Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Dimitrios K. Sidiras*, Fragiskos A. Batzias, Christina G. Siontorou, Athanasia N. Bountri, Dorothea V. Politi, Odysseas N.
Kopsidas, Ilias G. Konstantinou, George N. Katsamas, Ioanna S. Salapa, Stavroula P. Zervopoulou
Lab. Simulation of Industrial Processes, Dep. Industrial Management and Technology, Univ. Piraeus
80 Karaoli & Dimitriou, GR 18534 Piraeus, Greece
ABSTRACT: The thermochemical treatment of lignocellulosic waste biomass can provide low-cost adsorbents with
increased sorption capacity and biodegradability for cleaning by adsorption the hydrocarbon spills. This work deals
with the planning and carrying out the experimental measurements necessary to cover some combinations of
lignocellulosic adsorbent materials and hydrocarbons to be adsorbed. The kinds of lignocellulosic waste adsorbents
examined herein were selected by means of multicriteria analysis and subsequently studied with a view to correlating
their physicochemical properties with surface topography and chemical composition. The SEM surface topography,
the BET surface area and the XRD patterns for untreated and modified wheat straw were also studied. Optimal
modification conditions, for maximizing the diesel and crude oil adsorptivity, were found by means of factorial
experimental design. Diesel and crude oil spills were formed on seawater (two Ports), stream water and lake water.
The diesel and crude oil adsorption on untreated and pretreated wheat straw was measured. The diesel and crude oil
adsorption on pretreated wheat straw was significantly higher compared to that of the untreated material.
Keywords: adsorbent, hydrolysis, chemical composition, cellulose, lignin, biomass.
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
Table I: Composition of wheat straw. min (isothermal acid hydrolysis time-periods not
including the preheating time; preheating time must be
Component % w/w added to these isothermal time-periods to give the ‘Total
Acid Hydrolysis Time’); the reaction was catalyzed by
Cellulose 32.7 maleic acid 0.01-0.09 M during acid hydrolysis process
Hemicelluloses 24.5 at a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20:1; the liquid phase volume
was 2000 mL the solid material dose (wheat straw) was
Xylose 19.3
100 g. The reaction ending temperature was 140 °C – 180
Arabinose 2.7 °C, reached after the 35 - 50 min preheating time-periods,
Acetyl groups 2.5 respectively.
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
Table II. Quality specifications of diesel 10 PPM and 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
crude oil.
3.1. Autohydrolysis and maleic acid hydrolysis
simulation.
Properties Units Results
Cellulose amorphous and crystalline fractions are
Diesel oil quality specifications
hydrolyzed to water-soluble glucose, hemicelluloses are
Density at 15oC kg/m3 823.0
hydrolyzed mostly to xylose and the acid-insoluble lignin
Color L0.5
fraction is not affected by acid hydrolysis. The detailed
%(v/v) Rec. at 250 oC %v/v 35.3
simulation of (i) the autohydrolysis and (ii) the maleic
%(v/v) Rec. at 350 oC %v/v 94.6
o acid hydrolysis process can be performed using
95%(v/v) Recovered C 359.0
o simulation model described in earlier work [4].
Flash point C 61.5
The simulation model is presented below and
Sulfur content mg/kg 2.2
concerns the hydrolysis of polysaccharides.
Copper strip corrosion Class 1a
(3 h at 50 oC) k H1 kH 3 kH 4
o RRH WSOH xylose furfural
CFPP C -17
kH 2 kH 3 kH 4
Viscosity at 40 oC cST 2.772 ERH WSOH xylose furfural
Water content mg/kg 45 CC
k C1
WSOC
kC 3
glu cose
kC 4
5 HMF
Cetane number 54.0 kC 2 kC 3 kC 4
AC WSOC glu cose 5 HMF
Cetane index 57.9
Ash content % m/m 0.003 where: RRH is the Reaction Resisting Hemicelluloses;
Carbon residue (on 10% %m/m 0.01 ERH the Easily Reacting Hemicelluloses; WSOH the
distill. residue) Water Soluble Oligosaccharides from Hemicelluloses;
Total contamination mg/kg 5.0 CC the Crystalline Cellulose; AC the Amorphous
Oxidation stability g/m3 3.4 Cellulose; WSOC the Water Soluble Oligosaccharides
Polycyclic aromatic %m/m 0.6 from Cellulose; 5-HMF the 5-hydroxymethyl furfural.
hydrocarbons A system of first-order kinetic equations was applied
Lubricity, corrected μm 435 to the hydrolysis of xylan 1 and xylan 2 (reaction-
(wsd1.4) at 60 oC resisting and easily-reacting hemicelluloses, respectively)
during the hydrolysis treatment. In that case, the maleic
Crude oil quality specifications acid activity was assumed to be constant during the acid
Density at 15 oC kg/m3 860 hydrolysis process (although decreasing slowly due to
Water content mg/kg 250 neutralization by the ash) while acid activity is changing
during autohydrolysis due to production of organic acids
D5005 X-Ray Diffractometer using Ni-filtered CuKa [5]. Moreover, the hydrolysis of amorphous and
(λ=0.154 nm) radiation at 45 kV and 40 mA and crystalline cellulose, the hydrolysis of oligosaccharides
continuous scan mode. The XRD patterns were recorded and the degradation of xylose/glucose can all be
in the scan range 2θ=5-70, at scan rate step=0.04 o, dwell simulated by first-order kinetic equations. The following
time=3 sec, i.e. total scan time approximately 1 h and 30 equations simulated the hydrolysis reactions of the
min. lignocellulosic materials:
Following the technique proposed by Saeman et al.
[35], the lignocellulosic materials were hydrolyzed to -dCi1/dt = ki1.Ci1 (1)
glucose and reducing sugars in nearly quantitative yields; -dCi2/dt = ki2.Ci2 (2)
the filtrates were analyzed for glucose using an dCi3/dt = ki1.Ci1 + ki2.Ci2 - ki3.Ci3 (3)
enzymatic test and for reducing sugars using the Somogyi dCi4/dt = ki3.Ci3 - ki4.Ci4 (4)
technique [36]. Based on these results the cellulose and k ij pij a e
Eij / RT
(5)
hemicelluloses content of the adsorbents were estimated.
Finally, the acid-insoluble lignin (Klason lignin) was
where i=C for cellulose hydrolysis, i=H for
determined according to the Tappi T222 om-88 method
hemicelluloses hydrolysis, j = 1, 2, 3, or 4; pij and Eij are
[37].
the pre-exponential factor (min-1) and the activation
The concentration of Methylene Blue in the solution
energy (kJ/mol), respectively; a is the activity of the
was obtained by measuring O.D. at 663 nm, using a
maleic acid or the organic acids produced by
HACH DR4000U UV–visible spectrophotometer.
autohydrolysis and can be estimated by the equation
The pH measurements were made using a digital pH
meter, MultiLab model 540. a 10 pH or pH log a . The pH was measured at 25
o
The water and oil adsorbency test, defined as the ratio C at the end of the cooling period in each experiment.
of water or oil adsorbed to dry adsorbent weight, Eq. (5) is the well-known Arrhenius low. All
according to the ASTM F726-06 method [38], was concentration values Cij (i = C or H, j = 1, 2, 3, or 4) in
performed, following the procedure of this standard this model were expressed in w/w units, based on the
method, using diesel 10 PPM produced by Hellenic initial quantity of dry components in the reacting system.
Petroleum SA and crude oil. Quality specifications of The rate constants, kij, were expressed in min-1, the
diesel and crude oil are given in Table II. reaction time t in min, and the reaction temperature T in
K. (Ci1+Ci2) represents the concentration of the non-
reacted polysaccharides (Ci0), and (Ci3+Ci4) represents the
concentration of total sugars in the liquid phase (CiT). The
concentration of decomposition products (furfural, 5-
HMF), Ci5, can be calculated from the expression 1-
(Ci0+CiT). The concentrations of the hydrolysis soluble
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
products obtained from the polysaccharides (cellulose In this work, as regards maleic acid hydrolysis, we
and hemicelluloses) are: introduced the following combined severity factor for
non-isothermal reaction conditions
C i 0,0 Cij
i C,H (j=0, 3, 4, T) (6)
Cj T 100
Ci 0,0 t
i C,H
R0* 10 pH e 11.10
where Ci0,0 is the initial experimental concentration of 0
straw cellulose and hemicelluloses. The solid residue or
yield SRY (as a w/w fraction of initial dry material) is: T 100
t
(12)
(7) log R0* pH log e 11.10
SRY Ci 0,0 C i 0 c
0
i C, H
where the constant c is independent of the reaction As pH we used the average of the values of pHbefore,
conditions and is equal to the acid insoluble components i.e., pH measured before acid hydrolysis process and
fraction. The quantity of the acid insoluble lignin pHafter, i.e., pH measured after the hydrolysis
(Klason) in the solid residue was constant and pretreatment.
approximately equal to that in the original straw. The
presented model can simulate the non-isothermal reaction pH before pH after
pH (13)
system of polysaccharide (i) autohydrolysis and (ii) dilute 2
maleic acid hydrolysis. It can also predict the
concentration of polysaccharides under isothermal In this case, the solid residue yield y or SRY was
reaction conditions. estimated by the following simplified equation:
In the case of the autohydrolysis process, a
severity factor [39, 40] is defined as p log R0*
SRY C0,0e c (14)
t T Tr
R0 e dt (8) where C0,0 stands for the initial polysaccharides
0 percentage of wheat straw, p represents a
phenomenological depolymerization kinetic constant and
where T is temperature in oC (considered as a function
c is a constant equal to the acid insoluble components
of time in the batch reactor), t is the time in min, Tr (oC) fraction (independent of the reaction conditions).
is the reference temperature in oC, and ω an empirical
parameter related with the activation energy, which can 3.2. Design of Experiments (DOE)
be expressed as In the following analysis a Design of Experiments
(DOE) approach was conducted in order to examine the
R Tr2 (9) effects of experimental conditions on the reaction system
EH 2 pH, the SRY and the modified wheat straw adsorptivity.
When performing an experiment, varying the levels of
where R = 0.0083 kJ/(mol.K) and E is the activation the factors (C4H4O4 concentration in M, temperature in
o
energy (kJ/mol). In this work, treatments were carried up C and isothermal reaction time in min) simultaneously
to reach maximum temperatures in the range 140-180 oC. rather than one at a time is efficient in terms of time and
Assuming Tr = 100 oC or Tr = 373 K and EH2 = 104.0 cost, and also allows the study of linear and square
effects of the factors and interactions between them in the
kJ/mol, eq. (9) gives ω = 11.10 K [4]; numerical experiment responses (the reaction system pH, the SRY
integration of Eq. (8) allowed the calculation of R0 for and the modified wheat straw adsorptivity). A three level
each experiment. The R0-model can be expressed as Box-Behnken design was chosen, with three center points
follows: to check for curvature in the response surface. The factor
levels are displayed in Table III.
Ci0 Di e k i1 R0 (1 Di ) e k i 2 R0 (10) The design table for the modification of wheat straw
by maleic acid hydrolysis is presented below (Table IV),
where i=C for cellulose, i=H for hemicelluloses, Di is the where “StdOrder” shows what the order of the runs in the
resisting to hydrolysis polysaccharide fraction (degree of experiment would be if it was done in standard order and
crystallinity in the case of cellulose) and Lijl = kij/( kil -kij) “RunOrder” shows what the order of the runs in the
(i=C, H, j=1,2,3, l=3,4). In fact, the R0-model is similar to experiment would be in random order. This
the isothermal model, in the case that R0 plays the role of
t and the effect of a is not taken into account. Table III: DOE factor levels.
In other cases, mostly in acid hydrolysis, a ‘combined
severity R0' -factor’ was introduced assuming isothermal Factors Factor levels Units
reaction [41, 42] as follows -1 0 1
C4H4O4 0.01 0.05 0.09 M
T 100 Concentration, C
R0' 10 pH t e 14.75 [11] Temperature, T 140 160 180 °C
Reaction time, t 0 25 50 min
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
Temperature (oC)
140
concentration (M)
Maleic acid
100
t (min)
T (oC)
(min)
80
RunOrder
60
StdOrder
40
PtType
Blocks
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
2 1 2 1 0.09 140 25 35 60 Time (min)
7 2 2 1 0.01 160 50 42 92
Figure 1: Maleic acid hydrolysis temperature profiles for
4 3 2 1 0.09 180 25 50 75 isothermal reaction time t=50 min.
6 4 2 1 0.09 160 0 42 42
4
5 5 2 1 0.01 160 0 42 42 pH before
3,5 pH after
8 6 2 1 0.09 160 50 42 92
3
10 7 2 1 0.05 180 0 50 50
pH
2,5
3 8 2 1 0.01 180 25 50 75
2
11 9 2 1 0.05 140 50 35 85
1,5
13 10 0 1 0.05 160 25 42 67
1
12 11 2 1 0.05 180 50 50 10 0 0,02 0,04 0,06 0,08 0,1
0 Maleic acid concentration (M)
1 12 2 1 0.01 140 25 35 60
14 13 0 1 0.05 160 25 42 67 Figure 2: Maleic acid hydrolysis pH vs. acid
concentration.
15 14 0 1 0.05 160 25 42 67
9 15 2 1 0.05 140 0 35 35 80%
75%
70%
SRY (% w/w)
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
Figure 9: SEM images of wheat straw modified by Figure 10: SEM images of wheat straw modified by
maleic acid 0.01 M at 140 oC for 0 min. Cross section maleic acid 0.05 M at 180 oC for 30 min. Cross section
with magnifications X75, X750, X7,500 and X20,000 with magnifications X75, X750, X7,500 and X20,000
(increasing top-down). (increasing top-down).
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
30
the following adsorption model.
25
20
15
10
qm K L Ce 1 / n (22)
q
5 1 K L Ce 1 / n
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
where KL is the Langmuir constant (L/mg), qm the amount
Ce (mg/L)
of dye adsorbed (mg/g) when the saturation is attained,
and n the Freundlich constant.
Figure 11: Freundlich isotherms for MB adsorption on The Radke–Prausnitz [46] isotherm equation, also
untreated and pretreated (maleic acid 0.01 M, 160 oC, 0 called by some authors as Fritz–Schluender isotherm
min isothermal time) wheat straw. equation, is based on the following adsorption model.
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
Sorbed amount qt
pretreated untreated
-1 -1 10
where R=0.008314 kJ mol K , T is the adsorption
temperature in K, KL=AT in L mg-1 and qm=BT=RT/bT in 8
(mg/g)
mg g-1. In linearized form Eq (24) is as follows 6
4
q aT qm ln(Ce ) (29)
2
where aT=qm ln(KL). 0
The Dubinin-Radushkevich [50] isotherm model is 0 20 40 60 80 100
1 2 or Adsorption time t (min)
q qD exp{ BD [ RT ln(1 )] }
Ce
Figure 12: Lagergren kinetics for MB adsorption on
1 2 untreated and pretreated (maleic acid 0.01 M, 160 oC, 50
q qD exp{ AD [ln(1 )] } or
Ce min isothermal time) wheat straw for pH=8.
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
Adsorptivity (g/g)
between 1.5 – 4 for both untreated and pretreated 8
materials than the relevant concentration (C for t = 190 6
min) for pH = 8. The lower adsorption of dye at acidic
pH was due to the presence of excess H+ ions that 4
competed with the dye cation for adsorption sites. As the 2 Crude oil spill
pH of the system increased (pH > 8), the number of Pure crude oil
0
positively charged available sites decreased while the
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
number of the negatively charged sites increased. The
negatively charged sites favored the adsorption of dye log R0*
cation due to electrostatic attraction. The increase in
initial pH from 8 to 13, slightly increased the amount of Figure 14: Crude oil adsorbency vs. the severity factor
dye adsorbed. The final pH of the solution was found to for maleic acid modified wheat straw.
decrease only slightly (by 0.3 – 0.5 pH units) after
adsorption of dye with the release of H + ions from the As regards the diesel adsorbency of the maleic acid
active site of the adsorbent surface. The results were in hydrolyzed wheat straw (Fig. 13), in the case of pure
agreement with other literature reports [5]. diesel the adsorptivity is given by the following equation
Adsorbate species are probably transported from the
bulk of the solution into the solid phase through an intra- y = -0,9051x2 + 3,3549x + 2,4516 (37)
particle diffusion/transport process, which is frequently
the rate-limiting step in many adsorption processes, where y = diesel adsorbency in g/g, x = log R0* and
especially in a rapidly stirred batch reactor. The coefficient of determination R2 = 0,6952. In the case of
possibility of intra-particle diffusion was explored by diesel oil spill on water the adsorptivity is given by the
using the intra-particle diffusion model [36]: following equation
3.9 Oil spills cleaning by adsorption on untreated and y = -1,2373x2 + 4,1737x + 2,7975 (39)
modified wheat straw.
Modified wheat straw was used for the adsorption of where y = crude oil adsorbency in g/g, x = log R0* and
hydrocarbons (diesel and crude oil) [53]. The coefficient of determination R2 = 0,6944. In the case of
modification was achieved using autohydrolysis and crude oil spill on water the adsorptivity is given by the
maleic acid hydrolysis as pretreatment processes. In the following equation
case of maleic acid hydrolysis, the water, diesel and
crude oil adsorptivity results of untreated and maleic acid y = -1,6738x2 + 5,422x + 4,7413 (40)
pretreated wheat straw are presented in Figs. 13 and 14
vs. the severity factor. Optimal pretreatment conditions, where y = crude oil adsorbency in g/g, x = log R0* and
with maximum adsorptivity values, were observed for log R2 = 0,7439.
R0* = 1.7, i.e., 0.01 M maleic acid, 180 oC for 25 min In the case of maleic acid hydrolysis, diesel and crude
(without including preheating time). oil adsorptivity results of untreated and maleic acid
10 hydrolysis-pretreated wheat straw are compared to the
9 most commonly used commercial adsorbents in Table
8 VIII.
Adsorptivity (g/g)
7
6
As regards field-simulation of oil spills cleaning,
5 field-water sampling locations were selected (in
4 cooperation with the Hellenic Center for Marine
3 Research - HCMR) as follows: two ports for seawater
2 Diesel oil spill (ΛΣ = Skaramagas Port and ΛΠ = Piraeus Port), one lake
1 Pure diesel (ΛΚ = Koumoundourou Lake), and one stream (P6 =
0
Pikrodafnis Stream). The map of these locations is
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3
*
presented in Fig. 15. The water sampling dates covered
log R0 from 8 January 2013 to 18 January 2014. The wheat
Figure 13: Diesel adsorbency vs. the severity factor for straw used herein for adsorbent was harvested during
maleic acid modified wheat straw. 2012 and modified by autohydrolysis at optimal
conditions (200 oC, 10 min isothermal time + preheating
period) during 2013.
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
4
Oil adsorbent pom poms 5.06
1
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
0.
1.
1.
Untreated wheat straw 2.45
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
08
11
23
21
25
22
12
22
28
18
Pretreated wheat straw 7.12
Sampling Date
Oil adsorbent pom poms 3.68 pretreated (autohydrolysis 200 oC, 10 min isothermal
Untreated wheat straw 2.77 time) wheat straw; oil spill on Piraeus Port.
Pretreated wheat straw 8.19
10 autohydrolyzed
Diesel adsorptivity
9 untreated
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
0.
1.
1.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
08
11
23
21
25
22
12
22
28
18
Sampling Date
11
Crude oil adsorptivity
10
9
8
7
Figure 15: Field-water sampling locations (two ports for 6
5
seawater, one lake and one stream): ΛΣ = Skaramaga 4
3
Port, ΛΚ = Koumoundourou Lake, ΛΠ = Piraeus Port, 2
1 autohydrolyzed untreated
and P6 = Pikrodafnis Stream. Sampling period: 8 January 0
2013 to 18 January 2014.
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
0.
1.
1.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
08
11
23
21
25
22
12
22
28
18
8 untreated
7
6
5 Figure 19: Crude oil adsorption on untreated and
4
3
pretreated (autohydrolysis 200 oC, 10 min isothermal
2 time) wheat straw; oil spill on Skaramaga Port.
1
9
0
Diesel adsorptivity
8
7
3
4
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
6
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
1
1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
5
08
11
23
21
25
22
12
22
28
18
4
Sampling Date 3
2
1 autohydrolyzed untreated
0
Figure 16: Diesel adsorption on untreated and pretreated
(autohydrolysis 200 oC, 10 min isothermal time) wheat
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
0.
1.
1.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
08
11
23
21
25
22
12
22
28
18
Sampling Date
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
11
10 straw; oil spills on Piraeus Port, Skaramagas Port,
9
8 Pikrodafnis stream and Koumoundourou Lake water;
7
6 sampling period: 8 January 2013 to 18 January 2014.
5
4
3
2
autohydrolyzed untreated
diesel oil spill crude oil spill
1
0
Auto- untreated Auto- untreated
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
14
hydro- hydro-
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
0.
1.
1.
lyzed lyzed
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
08
11
23
21
25
22
12
22
28
18
Piraeus Port
Sampling Date
Average 6.51 2.70 8.18 3.43
Figure 21: Crude oil adsorption on untreated and St. dev. 0.82 0.32 1.13 0.47
pretreated (autohydrolysis 200 oC, 10 min isothermal Error % 13% 12% 14% 14%
time) wheat straw; oil spill on Pikrodafnis stream.
Skaramagas Port
9 Average 7.11 2.84 8.46 3.44
Diesel adsorptivity
8
7 St. dev. 0.93 0.38 0.92 0.62
6
5 Error % 13% 13% 11% 18%
4
3 Pikrodafnis stream
2 autohydrolyzed
1 untreated Average 6.96 3.13 8.49 3.97
0
St. dev. 1.04 0.40 1.25 0.70
3
4
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
08
11
23
21
25
22
12
22
28
18
Sampling Date
Koumoundourou Lake
Average 7.22 3.14 8.73 3.83
Figure 22: Diesel adsorption on untreated and pretreated St. dev. 0.96 0.50 0.72 0.75
(autohydrolysis 200 oC, 10 min isothermal time) wheat
Error % 13% 16% 8% 19%
straw; oil spill on Koumoundourou Lake.
9
8 barley straw could be made widely available for use as an
7 alternative to commercial adsorbents for the removal of
6
5 basic dyes, heavy metals and hydrocarbons from
4
3 water/wastewater effluents and oil spills. Furthermore, as
2 autohydrolyzed straw is an industrial waste and no addition of chemicals
1 untreated
0 is required (especially in the case of autohydrolysis), we
argue that this process of adsorbent modification may be
11 013
23 013
21 013
25 013
22 013
12 013
22 013
28 013
18 013
14
20
2
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
0.
1.
1.
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
08
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22nd European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 23-26 June 2014, Hamburg, Germany
the diesel and the crude oil adsorptivity of maleic acid N.A., 2008b. Experimental Investigation of Thermal
treated wheat straw. Moreover, diesel oil spills were Modification Influence on Sorption Qualities of
formed on seawater (two Ports), stream water and lake Barley Straw. Journal of Applied Sciences Research
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