Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
Submitted by:
BS ChE 3 Group 2
Garcia, Ann Clarisse M.
Santos, Amabelle C.
Sison, Bren A.
Torres, Clark Ivan V.
Submitted to:
Engr. Milagros R. Cabangon
Instructor
January 3, 2017
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Objectives ....................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................................... 4
Brief History ................................................................................................... 5
Uses and Applications ..................................................................................... 7
Companies in the Philippines .......................................................................... 8
Classifications................................................................................................. 9
Dosage Form ......................................................................................... 9
Kind of Drug ........................................................................................ 13
Chemical Reaction ............................................................................... 17
Paracetamol .................................................................................................. 36
Manufacturing Process of Paracetamol................................................. 41
Antibiotics ................................................................................................... 45
Manufacturing Process of Penicillin ..................................................... 47
Insulin .......................................................................................................... 54
Vitamins ....................................................................................................... 62
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
OBJECTIVES
General Objective:
Specific Objectives:
• To classify the drugs according to their dosage form, kinds and chemical
reaction.
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
The Philippine drug industry has been mainly engaged in the drug
compounding business. However, the drugs now available in the country are the
latest innovations in the field. Moreover, these drugs cure a wide spectrum of
diseases that afflict the populace.
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
History
TIME DESCRIPTION
Opium is an analgesic that is used as
medications to relieve pain. It is derived
1000 from the poppy plant which is latex and
opium is widely used in China and in the
far East.
Paracelsus was a Swiss alchemist who
introduces laudanum also known as
tincture of opium in the practice of
1525 medicine. Tincture is a medicine that is
made by dissolving the drug in alcohol. And
for laudanum, it is approximately 10%
powdered opium.
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Diacetylmorphine is synthesized in
Germany. It is widely lauded as a “safe
preparation free from addiction-forming
1898
properties.” Heroin is used in severe painful
conditions, which cannot be treated (pain
reduction) with conventional pain killers
Insulin was discovered by Canadian
physician Frederick Banting and medical
student Charles H. Best. Hormones
1921
extracted from pancreas of dogs were
injected in diabetic dog and found that it is
effective in lowering the glucose level.
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Uses
1. Practice of Diagnosis
2. Treatment of Disease
3. Prevention of Disease
4. Extending the life of a person
5. Pharmaceutical companies discover new drugs for diseases.
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
Address: 16th Floor 8 Rockwell,
UNITED LABORATORIES Hidalgo Drive, Rockwell Center,
Address: Mandaluyong, Philippines Makati City
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Classification of Pharmaceuticals
1. Dosage Form
2. Kind of Drug
3. Chemical Reaction
Syrups
- Concentrated aqueous solutions of sugar
which may contain flavors and coloring
materials and are frequently used as
vehicles, although some syrup do
contain therapeutic agents and as such
are medicaments in their own right
Injectables
- Also known as parental solutions
- These are sterile liquids or suspensions
intended for injection under or through
one or more layers of the skin or mucous
membrane. They must be packaged in
containers which will maintain their
sterility until administered or used, and
which will permit visual inspection.
Ointments
- Semi-solid preparations for external
applications.
- They soften but not necessarily melt
when applied to the skin and function as
vehicles for the application of medicinal
substances or as protectives for the skin.
Capsules
- One of the most commonly used dosage forms for administering medicines
- Made of gelatin shells that contain medicinal substances, both dry and
liquid.
- Advantage: tasteless and easily administered
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Types of Capsules
Hard Capsule
- consist of two sections, one slipping over the other, completely
surrounding the medicine
Soft Elastic Capsule
- soft globular shell of gelatin with permanent flexibility. This form is
intended primarily for the administration of oily liquids.
Pearl Capsule
- also used for oily liquids, although occasionally solid constituents are
inserted with the oil into each pearl.
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Tablets
- One of the most commonly used dosage
forms for administering medicines
- Unit forms of solid medicinal
substances, or unit forms of
- the medicinal substances with suitable
diluents, prepared by molding or
compressing.
- Most frequently flat and circular
- May be coated or uncoated.
Powder Lozenges
Solutions Suspensions
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Tinctures Emulsions
Spray
Liniment
Suppository
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
I. Cardiovascular Drugs
Antihypertensive
- reduce blood pressure
- block nerve impulses that cause arteries to
constrict
- others slow the heart rate and decrease its
force of contraction
- others reduce the amount of certain
hormones in the blood that cause blood
pressure to rise.
- Examples: metoprolol and prazosin, captopril,
enalapril
Antiulcer
- Used to treat peptic ulcers
- Suppresses the secretion of stomach acid
- Examples are Cimetidine, Ranitidine and
omeprazole
- There is formation of a chemical barrier over
an exposed ulcer, thereby protecting it from
stomach acid like sucrafate
Antidiarrheal
- Narcotics and anticholinergics are used to
treat diarrhea because they slow the action of
the bowel.
- Example: loperamide
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Antitussives
- Control coughs by acting on the cough
center in the brain
- Example: codeine
Decongestants
- Constrict the blood vessels in the nose and
sinuses to open up air passages
- Taken orally or as nose drops or spray
- Oral act slowly but does not interfere with
the production of mucus or the movement of
cilia in the respiratory tract
- Nose Drop or Spray provides immediate
relief and slows down the movement of cilia
- Examples: pseudeophrine
Sedatives
- Used in the treatment of anxiety or
insomnia selectively reduce activity in the
CNS
- Examples of sedating drugs: barbiturates,
chlordiazepoxide, clorazepate, diazepam,
meprobamate, and axazepam
- Examples of hypnotic drugs: flurazepam,
temazepam and triazolam
Tranquilizers
- Calm activity in some areas of the brain but allow the rest to function
normally
- Allows transmission of some nerve impulses and restrict others
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Types of Tranquilizers
a. Antipsychotic
- Used to treat symptoms of severe
psychiatric disorder
- Drugs most frequently used are the
phenolthiazines such as
chloropromazine, thioridazine and
trifluoperazine
b. Antidepressant
- Examples: amitriptyline and amoxapine, pargyline and phenelzine
c. Analgesic
- Drugs used to relieve pain and falls under two categories:
1. Narcotics
Derived from opium poppy
Act on the brain to cause deep analgesia and often drowsiness
Treats severe pain
Can cause respiratory depression
Examples: Pentazocine and Propoxyphene Hydrochloride
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
2. Non-narcotics
widely used non-prescription drugs
Treats mild pain
Treatment in symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis
Examples: aspirin, ibuprofen, acetaminophen
V. Hormones
Antidiabetic
- Induces the pancreas to secrete more insulin
by acting on small groups of cells within the
pancreas that make and store insulin.
- Example is Insuget.
Steroids
- Used to treat inflammatory diseases such as
arthritis or to treat poison ivy, hay fever or
insect bites
- Examples: Methylprednisolone and
prednisone
VI. Anti-infectives
- Used to treat wide variety of bacterial infection
- Produced synthetically or are derived from
molds
- Slow the growth bacteria or cause their death
by interfering production of necessary
nutrients or by damaging their cell membrane
- Aminoglycosides, cephalosporoins,
eryhtromycins, penicillin and tetracyclines are some antibiotics used
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
PHENOBARBITAL USP
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
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BARBITAL
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
CIMETIDINE
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
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used by the soft-drink industry for mildly stimulating beverages such as Coca
Cola, Pepsi Cola, and the other cola drinks.
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College of Engineering and Technology
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ACETAMINOPHEN USP
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Condensation is the change of the physical state of matter from gas phase
into liquid phase and cyclization is the formation of a ring in a chemical
compound.
Diazepam is a benzodiazepine
derivative made by a complex series of
reactions, one of which involves
cyclization. This compound was
introduced between 1955 and 1960, and
today is the most prescribed drug in the
United States. It is an antianxiety drug,
often called a tranquilizer. It is prepared
by treating p-chloromethylaniline with
benzoyl chloride and hydroxylamine to produce the benzophenone oxime.
Reaction of the oxime with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of sodium
hydroxide and subsequent reduction yields diazepam.
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
PHENOLPHTHALEIN NE
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College of Engineering and Technology
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
ETHER USP
CHLOROFORM USP
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College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
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College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
PROPANOL HCL
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10. Vitamins
An organic compound and a vital nutrient that an organism requires
in limited amounts. An organic chemical compound is called a vitamin
when the organism cannot synthesize the compound in sufficient
quantities, and it must be obtained through the diet; thus, the term
"vitamin" is conditional upon the circumstances and the particular
organism.
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Sources: Cabbage,
vegetable oils, margarine,
nuts and seeds, leafy greens
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
PARACETAMOL
1. Direct Compression
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
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A. Slugging
A fairly dense slug may be formed by allowing sufficient time for the air to
escape from the material to be compacted.
B. Roll Compaction
This is suitable for compounds that either have a low melting point or
degrade rapidly during heating, as the method does not involve any drying step
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Raw Materials
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Preparation of Acetaminophen
1. Nitration of Phenol
Phenol (hydroxybenzene) will react with sodium nitrate (an oxidizing agent)
in the presence of sulfuric acid to produce a mixture of structural isomers
of nitrophenol.
When concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is added to sodium nitrate
(NaNO3) the following reaction occurs:
H2SO4 + 2NaNO3 → Na2SO4 + 2HNO3
Then, in excess sulfuric acid, reactive nitronium ion, NO2+, is produced:
HNO3 + H2SO4 → NO2+ + HSO4- + H2O
The nitronium ion, NO2+, attacks the benzene ring of phenol to produce a
mixture of various structural isomers of nitrophenol.
The OH (hydroxyl) functional group of phenol (hydroxybenzene) is said to
activate the benzene ring at the 2- and 4- positions. This results in the
formation of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol.
4-nitrophenol can be separated from the mixture containing 2-nitrophenol
by steam distillation: 2-nitrophenol forms fewer hydrogen bonds with
water or other nitrophenol molecules than 4-nitrophenol so it is more
volatile in steam than 4nitrophenolol.
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
3. Formation of Amide
4-aminophenol, suspended in water at room temperature readily reacts
with ethanoic anhydride (acetic anhydride) to produce a precipitate of the
amide paracetamol (acetaminophen)
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Cone Mixer
Roll Compaction
Particles are consolidated and
densified by passing the material
between two high pressure rollers.
Generally, from 7/8 to 1 inches
(2.22 to 2.54 centimeters) in size.
Roller Compactor
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Milling/Granulation
The densified material from a roller
compactor is then reduced to a
uniform granule size by milling.
Slugs are granulated and screened
through a machine called a
Fitzpatrick mill to obtain the
correct granule size.
Fitzpatrick Mill
Mixing
The remaining carnauba wax is
added to the mixture for easier
ejection of tablet from pressing.
Cone Mixer
Pressing
The mixture is compressed into
tablets by rotary tablet machine.
On rotary tablet machines, the
mixture runs through a feed line
into a number of dye cavities which
are situated on a large steel plate.
The plate revolves as the mixture is
dispensed through the feed line,
rapidly filling each dye cavity.
Punches, both above and below the
dye cavities, rotate in sequence
with the rotation of the dye cavities. Rotary Tablet Machine
Rollers on top of the upper
punches press the punches down
onto the dye cavities, compressing
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Process Layout
Preparation of • Acetaminophen is produced in the laboratory
Acetaminophen by processing the phenol.
• All raw materials are weighed in individual
Milling canisters, and milled to meet specific size
requirement.
• All raw materials are mixed and produces a
Mixing
homogeneous mixture.
• Produces 7/8 to 1 inches (2.22 to 2.54
Roll Compaction centimeters) densified and consolidated
particles. Produces slugs
• Slugs are reduced to the required uniform
Granulation
size of slug.
• The remaining lubricant (carnauba wax) is
Mixing
added.
Equipment Layout
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
ANTIBIOTICS
The term antibiotic is a broad one, defined by Waksman as “a substance
produced by microorganisms, which has the capacity of inhibiting the growth
and even of destroying other microorganisms by the action of very small amounts
of the antibiotics.” Approximately 3000 substances come under this
classification, but only about 70 have the necessary combination of patient
safety, antimicrobial action, and stability. Penicillins, erythromycin, tetracycline,
and cephalosporins are among the widely used.
Penicillin
The name "penicillium" was taken from the Latin "penicillum" meaning "a
painter's brush" because the fronds of the fungus were thought to look like a
painter's brush.
Time Event
Alexander Fleming discovered
that the Staphylococcus culture
September 1928 he had mistakenly left growing in
open was contaminated with a
mould which had destroyed the
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Alexander Fleming
Raw Materials
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
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pH 6.5 Glucose
Oxygen 80% ethanol
Nitrogen: corn steep liquor phenyl acetic acid
Penicillium fungi (Penicillium Probenecid
chrysogenum)
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Heat Sterilization
Medium is sterilized at high heat and
high pressure usually through a
holding tube or sterilize together with
the fermenter. The pressurized steam
is use usually and the medium is
heated to 120°C at 30 psi or twice of
atmospheric pressure. High
temperature short time conditions are
used to minimize degradation of
Sterilization Machine
certain components of the media.
Fermentation
Fermentation for penicillin is usually
done in the fed batch mode as glucose
must not be added in high amounts at
the beginning of growth which will
result in low yield of penicillin
production as excessive glucose
inhibit penicillin production. In
addition to that, penicillin is a batch
mode ideal for such products as it
allows the high production of
penicillin. The typical fermentation
conditions for the Penicillium mold,
secondary metabolite of the fungus,
therefore, the fed-usually requires
temperatures at 20-24°C while pH
conditions are kept in between 6.0 to
6.5. The pressure in the bioreactor is Fermenters
usually much higher than the
atmospheric pressure (1.02 atm) this
is to prevent contamination from
occurring as it prevents external
contaminants from entering. Sparging
of air bubbles is necessary to provide
sufficient oxygen the viability of the
fungus.
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Broth Filtration
The main objective of broth filtration
is to remove any microbial cells and
any large solid particles such as, cell
fragments, soluble and insoluble
medium components, other metabolic
products, intact micro-organisms.
During the filtration, the micro-
organisms are captured in a
concentrated cake, which looks like
sand, sludge or paste. The filter drum,
partially submerged in the trough of
broth, rotates slowly. Filtrate and
washings are kept separate by the
segments in the drum. The liquid is Rotary Vacuum Filter
drawn through the filter and a cake of
solids builds up on the outer surface.
Inside the drum, the filtrate is moves
from the end of the cylindrical drum
onto a storage tank.
Cooling
From filtration, the penicillin rich
solution is cooled at 5°C. This helps
reduce enzyme and chemical
degradation during the solvent
extraction. Acidify (H2SO4) to a pH of
2.0, resulting in an acid (and
extractable) form of penicillin.
Cooling Machine
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College of Engineering and Technology
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Solvent Extraction
Solvent-extract in a Podbielniak
countercurrent rotating contactor
using a 1:10 volume of amyl acetate,
giving a penicillin purity 75 to 80%.
Reverse the extraction at a pH of 7.5
into an aqueous solution with
enhanced concentration and purity.
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College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Crystallization
Crystallization is essentially a
polishing step that yields a highly
pure product and is done through
phase separation from a liquid to a
solid. To begin the process a
supersaturated solution, where there
are more dissolved solids in the
solvent than can ordinarily be
accommodated at that temperature,
must be obtained through cooling,
drowning, solvent evaporation, or by
Crystallizer
chemical reaction. Batch
crystallization is the most the most
used method for polishing penicillin.
Crystal Washing
Even though the penicillin crystals are
pure in nature, adsorption and
capillary attraction can cause
impurities from its mother liquor on
their surfaces and within the voids of
the particulate mass. Thus, the
crystals must be washed and pre-
dried in a liquid in which they are
relatively insoluble. For this purpose,
anhydrous i-propanol, n-butanol or Industrial Washing Machine
another volatile solvent is used.
Drying
Drying stabilizes heat sensitive
products like penicillin. The drying of
penicillin must be carried out with
extreme care to maintain its chemical
and biochemical activity, and ensure
that it retains a high level of activity
after drying. The 3 most used methods
for drying would be: Lyophilization,
Vacuum Band Dryer
Spray Dryers, Vacuum Band Dryers.
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College of Engineering and Technology
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Packaging Machine
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
Plant Layout
Equipment Layout
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
INSULIN
Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use
glucose from carbohydrates in the food for energy. Insulin helps keeps your blood
sugar level from getting too high (hyperglycemia) or too low (hypoglycemia).
Insulin is produced by cells in the pancreas, called the islets of Langerhans.
These cells continuously release a small amount of insulin into the body, but
they release surges of the hormone in response to a rise in the blood glucose
level.
Without insulin, the blood glucose builds up in the blood and the cells are
starved of their energy source. Some of the symptoms that may occur include
fatigue, constant infections, blurred eye sight, numbness, tingling in the hands
or legs, increased thirst and slowed healing of bruises or cuts.
HISTORY OF INSULIN
TIME EVENT
1869 Paul Langerhans, a medical student in Berlin
discovers a distinct collection of cells within the
pancreas. These cells would later be called the
Islets of Langerhans.
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College of Engineering and Technology
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
TYPES OF INSULIN
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EVAPORATION Evaporator
In evaporators, the first stage removes
alcohol, with subsequent waste-fat
separation. The concentrated extract
is filtered and conducted to the first
salting-out tank .
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RAW MATERIALS
1. BAKER’S YEAST
Drug companies use GM Baker's yeast to make the peptide hormone
insulin and other drugs. For decades, human insulin for diabetic medication has
been produced in genetically modified Baker's yeast by Novo Nordisk, a GMO
pharmaceutical company which is a sister company to Novozymes, a producer
of genetically engineered food enzymes.
Salt
Water
Vitamins and Minerals
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College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS
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FERMENTATION
Yeast is a living organism, it needs
a nourishing environment. A nourishing
solution that contains water, sugars,
salts, vitamins & minerals, and amino
acids. The modified yeast is warmed to 30
℃, the resulting broth is left for 72 hours,
and it starts feeding and fermenting. It
also secretes insulin molecules.
The bacteria synthesizing the
insulin then undergo a fermentation process. They are grown at optimal
temperatures in large tanks in manufacturing plants. The millions of bacteria
replicate roughly every 20 minutes through cell mitosis, and each expresses the
insulin gene.
PURIFICATION
The fermentation will produce a
milky broth that needs to be purified.
Purification begins with a spin in the
centrifuge, filtration and 24 hour stay in a
cartridge column. Procedures used
include an ion-exchange column, reverse-
phase high performance liquid
chromatography, and a gel filtration
chromatography column.
Manufacturers can test insulin batches to ensure none of the bacteria's
proteins are mixed in with the insulin. They use a marker protein that lets them
detect yeast DNA. They can then determine that the purification process removes
the yeast.
DRYING
After a second round of purification. The
insulin needs to be dried but it should not use
heat since insulin degrades under warm
temperatures so they dry it in a sci-fi drying room
just above freezing for 24 hours.
After a second round of purification. The
insulin needs to be dried but it should not use
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heat since insulin degrades under warm temperatures so they dry it in a sci-fi
drying room just above freezing for 24 hours.
PACKAGING
The powdered insulin should be diluted in
distilled water, the glass vials where the insulin will
be placed is washed, dried and sterilized to around
300℃ to ensure that there is no contamination.
EQUIPMENT LAY-OUT
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
VITAMINS
RAW MATERIALS
VITAMINS (SYNTHETIC/NATURALLY DERIVED)
Vitamins can be derived from plant or animal products, or produced
synthetically in a laboratory. Vitamin A, for example, can be derived from
fish liver oil, and vitamin C from citrus fruits or rose hips. Most commercial
vitamins are made from synthetic vitamins, which are cheaper and easier
to produce than natural derivatives. So vitamin A may be synthesized from
acetone, and vitamin C from keto acid.
There is no chemical difference between the purified vitamins
derived from plant or animal sources and those produced synthetically.
Different laboratories may use different techniques to produce synthetic
vitamins, as many can be derived from various chemical reactions.
ADDITIVES
Vitamin tablets or capsules usually contain additives that aid in the
manufacturing process or in how the vitamin pill is accepted by the body.
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
PRELIMINARY CHECK
A vitamin manufacturer purchases raw vitamins and other ingredients
from distributors. Raw vitamins from a reputable distributor arrive with a
Certificate of Analysis, stating what the vitamins are and how potent they are. In
many cases, the manufacturer will nevertheless test the raw materials or send
samples to an independent laboratory for analysis. If herbs are to be an
ingredient in the vitamin capsule, these must be tested for identity and potency,
and for possible bacterial contamination as well.
PREBLENDING
The raw vitamins arrive at the manufacturer in
a fine powder, and they need no preliminary
processing. However, if the raw materials are not
finely granulated, they will be run through a mill and
ground. Some vitamins may be preblended with a
filler ingredient such as microcrystalline cellulose or
malto-dextrin, because this produces a more even
granule which aids further processing steps.
Laboratory technicians may run test batches when
working with new ingredients and determine if
preblending is necessary.
DRYING
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Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
The mixture is then dried in a dryer. After drying, the formula may be in
chunks as large as a dime. These chunks are sized by being run through a mill.
The mill forces the chunks through a small hole of the desired diameter of the
granule. These granules can then be weighed and mixed.
If the lot in the mixer has been approved, workers tote the mixture to the
encapsulating machine and dump it in a hopper. At the beginning of a batch,
workers will test-run the encapsulating
machine and check that the capsules are
the proper and consistent weight. Workers
also check the capsules visually to see if
they seem to be splitting or dimpling. If the
test batches run correctly, workers run the
entire batch. The vitamin mixture flows
through one hopper, and another hopper
holds whole gelatin capsules. The capsules
are broken into halves by the machine. The
bottom half of the capsule falls through a
funnel into a rotating dosing dish. Then the
machine measures a precise amount of the powdered vitamin mixture into each
open capsule half. Tamping pins push the powder down. Then the top halves of
the capsules are pushed down onto the filled bottoms.
CAPSULATING
The filled vitamin capsules are next run through a
polishing machine. The vitamins are circulated on
a belt through a series of soft brushes. Any excess
dust or vitamin powder is removed from the
exterior of the capsules by the brushes. The
polished capsules are then poured onto an
inspection table. The inspection table has a belt of
rotating rods. The vitamins fall in the grooves
between the rods, and the vitamins rotate as the
rods turn. Thus, all sides of the vitamin are visible
for the inspector to see. The inspector removes any capsules that are too long,
split, dimpled, or otherwise imperfect. The vitamins that pass inspection are then
taken over to the packaging area.
TABLETING
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Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
65 | P a g e
Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
PACKAGING
Packaging the vitamins takes
several steps, and different
machines carry out these steps. So
in the packaging area, the vitamins
pass through a row of machines.
Once the vitamins are dumped in
the hopper of the first machine, no
human touches them. The worker
sets the machine to count out the
required number of capsules or tablets per bottle, and the rest is done
automatically. The capsules or tablets fall into a bottle, and the bottle is passed
to the next machine to be sealed, capped, labelled, and shrink-wrapped. The
finished bottles are then set in boxes and are ready for distribution.
66 | P a g e
Pharmaceutical Industry
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila
College of Engineering and Technology
Department of Chemical Engineering
REFERENCES
Austin, G., & Austin. (1984). Shreve's Chemical Process Industries. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Bender, D. (1992). Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins. Cambridge
University Press.
Gebel, E. (2013, July). Making Insulin. Retrieved from Diabetes Forecast:
http://www.diabetesforecast.org/2013/jul/making-
insulin.html?referrer=
Goodwin, K. (2015, December 27). Manufacture of Insulin. Retrieved from
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/kelly_goodwin/insulin-
manufacture
How Its Made (Director). (2011). How Its Made: Pills [Motion Picture].
Insulin. (n.d.). Retrieved from Diabetes Co UK:
www.diabetes.co.uk/insulin/human-insulin.html
Lieberman, S., & Nancy, B. (1990). The Real Vitamin and Mineral Book. Avery
Publishing Group.
Nordisk, N. (Director). (2012). How Do They Do It. How Insulin Is Made [Motion
Picture].
Woodward, A. (2009). Insulin. Retrieved from How Products Are Made:
http://www.madehow.com/Volume- 7/Insulin.html
Woodward, A. (2009). Vitamin. Retrieved from How Products are Made:
www.madehow.com/Volume-3/Vitamin.html
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http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/rzepa/mim/drugs/html/paracet_text.htm
Nordqvist, C. (2016, November 3). Vitamins: What They Are and What They Do.
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Penicillin. (2016, December). Retrieved from How is it Made into a Drug?:
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Tait, K. D. (n.d.). Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved from
Pharmaceutical Industry:
http://www.ilocis.org/documents/chpt79e.htm
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