbitrary number. The "use as default"
option sets the inputted page numbering properties as default for the newly created data. The
assumed default setting is com mon for all GEO programs. Different c omputer users may use
different settings.
About company
The dialogue window is launc hed from the managing menu (items "Setting", "Company").
The "Basic data" tab sheet serves to specify the basic information about company. The
inputted data are used by the program when printing and exporting documents (pictures), in
the document header or footer.
The "Company logo" tab sheet allows the user to load the c ompany logo. The "Load" button
opens the dialogue window which allows for opening the picture in various form ats (*.JPG,
*.JPEG, *.JPE, *.BMP, *.ICO, *.EMF, *.WMF).
The "Employees" tab sheep allows for inputting the list of program users (employees). When
filling the name list it is no longer nec essary fill the author's name in the frame "Project".
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Theory
If the layer is found below the ground water table, the unit weight of soil below the water
table is specified with the help of inputted parameters of the soil as follows:
- for option "Standard" from expression:
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where: n - porosity
Vp - volume of voids
Unit weight of water is assumed in the program equal to 10 kN/m 3 or 0,00625 ksi.
Assuming inclined ground behind the structure () and layered subsoil the angle , when
c omputing the coefficient of earth pressure K, is reduced in the ith layer using the following
expression:
where: - unit weight of the soil in the first layer under ground
This expression in its generalized form describes so called concept of effective stress:
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In layered subsoil with different unit weight of soils in individual horizontal layers the vertic al
total stress is determined as a sum of weight of all layers above the investigated point and
the pore pressure:
- unit weight of soil in natural state for soils above the GWT and dry layers
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where:
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Earth pressure
Program system GEO5 considers the following earth pressures c ategories:
active earth pressure
passive earth pressure
earth pressure at rest
When computing earth pressures the program GEO5 allows for distinguishing between the
effective and total stress state and for establishing several ways of calculation of uplift
pressure. In addition it is possible to account for the following effects having on the earth
pressure magnitude:
influence of loading
influence of water pressure
influence of broken terrain
friction between soil and back of structure
wall adhesion
influence of earth wedge at cantilever jumps
influence of earthquake
The following sign convention is used in the program, text and presented expressions.
When specifying rocks it is also necessary to input both the cohesion of rock c and the angle
of internal friction of rock . These values can be otained either from the geological survey or
from the table of rec ommended values.
Sign convention
The following sign convention is used in the program, text and presented expressions.
inclination of the ground surface is positive, when the ground rises upwards from the
wall
inclination of the back of structure is possitive, when the toe of the wall (at the back
face) is placed in the direction of the soil body when m easured from the vertic al line
constructed from the upper point of the structure
friction between the soil and back of structure is positive, if the resultant of earth
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pressure (thus also earth pressure) and normal to the bac k of structure form an angle
measured in the clockwise direction
- slope inclination
- weight of soil
z - assumed depth
c - cohesion of soil
Assuming cohesionless soils (c = 0) and horizontal ground surface ( = 0) yields the Rankin
solution, for which the active earth pressure is provided by:
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for:
for:
- slope inclination
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- slope inclination
for:
for:
- slope inclination
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for:
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for:
for:
for:
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- slope inclination
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The program also allows for running the analysis in total stresses.
- slope inclination
- weight of soil
z - assumed depth
- coefficient of passive earth pressure due to Mazindrani
c - cohesion of soil
If there is no friction ( = 0) between the structure and cohesionless soils (c = 0), the ground
surface is horizontal ( = 0) and the resulting slip surafce is also plane with the slope:
,
the Mazindrani theory then reduces to the Rankin theory. The coefficient of passive earth
pressure is then provided by:
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z - assumed depth
- slope inclination
The vertical pv and horizontal ph components of passive earth pressure are given by:
The vertical pv and horizontal ph components of passive earth pressure are given by:
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37,1 61,8
40 12,0 15,40 19,40 24,10 29,80 53,20 55,10
0 0
77,3 908,2 153, 178,0
45 21,2 27,90 38,50 47,20 80,80 124,00
0 0 00 0
10 1,84 1,81 1,93
15 2,19 2,46 2,73 2,91
20 3,01 3,44 3,91 4,42 4,66
25 4,28 5,02 5,81 8,72 7,71 8,16
14,8
0 30 8,42 7,69 9,19 10,80 12,70 15,90
0
28,9
35 10,2 12,60 15,30 18,80 22,30 31,70 34,90
0
53,3 88,7
40 17,5 22,30 28,00 34,80 42,90 78,40 79,10
0 0
120, 153,0 240, 275,0
45 33,5 44,10 57,40 74,10 94,70 174,00
00 0 00 0
10 1,73 1,87 1,98
15 2,40 2,65 2,93 3,12
20 3,45 3,90 4,40 4,96 5,23
10 25 5,17 5,99 6,90 7,95 9,11 9,67
30 8,17 9,69 11,40 13,50 15,90 18,5 19,90
0
35 13,8 16,90 20,50 24,80 29,80 35,8 42,30 46,60
0
40 25,5 32,20 40,40 49,90 61,70 76,4 110,0 113,00 127
0 0 ,00
45 52,9 69,40 90,90 116,0 148,00 i88,0 239,0 303,00 375 431,00
0 0 0 ,00
10 1,78 1,89 I 2,01
15 2,58 2,821 3,11 3,30
20 3,90 4,38 4,92 5,53 5,83
20 25 6,18 7,12 8,17 9,39 10,70 11,4
0
30 10,4 12,30 14,40 16,90 20,00 23,2 25,00
0
35 18,7 22,80 27,60 33,30 40,00 48,0 56,80 62,50
0
40 37,2 46,90 58,60 72,50 89,30 111, 158,0 164,00 185
00 0 ,00
45 84,0 110,0 143,0 184,0 234,00 297, 378,0 478,00 592 680,00
0 0 0 00 0 ,00
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- slope inclination
The vertical pv and horizontal ph components of passive earth pressure are given by:
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The vertical pv and horizontal ph components of passive earth pressure are given by:
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,
where: - angle of internal friction of soil
- slope inclination
Provided that < 0 the both straight edges of the zone r1 and r2 numerically overlap and
resulting in the plane slip surface developed in the overlapping region. The coefficients of
passive earth pressure Kpg, Kpp, Kpc then follow from:
Auxiliary variables: ipg, ipp, ipc, gpg, gpp, gpc, tpg, tpp, tpc
for:
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where:
For soils with zero value for the angle of internal fric tion the following expressions are
employed to determine the coefficients of passive earth pressure:
where:
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For cohesive soils the Terzaghi formula for computing Kr is implemented in the program:
When computing the pressure at rest for c ohesive soils 0 using the Jáky formula for the
determination of coefficient of earth pressure at rest K0, it is recommended to use the
alternate angle of internal friction n.
The way of computing the earth pressure at rest can be therefore influenced by the selec tion
of the type of soil (cohesive, cohesionless) when inputting its param eters. Even typic ally
cohesionless soil (sand, gravel) must be introduced as cohesive if we wish to com pute the
pressure at rest with the help of the Poisson ratio and vic e versa.
For overconsolidated soils the expression proposed by Schmertmann to compute the
coefficient of earth pressure at rest Kr is used:
OC - overconsolidation ratio
R
The value of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest can be inputted also directly.
Influence of the inclined ground surface at the back of structure on earth pressure
at rest is described here.
- slope inclination
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The deviation angle from the normal line to the wall reads:
m - reduces the Poisson ratio (for the calculation of horizontal pressure at rest from
the theory of elasticity)
m - reduces the unit weight of soil both in front of and behind the struc ture. When
performing the analysis with the help of limit state theory the unit weight of
embankments and backfills with unfavorable influence is increased, and with
favorable influence decreased. For soils in natural deposit we have m= 1,00.
In case of variable unit weight of soil it is more suitable to introduc e a weighted
average of the unit weight or to use a qualified estimate acc ounting for its
effects.
1)
The design must be checked for each of the three cases A, B, C separately.
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c - cohesion of soil
When computing the pressure at rest for c ohesive soils r using the Jáky formula for the
determination of coefficient of earth pressure at rest K0, it is recommended to use the
alternate angel of internal friction n .
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Principle of the earth pressure computation in the case of broken terrain for >
Influence of water
The influence of ground water can be reflected using one of the following variants:
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Hydrodynamic pressure
The heel of a structure is sunk into impermeable subsoil so that the water flow below the
structure is prevented. Water is found behind the back of structure only. There is no water
acting on the front face. Such a case may occur when water in front of structure flow freely
due to gravity or deep drainage is used. The back of structure is loaded by the hydrostatic
pressure:
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The heel of a structure is sunk into impermeable subsoil so that the water flow below the
structure is prevented. The loading due water is assumed both in front of and behind the
structure. The water in front of structure is removed either with the help of gravity effects or
is shallowly lowered by pumping. Both the face and back of structure is loaded by hydrostatic
pressure due to difference in water tables (h1 and h2). The dimension hw represents the
difference in water tables at the back and in front of structure - see figure:
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Hydrodynamic pressure
Hydrodynamic pressure
The heel of a structure is sunk into permeable subsoil, which allows free water flow below the
structure – see figure. The unit weight of soil lifted by uplift pressure su is modified to
account for flow pressure. These modifications then depend on the direction of water flow.
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is greater than the unit weight of saturated soil su, then the leaching appears in front of
structure - as a consequence of water flow the soil behaves as weightless and thus cannot
transmit any loading. The program then prompts a warning message and further assumes the
value of = 0. The result therefore no longer corresponds to the original input – is safer.
This option allows an independent (manual) input of distribution of loading due to water at
the back and in front of structure using ordinates of pore pressure at different depths. The
variation of pressure between individual values is linear. At the same time it is necessary to
input levels of tables of full saturation of a soil at the back h1 and in front h2 of structure
including possible decrease of unit weight y in front of structure due to water flow.
Example: Two separated horizon lines of ground water.
There are two permeable layers (sand or gravel) with one impermeable layer of clay in
between, which causes separation of two hydraulic horizon lines – see figure:
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- slope inclination
The shape of the earth wedge in the layered subsoil is determ ined such that for individual
layers of soil above the wall foundation the program computes the angle a, which then
serves to determine the angle as. Next, the program determines an intersection of the line
drawn under the angle as from the upper right point of the foundation bloc k with the next
layer. The procedure continues by drawing another line starting from the previously
determined intersection and inc lined by the angle as. The procedure is terminated when the
line intersects the terrain or wall surface, respectively. The wedge shape is further assum ed
in the form of triangle (intersection with wall) or rectangle (intersection with terrain).
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Strip surcharge
Trapezoidal surcharge
Concentrated surcharge
Line surcharge
Strip surcharge
Trapezoidal surcharge
Concentrated surcharge
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The formula is described in details in section "Active earth pressure – line surcharge".
Variation of pressure increment is trapezoidal; the larger intensity of fs is applied at the
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upper end while the smaller intensity of fi at the bottom end. The two increments are given
by:
The resultant of the increment of active earth pressure due to strip loading fa is provided by:
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l - length of load
If the width b of surface loading is greater than the distance a from the back of wall (see
figure) the alternate line loading f having length 1+2(a+b) and width (a+b) reads:
l - length of load
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c - cohesion of soil
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h - assumed depth
For non-homogeneous soil and inclination of ground surface smaller than the angle of
internal friction of the soil the value of the angle is given by:
The resultant of the increment of active earth pressure due to line loading f is provided by:
determine the magnitude of earth pressure acting below the bottom edge of a
given layer, and its ratio with respect to the overall pressure m agnitude
the surcharge is reduced using the above ratio, then the location of this
surcharge on the upper edge of the subsequent layer is determ ined
compute again the angle a for the next layer and repeat the previous steps
until the bottom of a structure is reached or the surcharge is c ompletely
exhausted
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The vertical uniform loading q acting on the ground surface therefore results in a constant
increment of passive pressure applied over the whole length of wall - see figure.
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surcharge are not considered in the program – the user may introduce these effects
(depending on the type of surcharge) as "Inputted forces"
The coefficient kh is assumed always positive and such that its effect is always unfavorable.
The coefficient kv may receive both positive and negative value. If the equivalent acceleration
av acts downwards (from the ground surface) the inertia forces kvWs will be exerted on the
soil wedge in the opposite direction (lifting the wedge up). The values of equivalent
acceleration av (and thus also the coefficient kv) and inertia forces kvWs are assumed as
positive. It is clearly evident that the inertia forces act in the direction opposite to
acceleration (if the acceleration is assumed upwards – av = - kv*g then the inertia force presses
the soil wedge downwards: -kvWs. The direction with most unfavorable effects on a structure
is assumed when examining the seismic effects.
For sheeting structures it is possible to neglect the effect of vertical equivalent acceleration kv
Ws and input kv = 0.
Sign convention
The seismic angle of inertia is determined from the coefficients kh and kv (i.e. angle between
the resultant of inertia forces and the vertic al line) using the formula:
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K - coefficient of active earth pressure (static and seismic) in the ith layer
ae,i
Reduction of passive pressure due to seismic loading (computed from the struc ture bottom) is
provided by:
K - coefficient of active earth pressure (static and seismic) in the ith layer
pe,i
Active earth pressure coefficients Kae,i and Kpe,i are computed using the Mononobe-Okabe
theory or the Arrango theory. If there is ground water in the soil body the program takes that
into account.
The basic assumption in the program when computing earthquake is a flat ground surfac e
behind structure with inc lination . If that is not the case the program approximates the
shape of terrain by a flat surface as evident from figure:
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- slope inclination
Deviation of seismic forces must be for active earth pressure always less or equal to the
difference of the angle of internal friction and the ground surface inclination (i.e. ). If
the values of is greater the program assumes the value = . In case of passive earth
pressure the value of deviation of seismic forces must be always less or equal to the sum of
the angle of internal friction and the ground surface inclination (i.e. ). The values of
c omputed and modified angle can be visualized in the output – in latter case the word
MODIFIED is also displayed.
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The coefficients of earth pressures Kae and Kpe are found by multiplying the coefficients Fae
and Fpe by the values of Ka and Kp, respectively.
* becomes larger than the program assumes the value (* = ).
If the value of the angle
The values of computed and modified angle * can be visualized in the output – in latter case
the word MODIFIED is also displayed. It is the user's responsibility to check in such case
whether the obtained results are realistic.
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Free water
This type is used in soils with lower permeability – app. above the value of k > 1x10-1 cm/s. In
such soils it is assumed that water flow in pores is more or less independent of soil grains
(e.g. turbulent flow in coarse grain soils). General formulas proposed by Mononobe-Okabe or
Arrango are used to analyze seismic effects. The only difference appears in substituting the
value of the seismic angle e by e+:
w - density of water
Apart from dynamic pressure the struc ture is also loaded by hydrodynamic pressure caused
by free water manifested by dynamic pressure applied to the structures. The ac tual parabolic
distribution is in the program approximated by the trapezoidal distribution.
The resultant of hydrodynamic pressure Pwd is distant by ywd from the heel of structure:
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orientation of the friction angle between the soil and the structure are stored in table of
values of for various interfaces and in table of recommended values for . The value of
13 can be used if assuming smooth treatment of the back of sheeting structure (foil
and coating against ground water). For untreated face it is not reasonable to exceed the
value of = 23 . When selecting the value of it is necessary to reflect also other
conditions, particularly the force equation of equilibrium in the vertical direction. One should
decide whether the structure is capable of transmitting the vertical surcharge due to friction
on its back without excessive vertical deformation. Otherwise it is necessary to reduce the
value of , since only partial mobilization of friction on the back of wall may occur. In case of
uncertainty it is always safer to assume smaller vale of .
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Adhesion of soil
When performing the analysis in the total stress state it is necessary not only to use the total
shear strength parameters of soil u , cu but also to know the adhesion a of soil to the
structure face. The value of adhesion a is usually considered as a fraction of the soil c ohesion
c. The typical values of a for a given range of the cohesion c are listed in the following table.
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Parameters of rocks
Rock parameters of orientation with respect to strength of rock in pure c ompression
Compressive Strength parameter of rock GSI Cohesion of rock Angle of internal friction
strength of after Hoek [-] c of rock
rock mi [kPa]
ci [-] [°]
[MPa]
150 25 75 7000 - 13000 46 - 68
80 12 50 3000 - 4000 30 - 65
50 16 75 2000 - 4000 40 - 60
30 15 65 1000 - 2000 40 - 60
20 8 30 400 - 600 20 - 44
15 10 24 300 - 500 24 - 38
5 10 20 90 - 100 23 - 28
Unlike soils (both cohesive and cohesionless) the magnitude of the angle of internal fric tion
(sometimes refer to as the angle of shear strength) varies and depends on the c urrent state
of stress in the rock body. Graphically it is represented by the angle of the tangent to the
envelope of Mohr circles constructed for the ultimate stress state. The value of gradually
decreases with the increasing value of stress . If the elastic regime is exceeded (onset of
plastic deformation) we set = 0. As a representative value of the angle of internal fric tion
we denote the value associated with the stress = 0. In practical applications the part of
the Mohr envelope between tensile Rt and compressive Rd circles is usually replaced by the
tangent to both circles (see Fig.) The m agnitude of the angle of internal friction then follows
from:
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Nailed slopes
The program "Nailed slopes" allows for the following verifications:
- verification of structure internal stability
- verification fictitious wall - the same as gravity wall
- verification of structure concrete cover
- verification nails bearing capacity
- verification of overall stability using the program "Slope stability"
ds - nail diameter
d - hole diameter
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capacity to zero.
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Stiff clay 40 - 60
Stiff clayey silt 40 - 100
Calcareous sandy 90 - 140
clay
Note: Convert values in kPa to psf by multiplying by 20.9
Convert values in kPa to psi by multiplying by 0.145
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Factor of safety
The analysis checks whether a ratio of resisting and shear (driving) forces acting on a slip
surface is greater than the inputted factor of safety.
A factor of safety on the inputted slips forces is thus provided by:
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Fh,n - bearing capacity of nth nail behind slip surface per 1m run
Fh,n - bearing capacity of nth nail behind slip surface per 1m run
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- nail inclination
Kn - reduction coefficient
In the vertical direction the nail cap is modeled as a support and joint between benches as
an internal hinge.
In the horizontal direction the program generates (by default) a structure with five
supports uniformly loaded by the magnitude of active pressure up to a depth of the nail c ap.
The program further allows for the verification of concrete cover reinfocement of a structure
loaded by the bending moment.
A scheme of constructing a design model including loading is evident from figure:
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Analysis of walls
Verification analysis of walls can be performed with the help of:
theory of limit states
factor of safety
In addition, the bearing capacity of foundation soil is examined for both cases.
mesh overhangs and geo-reinforc ements are displayed and included providing they
appear in the analysis
base anchorage of wall
Tpi - bearing capacity per one meter run of mesh against pullout
from the soil
The program also makes sure that the forc e Fi will not exceed the allowable tensile
strength of mesh (the default value for gabions is 40 kN/m) or tensile strength of
georeinforcement RT, respectively. Strength RT is specified per 1m run of a wall ( kN/m).
Hint: If a georeinforcement is rigidly fixed to an anchorage block, then the pull-out strength T
p can be assumed as a large number – the georeinforcement bearing capacity is then
controled by the tensile strength RT.
Base anchorage
An anchorage of wall footing can be specified for cantilever walls. It is necessary to spec ify an
anchor location, dimensions of a drill hole, and spac ing of anchors.
Two limit states of bearing capacity are defined for an anc hor – bearing capacity against
pulling-out Re (kN/m) and strength of anchor Rt (kN). Final force is determine as
minimum of these forc es.
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Base anchorage
Bearing capacities can be either input or c omputed from the input values using the following
expressions:
a - ultimate bond
ds - anchor diameter
Sandstone 0,83 - 1,73 169 - 350 195 - 407 234 - 486 260 - 543 391 - 562
Slate, Hard 0,86 - 1,38 175 - 281 202 - 325 243 - 390 270 - 433 405 - 562
Shale
Soft Limestone 1,00 - 1,52 204 - 310 235 - 358 282 - 429 314 - 477 471 - 562
Granite, Basalt 1,72 - 3,10 351 - 562 405 - 562 486 - 562 540 - 562 562 - 562
Concrete 1,38 - 2,76 281 - 562 325 - 562 390 - 562 433 - 562 562 - 562
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Check for overturning stability (the moment rotates around the point B of the wall - see
picture):
e - eccentricity
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Check for overturning stability: (the moment rotates around the point B of the wall - see
picture)
c - cohesion structure-soil
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e - eccentricity
where eccentricity e:
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ks - a reduction factor taken as 1,18 - 0,03 Sr but not greater than 1,0
f´uc - the characteristic uncofined compressive strength of masonry
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where: Vd - the design shear force acting on the cross-section of the m asonry
wall
- the capacity reduction factor - 0,75
e - eccentricity
e - allowable eccentricity
alw
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Wall dimensioning
After computing forces acting on the structure the program determines all internal forces in
the verified cross-section (normal force N, shear force Q and moment M) and then verifies
the cross-section bearing capacity employing one of the standards selec ted in the Frame "
Project".
Only the forces found above the verified joint (see figure) are assum ed for dimensioning.
These forces are not multiplied by any design coefficients.
N - normal force acting in the footing bottom (see verification acc ording
to limit states or factor of safety, respectively)
Bending moment and shear force are determined as reaction developed on the cantilever
beam as shown in figure:
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provided by:
dv - jump length
N - normal force acting in the footing bottom (see verification acc ording
to limit states or factor of safety, respectively)
Verification of the back jump of wall (top tensile reinforcement in the wall jump,
respectively) is performed only in some countries and usually is not required. The programs
"Cantilever wall" and "Reinforced wall" allow in version 5.5 for designing the reinforcement in
the back jump of wall. The cross-section is then assumed to be loaded by the self weight of
structure, earth wedge, surcharge, anchorage force and the force associated with contact
pressure in the soil. Forces due to pressure are accounted for only if having a negative
impact. Forces introduced by the user are not reflected at all.
The cross-section is checked against the loading c aused by the bending moment and shear
force.
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e - eccentricity
- gabion slope
Pressure acting on the wall of the bottom block is determined an increased active
pressure:
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- gabion slope
Widths of meshes of the bottom block per one meter run of the gabion wall are:
The program allows for analysis of gabions with both simple and double mesh placed between
blocks. For double meshes the inputted tensile strength of mesh (the "Edit material"
dialogue window) should be twice as large as the value assumed for simple meshes.
Geometry of gabions
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where: N - normal force acting on the upper joint of the bottom block
Q - shear force
c) Check for bearing capacity with respect to the lateral pressure:
Su - joint bearing capacity (for input use the "Material" dialogue window)
b - width = 1m
d) Check for bearing capacity of joint between blocks:
where: Nd - tensile force per one meter run of the upper joint of the bottom block
Kt - coefficient of reduction of friction between blocks (for input use the "
Setting" dialogue window – default value is 0,66)
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Su - joint bearing capacity (for input use the "Material" dialogue window)
FSmesh - fac t or of safet y of st ressed mesh (for input use the "Settings"
dialogue window – default value is 1.5)
b - width = 1m
d) Check for bearing capacity of joint between blocks:
Qt r k t N .t g c .B
where: Nd - tensile force per one meter run of the upper joint
kt - coefficient of reduction of friction between blocks (for input use the "
Setting" dialogue window – default value is 0,66)
inputted forces and front face resistance are assumed per 1m run without
reduction
wing walls – the wing walls self-weight is computed from their geometry; before
introduced in the stem design and foundation verification it is divided by the
abutment length (it is the user responsibility to either include or exclude the effect
of wing walls in from the analysis).
Computation of individual abutment forces is described in more details in chapter " Wall
analyses".
All forces acting in the foundation joint that are introduced in the verification analysis (except
for the front face resistance) are reduced by the ratio abutment length / foundation
length.
Sheeting design
Analyses in the program "Sheeting design" can be divided into three groups:
- analysis of anchor free walls (e.g. sheet pile wall)
- analysis of anchored walls fixed in heel
- analysis of anchored walls simply supported at heel
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It is obvious that the distribution of internal forces resulting from this approach is not very
realistic. In some countries, however, this approach is required.
The computation can be driven either by choosing a minimal dimensioning pressure or by
reduction of passive pressure. Assuming the actual magnitude of the passive earth pressure
provides deformations of the analyzed structure, which cannot usually occur. The actual
passive pressure can attain for walls free of deformation the value of pressure at rest as well
as all intermediate values up to the value of passive pressure for fully deformed wall (rotation
app. 10 mRad – i.e. deformation 10 mm per 1m of structure height). Therefore it is
reasonable to consider reduced values of the passive earth pressure setting the value of the "
Coefficient of reduction of passive pressure" to less than or equal to one. The following
values are recommended:
0,67 reduces deformations app. by one half,
0,5 approximately corresponds to deformation of structure loaded by increased active earth
pressure,
0,33 approximately corresponds to deformation of structure loaded the pressure at rest,
structure reaches app. 20 percent of its original deformations.
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The analysis of structure fixed at heel assumes that the point of zero loading N (at depth u) is
identical with the point of zero moment. For the actual analysis the structure is divided into
two parts – an upper part (upper beam) up to zero-value point and a lower beam:
consider reduced values of the passive earth pressure setting the value of the " Coefficient of
reduction of passive pressure" to less than or equal to one. The following values are
recommended:
0,67 reduces deformations app. by one half,
0,33 deformations attain approximately twenty percent of their original values.
The program offers two options to determine active pressure :
- calculation from inputted soil parameters, water, surcharge, terrain including introduction of
the minimal dimensioning pressure
- inputting an arbitrary distribution of earth pressure up to the depth of zero point (this way it
is possible to introduce an arbitrary redistribution of earth pressure).
Zero-value point, i.e. the point at which the overall pressure equals zero is determined by the
following expression:
For simply supported structures it is assumed that the moment and shear force are zero at
the heel. The program first places the end of a structure into the zero-value point, and then it
looks for the end beam location x, where the above condition is fulfilled (see Fig.). Solution
procedure for multiplied anchored walls is identical.
Sheeting check
The program evaluates the inputted structure using the method of dependent pressures. The
loading applied to the structure is derived from its deformation, which allows for realistic
modeling of its behavior and provides cost effective designs. The analysis correctly accounts
for the construction process such as individual stages of progressive construction of the
wall (stages of constructions) including gradual evolution of deformations and
post-stressing of anchors, makes possible to model braced sheeting.
The use of the method of dependent pressures requires determination of the modulus of
subsoil reaction, which is assumed either linear or nonlinear.
The program also allows the user to check internal stability of the anchorage system.
The actual analysis is carried out using the deformation variant of the finite element method.
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Displacements, internal forces and the modulus of subsoil reaction are evaluated at individual
nodes.
The following procedure for dividing the structure into finite elements is assumed:
first, the nodes are inserted into all topological points of a structure (starting and end
points, points of location of anchors, points of soil removal, points of changes of
cross-sectional parameters),
based on selected subdivision the program computes the remaining nodes such that all
elements attain approximately the same size.
A value of the modulus of subsoil reaction is assigned to each element – it is considered as
the Winkler spring of the elastic subsoil. Supports are placed onto already deformed structure
– each support then represents a forced displacement applied to the structure. Anchors, in
the load case at which they were introduced or post-stressed, are considered as forces
(variant I in Fig). In other load cases, the anchors are modeled as forces and springs of
stiffness k (variant II. in Fig):
Braced sheeting
l - anchor length
k - anchor stiffness
- anchor inclination
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reaction kh, which characterizes the deformation in the elastic region and by additional
limiting deformations. When exceeding these deformations the material behaves as ideally
plastic.
The following assumptions are used:
• the pressure acting on a wall may attain an arbitrary value between active and passive
pressure – but it cannot fall outside of these bounds,
• the pressure at rest acts on an undeformed structure (w=0).
The pressure acting on a deformed structure is given by:
w - deformation of structure
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The above iteration procedure continues until all required conditions are satisfied.
In analyses of subsequent stages of construction the program accounts for plastic
deformation of the wall. This is also the reason for specifying individual stages of
construction that comply with the actual construction process.
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Sand
loose 12000 - 27000 6000 - 13500 3000 - 6750
medium dense 20000 - 45000
dense 10000 - 22500 5000 - 11250
40000 - 90000 20000 - 45000 10000 - 22500
Clay
soft 2000 - 4500 800 - 1800 500 - 1125
stiff 4000 - 9000
very stiff 2000 - 4500 800 - 1800
6000 - 13500 4000 - 9000 2000 - 4500
Peat
soft 1000 - 2250 500 - 1125 250 - 560
stiff 2000 - 4500 800 - 1800 500 - 1125
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c´ - effective cohesion
The goal therefore is to find such values of kh [MN/m3] so that the continuity of deformations
of wall and adjacent soil is maintained. Plastic deformation of structure is not
considered when performing analysis with kh iteration. This approach is schematically
cleared by computing the modulus of subsoil reaction of the ith segment of wall free of anchor,
see figure:
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The change of stress inside the soil body is determined according to Boussinesque. Inserting
the new value of k directly into the next calculation would cause instable iteration – therefore
the value of k that is introduced into the next analysis of the wall is determined from the
original value of kp and the new value of kn of the modulus of subsoil reaction.
Maximum modulus of the subsoil reaction of the ith layer is limited by the value:
The iterative procedure used when computing the modulus of subsoil reaction is as follows:
1) Determine the matrix of influence values for deriving change of stress in a depth of the soil
body passing the ith segment of a structure due to surcharge caused by the change of stress
in other segments.
2) The first approximation of the modulus kh in front of the wall is introduced – a triangular
distribution of values at the wall heel kh = 10 MN/m3 is assumed.
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Scheme for verification of the ith layer of anchors is shown in figure. The forc e equilibrium for
the block ABCD is being determined. The following forces enter the analysis:
EAi - resultant of active earth pressure above the root of verified anc hor (on line BC)
Gi - weight of the soil block ABCD; in addition, this value incorporates the surc harge
p applied on the ground surface providing the slope q of slip surface AB is greater
than an average value of the angle of internal friction on this surface; in case of a
smaller slope of slip surface AB the ground surchage is not considered
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F j, F k , - forces developed in other anc hors; only some of them enter the equilibrium
… analysis of the ith layer, whether a given anchor (say the mth one) will enter the
equilibrium of the ith block is determined as follows:
from two anchors m, i select the lower one, a plane slip surface, inclined
by 45o-n/2 from a vertical line, is placed in a body such that it passes
through the center of the selected anchor (lines ab and Bc in figure), n is
an average value of the angle of internal friction above the root of lower
anchor – location of the root of anchor found above the inserted slip
surface is then decisive, if the ith root is found above the mth one and the i
th root is located outside the block cut by the slip surface, then the mth
anchor force is included into the analysis and vice versa, figure shows an
example in which the force Fj is included while the force Fk is excluded
from the stability analysis of the ith block
Qi - reaction on slip surface AB
Fi force in the analyzed anchor, the m aximum allowable magnitude of this forc e is
the result of the equilibrium analysis carried out for the ith block
Solution of the equilibrium problem for a given block requires writing down vertical and
horizontal force equations of equilibrium. These represent a system of two equations to be
solved for the unknown subsoil reaction Qi and the maximum allowable magnitude of the
anchor force Fi. The stability analysis then provides a factor of safety for each layer of
anchors. The factor of safety for the ith layer of anchors is found as a ratio of the allowable
force in the ith anchor (derived from the equilibrium condition written for the ith block) and
the actual force in the ith anchor.
Braced sheeting
When analyzing braced sheeting the following approac h is adopted to determine earth
pressures:
Up to depth of ditch the pressures are determined with respect to one meter run of the
structure width. Below the ditch bottom the earth pressures are multiplied by the coefficient
of reduction k (the "Coeff. of reduction of pressures below ditch bottom " – can be
inputted in the frame "Geometry" as a parameter of the section of a structure) – the
pressures are determined with respect to a reduced structure width k*b. In case of continuous
wall the coefficient is set to one and no reduction of pressures is assum ed. If "Landing of
soil" above the ditch ("Excavation" dialog window) is inputted, then the pressures within
this section are computed with respect to the whole width of wall ( k=1).
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Braced sheeting
The coefficient k can be approximatelly determined (for safer design) according to:
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Soil body
The soil body is formed by a layered profile. An arbitrary number of layers can be used.
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Each layer is defined by its geometry and material. The material of a layer is usually
represented by a soil with specified properties. The geostatic stress in a soil body is
determined during the analysis.
A layer can be specified also as a rigid body. Such layer then represents bedrock or a
sheeting wall. The slip surface can never pass through the rigid body. When the Sarma
method is employed, it is not possible to specify a point of a slip surface below the rigid body
– in such a case the program prompts an error message.
Influence of water
Ground water can be assigned to the slope plane section using one of the four options:
1. Ground water table
The ground water table is specified as a polygon. It can be arbitrarily curved, plac ed totally
within the soil body or introduced partially above the ground surface.
When using the circular slip surface the water influence is acc ounted for through the pore
pressure acting within a soil and reducing its shear bearing capacity. The pore pressure is
considered as the hydrostatic pressure. Assuming inclined slip surface the pore pressure is
determined by taking into account the actual shape of phreatic line. Below the ground water
table the analysis proceeds using the unit weight of saturated soil sat and uplift pressure;
above the ground water table the analysis assumes the inputted unit weight of soil . The
shear forces along the slip surface are provided by:
c - cohesion
When selecting the polygonal slip surface the unit weight of soil under water su is considered
and the corresponding equations of equilibrium are modified by adding the flow pressure J
written as:
The values of ru are introduced with the help of isolines connecting points with the sam e
value of ru. Linear interpolation is assumed to obtain intermediate values. Computation of
shear forces is then influenced in the following way:
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c - cohesion
Surcharge
The slope stability analysis takes into account even the surcharge caused by neighboring
structures. The surcharge can be introduced either as a concentrated force or distributed load
acting either on the ground surface or inside the soil body.
Since it is usually assumed that the surcharge is caused by the weight of objects found on the
slope body, the vertical component of surcharge having the direction of weight is added to
the weight of blocks (slices). It means that if the earthquake effects are included this
c omponent is also multiplied by the factor of horizontal acceleration or vertical earthquake.
The components that do not act in the direction of weight are assumed in equations of
equilibrium written for a given block (slice) as weightless thus do not contribute to inertia
effects of the earthquake.
The surcharge is always considered in the analysis with respect to one meter run. Providing
the surcharge, essentially acting over the area b x l, is introduced as a concentrated force it is
transformed before running the analysis into a surface loading spread up to a depth of slip
surface along the slope 2:1 as displayed in figure.
The analysis then proceeds with the resultant of surface load p having the value:
Anchors
Anchor is specified by two points and a force. The first point is always located on the ground
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surface; the force always acts in the direction of a soil body. The anchor force when
c omputing equilibrium on a given block (slice) is added to the weightless surcharge of the
slope.
Two options are available to account for anchors:
Compute anchor forces – analysis assumes infinite lengths of anchors (anchors are
always included in the analysis) and computes the required lengths of links anchors
(distance between the anchor head and intersection of anchor with the slip surface)
subsequently. The anchor root is then placed behind the slip surface. This approach is
used whenever we wish the anchor to be always active and thus contribute to increase
the slope stability and we need to know its minimum distance.
Analysis with specified lengths of anchors – the analysis takes into account only
those anchors that have their end points (center of roots) behind the slip surface. This
approach is used always whenever we wish to evaluate the current state of slope with
already existing anchors, since it may happen that some of the anchors may prove to
be short to intersect the critical slip surface so that they do not contribute to increase
the slope stability.
Georeinforcements
Georeinforcements are horizontal reinforcing elements placed in a soil body, which contribute
to increase the slope stability through their tensile strength. They have their exact location,
length and allowable tensile force. Providing a georeinforcement intersects the slip surface
the equations of equilibrium written for a given slice are modified by including the force
acting in the georeinforcement. No action is taken otherwise.
The program further ensures the condition that the force Fi cannot exceed the maximum
strength of the georeinforcement RT.
Earthquake effect
The program allows for computing the earthquake effects with the help of two variables –
factor of horizontal acceleration Kh or the coefficient of vertical earthquake Kv.
Coefficient of vertical earthquake Kv
The coefficient of vertical earthquake either increases ( Kv > 0) or decreases ( Kv < 0) the unit
weight of a soil, water in a soil and surcharge by multiplying the respective values by 1+Kv. It
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is worth to note that the coefficient Kv may receive both positive and negative value and in
case of sufficiently large coefficient of horizontal acceleration the slope relieve ( Kv < 0) is
more unfavorable than the surc harge.
Factor of horizontal acceleration Kh
In a general case the computation is carried out assuming a zero value of the fac tor Kh. This
constant, however, can be exploited to simulate the effect of earthquake by setting a
non-zero value. This value represents a ratio between horizontal and gravity acc elerations.
Increasing the factor Kh results in a corresponding decrease of the factor of safety FS. The
coefficient of horizontal acceleration introduces into the analysis an additional horizontal forc e
acting in the center of gravity of a respective slice with the m agnitude Kh*Wi, where Wi is the
slice overall weight including the gravity component of the slope surc harge.
The following table lists the values of the factor Kh that correspond to different degrees of
earthquake based on M-C-S scale.
M-C-S degree Horizontal acceleration Factor of horizontal
acceleration
(MSK-64) [mm/s ]2
Kh
1 0,0 - 2,5 0,0 - 0.00025
2 2,5 - 5,0 0,00025 - 0.0005
3 5,0 - 10,0 0,0005 - 0.001
4 10,0 - 25,0 0,001 - 0.0025
5 25,0 - 50,0 0,0025 - 0.005
6 50,0 - 100,0 0,005 - 0.01
7 100,0 - 250,0 0,01 - 0.025
8 250,0 - 500,0 0,025 - 0.05
9 500,0 - 1000,0 0,05 - 0.1
10 1000,0 - 2500,0 0,1 - 0.25
11 2500,0 - 5000,0 0,25 - 0.5
12 > 5000,0 > 0.5
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When using the Sarma method (polygonal slip surface) the fac tor of safety FS is computed
directly. Verification formula than receives the form:
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equal to zero. A non-zero value of K is used to simulate the horizontal surcharge, e.g. due to
earthquake (see below).
Analysis process
Computation of limit equilibrium
The computation of limit equilibrium requires the solution of 6n-1 unknowns, where n stands
for the number of slices dividing the soil region above the potential slip surface. These are:
E - forces developed between slices
5n-1 equations are available for the required unknowns. In particular, we have:
a) horizontal force equations of equilibrium on slices:
It is evident that n-1 must be selected (estimated) a priory. Relatively small error is received
when estimating the points of application of forces Ei. The problem then becomes static ally
determined. Solving the resulting system of equations finally provides the values of all
remaining unknowns. The principal result of this analysis is the determ ination of the fac tor of
horizontal acc eleration K.
Computation of factor of slope stability FS
The factor of slope stability FS is introduced in the analysis such as to reduce the soil strength
parameters c and tg. Equilibrium analysis is then performed for the reduc ed parameters to
arrive at the factor of horizontal acceleration K pertinent to a given factor of slope stability FS
. This iteration is repeated until the factor K reaches either zero or a specified value.
Influence of external loading
The analyzed slope can be loaded on its ground by inc lined loading having general trapezoidal
shape. This loading enters the analysis such that its vertic al component (if having the
direction of weight) is added to the weight of a corresponding slic e. This results in c hange of
both the slice weight and its center of gravity. Providing the vertical com ponent acts against
the direction of gravity it is added to force Fyi. The horizontal component is added to force Fxi.
The load centroid is always assumed on the ground.
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of individual points of this surface and checks, which change of location of a given point
results in the maximal reduction of the factor of slope stability FS. The end points of the
optimized slip surface are moved on the ground surface, internal points are moved in the
vertical and horizontal directions. The step size is initially selected as one tenth of the
smallest distance of neighboring points along the slip surface. With every new run the step
size is reduced by one half. Location of points of slip surface is optimized subsequently from
the left to the right and it is completed when there was no point moved in the last run.
When optimizing the polygonal slip surface the iteration process may suffer from falling into
the local minimum (with respect to gradual evolution of locations of nodal points) so not
always the process is terminated by locating the critical slip surface. Especially in case of
c omplex slope profile it is therefore advantageous to introduce several locations of the initial
slip surface. Combination with the approach used for circular slip surfaces is also
recommended. Therefore, the critical slip surface assuming circular shape is found first and
the result is then used to define the initial polygonal slip surface.
The optimization process can be restricted by various constraints. This becomes
advantageous especially if we wish the searched slip to pass through a certain region or to
bypass this region. The restriction on optimization process can be performed in two different
ways:
1. Optimization constrains are specified as a set of segm ents in a soil body. The
optimized slip surface is then forc ed to bypass these segm ents during optimization.
2. Another way of constraining the optimization process is to fix location of selec ted
points along the optimized slip surface or allow for moving these point only in one
of two directions, either vertic ally or horizontally.
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Foliation
Soils can be introduced with foliation. It means that along an angle specified in terms of a
certain interval, which in turn is introduced as one of the soil parameters <Starting Slope ;
End Slope> the soil experiences significantly different (usually worth) parameters (c a ).
If the slope of a slip surface segment or the slope of interface between blocks is assumed
within the interval <Starting Slope ; End Slope>, the analysis proceeds with the modified
parameters of c and .
The Bishop method builds on the Petterson method, in which the fac tor of slope stability Fs is
derived from:
In addition, the Bishop method satisfies also the vertic al equation of equilibrium.
It serves to determine the normal force acting on the slip surfac e:
Introducing this expression into equation due to Petterson provides m ore acc urate expression
for the determination of the factor of safety FS:
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In the Bishop method the difference between forc es Xi –Xi+1 is neglected as it does not
significantly affect the result. The resulting expression for the evaluation of the fac tor of
safety assumes the form:
Ground water specified within the slope body ( using one of the four options) influences the
analysis in two different ways. First when computing the weight of a soil bloc k and second
when determining the shear forces. Note that the effective soil param eters are used to relate
the normal and shear forces.
Introducing anchor forces and water above the ground surface into the analysis
Anchor forces are considered as external loading applied to the slope. They are taken with
respect to one meter run [kN/m] and introduced into the moment equation of equilibrium .
These forces should contribute to additional stability, if that cannot be achieved in a different
way. There is no limitation to the magnitudes of anchor forces and therefore it is necessary to
work with realistic values.
Influence of water above the ground surface is considered as a set forces acting on the
ground surface together with pore pressure along the slip surfac e, which is derived depending
on the depth of slip surface measured from the ground water table. The forc es acting on the
ground surface enter the moment equation of equilibrium as forces acting on respective arms
measured towards the center of the slip surfac e.
The factor of safety FS is determined through the already introduced iteration proc ess.
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RV - coefficient of vertical bearing capacity of foundation (for input use the
frame "Settings")
FS - inputted factor of safety
Extreme design contact stress in the footing bottom is assumed the form:
The vertical bearing capacity of foundation soil Rd is determined for three basic types of
foundation conditions:
- drained subsoil
- undrained subsoil
- bedrock
The above computations are applicable only for the homogeneous soil. If there is a
non-homogeneous soil under the footing bottom (or there is ground water present), then the
inserted profile is transformed into a homogeneous one.
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where:
for: = 0
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b - width of foundation
l - length of foundation
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rules"
In addition the coefficients due to Brinch – Hansen are used to account for inclined footing
bottom (see standard analysis).
In case of undrained conditions it is assumed that during construction the spread footing
undergoes an instantaneous settlement accompanied by shear deformations of soil in absenc e
of volumetric changes. When the structure is c ompleted the soil experiences both primary
and secondary consolidation accompanied by volumetric changes. The influence of neutral
stress appears in the reduction of soil strength. The strength of soil is then presented in
terms of total values of the angle of internal friction u and the total cohesion cu (these
parameters can be c onsidered as the minimal ones). Depending on the degree of
consolidation the value of the total angle of internal fric tion u ranges from 0 toef, the total
cohesion cu is greater than cef. Owing to the fact that the choice of undrained conditions
depends on a number of factors (rate of loading, soil permeability, degree of saturations and
degree of overconsolidation) it is the designer's responsibility to dec ide, depending on the
actual problem being solved, if the effective parameters should be used. Nevertheless, the
total parameters are generally used for fine-grained soil.
b - width of foundation
l - length of foundation
d - depth of foundation
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bedrock
The bearing capacity of foundation soil composed of rocks or weak roc ks is found from the
1
expression proposed by Xiao-Li Yang and Jian-Hua Yin :
where:
b - width of foundation
1
Xiao-Li Yang, Jian-Hua Yin: Upper bound solution for ultimate bearing capacity with a
modified Hoek–Brown failure criterion, International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining
Sciences 42 (2005),str. 550–560
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1997-1:2003) "Design of geotechnical structures – Part 1: General rules". For low strength or
damaged rocks with closed discontinuities including chalks with low porosity less than 35%
the derivation of expected bearing capacity follows classification of rocks into groups of rocks
stored in the table below. The analysis further requires an input of discontinuity spacing Sd,
unit weight of rock , Poisson's ratio and uniaxial compressive strength c. It is assumed
that the structure is able to transmit a settlement equal to 0,5 % of the foundation width.
The expected values of bearing capacity for other settlements can be estimated using direct
proportion. For weak and broken rocks with opened or filled discontinuities it is recommended
to use lower values than the expected ones.
Rock groups
2 Igneous
Oolitic and marly limestones
Well cemented sandstones
Indurated carbonate mudstones
Metamorphic rocks, including slates and schist (flat
cleavage / foliation)
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Extremly Very hard, intact rock strong >150 0,1 28,00 - 30,00
hard and solid quartzite, basalt
rock and other extremely hard
rock
Very Very hard granite, quartz 100 - 0,15 26,00 - 27,00
hard porphyry, quartz slate, very 150
rock hard sandstones and
limestones
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where:
The analysis depends on the design angle of internal friction below the footing bottom d, the
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design value of cohesion below the footing bottom cd and the design value of earth resistance
Spd. If the soil-footing frictional angle and the soil-footing cohesion are less than the values
of soil below the footing bottom, then it is necessary to use those values.
The earth resistance is assumed as displayed in figure:
Earth resistance
The earth resistance Spd is found with the help of the reduction of passive earth pressure or
pressure at rest employing influence coefficients:
mR - coefficient of reduction of earth resistance (for input used the frame "
Settings") - for the analysis according to CSN it assumes the value mR
= 1,5 for passive pressure, mR = 1,3 for pressure at rest
When determining the reduced passive pressure, the resultant force includes contributions
due to the passive pressure and pressure at rest.
The passive pressure can be considered, if the deformation needed for its activation do not
cause unallowable stresses or deformations in upper structure.
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Effective area
When solving the problem of ecc entrically loaded foundations the program GEO5 offers two
options to deal with an effective dimension of the foundation area:
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An effective area ( b * l1) is assumed to compute the contact stress, so that we have:
In case of a general eccentric loading (foundation is loaded by the vertic al force V and by
bending moments M1 and M2 the loading is replaced by a single force with given
eccentricities:
The size of effective area follows from the condition that the force V must act eccentrically:
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1)
Highter, W.H. – Anders,J.C.: Dimensioning Footings Subjected to Ec c entric Loads Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering. ASCE, Vol. 111, No GT5, pp 659 - 665
Bending moment and shear force are determined as reaction developed on the cantilever
beam as shown in figure:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
dv - length of jump
Pile analysis
Analyses available in the program " Pile" can be divided into three main groups:
- analysis of vertical bearing capacity according to CSN
- analysis of vertical bearing capacity using the finite element method
- analysis of horizontal bearing capacity of a pile
The effective pile length used for the computation of skin bearing capacity is reduced by a
segment:
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Analysis of a pile resting on incompressible subsoil (rocks class R1, R2) is based on part G -
Analysis of vertical bearing capacity Uvd according to CSN 73 1004 - Commentary to CSN 73
1002 "Pilotové základy". The description begins in page 27 titled "Piles resting on
incompressible subsoil". The solution procedures used in the program are identical. The
influence coefficient of settlement Iwp is interpolated from Table 16, which is also built in the
program.
The analysis may also account for the influence of technological process of pile construction
on the stiffness of pile foundation.
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5) As a result the analysis provides the limit loading curve, forces developed in
the pile and a graph showing variation of shear as a function of deformation at
a given location.
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Summation sign denotes that z is summed over individual layers of the soil.
The allowable shear stress is then given by:
If the beam is found below the ground water table, the allowable skin friction is then reduced
to receive the form:
,
where: u - pore pressure below the ground water table
,
where: O - length of perimeter of pile skin
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For digital determination of the depth of influence zone H serves the function F(). Its
distribution appears in figure. This function was derived using the above assumptions and in
the program appears in the form of table. Its application is evident from the following steps.
The values of F() are determined for the current value of stress fz below the pile heel and for
the original geostatic stress h. For this value of F() we determine the parameter . This
value serves to determine for the actual value Poisson's number and pile diameter r the
c orresponding depth of influence zone H.
The depth of influence zone can be affected by the presence of ground water. In such s case
its determination is outlined in following figure:
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Determination of the depth of influence zone below the pile heel inc luding water
For digital determination of the depth of influence zone H is then used the function G(). Its
distribution appears in figure. In the analysis this function is exploited in the similar way as
function F(). The only difference when determining the values of G() appears in the use of
hydrostatic pressure whw.
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Incompressible subsoil
At a certain depth below the ground surface it is possible to specify incompressible subsoil. If
the pile exceeds this specified depth then all beam elements found below this value are fixed
instead of being spring supported. The pile then essentially experiences no settlement. If
there is incompressible subsoil below the pile heel but not deeper than the reach of influence
zone below the heel, the depth of influence zone for the stiffness computation is then reduced
such that the influence zone just reaches the incompressible subsoil. This way also the
incompressible subsoil below the heel increases its stiffness and consequently also the
bearing capacity of the pile heel. If the incompressible subsoil is found below the reach of the
influence zone, then it does not influence the analyzed pile.
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forces transmitted by the pile skin Tlim. The solution procedure assumes that the soil
settlement decreases linearly with depth from the value of w on the ground surface up to 0 at
a depth of h. The specific value of the soil settlement is therefore assumed for each level
below the ground surface till the depth of h. The forces developed in springs (springs
supporting individual elements) due to their deformation are determined and then subtracted
from Tlim to reduce the bearing capacity of the pile skin.
From the presented theory it is evident that for large settlem ent w or large depth h the values
of Tlim may drop down to zero. In extreme cases the negative skin fric tion may completely
eliminate the skin bearing capacity so that the pile is then supported only by the elastic
subsoil below the pile heel.
Influence of technology
The pile bearing capacity is considerably influenced by technological processes applied during
construction. The module Pile FEM allows for specifying the technology of pile construction.
The mobilized skin friction and the resistance at the pile heel are then reduced with the help
of reduction coefficients depending on the selected technology. The values of these
coefficients follow from the Dutch standard NEN 6743 Pile foundation.
Apart from technologies offered by the program and corresponding coefficients the users are
free to assign to these coefficients their own values. This way the users may introduce their
own practical experiences or information provided by other sources into the analysis.
Circle:
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Rectangle:
,
where a,b are lengths of rectangle edges and C1, C2 are subsoil parameters and kred is the
reduction coefficient, which reduces the stiffness with respect to slenderness of the rectangle.
It receives the following values
for: ,
for: ,
where a is the length of a shorter edge of the rectangle and H is the depth of influence zone.
Croos, "I-section":
For these cross-sections the stiffness is derived from the stiffness for rectangular
cross-section reduced by subtracting the stiffness corresponding to four "removed" parts of
the cross-section.
,
a1, b1 - evident from the following figure
,
where: A - cross-sectional area at the pile heel
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The following options for inputting the modulus of subsoil reaction are available in the
program:
- by distribution (distribution of the modulus of subsoil reaction along the pile is spec ified)
- constant distribution
- linear distribution (Bowles)
- according to CSN 73 1004
- according to Matlock and Rees
- according to Vesic
In general, the modulus of subsoil reaction corresponds to the spring stiffness in the Winkler
model. This model describes settlement of a rigid plate as a func tion of the applied load. The
c orresponding relationship is represented by the following form ula:
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where:
Edef - deformation modulus of soil
r - reduced width of pile given by:
where:
d - pile diameter
- angle of dispersion – is inputted with respect to the angle of internal fric tion in the
range of /4-
l - length of pile
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d - pile diameter
d - pile diameter
Soil nh [MN/m3]
Relative density ID 0,33 0,50 0,90
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Soil nh [MN/m3]
Dry sand and gravel
- loose 1,8 – 2,2
- medium dense 5,5 – 7,0
- dense
15,0 - 18,0
Wet sand and gravel
- loose 1,0 – 1,4
- medium dense 3,5 – 4,5
- dense
9,0 - 12,0
Possible values of modulus n h for cohesionless soils
d - pile diameter
- Poisson number
Settlement analysis
One of the following method is available to compute settlement:
- with the help of oedometric modulus
- with the help of compression constant
- with the help of compression index
- according to NEN (Buismann, Ladde)
- using the Soft soil model
- employing Janbu theory
- using DMT (constrained modulus)
The program offers two options to constrain the depth of influence zone:
- exploiting the theory of structural strength
- using the percentage of the magnitude of geostatic stress
The theory of elasticity (Boussinesq theory) is employed to determine stress in a soil state in
all methods available for the settlement analysis.
General theories of settlement analysis serve as bases in all the above methods.
When computing settlement below the footing bottom the programs first calculates the stress
in the footing bottom and then determines the overall settlement and rotation of foundation .
The general approach in all theories draws on subdividing the subsoil into layers of a different
thickness based on the depth below the footing bottom or ground surface. Vertical
deformation of each layer is then c omputed – the overall settlement is then defined as a sum
of partial settlements of individual layers within the influenc e zone (deformations below the
influence zone are either zero or neglected):
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where: s - settlement
eb - loading eccenricity
H - horizontal force
If in some points the stress becomes negative, the program continues with adjusted
dimensions b*l while excluding tension from the analysis. Before computing the stress
distribution due to surcharge the stress in the footing bottom is reduced by the geostatic
stress in the following way:
There are three options in the program to specify the geostatic stress in the footing bottom:
From the original ground
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It is therefore considered, whether the footing bottom in the open pit measured from the
original ground is free of stress for the time less than needed for soil bulkage and
subsequent loss of stress in the subsoil.
From the finished grade
The same assumptions as above apply.
Not considered at all
t - foundation thickness
For k > 1 the foundation is assumed to be rigid and as a representative point for the
determination of its settlement is assumed the characteristic point (distant by 0,37 times
the foundation dimension from its axis).
For k < 1 the foundation structure is assumed to be rigid and as a representative point for the
determination of foundation settlement is assumed the foundation center point.
The foundation rotation is determined from the difference of settlements of centers of
individual edges.
Influence of incompressible layer is introduced into the analysis by the reduc tion
coefficient 2:
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stress z such that the actual depth is replaced by a substitute value zr given by:
The oedometric modulus Eoed can be specified for each soil either as constant or with the help
of an oedometric curve (ef relation). When using the oedometric curve the program
assumes for each layer the value of Eoed corresponding to a given range of original and final
stress. If the value of oedometric modulus Eoed is not available, it is possible to input the
deformation modulus Edef and the program carries out the respective transformation.
where: or,i - vertical component of original geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
The program allows for inputting either the com pression constant Ci or the c ompression
constant C10 (the program itself carries out the transformation).
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where: or,i - vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
for: or + z > p (sum of the current vertical stress and its increment is greater than the
preconsolidation pressure)
where: or,i - vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
Primary settlement of the ith layer of normally consolidated soil (OCR = 1) reads:
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where: or,i - vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
Secondary settlement
Primary settlement of the i–th layer assumes the form:
for: or + z ≤ p (sum of the current vertical stress and its inc rement is less than the
preconsolidation pressure)
pro or + z > p (sum of the current vertical stress and its increment is greater than the
preconsolidation pressure)
If we specify the value of preconsolidation index of secondary com pression the same as for
the index of secondary compression, the program does not take into ac c ount in the
computation of secondary settlement the effect of preconsolidation pressure.
kde: or,i - vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
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The analysis requires inputting the modified compression index usually obtained from
triaxial laboratory measurements.
If the modified compression index is not known, it is possible to specify the c ompression
index CC together with an average value of the void ratio e (if that is also not know it is
sufficient to provide the initial void ratio eo) and the program then performs an approximate
c omputation of the modified compression index using the available inform ation.
where: or,i - vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
z,i - vertical component of incremental stress (e.g. stress due to structure
surcharge) inducing layer compression
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where: z,i - vertical component of incremental stress (e.g. stress due to structure
surcharge) inducing layer compression - i.e. change of effective stress
where: or,i vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
where: or,i - vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
where: or,i - vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
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where: or,i - vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
for: or + z ≤ p
where: or,i - vertical component of geostatic stress in the m iddle of ith layer
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The analysis employs the constrained modulus MDMT or coefficient of volume compressibility
mV and is based on Marchetti method. This approach being based on linear elasticity,
provides a settlement proportional to the load and is unable to provide non linear predictions.
The settlement of the ith layer is then provided by:
where: z,i - vertical component of incremental stress in the middle of ith layer
Theory of settlement
If the stress in a soil caused by ground surface surcharge, change in stress with the soil or in
the currently built earth structure is known, it is possible to determ ine the soil deformation.
The soil deformation is generally inclined and its vertical component is termed the settlement.
In general, the settlement is non-stationary dependent on time, which means that it does not
occur immediately after introducing the surcharge, but it rather depends on consolidation
characteristics of a soil. Permeable, less compressible soils (sand, gravel) deform fast, while
saturated low permeability clayey soils experienc e gradual deformation called consolidation.
Applied load yields settlement, which can be subdivided based on time dependent response
into three separate components:
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- Poisson number
The applicability of Young's modulus E of elasticity is substantiated only in cases, in whic h the
stressed soil is allowed to stretch in the horizontal direction. This, however, is ac ceptable only
for small spread foundations. When applying the load over a larger area, the stressed soil
cannot, except for its edges, to deform sideways and experiences therefore only a vertic al
(one-dimensional) strain related to the oedom etric modulus Eoed, that is larger than the
elastic modulus E.
The settlement of a soil layer s is determined by multiplying the deformation of a soil layer
by the layer thickness (height) Ho:
individual layers:
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eo to a new value e). The vertical strain of a soil sample is given by the ratio of H to the
original sample height Ho, and can be expressed using the void ratio e:
H - vertical deformation
s - settlement
e - void ratio
s - settlement
e - void ratio
Secondary settlement
To describe a gradual creep of soil during secondary settlement the program employs the
Buissman method (it incorporates the index of secondary compression C derived by Lade).
From observations suggesting that the soil deformation follows a linear path when plotted in
semi-logarithmic scale against time Buissman proposed the variation of due to long-term
stress in the form:
t - time of consolidation
t0 - refereference time
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a) the influence zone is characterized by the depth below the footing bottom at which the
increment of vertical stress z becomes equal to the structural strength of soil (determined by
multiplying the original geostatic stress or by the coefficient m):
b) when computing the settlement of a layer, the increment of vertic al stress z due to
surcharge and reduced by the structural strength of soil is provided by:
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- Compression index Cc
- Oedometric modulus Eoed
- Compression constant C
- Compression constant C10
- Void ratio e
- Recompression index Cr
- Janbu characteristics
- Correcting coefficient m
- Modified compression index
- Index of secondary compression C
- Overconsolidation index of secondary c ompression Cr
Compression index
It describes variation of the void ratio e as a function of the change of effective stress ef
plotted in the logarithmic scale:
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Range of compression index Cc (Naval Facilities Engineering Command Soil Mec hanicsDESIGN
MANUAL 7.01)
A typical range of the c ompression index is from 0,1 to 10. Approximate values for
homogeneous sand for the loading range from 95 kPa to 3926 kPa attain the values from
0,05 to 0,06 for loose state and 0,02 to 0,03 for dense state. For silts this value is 0,20.
For lightly overconsolidated c lays and silts tested in USA Louisiana Kaufm ann and Shermann
(1964) present the following values:
Soil Effective Final effective Compression
c onsolidation stress in the soil index
stress cef [kPa] ef [kPa] Cc [-]
Prof. Juan M.Pestana-Nasc imento (University of California, Berkeley) offers the following
typical values of the com pression index Cc:
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Peats (Pt) 10 – 15
Oedometric modulus
If the results from oedometric test are represented in terms of oedometric curve ( = f(ef
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)), it becomes evident that for each point on the curve we receive a different ratio ef /
In general, the oedometric modulus of deformation Eoed tends to decrease its value with the
increasing stress interval. Therefore we should consider for each layer a specific value of Eoed
pertinent to a given stress interval (from original to final stress state). This is reflected in the
program by the way of inputting Eoed, where it is possible to specify for each soil the
respective oedometric curve (ef diagram).
Practical experience, however, suggests (e.g. for clays) a several orders of m agnitude
difference between the value of Eoed derived from the deformation modulus Edef and that
provided by the in situ measured loading curve.
Approximate range of values of oedometric modulus of deformation Eoed for individual
soils and typical stress range (Vaníček: Mechanika zemin (soil mechanics)):
Soil Oedometric modulus Eoed
[MPa]
gravels 60 – 600
medium dense sands to dense sands 7 – 130
cohesive 2 – 30
Compression constant
When plotting the effective vertical stress against the vertical strain in the semi-logarithmic
scale we often arrive at a linear dependency.
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Loess silt 15 – 45
Clay 30 – 120
Silts 60 – 150
Medium dense and dense sands 150 – 200
Sand with gravel > 250
Compression constant
In engineering practice the natural logarithm with base is sometimes replaced by logarithm
with base 10 when plotting the stress ef. In this case it is common to denote the
compression constant with subscript 10: C10. Since it holds:
Arnold Verruijt (Soil Mechanics) offers the following values of c ompression constant:
Soil C C10
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Void ratio
The void ratio e describes porosity of a soil and is provided by:
Recompression index
The recompression index Cr is determined from the graph representing the variation of void
ratio e as a function of the effective stress ef plotted in the logarithmic scale for unloading –
reloading sequence:
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If no results from either laboratory or in situ measurements are available, the rec ompression
index Cr can be approximately derived from:
Janbu characteristics
Values of the Janbu modulus m and of stress exponent j (according Canadian Foundation
Engineering Manual 1992)
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Organic clays 20 - 5 0
Peats 5–1 0
Loading history
a) Deformation curve for clayey soils from oedometric test
b) Simplified interpretation of deformation curve
VzorekThe soil sample was gradually loaded to reach the stress level bef, the stress-strain
relationship (bef -) within the section a-b is linear and is denoted as primary or virgin (i.e.,
relative compression is encountered). Upon exceeding the stress level bef the sample was
elastically unloaded and the soil moved up the b-c section of the deformation curve. Upon
reloading the soil moved down the b-c section till reaching the original stress bef prior to
unloading. When loading beyond bef the deformation curve aproaches asymptotically within
the d-e section the primary line acc ompanied by inelastic deformation of a soil sample. Such
a c omplex stress-strain curve is often simplified by the idealized deformation curve (fig. b).
Such a curve characterizes so called overconsolidated soils, which were in the past subjected
large stresses and subsequamtly unloded. The overconsolidation ratio (OCR) then represents
the ratio between the maximum preconsolidation stress the soil has ever experienced and the
current vertical stress. Overconsolidated soils typicaly follow the deformation curve given by
points c-d-e. The change in slope along this line (given app. by point d) corresponds either to
the vertical geostatic stress o (normally consolidated soils) or to preconsolidation pressure
c (overconsolidated soils). This point influences the soil deformation, which is smaller within
the c-d section when compared to the d-e section (where for the large degree of
overconsolidation the soil deformation increases). Additional deformation characteristics such
as deformation modulus upon unloading Ee, one-dimensional swelling index Ce,
recompression index Cr, etc. were introduced to describe such a c omplex soil behavior.
Currently the most often used parameter is the recompression index Cr suitable for the
c omputation of settlement of overconsolidated soils.
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Coefficient m
Correction coefficient of surcharge due to structural strength m determines the structural
strength of soil.
Values of the correction coefficient of surcharge m
Type of fundamental soil m
Very compressible fine soils class F1 -F8 0,1
- with deformation modulus Edef < 4 MPa
- nonoverconsoludated
- soft to hard consistency
(all 3 attributes must be fullfiled),
filling, made – ground
secondary and tertiary sedimets
rocks class R1, R2
fine soils class F1-F8, not belonging to coefficient 0,2
m = 0,1 nor 0,4 nor 0,6
sands and gravels class S1, S2, G1, G2 under GWT
rock class R3, R4
e - average void ratio (if this value is not available, it can be approxim ately
substituted by the initial void ratio eo)
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Determining the value of index of sec ondary compression C requires either laboratory (e.g.
one-dimensional consolidation in oedometer) or in-situ m easurements:
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Volume loss
The volume loss method is a semi-empirical method based partially on theoretical grounds.
The method introduces, although indirectly, the basic parameters of excavation into the
analysis (these include mechanical parameters of a medium, technological effects of
excavation, excavation lining etc) using 2 comprehensive parameters (coefficient k for
determination of inflection point and a percentage of volume loss VL). These
parameters uniquely define the shape of subsidence trough and are determined empirically
from years of experience.
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Several relationships were also derived to determine the value of lost volume VL based on
stability ratio N defined by Broms and Bennermarkem:
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For N < 2 the soil/rock in the vicinity of excavation is assumed elastic and stable. For N <
2,4 local plastic zones begin to develop in the vicinity of exc avation, for N < 4,6 a large
plastic zone develops around excavation and for N = 6 the loss of stability of tunnel face
occurs. Figure shows the dependence of stability ration and lost volum e VL.
Classical theory
Convergence analysis of an excavation and calculation of the maximum settlement in a
homogeneous body are the same for all classical theories. The subsidence trough analyses
then differ depending on the assumed theory (Peck, Fazekas, Limanov).
When calculating settlement the program first determines the radial loading of a circular
excavation as:
r - excavation radius
The maximum terrain settlement and the length of subsidence trough are determined as
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follows:
r - excavation radius
When the tunnel roof displacement is prescribed the maximum settlement is provided by
the following expression:
r - excavation radius
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and the displacement of roof excavation ua is used to calculate the m aximum settlement S at
a depth h below the terrain surface in a homogeneous body.
r - excavation radius
z - analysis depth
The values l and S are then used to determine the shape of subsidence trough in overburden
above an excavation.
The horizontal displacements are determined in a differential way along the x axis and in the
transverse direction they can be expressed using the following equation:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Tensile cracks
One of the causes responsible for the damage of buildings is the horizontal tensile strain. The
program highlights individual parts of a building with a color pattern that corresponds to a
given class of damage. The maximum value of tensile strain is provided in the text output.
The program offers predefined zones of damage for masonry buildings. These values c an be
modified in the frame "Settings". Considerable experience with a number of tunnels
excavated below build-up areas allowed for elaborating the relationship between the shape of
subsidence trough and damage of buildings to such precision that based on this it is now
possible to estimate an extent of compensations for possible damage caused by excavation
with accuracy acceptable for both preparation of contractual docum ents and for contractors
preparing proposals for excavation of tunnels.
Recommended values for masonry buildings from one to six floors are given in the following
table.
Horizontal strains (per mille)
Proportional h.s. (per Damage Description
mille)
0.2 – 0.5 Microcracks Microcracks
0.5 - 0.75 Little damage - superficial Cracks in plaster
0.75 – 1.0 Little damage Small cracks in walls
1.0 – 1.8 Medium damage, func tional Cracks in walls, problems with
windows and doors
1.8 - Large damage Wide open cracks in bearing
walls and beams
Gradient damage
One of the causes leading to the damage of buildings is the slope subsidenc e trough. The
program highlights individual parts of a building with a color pattern that corresponds to a
given class of damage. The maximum value of tensile strain is provided in the text output.
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The program offers predefined zones of damage for masonry buildings. These values c an be
modified in the frame "Settings". Considerable experience with a number of tunnels
excavated below build-up areas allowed for elaborating the relationship between the shape of
subsidence trough and damage of buildings to such precision that based on this it is now
possible to estimate an extent of compensations for possible damage caused by excavation
with accuracy acceptable for both preparation of contractual docum ents and for contractors
preparing proposals for excavation of tunnels.
Recommended values for masonry buildings from one to six floors are given in the following
table.
Gradient
Gradient Damage Description
1:1200 - 800 Microcracks Microcracks
1:800 - 500 Little damage - superficial Cracks in plaster
1:500 - 300 Little damage Small cracks in walls
1:300 - 150 Medium damage, func tional Cracks in walls, problems
with windows and doors
1:150 - 0 Large damage Wide open cracks in bearing
walls and beams
Relative deflection
Definition of the term relative deflection is evident from the figure. The program searches
regions on buildings with the maximum relative deflec tion both upwards and downwards.
Clearly, from the damage of building point of view the most critical is the relative deflection
upwards leading to "tensile opening" of building.
Relative deflection
Verification of the maximum relative deflection is left to the user – the following tables list
the ultimate values rec ommended by literature.
Rock slope
Program for stability analysis of rock slope treats the following types of failure of roc k faces:
- sliding on the plane slip surface
- translation on the polygonal slip surfac e
- fall of the rock wedge
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- stepped
The resulting verification can be carried out according to the theory of limit states or factors
of safety.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Tensile strength Te is 20 to 30 x smaller than the strength of roc k in simple compression c.
Strength in simple tension To for selected intact rocks [MPa]
Basalt 3 - 18
Gneiss 7 - 16
Granite 11 - 21
Limestone 3-5
Marble 7 - 12
Quarzite 4 - 23
Sandstone 5 - 11
Schist 5 - 12
Slate 2 - 17
Tuff 2-4
where: n - normal stress acting in the direction normal to the slip surfac e
- waviness angle
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Active
An active anchor is represented by a pre-stressed anchor, for which the anchor forces are
activated before the sliding of a rock block takes plac e. The normal force increases the normal
stress on a slip surface and as such also the resisting forces; the tangent com ponent of the
normal force is either added to or subtracted from the shear (active) forces.
Passive
A passive anchor is activated by sliding of a rock block (i.e. not pre-stressed anc hors). The
normal force increases the normal stress on a slip surfac e and as such also the resisting
forces; the tangent component of the normal force is added to the resisting forc es.
Resolution of surcharge
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The following options to account for water effects are available in the program :
The slip surface is either entirely or partially below the ground water table, the m aximal
water pressure is at the toe of face.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The resulting compressive water force acting in the direction normal to the slip surface is
given by:
The slip surface is entirely below the ground water table; the GWT either intersects the
tension crack or is aligned with terrain, the maximal value of uplift pressure is at the toe of
face.
Hydrostatic pressure on slip surface and on tension crack, max. value at the toe of slope
The value of uplift pressure u at the intersection of slip surface and tension crack is given by:
ht - height of GWT above the line of intersection of slip surfac e and tension
crack
The resulting compressive water force V acting in the direction normal to the tension crack is
given by:
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ht - height of GWT above the line of intersection of slip surfac e and tension
crack
- deflection of tension crack from vertical
The resulting compressive water force U acting in the direction normal to the tension crack is
given:
kde: u - water pressure acting on the line of intersection of slip surface and
tension crack
u1 - water pressure at toe of slope
ht - height of GWT above the line of intersection of slip surfac e and tension
crack
- deflection of slip surfac e from horizontal
The slip surface is entirely below the ground water table, the GWT either intersec ts the
tension crack or is aligned with terrain, the maximal value of uplift pressure is at the
intersection of tension crack and slip surface.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The value of uplift pressure u at the intersection of slip surface and tension crack is given by:
ht - height of GWT above the line of intersection of slip surfac e and tension
crack
The resulting compressive water force V acting in the direction normal to the tension crack is
given by:
ht - height of GWT above the line of intersection of slip surfac e and tension
crack
- deflection of tension crack from vertical
where: u - water pressure acting on the line of intersection of slip surface and
tension crack
ht - height of GWT above the line of intersection of slip surfac e and tension
crack
- deflection of slip surfac e from horizontal
The slip surface is fully dry; the GWT either intersects the tension crac k or is aligned with
terrain, the maximal value of uplift pressure is at the intersection of slip surfac e and tension
crack.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
ht - height of GWT above the line of intersection of slip surfac e and tension
crack
The resulting compressive water force V acting in the direction normal to the tension crack is
given by:
ht - height of GWT above the line of intersection of slip surfac e and tension
crack
- deflection of tension crack from vertical
The program allows for a manual input of the value of water pressure ps in [kPa] acting on a
slip surface, providing the pressure distribution is constant.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The program allows for a manual input of the value of water pressure pt in [kPa] acting on a
tension crack, providing the pressure distributions are c onstant.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
slip surface
all rock blocks are in contact (opening of joints is not allowed)
the shear forces on the polygonal slip surface have the same sign
The Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters on the slip surfac e and on joints separating
individual block are the main input data for the determ ination of stability of roc k blocks. The
solution is further influenced by the weight of block (depends on the geometry and bulk
weight of rock), anchorage, surcharge, influence of water and seismic effects.
The basic theoretical grounds of the solution are desc ribed here.
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Influence of water
The water pressure along the joints and on the slip surface can be taken into account. It is
introduced as external loading:
Water pressure on joints (water between blocks) Fv
It must be introduced into the analysis whenever the presence of water in the joints between
blocks is expected. It is applied as a resultant force Fv in kN (the pressure acting on the
immerse part of the joint per 1m run is considered).
Water pressure on the external slip surface (uplift pressure) U
It is defined as hydrostatic pressure on each slip surface of the polygon (external slip surface)
separately and introduced as an external loading (uplift pressure) U in kN, which can be
reduced depending on the slip surface permeability (the pressure acting on the immerse part
of the slip surface per 1m run is considered).
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Solution procedure
For each rock block resting on the polygonal slip surface the program applies the basic
equation of the stability of rock slope sliding along the plane slip surface as:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Rock wedge
The program performs stability analysis of a rock wedge that is wedged in between two
surfaces (planes) and slides in the direction of the line of interaction (tray) of these planes.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Gradient of this intersection must be c onsiderably larger than the angle of internal fric tion
along dividing planes, whereas the falling line of both dividing planes m ust be direc ted
towards the line of intersection. It is further assumed that the tray is located in a stable rock
body.
The solution requires determination of the normal force N, the shear force Tact (active)
and the resisting (passive) shear force Tres acting on slip surfaces A1 and A2. The active
force Tact and the normal force N are obtained as a summation all forces entering the analysis
after performing the space resolution of these forces.
The Mohr-Coulomb shear strength parameters and the normal force N acting on the slip
surface are the main input data for the determination of the resisting shear forces Tres.
Calculation of the active shear force Tact and the normal force N is further influenced by the
weight of block (depends on the geometry and bulk weight of rock), anchorage, surcharge,
influence of water and seismic effects.
The slip surface can be specified with a tension crack. The resulting verification can be c arried
out either according to the theory of limit states or factors of safety.
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Description of orientation of surfaces (vertical cut through a rock mass and plane projection)
Stereographic projection
When defining geometry of the wedge and slip surfaces using spac e projection, the program
displays individual surfaces with the help of great c ircles of Lambert's hemispherical
projection.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
where: Z - height of GWT above the line of intersection of slip surfac es and rock
face
Pmax - maximal water pressure on the line of intersection of slip surfaces
w - bulk weight of water
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Verification
Verification can be carried out either according to the theory of limit states or factor of
safety.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
determines the value of the factor of safety FS. Verification condition has the form:
When analyzing the polygonal slip surface the program directly determines the value of the
factor of safety FS.
Verification condition has the form:
Typical values for most cases when studying stability of rock slopes are, e.g. for walls of
foundation pits F =1,1 to 1,25, for rock cuts of highways F =1,2 to 1,5, etc.
When analyzing the polygonal slip surface the program compares the calculated value with
the value corresponding to the fully stressed design (state of equilibrium with zero reserve).
Verification condition has the form:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The shear strength for the planar slip surface can be written as:
- Mohr - Coulomb
- Hoek - Brown
- Barton - Bandis
Mohr - Coulomb
The shear strength according to the Mohr-Coulom b is given by:
Approximate ranges of parameters of the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion for selected soils are
given here.
Hoek - Brown
The modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion describes the failure of a rock mass (based on the
performed analyses of hundreds of underground structures and rock slopes) as:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Basic parameters of the modified Hoek-Brown model should be determined from in-situ and
laboratory measurements. To become more acquainted with this model, a brief list of ranges
of individual parameters is provided.
If rock mass classification using GSI is known then it is possible to let the program to
determine the H-B parameters by itself.
For actual analysis the H-B parameters are transformed into the M-C parameters. The
solution procedure then becomes identical to that of the Mohr-Coulomb criterion.
This transformation employs the solution derived by Hoek and Brown in 1990 for known value
of the effective normal stress n, which is typical for the solution of slope stability problem .
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Intact rock
material m = 7.00 m = 10.00 m = 15.00 m = 17.00 m = 25.00
Laboratory
specimens have
s = 1.00 s = 1.00 s = 1.00 s = 1.00 s = 1.00
no discontinuities
RMR=100
Q=500 mr = 7.00 mr = 10.00 mr = 15.00 mr = 17.00 mr = 25.00
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Soft rock shale, soft limestone, c alk, salt 5 - 20 0,3 – 0,35 22,00 – 26,00
rock, frozen ground, anthracite,
marl, remoulded sandstone,
soft conglomerate, ground with
fels
Weak soil c ompact c lay, soil eluvium, 0,5 - 5 0,35 – 0,40 20,00 - 22,0
black coal
18,00 - 20,00
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Suggested
Description of rock mass value of
coefficient D
Approximate vlaues of strength material constant of the intact rock mi (after Hoek)
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Barton - Bandis
The Barton-Bandis shear strength failure criterion for the rock mass takes the following form:
If possible the shear strength param eters should be determined from in-situ measurements.
Approximate ranges of parameters of the Barton-Bandis failure criterion are given here.
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Rock joint roughness profiles showing the typical range of JRC (Barton & Chubey 1977)
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Weak soil compact c lay, soil eluvium, black coal 20,00 - 22,0
18,00 - 20,00
The seismic force always acts in the center of gravity of the rock body. Usually, only seism ic
effects in the horizontal direction are c onsidered. Nevertheless, the program also allows for
treating the vertical direction (with the help of vertical coefficient of acceleration Kv). Effects
in both directions are then c ombined.
M_C_S grade horizontal acc eleration coefficient of horizontal
acceleration
(MSK-64) [mm/s2] Kh
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
PN-B-03264
BS 8110
IS 456
ACI 31802
AS 3600-2001
CSN 73 1201 R
This help contains the following computationals methods:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
h - cross-section depth
Strength of concrete cross-section subject to the c ombination of bending moment and normal
force is derived from the following expressions depending on the normal force ecc entricity e:
for:
The ultimate bearing capac ity is checket using the following form ula:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The program further checks whether the loc ation of neutral axis x is less than the limit
location of neutral axis xlim given by:
where:
For x > xlim the corrected location of neutral axis is found from :
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The program computes the maximal shear force Qdmax developed in the critical section, the
shear force transmitted by concrete with no shear reinforcement Qbu, and the maximal
allowable force Qmax:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
For Qdmax > Qbu and Qdmax < Qmax the shear reinforcement must be introduced. The ultimate
shear force is given by:
- is angle of crooks
For Qdmax > Qmax the shear reinforcement cannot be designed. It is therefore necessary to
increase the cross-section height.
As - reinforcement area
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
pro:
pro :
Standard values of coefficients cc,c,ct,s are built in the program – these values can also
be inputted by the user depending on the selected National supplement.
The most c ommon notation for geometrical parameters:
b - cross-section width
h - cross-section depth
s 1,15 2.4.2.4
cc 1 3.1.6
ct 1 3.1.6
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
X 0,26 9.2.1.1
X 0,18 6.2.2
min - 6.2.2
X 0,5 6.2.2
- 6.2.2
Standard values of coefficients min, max are built in the program – these values can also be
inputted by the user depending on the selected National supplement.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
where:
For x > xlim the corrected location of neutral axis is found from :
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The program computes the maximal shear force Ved developed in the critical section, the
shear force transmitted by concrete with no shear reinforcement VRd,c and the maximal
allowable force VRd,max:
Standard values of coefficients CRd,c, min,max are built in the program – these values can
also be inputted by the user depending on the selected National supplement.
The subsequent verification then depends on the m agnitude of maximal shear force VEd.
- is angle of crooks
For VEd > VRd,max the shear reinforcement cannot be designed. It is therefore necessary to
increase the cross-section height.
Standard value of the coefficient k is built in the program (Art. 12.6.3) – this value can also
be adjusted in the program based on the selected National supplement.
Strength of concrete cross-section subject to the c ombination of bending moment and normal
force is derived from the following expressions depending on the normal force ecc entricity e:
Standard values of coefficients cc,pl, ct,pl, c are built in the program – these values can also
be inputted by the user depending on the selected National supplement.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Standard values of coefficients min, max are built in the program – these values can also be
inputted by the user depending on the selected National supplement.
PN-B-03264
This help contains the following computationals methods:
Materials, coefficients, notation
where: cc=1
ct=1
c=1,5 - for steel reinforced concrete structures
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
h - cross-section depth
The program further checks whether the loc ation of neutral axis x is less than the limit
location of neutral axis xlim given by:
- for steel class A0
where:
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
For x > xlim the corrected location of neutral axis is found from :
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The program computes the maximal shear force Nsd developed in the critical section, the
shear force transmitted by concrete with no shear reinforcement Nrd1 and the maximal
allowable force Nmax:
- is angle of crooks
For Nsd > Nmax the shear reinforcement cannot be designed. It is therefore necessary to
increase the cross-section height.
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Strength of concrete cross-section subject to the c ombination of bending moment and normal
force is derived from the following expressions depending on the normal force ecc entricity e:
where:
where:
As - reinforcement area
BS 8110
This help contains the following computationals methods:
Materials, coefficients, notation
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The characteristic compressive strength of concrete is the basic input parameter given by the
class of concrete.
The most c ommon notation for geometrical parameters:
b - cross-section width
h - cross-section depth
All computations are carried out according to the theory of lim it states.
The program further checks whether the loc ation of neutral axis x is less than the limit
location of neutral axis xmax given by:
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
where:
For x > xlim the corrected location of neutral axis is found from :
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The program computes the maximum shear forc e V developed in the critical section, the
shear force transmitted by concrete with no shear reinforc ement Vc, and the maximal
allowable force V u:
or 5 N/mm 2
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
- angle of crooks
For Vc>Vu the shear reinforcement cannot be designed. It is therefore necessary to increase
the cross-section depth.
where:
where: c - is the design value of shear stress in concrete for degree of longitudinal
reinforcement =0 (see :Verification of spread footing for punching
shear).
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
As - reinforcement area
IS 456
This help contains the following computationals methods:
Materials, coefficients, notation
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
All computations are carried out according to the theory of lim it states.
The program further checks whether the loc ation of neutral axis x is less than the limit
location of neutral axis xmax given by:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
where:
For x > xlim the corrected location of neutral axis is found from :
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The program computes the maximum shear forc e V developed in the critical section, the
shear force transmitted by concrete with no shear reinforc ement Vc, and the maximal
allowable force Vmax:
where:
- is angle of crooks
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
where: c - is the design value of stress in concrete obtained from table 19 of the
IS456 standard for degree of longitudinal reinforcement =0.
Strength of concrete cross-section subject to the c ombination of bending moment and normal
force with eccentricity e is derived from the following expressions:
where:
where:
As - reinforcement area
IS Road Bridges
ACI 31802
This help contains the following computationals methods:
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Ec - modulus of elasticity
Strength of concrete cross-section subject to the c ombination of bending moment and normal
force is derived from the following expressions:
for compression side:
where:
A1 - loaded area
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where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
where:
For x > xlim the corrected location of neutral axis is found from :
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The program computes the maximal shear force Vu developed in the critical section, the shear
force transmitted by concrete with no shear reinforcement Vc, and the maximal allowable
force Vmax:
- is angle of crooks
For Vc > Vmax the shear reinforcement cannot be designed. It is therefore necessary to
increase the cross-section height.
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
As - reinforcement area
AS 3600-2001
This help contains the following computationals methods:
Materials, coefficients, notation
The characteristic compressive strength of concrete is the basic input parameter given by the
class of concrete.
The most c ommon notation for geometrical parameters:
b - cross-section width
D - cross-section depth
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All computations are carried out according to the theory of lim it states.
Strength of concrete cross-section subject to the c ombination of bending moment and normal
force is derived from the following expressions:
where:
Ag - loaded area
The program further checks whether the of neutral axis param eter Ku is less than the limit
value:
where:
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
where:
where:
where:
For x > xlim the corrected location of neutral axis is found from :
where:
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As - reinforcement area
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
The program checks, whether the cross-section bursting strength is sufficient according to the
relation:
where:
where: h - the ratio of the longest overall dimension of the effective loaded area, Y
, to the overall dimension, X, measured perpendicular to Y
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In case of jump projection v > 0.5 hz the jump is analyzed as cantilever bended by the
reaction (stress) of foundation soil. The joint can be made either from concrete or steel
reinforced concrete. The allowable stresses of concrete, steel and concrete in concentric
pressure are checked. In case of reinforced concrete the program also checks the degree of
reinforcement.
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Index
-1-
1.LS - bearing of a footing 180
-2-
2.LS - settlement and rotation of a footing 181
-3-
3D View 250
-A-
About company 281
Accounting for wall jump 344
ACI 31802 490
Active dimensions and objects 26
Active earth pressure 289, 293, 292, 290, 291, 289, 294
Adding and editing section 74
Adding interface 36
Adding picture 273
Adhesion of soil 331
Alternate angel of internal friction of soil 305
Analyses in program Ground Loss 428
Analysis 70, 85, 99, 58, 201, 237
Analysis 70, 85, 99, 58, 201, 237
Analysis according to EC 7-1 (EN 1997-1:2003) 381
Analysis according to NEN (Buismann, Ladd) 406
Analysis according to the Janbu theory 408
Analysis according to the theory of limit states / factor of safety 371
Analysis for coarse-grained soils after Janbu 408
Analysis for cohesionless soils after Janbu 408
Analysis for cohesive soils after Janbu 410
Analysis for layered subsoil 431
Analysis for overconsolidated cohesive soils after Janbu 410
Analysis for overconsolidated sands and silts after Janbu 409
Analysis for sands and silts after Janbu 409
Analysis of anchored wall fixed in heel 354
Analysis of anchored wall simply supported at heel 355
Analysis of bearing capacity of foundation 377
Analysis of failure of buildings 435
Analysis of internal stability 335
Analysis of nails bearing capacity 333
Analysis of sheet pile wall 353
Analysis of subsidence trough 428
Analysis of subsidence trough at a depth 433
Analysis of walls 339
Analysis using the compression constant 405
Analysis using the compression index 405
Analysis using the oedometric modulus 404
Analysis using the Soft soil model 407
Analysis – plane slip surface 248
Analysis – polygonal slip surface 249
Analysis – rock wedge 254
Anchor forces, surcharge 449
Anchorage of rock slope 441
Anchors 62, 81, 94, 370
Anchors – plane and polygonal slip surface 246
Anchors – rock wedge 253
Arrango theory 326
AS 3600-2001 495
Assign 61, 76, 147, 159, 93, 186, 107, 135, 171, 258, 54, 121, 209, 198, 223, 235
Assign 61, 76, 147, 159, 93, 186, 107, 135, 171, 258, 54, 121, 209, 198, 223, 235
Assigning soils 39
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-B-
Barton - Bandis 462
Barton – Bandis parameters 462
Base anchorage 126, 112, 340
Basic data 255
Bearing capacity 153, 165, 115, 141, 229, 129, 217
Bearing capacity of foundation on bedrock 380
Bearing capacity of foundation soil 346
Bearing capacity on drained subsoil 377
Bearing capacity on undrained subsoil 379
Bore holes 264
Braced sheeting 365
BS 8110 481
Buildings 232
Bulk weight of rocks 465
-C-
Calculating abutment forces 352
Calculation of Hoek-Brown parameters 460
Calculation of other variables 434
Changing inclination of dividing planes 374
Characteristics of settlement analyses 417
Circular slip surface – Petterson, Bishop 375
Classical theory 430
Coefficient m 425
Coefficient of calculation of inflection point 433
Coefficient of increase of limit skin friction 392
Coefficient of passive earth pressure Kp 298
Common input 30
Compression constant 420
Compression constant 10 421
Compression index 417
Concentrated surcharge 317, 322
Connecting programs 42
Constant distribution of modulus of subsoil reaction 399
Constrains on the optimization procedure 101
Control menu 14
Control menu Print and export 277
Copy to clipboard 27
Corrector of inputted interface 37
CSN 73 1201 R 467
-D-
Damages 238
Dependence of shear on deformation 398
Depth of deformation zone 392
Design coefficients 40
Determination of cross-sectional internal forces 388
Determination of the depth of influence zone 415
Dialogue windows 25
Dimensioning 182, 166, 217, 230, 115, 142, 154, 129
Dimensioning of concrete cover 338
Dimensioning of concrete structures 467
Dimensioning of masonry wall 345
Distribution of earth pressures in case of broken terrain 306
Distributions of forces acting on pile 398
-E-
Earth - pressure wedge 313
Earth cut 196, 91
Earth grading 265
Earth pressure 288
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-F-
Factor of safety 336
Failure of a section of building 437
Foliation 375
Force of transmitted by nails 336
Forces 68, 81
Foundation 171
Foundation steps 206
Frames 22
Front face resistance 110, 138, 150, 162, 124, 213
-G-
Generate 267
Geo-reinforcements, mesh overhangs 340
Geometry 62, 74, 220, 52, 104, 132, 174, 144, 157, 187, 118, 235, 250
Geometry 62, 74, 220, 52, 104, 132, 174, 144, 157, 187, 118, 235, 250
Geometry 62, 74, 220, 52, 104, 132, 174, 144, 157, 187, 118, 235, 250
Geometry cut 203
Geometry of nails 221
Geometry of rock block 448
Geometry of rock wedge 452
Geometry plane view 205
Georeinforcements 370
Geostatic stress, uplift pressure 283
Global coordinate system 256
Gradient damage 436
GWT above toe of slope 442
GWT on tension crack 443
GWT on tension crack, max 444
-H-
Height multiplier 102
Hoek - Brown 457
Homogenization of layered subsoil 386
Horizontal bearing capacity 193, 398
Horizontal bearing capacity of foundation 384
Horizontal tool bars 15
Hydrodynamic pressure 309
Hydrostatic pressure, ground water 307, 308
-I-
Import - export DXF 47
Import of loading 173
Import of points 260
Incompressible subsoil 197, 395
Increment of earth pressure due to surcharge 285
Increment of earth pressure under footing 286
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
-J-
Janbu characteristics 423
-L-
Launching 271
Limit loading curve 391
Line constructions 270
Line surcharge 318
Linear modulus of subsoil reaction 399
Load 172, 187
Loading - LC 209
-M-
Manual classification of soil 34
Material 104, 132, 176, 156, 188, 118, 206, 222
Materials, coefficients, notation 467, 472, 477, 482, 486, 491, 495, 358
Measurement 236
Method of restriction of the magnitude of primary stress 416
Minimal dimensioning pressure 312
Modeling terrain on edges 268
Modified compression index 425
Modifying template during data input 49
Modulus of subsoil reaction 72, 184, 359
Modulus of subsoil reaction - Chadeisson 362
Modulus of subsoil reaction - CSN 73 1004 400
Modulus of subsoil reaction - CUR 166 360
Modulus of subsoil reaction - iterations 362
Modulus of subsoil reaction - Matlock and Rees 400
Modulus of subsoil reaction - Ménard 361
Modulus of subsoil reaction - Schmitt 361
Modulus of subsoil reaction - Vesic 401
Mohr - Coulomb 457
Mononobe–Okabe theory 326
-N-
Nailed slopes 333
Negative skin friction 190, 395
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-O-
Oedometric modulus 419
Optimization of circular slip surface 376
Optimization of polygonal slip surface 374
Options 27
Options - input 30
Options – copy to clipboard 28
Options – print picture 29
Outputs 273
Overall settlement and rotation of foundation 403
Overconsolidation index of secondary compression 427
Own water force acting on slip surface only 446
Own water force behavior 447
-P-
Page numbering 281
Page properties 280
Parameters Hoek – Brown 458
Parameters Mohr – Coulomb 457
Parameters of rocks 332
Parameters to compute foundation bearing cap. 382
Parameters – polygonal slip surface 244
Parameters – rock wedge 252
Passive earth pressure 294
Passive earth pressure - Absi theory 300
Passive earth pressure - Caquot – Kérisel theory 296
Passive earth pressure - Coulomb theory 296
Passive earth pressure - Müller – Breslau theory 299
Passive earth pressure - Rankin and Mazindrani 295
Passive earth pressure - Sokolovski theory 300
Passive earth pressure – total stress 302
Picture list 274
Pile analysis 389
Plane slip surface 438
PN-B-03264 477
Point constructions 269
Points 258
Polygonal slip surface 447
Polygonal slip surface - Sarma 372
Pressure specification 64
Primary settlement 412
Print and export document 275
Print and export picture 276
Profile 52, 60, 72, 105, 133, 169, 145, 158, 184, 119, 207, 222, 233
Profile 52, 60, 72, 105, 133, 169, 145, 158, 184, 119, 207, 222, 233
Program Abutment 202
Program Block Wall 144
Program Cantilever Wall 103
Program Earth Pressure 51
Program Gabion 156
Program Gravity Wall 131
Program Ground Loss 232
Program Masonry wall 117
Program Nailed slopes 219
Program Pile 183
Program Rock slope 240
Program Settlement 194
Program Sheeting Check 71
Program Sheeting Design 59
Program Slope Stability 89
Program Spread Footing 168
Program Terrain 255
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
Project 89, 51, 59, 144, 156, 183, 103, 131, 168, 71, 117, 194, 202, 219, 232, 240, 255
Project 89, 51, 59, 144, 156, 183, 103, 131, 168, 71, 117, 194, 202, 219, 232, 240, 255
Project 89, 51, 59, 144, 156, 183, 103, 131, 168, 71, 117, 194, 202, 219, 232, 240, 255
Project 89, 51, 59, 144, 156, 183, 103, 131, 168, 71, 117, 194, 202, 219, 232, 240, 255
Project - Analyses 168
Project – Earth pressures 30
Props 63, 82
-R-
RC rectangular cross-section - bending moment 469, 473, 478, 483, 487, 492
RC rectangular cross-section - bending moment.. 497
RC rectangular cross-section under M 468, 473, 478, 482, 487, 492, 496
Reading data into template 48
Recommended values of parameters for volume loss analysis 429
Recompression index 422
Reduction coefficient of passive earth pressure 299
Reinforcements 95
Relative deflection 436
Resolution of acting forces 455
Rigid body 93
Rock 242
Rock - shear resistance criteria 457
Rock slope 437
Rock wedge 452
Running more analyses / verifications 41
-S-
Sand-gravel cushion 175
Scale color definition 46
Secondary settlement 414
Selecting and storing views 43
Setting 58, 69, 85, 113, 140, 179, 152, 164, 99, 191, 127, 215, 201, 227, 248
Setting 58, 69, 85, 113, 140, 179, 152, 164, 99, 191, 127, 215, 201, 227, 248
Setting color range 45
Setting header and footer 279
Setting results visualization 44
Setting visualization style 20
Settings 237
Settlement analysis 401
Settlement analysis using DMT 411
Shape of subsidence trough 432
Shear resistance on skin 396
Shear strength of skin 392
Sheeting check 356
Sheeting design 353
Sign convention 288
Slip surface - polygonal 243
Slip surface – plane 242
Slip surface – rock wedge 251
Slope stability analysis 367
Soil and rock labels 34
Soil body 367
Soil classification 33
Soils 234, 53, 60, 73, 106, 134, 170, 146, 159, 92, 185, 120, 208, 198, 223, 257
Soils 234, 53, 60, 73, 106, 134, 170, 146, 159, 92, 185, 120, 208, 198, 223, 257
Soils 234, 53, 60, 73, 106, 134, 170, 146, 159, 92, 185, 120, 208, 198, 223, 257
Solution according to CSN 73 1001 381
Solution procedure 450
Special distribution of water pressure 310
Stability 116, 143, 155, 167, 130, 219
Standard analysis 378, 380, 381
Standard values of coefficients 472
Stepped slip surface 439
Stereographic projection 453
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Geo 5 - User's Guide © Fine Ltd. 2007
-T-
Table of recommended values DELTA/FÍ 331
Table of ultimate friction factors 330
Tables 23
Tensile cracks 435
Tensile strength of rock 440
Terrain 55, 65, 78, 107, 135, 147, 160, 121, 210, 224, 241
Terrain 55, 65, 78, 107, 135, 147, 160, 121, 210, 224, 241
Theory 283
Theory of limit states 337
Theory of settlement 411
Theory of structural strength 415
Tool bar 3D visualization 18
Tool bar Files 15
Tool bar Plot setting 17
Tool bar Print and export 278
Tool bar Scale and shift 16
Tool bar Selections 19
Tool bar Stage of construction 17
Trapezoidal surcharge 317, 322
Types of nails 220
-U-
Undulating slip surface 440
Unit metric / imperial 27
Uplift pressure in footing bottom 311
User catalogue 75
User defined environment 13
Using function Find 13
Using help 12
-V-
Verification 114, 141, 153, 165, 128, 216, 228, 455
Verification 114, 141, 153, 165, 128, 216, 228, 455
Verification - factor of safety 343
Verification according to CSN 73 6206 499
Verification according to the factor of safety 456
Verification according to the theory of limit states 456
Verification of bearing capacity of nails 338
Verification of circular RC cross-section 471, 476, 481, 485, 490, 494, 498
Verification of cross-sections - plain concrete 468, 475, 480, 485, 489, 491, 496
Verification of internal stability of structure 364
Verification of spread footing for punching shear 470, 474, 479, 483, 488, 493, 498
Verification – limit states 342
Vertical bearing capacity 191
Vertical bearing capacity - FEM 390
Vertical bearing capacity CSN 191
Vertical bearing capacity FEM 192
Vertical bearing capacity – according to CSN 389
Vertical tool bars 19
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-W-
Wall dimensioning 347
Water 263, 55, 66, 79, 108, 136, 148, 161, 97, 122, 211, 200, 225
Water 263, 55, 66, 79, 108, 136, 148, 161, 97, 122, 211, 200, 225
Water acting on tension crack only 445
Water – plane slip surface 245
Water – rock wedge 254
Water, incompressible subsoil 178, 189
Window for application 14
Wings 204
Without ground water, water is not considered 307
World coordinates 39
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