TNPSC Guide (Lee)

1
TNPSC
s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
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ÿ>Vz©A :
K.ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[
xÁ™kÏ. K.ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
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MILEST ONE RESEAR

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56/167 3rd Floor,
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Chennai - 600 106.
TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
2
>ÁÈ©A : TNPSC
s™VásÁ¶ ÁÔºB|
ÿ>Vz©A /
±ÈVEˆBÏÔ^ : ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[
K.
xÁ™kÏ K. ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[
x>_ √]©A : ÿƒ©¶D√Ï á 2016

ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔD
>fiƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶D.
∂·° : ÿ¶Dt 1 x 8
√¬ÔD : 300 √¬Ô∫Ô^
cˆÁ\ : Á\_¸º¶V[ ˆƒÏfl ∂Ô¶t

ÿƒ[Á™.
ÿkπX| : TISSL Publication

Balaji Nagar, Katur, Trichy - 19
ISBN No. : 978-93-80132-16-7
A›>ÔD
ÿ>V¶ÏA¬z : ÔsQÏ. mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[
∂ÁÈº√E : 98841 59972
t[™fiƒ_ ; kavi.rasan@yahoo.com
∂flE‚º¶VÏ : ]Úk^”kÏ g©ÿƒ‚ ∏ˆı¶Ï¸

>fiƒV∆Ï -7.

3

4

5
kVµ›mÁ´
÷MB >ta[ ÷È¬ÔD ÿ>V‚|, ÷]ÔVƒD x>_
÷È¬˛BD kÁ´ ®πÁ\√|›] ®|›]BDA^· >VFÿ\Va©√V¶›][
>ÁÔƒV[≈ s™V¬ÔÁ·•D, k´ÈVÆ x>_ ÔË>D kÁ´ ∏≈
√V¶©∏ˆ°ÔπKD ÿ>Vz¬Ô©√‚|^· O‚√\V™ ºÔ^sÔÁ·•D
>[™Ô›º> ÿÔVı|^· ÷©A›>Ô©º√Á> º√V‚Ω º>Ï°Ôπ[
ÿ√V¬˛≠D ®[√]_ ®^··°D nBt_ÁÈ.
ºkÁÈkVF©A›mÁ≈l_ ºkˆ[ k[Á\BVÏ, Ø›m¬
zK∫zD \Vk \VsBˆ[ kVµ°¬z kaÔV‚|D >[™VÏk
√lKD k‚¶›]_ √È gEˆBÏÔ·V_ ®ø>©√‚¶ √_ºkÆ √V¶±_Ô^
÷¶Dÿ√u§ÚÕ>VKD, º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°Ô^ √∫zÿ√ÆD \VkÏÔπ[
\™›]‚√›Á> ÂVΩ∏Ω¬zD ÷›mÁ≈l[ ∂KkÈÏÔº·
gEˆBÏÔ·VF ∂k>ˆ›m \VkÏÔ”¬z √B[√|D kıD
√V¶±_Ô^ √Á¶›]¶ ºkı|D ®[≈ ®™m ¿ı¶ ÂV^ ∂kV ÷[Æ
ÿ\F©√‚ΩÚ©√m ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆB Œ[Æ.
ºk‚ÁÔºBV| ºkÁÈkVF©A›mÁ≈ÁB ºÂV¬˛ √Á¶
ÿB|¬zD ÷Á·QÏÔ”¬z, ∂kÏÔπ[ º>Ák ∂§Õm >[™VÏk
√lKD k‚¶›]uz ÷©A›>Ô›Á> √Á¶›>π›> ÿ√VmÂÈ›][
ºk^s >fiƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔ mÁ ÷B¬zÂÏ
]Ú.ºÔ. ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[, xÁ™kÏ ºÔ.ÿƒ_k¬z\VÏ \uÆD ÔsQÏ.
mÁ´.ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[ g˛ºBVÏ¬z ®™m ÿÂfiƒVÏÕ> kVµ›m¬ÔÁ·
ÿ>ˆs›m¬ÿÔV^˛º≈[.
÷©√Á¶ º>Vu˛[ ®©√Á¶ ÿk_KD ®[≈ ÿÂfi∑Æ]

ÿÔVı¶ ®D\VÕ>ÏÔ”¬z, ÷Õ> ŒÚ ºƒVÆ √>›Á> ÚE √VÏ›>
WÁÈl_, √È Â_È √Á¶©AÔÁ· ÷MkÚ∫ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_
√Á¶›>π›> \VkÏÔπ[ kVµ° E≈¬Ô kaÔV‚|D√Ω ®™m
kVµ›m¬ÔÁ· ÿ>ˆs›m¬ÿÔV^˛º≈[.
\™\VÏÕ> kVµ›m¬Ô”¶[...................
ÂV.x´π>´[,
\ı¶È ÷Á ÷B¬zÂÏ (ºkÁÈkVF©A)
]ÚflE \ı¶ÈD.

6
∂ËÕmÁ´
“xBuE
xBuE ]ÚsÁ™ g¬zD
xBuE cÁ¶BVÏ ÷ÔµflE ∂Á¶BVÏ
∂Á¶BVÏ”
s¶VxBuEºB ÿku§¬z ka ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB º√V‚Ω
º>Ï°Ô^ ®ø> sÚDAºkVÏ xøÁ\BVÔ \™›]u ÿÔV^·
ºkı|D. ÿ>V¶Ï xBuE ÷_ÈVs‚¶V_ ÷›º>Ïs_ ÿku§ ÿ√Ækm
ÔΩ™D. ÷[Á≈B Ûwo_ √Ès>\V™ cBÏ Ô_s› >z]ÔÁ·©
ÿ√u§ÚÕmD √È ÷Á·QÏÔ^ ºkÁÈ kVF©A ˛Á¶¬ÔV\_
>s¬˛[≈™Ï. ºkÁÈ¬z ®™fl ÿƒ_KD º√Vm Â\m \VkÏÔ^
º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°ÔÁ·fl ƒÕ]¬Ô ºkıΩB Ô‚¶VBfl Ûwo_ c^·™Ï.
÷flÛwo_ c^· \VkÏÔÁ· Â[≈VÔ √Ω¬Ô Ák¬Ôºkı|D,
º√V‚Ω º>Ïs_ ÿku§ ÿ√≈ ÿƒFB ºkı|D ®[≈ cBÏÕ>
®ı∫Ô·V_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶º> >[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D
(Study Circle) ŒÀÿkVÚ \Vk‚¶›]_ c^· ºkÁÈkVF©A
∂KkÈÔ∫Ôπ_ tÔfl E≈©√VÔ ÿƒB_√|˛≈m.
>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶›]_ º√V‚Ω º>Ï°¬ÔV™ kz©AÔ^,
z§©AÔ^, \V]ˆ º>Ï° xÁ≈Ô^, E≈Õ> gºÈVƒÁ™Ô^, \uÆD
º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°¬ÔV™ x[\V]ˆ ±È∫Ô^ ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD Œº´
zÁ¶l[ ˇµ \VkÏÔ”¬z ®Õ> s>\V™ Ô‚¶t[§ √Ω¬zD
÷MB Ûw_Ô”¶[ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔ∫Ôπ_ ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m.
º√V‚Ω º>Ï°Ô”¬z© √Ω¬zD \VkÏÔ”¬ÔVÔ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶
>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶›]_ ∂Á™kÚD ºƒÏÕm ÂD kVµ¬ÁÔ¬z
∞u≈ \›]B- \VWÈ cBÏÕ> √>s¬ÔV™ º√V‚Ω› º>ÏÁk ÷M>VÔ
®]Ï ºÂV¬zD kÁÔl_ gºÈVƒÁ™Ô^, ]™ƒˆ >tµ \uÆD
g∫˛È ÂVπ>µÔ^, ®D©·VFÿ\ı‚ WR¸, º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°¬ÔV™
\V>Õ]´ ÷>µÔ^ \uÆD mÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> A›>∫Ô^ ®™ ∂Á™›m
º>Ï°¬zD º>ÁkBV™ A›>Ô∫Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m.
7
º√V‚Ω› º>Ï° ®ømºkVˆ[ ÿku§l_ ∂kÏÔπ[
cÁw©A, º√´VEˆBÏÔπ[ kz©A, E≈Õ> ±_Ô^ \uÆD ºkÁÈ
kVF©A ∂KkÈÏÔπ[ ÷MB ÔMkV™ ∂bzxÁ≈Ô”D \uÆD
c>sÔ”D c^·™. ÷Õ> >[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D º\KD
sˆkÁ¶Õm ÂVÁ·B \VkÏÔ”¬z ÷[º≈ kaÔV‚|D
÷¶\VÔ°D \uÆD TNPSC º>Ï°Ô^ √V¶¬z§©A ÁÔºB| ®[≈
±_ º√V‚Ω›º>Ï° ®ømD \Vk- \VsBÚ¬z ŒÚ
kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ ∂Á\•D º√V‚Ω› º>ÏÁk ®]ÏºÂV¬z√kÏÔ^
º>Ïs_ ÿku§BÁ¶B ∂Ω©√Á¶› º>Ák º√V‚Ω› º>ÏÁk
®ÀkVÆ ®]ÏÿÔV^· ºkı|D ®[≈ ∂§°D ÿƒFm xΩ¬Ô›
mÁAˆkm \™›]ıÁ\ (Will Power) Œ[º≈. º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°
®øm√kˆ[ c^· \™›]ıÁ\ (Ák´V¬˛BD) ÿku§¬z
º>ÁkBV™ ®_ÈV xBuEÔÁ·•D ÿƒFB›#ı|D. ÷¶D
>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D gzD. ÷Às¶D √l[≈ º√V‚Ω
BV·ÏÔ”¬z º√V‚Ω› º>Ï° s™V¬Ô^ ÷M©√VÔ°D ÿku§
kƒ\VÔ°D ÷Ú¬zD. ®™ºk ∂Á™›m º√V‚Ω› º>ÏsKD \Vk-
\VsBÏÔ^ >[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶›][ kVlÈVÔ ÿku§ÁB
cÆ]√|›] ∂´∑ ºkÁÈkVF©∏_ ºƒÏÕm \¬Ô”¬z E≈Õ>
√ËÁB ÿƒFm √_ºkÆ º√V‚Ω º>Ï° ®ømD ÷>´ \Vk-
\VsBÚ¬z x[\V]ˆBVÔ°D, Â\m ∂´∑¬zD, Â\m ÂV‚ΩuzD
ÂDxÁ¶B ∂´∑ √ËÁB \¬Ô”¬z ºƒÁkBVÔ AˆB Â_Èÿ>VÚ
kVF©Á√ ∞u√|›]•D, ÂD Ô™°ÔÁ· WÁ≈° ÿƒFk]KD
>[™VÏk √lKD k‚¶D E≈Õ> ÷¶\VÔ ÷[Æ \‚|\_È ®[ÆD
s·∫zD.
K.ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[
mÁ ÷B¬zÂÏ
\Vk‚¶ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔD
>fiƒV∆Ï

8
ÿ>Vz©A :
K.ÔÁÈflÿƒ_k[
mÁ ÷B¬zÂÏ, \Vk‚¶ ºkÁÈkVF©A ∂KkÈÔD, >fiƒV∆Ï
xÁ™kÏ. K.ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
ÔsQÏ. mÁ´. ºÔVsÕ>´Vƒ[
k´ÈVÆ
xÁ™kÏ.S.Ô_BVË
c>sº√´VEˆBÏ, ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈
ÿƒ[Á™ ˛§¸mk¬ Ô_Ÿˆ, >VD√´D, ÿƒ[Á™.
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D
xÁ™kÏ.A.∂x>V
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈
∂ıV g>Ïi Ô_Ÿˆ, ∂ıVÂÔÏ, ÿƒ[Á™-40
AslB_
G.>tµkV[
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, Ô_slB_ mÁ≈
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD, k_ÈD >fiƒV∆Ï
∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©A
xÁ™kÏ. ÔV. ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ∂ÉB_ ∂§sB_ \FBD
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.
ÔË>D
R.gÆxÔD
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ÔË›mÁ≈
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD,
k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.
>tµ
Ô. √ˆ\·V
xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFkV·Ï, ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A› mÁ≈
>tµ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD
>fiƒV∆Ï - 10.

9
√V¶›]‚¶D ÿ√Vm› >tµ ( ÿÔV^z§› º>Ïsuz)

®¸.®¸.®_.E >´D
√z] -(∂)
÷È¬ÔD
1. ÿ√VÚ›m>_ - ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ ÿ√VÚÁ·› º>Ï° ÿƒF>_.
AÔµ ÿ√u≈ ±_ ±ÈVEˆBÏ
2. ÿ>V¶ÚD ÿ>V¶ÏAD ∂§>_, ÷›ÿ>V¶´V_ z§¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD
ƒV[º≈VÏ ∂Á¶ÿ\VaBV_ z§¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD ±_
3. ∏ˆ›ÿ>ømÔ.
4. ®]ÏÿƒV_ÁÈ ®|›ÿ>øm>_
5. ÿ√VÚÕ>Vfl ÿƒV_ÁÈ Ôı¶§>_
6. ∏Áw ]Ú›>D , ƒÕ]©∏ÁwÁB ¿¬z>_ ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\
∏ÁwÔÁ· ¿¬z>_ \Á© ∏ÁwÔ^,kø°fl ÿƒVuÔÁ·
¿¬z>_/ ∏≈ÿ\Vafl ÿƒVuÔÁ· ¿¬z>_
7. g∫˛Èfl ÿƒV_K¬z ºÂ´V™ >tµfl ÿƒV_ÁÈ ∂§>_
8. Œo ºkÆ√V¶§Õm ƒˆBV™ ÿ√VÚÁ·B§>_
9. {ÿ´ø›m ŒÚÿ\Va cˆB ÿ√VÚÁ·¬ Ôı¶§>_
10. ºkÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ› º>Ï° ÿƒFÔ.
11. ºkÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ ÿÔV|›m / sÁ™xuÆ, sÁ™ÿBflƒD,
sÁ™BVÈÁ•D ÿ√BÏ, ÿ>Vau ÿ√BÏ /cÚkV¬z>_
12. ∂Ô´ kˆÁƒ©√Ω ÿƒVuÔÁ·fl ÊÏ ÿƒF>_
13. ÿƒVuÔÁ· Œø∫z√|›] ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶´V¬z>_
14. ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ kÁÔB§>_
15. ÷È¬Ô¬ z§©√§>_
16. sÁ¶¬ºÔu≈ s™VÁk› º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_

10
17. ®ÀkÁÔ kV¬˛BD ®™¬ Ôıÿ¶øm>_
18. >[sÁ™,∏≈sÁ™,ÿƒFsÁ™,ÿƒB©√V‚| sÁ™
kV¬˛B∫ÔÁ·¬ Ôıÿ¶øm>_
19. ckÁ\BV_ s·¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ º>ÏÕÿ>øm>_.
20. ®mÁÔ,º\VÁ™,÷ÁBA ÷kuÆ^ ∞º>–D Œ[Á≈›
º>ÏÕÿ>øm>_.
√z] (g)
1. ]Ú¬z≈^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,º\uºÔV^Ô^ ÿ>V¶Á´
W´©A>_ (√›ÿ>V[√m ∂]ÔV´D \‚|D) ∂[A-√ıA-
Ô_s-ºÔ^s-∂§°-∂¶¬ÔD-Œø¬ÔD-ÿ√VÁ≈-Â‚A-
kVFÁ\-ÔVÈD {©A´k§>_, ÿƒFÂ[§, ƒV[≈VıÁ\,
ÿ√ˆBVÁ´› mÁ¬ºÔV¶_,ÿ√VÚ^ÿƒB_ kÁÔ,
sÁ™›]‚√D, ÷MBÁk Ì≈_.
2. ∂≈±_Ô^ ÂVÈΩBVÏ, ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ, √wÿ\Va

ÂV˚Æ, xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiE, ]ˆÔ|ÔD, ÷[™V ÂVu√m,
EÆ√fiƒJÈD, ∞ÈV], Œ·ÁkBVÏ √V¶_Ô^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^, √]ÿ™ıˇµ¬Ô¬z ±_Ôπ_ ∏≈ ÿƒF]Ô^.
3. ÔD√´VBD-ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^ º\uºÔV^Ô^,

√VkÁÔ, E≈Õ> ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^.
4. A≈ÂV˚Æ- ∂ÔÂV˚O, Âu§Á, zÆÕÿ>VÁÔ,

n∫zÆ±Æ Ôo›ÿ>ÁÔ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,
º\uºÔV^Ô^ ∂ΩkÁ´BÁ≈, ®‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ, √›m©√V‚|
O_Ôπ_ c^· ∏≈ ÿƒF]Ô^.
11
5. EÈ©√]ÔV´D - \Ëº\ÔÁÈ - ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,
º\uºÔV^Ô^ E≈Õ> ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^ c‚∏ˆs_ \uÆD
nDÿ√ÚD - nfiEÆ∫ ÔV©∏BD ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
6. ÿ√ˆBA´VD - ÂVÈl´ ]ÀsB©∏´√Õ>D -

]ÚsÁ·BV¶u A´VD º>D√VkË - Ê≈V©A´VD
ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
7. Eu§È∫˛B∫Ô^
]Úzu≈VÈ¬z≈kfiE - Ôo∫Ô›m©√´Ë -
x›ÿ>V^·Vl´D, >tµs| #m, ÂÕ]¬ÔÈD√ÔD,
s¬˛´\ºƒVw[, x¬Ì¶u√^”, ÔVkΩflEÕm,
]Úºk∫Ô¶Õ>V], x›m¬z\V´∑kVt ∏^Á·›>tµ,
ÿ√›>ÈºÔD z≈kfiE, ∂wÔÏ ˛^Á·s|#m, ÷´V´V¤[
ºƒVw[ cÈV ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
8. \º™V[\ËBD - √VfiƒVo ƒ√>D - zl_ √V‚| - ÷´‚|≈

ÿ\Va>_ (ÔV·º\Ô©AkÏ - ∂w˛B ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>Ï
ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^)
9. ƒ\B x[º™VΩÔ^ ∂©√Ï, ƒD√Õ>Ï, ∑Õ>´Ï, \VË¬Ô

kVƒÔÏ, ]ÚJÈÏ,zÈºƒÔ´gµkVÏ, Ê›>ÁÈfl ƒV›>™VÏ,
®fl.∞.˛Úi∏^Á·, c\Æ©AÈkÏ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^, º\uºÔV^Ô^, E≈©Aÿ√BÏÔ^.

12
√z]-÷
>tµ ∂§QÏÔ”D >tµÿ>Vı|D
1. √V´]BVÏ, √V´]>Vƒ[, ÂV\¬Ô_ ÔsQÏ, Ôs\Ë º>EB

sÂVBÔD ∏^Á· ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^, E≈Õ>
ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^, E≈©A© ÿ√BÏÔ^.
2. \Á¬ÔsÁ>: xΩB´ƒ[, kVË>Vƒ[, ∑´>V,

Ôı>Vƒ[, c|\ÁÈÂV´VBÔs, √‚|¬ºÔV‚Á¶
Ô_BV∑Õ>´D, \Ú>ÔVE ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,
∂Á¶ÿ\Va©ÿ√BÏÔ^.
3. Am¬ÔsÁ> - Â.∏flƒJÏ›], E.∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, >ÚxEk´Vx,

÷´V.*™V‚E, E.\Ë, Eu∏, x.º\›>V, ~º´V| >tw[√[,
∂©m_ÔÈVD, ÔÈV©ˆBV, Ô_BVı˜, QV™¬ Ì›>[,
º>kº>k[, ƒVÁÈ ÷·Õ]Á´B[, ƒVoM ÷·Õ
]Á´B[, gÈÕ#Ï º\VÔ´∫Ô^ -ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^,
º\uºÔV^Ô^, E≈©A› ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^ \uÆD ®ø]B ±_Ô^.
4. >ta_ ÔΩ> ÷È¬˛BD - ÂV‚z§©A. ºÂÚ - ÔVÕ] - x.k -

∂ıV g™Õ>´∫ÔD ∏^Á· ÂV‚z§©A ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^.
5. ÂV¶Ô¬ÔÁÈ - ÷Áƒ¬ÔÁÈ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
6. >ta_ EÆÔÁ>Ô^ >ÁÈ©A- gEˆBÏ-ÿ√VÚ›m>_.
7. ÔÁÈÔ^ - Eu√D - {sBD - º√fl∑ - ]Á´©√¶¬ÔÁÈ

13
8. >ta[ ÿ>V[Á\- >tµ ÿ\Val[ E≈©A, ]´Vl¶
ÿ\VaÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
9. cÁ´ÂÁ¶ - \Á≈\ÁÈBΩÔ^, √ˆ]\VuÔÁÈQÏ,

Â.x.ºk∫Ô¶ ÂV‚¶VÏ, ´V.∏.ºƒm©∏^Á·, ]Ú.s.Ô,
ÁkBVAˆ©∏^Á·-ÿ\Va ÂÁ¶ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
10. c.ºk.ƒVtÂV> nBÏ, ÿ>.ÿ√V.*™V‚E ∑Õ>´™VÏ,

E.÷È¬zk™VÏ - >tµ√Ë ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
11. º>kºÂB©√VkVÏ - ∂Ô´x>o, √VkÈº´Æ ÿ√Úfi

E›]´™VÏ, >tµÿ>Vı| ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
12. ˜.• º√V© - T´\VxMkÏ >tµ›ÿ>Vı| E≈©A› ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^
13. ÿ√ˆBVÏ- ∂ıV -x›m´V\o∫Ô› º>kÏ- ∂Dº√›ÔÏ-

ÔV\´VƒÏ, ƒx>VB› ÿ>Vı|
14. >twÔD - ªÚD º√ÚD, º>Vu≈D \Vu≈D √u§B ÿƒF]Ô^.
15. cÈÔ·VsB >twÏÔ^ E≈©AD - ÿ√ÚÁ\•D - >tµ© √Ë•D
16. >tµÿ\Val_ ∂§sB_ EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.
17. >tµ \Ôπˆ[ E≈©A - ∂[M ÿ√ƒı‚ ∂DÁ\BVÏ,

JkŸÏ ´V\VtÏ>›>D\V^ ¶V¬¶Ï. x›mÈ‚∑t ÿ´‚Ω,
s|>ÁÈ© º√V´V‚¶›]_ \ÔπÏ √∫ ( ]_ÁÈBVΩ
k^πBDÁ\, ´VË \∫ÔD\V^ )
14
18. >twÏ kËÔD - ÿ>V_oB_ gF°Ô^ -Ô¶u√B∫Ô^

19. cºk \ÚÕm - ºÂVF yÏ¬zD JoÁÔÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™

ÿƒF]Ô^.
20. ƒ\B© ÿ√VmÁ\ cÏ›]B >V•\V™kÏ, ÷´V\o∫Ô

∂ΩÔ·VÏ, ]Ú.s.Ô_BV ∑Õ>´™VÏ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^- º\uºÔV^Ô^.

15
xBuE ÷_ÁÈÿB[≈V_
c[™V_ ÿ¤l¬Ôºk xΩBVm
xBuE ÷ÚÕ>V_
c[Á™› º>VuÔΩ¬Ôºk xΩBVm.
á ¶V¬¶Ï A.P.J. ∂©m_ÔÈVD
16
ÿku§¬zD º>V_s¬zD EÆ s›]BVƒD

Ô¶Á\ÁB ÿƒF>V_ ÿku§.
Ô¶Á\¬zfl ÿƒF>V_ º>V_s.
á \VT´Ï ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶Ï

17
Ô. √ˆ\·V
xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFkV·Ï
ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A› mÁ≈
>tµ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD
>fiƒV∆Ï - 10.
√z] ∂ - ÷È¬ÔD
1. ÿ\Val_ ]Ú›>\VÔ º√ƒ, ®ø> mÁAˆkm ÷È¬ÔD.
÷È¬ÔD ÿ\Val[ ∂Á\©Á√•D, ∂wÁÔ•D cÏ›m˛≈m.
÷È¬ÔD á ÷È¬z (z§¬ºÔV^) + ∂D (∂wz)
2. >tµÿ\Val[ ÷È¬ÔD 5 kÁÔ©√|D.
1.®ø›]È¬ÔD, 2.ÿƒV_oÈ¬ÔD, 3. ÿ√VÚπÈ¬ÔD,
4. BV©∏È¬ÔD, 5. ∂ËlÈ¬ÔD
3. ®ø›]È¬ÔD : ®ø›m 2 kÁÔ©√|D. x>ÿÈø›m, ƒVÏÿ√ø›m
4. x>ÿÈø›m :
ÿ\Va¬z x>ÈV™>VÔ°D, >M›mD ÷B∫Ô¬ÌΩBm x>_ ®ø›m.
cBÚD, c¶DA\VD x©√m x>ºÈ á Â[˚^
clÿ´ø›m - 12 (ÿÂΩ_ á 7, z§_ - 5) ; ÿ\F ®ø›m -18 =
30D x>ÿÈø›m gzD.
5. ÿ\F ®ø›m :
>tµ ÿ\Va¬z c¶ÈVF ÷Ú¬Ô¬ÌΩBm ÿ\FÿBø›m.
ÿ\FÿBø›m ∂Ák Œo¬zD xÁ≈l_ 3 kÁÔBVÔ
∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
k_o™D ( Ô, ƒ, ¶, >, √, ≈ ) 6 ;
ÿ\_o™D ( ∫, fi, ı, Õ, D, F ) 6 ;
÷Á¶l™D ( F, Ï, _, À, ^, µ ) 6
6. ƒVÏÿ√ø›m :
x>_ ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ƒVÏÕm º>V[ÆD ®ø›m¬Ô^
ƒVÏÿ√ø›m¬Ô^ ®™©√|D.
÷m √›m kÁÔ©√|D.
1. clÏÿ\F, 2. gF>D, 3. cl´·ÿ√Á¶, 4. Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶,
5. zu§BKÔ´D, 6.zu§BoÔ´D, 7. nÔV´¬zÆ¬ÔD,
8. Œ·ÔV´¬zÆ¬ÔD, 9. \Ô´¬zÆ¬ÔD, 10.gF>¬zÆ¬ÔD,

18
7. clÏÿ\F - 216 : clÏÿ\F ®ø›m º>V[Æk>uz clÚD
ÿ\F•D (¬+∂=Ô) ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ ÷Ú©√>V_ ƒVÏÿ√ø›>V˛≈m.
8. gF> ®ø›m : 1. ‡ kΩs_ ÷Ú¬zD. J[Æ A^πÔÁ·
ÿ√u§Ú©√>V_ x©A^π, x©√VuA^π ®[≈ ÿ√BÁ´•D ÷‚|
kw∫z˛[º≈VD.
2. g, ® ŒÚ ÿƒV_o_ ÷¶Dÿ√Æ˛[≈ º√Vm >™¬zx[
zuÿ≈ø›Á> >™¬z©∏[ ŒÚ k_o™ clÏÿ\F (Ô ƒ ¶ > √ ≈)
®ø›m¬ÔÁ·•D ÿ√uÆ Â|s_>V[ kÚD. (®.ÔV.) ∂‡m, ®‡m
9. ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ∂·ÿ√Á¶ 2 kÁÔ©√|D : cl´·ÿ√Á¶, Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶.
10. cl´·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π[ {Áƒ zÁ≈•Dº√Vm ∂Às¶›]_
c^· ®ø›º>V| ∂>[ ÷Á ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ºƒÏ›m {ÁƒÁB
WÁ≈° ÿƒFk>uz ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®™©ÿ√BÏ.
11. cl´·ÿ√Á¶ clÏ ®ø›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| {ÁƒÁB WÁ≈°
ÿƒF>V_ ∂>Á™ cl´·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
÷m 3 kÁÔ©√|D. ∂ÁkBVk™ : ÿƒF•πÁƒ (∂) ÷ÁƒWÁ≈,
ÿƒV_oÁƒ, ÷[MÁƒ.
ÿƒF•π[ {ÁƒÁB WÁ≈° ÿƒF•D ÿ√VÚ‚| ÿƒV_o[
x>_, ÷Á¶, ÔÁ¶ c^· clÏ ÿÂΩ_ ®ø›m¬Ô^ ∂·ÿ√|›m
kÚkÁ> ÿƒF•πÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
12. ÿƒF•πÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ~´Áƒ ÿÔVı¶ ÊÏÔπ_ \‚|º\ kÚD.
÷Á¶l_ z§_ k´ÈVD. x>o_ z§_ kÕ>V_ ∂|›m ºƒÏ›m
∏ˆ¬Ô°D.
13. ÷[MÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π[ {Áƒ zÁ≈BV> º√VmD
ÿƒs¬z ÷MB ÷ÁƒÁB >ÚDÿ√VÚ‚| (clÏ z§_ ÿÂΩÈVÔ)
º\KD ∂·ÿ√|>_ ÷[MÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
(c.D) cı√mD (›+c) = c (clÏz§_)
cı√#D = ª (ÿÂΩ_)
÷[MÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ JkÁƒ ÿÔVı¶ ÊÏÔπ_ \‚|D kÚD.
14. ÿƒV_oÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π_ {Áƒ zÁ≈BV> ÿ√VømD
(ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ sÁ™fl ÿƒV_ÈVÔ \VuÆD ÿ√VÚ‚|)
∂·ÿ√|›>ÁÈ ÿƒV_oÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
ÿƒV_oÁƒ ∂·ÿ√Á¶ -÷- ®[–D ®ø›]_ xΩ°
ÿ√u§Ú¬zD. (c.D) z, Ω, >. a, ÷
3
19
15. Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶ : ÿƒF•π[ {Áƒ zÁ≈•D ÿ√Vøm ∂>Á™
WÁ≈°ÿƒF•D ÿ√VÚ‚| ÿƒV_o_ c^· ÿ\FÿBø›m
∂·ÿ√|›>ÁÈ Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶ ®[√Ï.
Œu≈·ÿ√Á¶ ÿƒV_o_ ÷Á¶lKD ÷Æ]lKD \‚|º\ kÚD.
( c.D ) ∂´∫∫ÔD, \fifi∑
k_o™ ÿ\FÔ·V™ “ ¬ fl ‚ › © u” gÆD ÷Á¶l™ ÿ\FÔ·V™
“Ï, µ” ®[–D ÿ\FÔÁ· >sÏ›m ®fiEB √›m ÿ\F•D
gF>xD ∂>[ √¬Ô›]ºÈºB ∂·ÿ√|›m kÚD.
16. zu§BKÔ´D : zÆ˛B {Áƒ•Á¶B cÔ´D zu§BKÔ´D
z,∑, |, m,A, Æ - ®–D gÆ k_o™ cÔ´ ®ø›m¬Ô^ (>M
ÿÂΩÁÈ) ƒVÏÕm kÚD ÿ√VømD √È ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ƒVÏÕm
∂·soÚÕm zÁ≈Õm ∂Á´ \V›]Á´ ∂·s_ Œo¬zD.
÷ÀkVÆ zÁ≈Õm Œo¬zD cÔ´D zu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.
(c.D ) ÂV| = 1/2 √VÈVÆ = 1/2 √ı√V| = 1/2
zu§BKÔ´D gÆ kÁÔ©√|D
17. ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : clÏ ÿÂΩ_, clÏ ÿ\F
ÿÂ‚ÿ¶ø›m¬ÔÁ· ∂|›m kÚD k_o™ cÔ´ ®ø›m¬Ô^
ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.
18. ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : ~ÿ´ø›m ÿƒV_ÈVÔºk kÚD
(c.D ) ÂV|, g|, gÆ, ÔV∑
19. clÏ ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D :
∂wz, √VÈVÆ, √ı√V|, ∂´∑
20. ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : zu§BKÔ´fl ÿƒV_o[ ~ÿ≈ø›m¬z
x[√VÔ ÿ\_o™ ÿ\FÿBø›m¬Ô·V™ ∫, fi, ı, Õ, D, [
kÕ>V_ ∂m ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D ( c.D ) √Õm, \fi∑, ƒ∫z
21 ÷Á¶›ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : zu§BKÔ´ ÿƒV_o[
~ÿ≈ø›m¬z x[√VÔ ÷Á¶l™ ÿ\FÿBø›m¬Ô·V˛B (B, ´,
È, k, ·, w) kÕ>V_ ∂m ÷Á¶›ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D
( c.D ) ƒVÏA, Jµz, ÿÔVFm

20
22. k[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D : zu§BKÔ´ ÿƒV_o[
~uÿ≈ø›m¬z x[√VÔ k_o™ ÿ\F ®ø›m¬Ô·V™ ¬, fl ‚,
›, ©, u kÕ>V_ ∂m k[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.
(c.D ) √‚|, √›m, ®‚|, √V´V‚|
23. gF> ÿ>V¶Ï : zu§BKÔ´D k_o™ cÔ´ ®ø›>V™m gF>
®ø›Á> ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÕ>V_ ∂m gF> ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D
®™©√|D.
( c.D ) ÔV∑, s≈z, √∫z, ®‚|, ∂‡m
24. zu§BoÔ´D : WÁÈÿ\Va zu§BKÔ´\VÔ ÷ÚÕm kÚD
ÿ\Va BÔ´D kÚÁÔl_ WÁÈÿ\Va cÔ´D ÷Ô´\VÔ ]ˆÕm
>™¬zˆB ŒÚ\V›]Á´ ∂·soÚÕm ∂Á´ \V›]Á´ ∂·s_
zÁ≈Õm Œo©√m zu§BKÔ´D.
( c.D) kı|+ BVm T| = BVm
25. xu§BKÔ´D : >M¬z§ÁÈ ∂|›m ÿƒV_o[ ÷Æ]l_ kÚD
k_o™ cÔ´xD. ÿ√VmkVÔ ÿƒV_o[ ÷Æ]l_ kÚD
ÿ\_o™ cÔ´xD, ÷Á¶l™ cÔ´xD xu§BKÔ´D ®™©√|D.
( c.D) Â|,√∑, \m, ÿ√Vm , cıb, Ô>°
26. nÔV´¬ zÆ¬ÔD : n ®ø›m >M›m Œo¬zD º√Vm ÷´ı|
\V›]Á´ Œol_ ÿÔVı¶m. ÷m \u≈ ®ø›m¬Ô”¶[ ÌΩ
kÚDÿ√Vøm >™m 2 \V›]Á´ ∂·soÚÕm zÁ≈Õm
Œo¬zD. ÷>uz nÔV´¬ zÆ¬ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
( c.D ) n á 2 \V›]Á´, n©√E = 1 1/2 \V›]Á´, kÁ·B_ = 1
\V›]Á´, >ÁÈ = 1 \V›]Á´
27. 8. Œ·ÔV´¬zÆ¬ÔD : Œ· ®ø›m >M›m kÚD ÿ√Vøm ÷´ı|
\V›]Á´ ∂·° Œo¬zD. ∏≈ ®ø›m¬Ô”¶[kÚDÿ√Vøm
>[ \V›]Á´ ∂·s_ ÷ÚÕm zÁ≈Õm 1 1/2 \V›]Á´ ∂·s_
Œo¬zD ∂>uz Œ·ÔV´ zÆ¬ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
Œ·ÔV´¬ zÆ¬ÔD : ÿ\Va¬z ÷Á¶lKD, ÷Æ]lKD k´Vm
28. 9. \Ô´¬zÆ¬ÔD : D ®[–D ®ø›m >™¬zˆB ∂Á´
\V›]Á´loÚÕm 1/4 \V›]Á´BVÔ zÁ≈Õm Œo©√m
\Ô´¬zÆ¬ÔD gzD.
Ô´ , ™Ô´ ÿ\FÔπ[ ∏[ c^· \Ô´D 1/2
21
\V›]Á´loÚÕm zÁ≈Õm 1/4 \V›]Á´B·ºk Œo¬zD.
( c.D) \ÚıD, ÿƒ[D
>ÚD k·k[, kÚD kıΩ ÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ WÁÈÿ\Va ~u§_
c^· \Ô´D kÕm kÔ´ x>_ ÿ\VaºBV| AÏ˛≈m.
÷ÀkVÆ kÚDÿ√Vøm WÁÈÿ\Va ~u§È c^· \Ô´D 1/4
\V›]Á´ ∂·ºk Œo¬zD.
29. gF>¬zÆ¬ÔD : gF> ®ø›m >™¬zˆB 1/2 \V›]Á´
loÚÕ> 1/4 \V›]Á´BVÔ zÁ≈Õm Œo©√m gzD
‡ á 1/2, Ô‡œm , x‡œm
30. ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m : ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁ· ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚Ω ÌÆkm ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m
( c.D ) ∂k[, ÷k[, ck[ ∂k^, ÷k^, ck^ ∂,÷ ®[–D
®ø›m¬Ô^ ∑‚|© ÿ√VÚÁ· >ÚDÿ√Vøm ∂Ák ∑‚ÿ¶ø›
m¬Ô^ g˛[≈™.
c ®[–D ®ø›m √w∫ÔVÈ›]_ ∑‚ÿ¶ø›>VÔ √B[√‚|
>uº√Vm ∂m º√fl∑ kw¬˛_ ÷_ÁÈ.
31. ∂ıÁ\fl∑‚| :÷m. ÷k[, ÷©A›>ÔD, ÷ÀT|
÷ ®[–D ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m ∂Ú˛_ c^·Á> ∑‚|Dÿ√Vøm
∂ıÁ\fl∑‚| g˛[≈™.
32. ºƒFÁ\fl∑‚| : ∂ ®[–D ®ø›m ÿ>VÁÈs_ c^·Á>
∑‚|Dÿ√Vøm ∂m ºƒFÁ\ ∑‚¶V˛≈m.
( c.D )∂m, ∂k[, ∂©A›>ÔD, ∂ÀT|
33. ∂Ôfl∑‚| : ÿƒV_o_ c^· ∑‚ÿ¶ø›Á> ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈ ®ø›m
ÿ√VÚ^ >´Vm. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿƒV_o[ ∂Ô›º> W[Æ ∑‚|D
ÿ√VÚÁ· >Úkm ∂Ôfl∑‚| ®™©√|D.
(c.D ) ∂m, ÷k[, ÷k^
34. A≈fl∑‚| : ÿƒV_o_ c^· ∑‚ÿ¶ø›Á> ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈
®ø›m¬Ô^ ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿƒV_o[ A≈›º> W[Æ
∑‚| ÿ√VÚÁ· >Úkm A≈fl∑‚| ®™©√|D.
(c.D ) ÷©√∑, ∂¬Ô´Ω, ÷D\M>[
35. ∑‚|›]Â : ÿƒVuÔπ_ c^· ∂, ÷ ®[–D ∑‚ÿ¶ø›m¬Ô^
∂Õ> ÷Õ> ®™ ]ˆÕm kw∫zk>Á™ ∑‚|›]Â ®[√Ï.
( c.D ) ÷©√∑ á ÷Õ>©√∑
∂¬Ô´Ω á ∂Õ> Ô´Ω
36. s™V ®ø›m : s™V ÿ√VÚÁ· >ÚD ®ø›m¬Ô^ s™V
®ø›m¬Ô^ ®™©√|D. s™V ®ø›m¬Ô^ g, ® ∞, {, BV
22
( c.D ) ®Õ> ®ø›m , sÚÕm g”¬ÔV ? gÁ¶¬ÔV ?
∂mkV , ∞[ , ∂kº™ , ∂kº™V
“∞” ®[–D ®ø›m ~u§_ W[Æ s™V°>_ >uÔVÈ›]_
kw¬˛_ ÷_ÁÈ.
37. ∂Ôs™V : ÿƒV_o[ ∂Ô›º> W[Æ s™V ÿ√VÚÁ·
cÏ›mkm ®m , BVÏ, ∞[
÷flÿƒVuÔπ_ s™V ®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈ ®ø›m
ÿ√VÚ^ >´Vm.
38. A≈s™V : ÿƒV_o[ A≈›º> W[≈ s™V ÿ√VÚÁ·
cÏ›mkm A≈s™V ®™©√|D.
( c.D) ∂k™V , ∂kº™, ¿>Vº™V
÷flÿƒV_o_ c^· s™V ®ø›m¬Ô·V˛B g, ∞, {
®ø›m¬ÔÁ· ¿¬˛™V_ ∏≈ ®ø›m¬Ô^ >MflÿƒV_ÈVÔ
W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ >Ú˛[≈™.
ÿƒV_ ÷È¬ÔD :
39. ÿƒV_ : ŒÚ ®ø›m >M›m W[º≈V √È ®ø›m¬Ô^ ºƒÏÕº>V
ÿ√VÚ^ cÏ›m\Vl[ ∂Ák ÿƒV_ ®™©√|D.
ÿƒV_, ÿ\Va, √>D, ˛·s ®[√Ák ÿƒV_ Œº´ ÿ√VÚÁ·
cÏ›mD √È ÿƒVuÔ·VzD.
40. ÿƒV_o[ kÁÔ : ÿƒVuÔÁ· ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷È¬Ô
kÁÔl_ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ sÁ™flÿƒV_, ÷Á¶flÿƒV_,
cˆflÿƒV_ ®™ 4 kÁÔBVÔ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD.
41. ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ∞º>–D Œ[§[ ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬zD ÿƒV_
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ®™©√|D.
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ 6 kÁÔ©√|D.
41. 1. ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ 2. ÷¶©ÿ√BÏ 3. ÔVÈD 4. EÁ™ 5. √ıA
(∂) zD 6. ÿ>Va_
42. ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ : ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬˛[≈
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
( c.D ) A›>ÔD , \M>[ BVÁ™, ˛π, \ÈÏsa, xÚÔ[
43. ÷¶©ÿ√BÏ : ÷¶›][ ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬˛[≈ ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^
( c.D ) √^π, z·D, ÷_ÈD, T], ~º´V|,ÿkuA
44. ÔVÈ©ÿ√BÏ : ÔVÈ›][ ÿ√BÁ´ cÏ›m˛[≈
ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^(c.D ) ÿÂVΩ , s™VΩ, \Ë, ÂV^, \V>D,
kÚ¶D, E›]Á´, ÿ√ÚDÿ√Vøm zπÏÔVÈD ®]ÏÔVÈD
23
45. EÁ™©ÿ√BÏ : (cÆ©A)
cÆ©AÔÁ· z§¬zD ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^ E. ÿ√. ®™©√|D.
ÔM, ÔVF, >ı|, ÷ÁÈ, Ôı, ÁÔ, ÷>BD, ÿÔVDA, kV_
ÿku§ÁÈ ÿÔVΩl_ ÷Ú¬zD ÷ÁÈ ( ŒÚ cÆ©A )
>V\Á´©Ø, \_oÁÔ©Ø, \ˆ¬ÿÔVøÕm, ÿƒ∫Ô[M
46. √ıA© ÿ√BÏ (∂) z©ÿ√BÏ
ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ √ıÁ√ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏ ÿƒVuÔ^ √ıA©ÿ√BÏ
®™©√|D . ÷m z©ÿ√BÏ ®™°D kw∫Ô© ÿ√ÆD.
√ıA© ÿ√BÏÔÁ· W≈D, kΩ°, ∂·°, (®ıË¬ÁÔ) ∑Ák
®[–D ÂV[z kÁÔºB ÿ√ÚD√VKD kÚD
47. W≈©√ıA : ÿƒDÁ\, ÔÚÁ\
48. kΩk© √ıA : ƒm´D, ÿƒÀkÔD, x¬ºÔVD, k‚¶D
49. ∂·° : ÷´ı|, J[Æ ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï
50. ∑Ák : ÷M©A, Aπ©A, ÔVÏ©A, mkÏ©A
51. √ıA© ÿ√BÏ sz]Ô^
1. ÿƒDÁ\ Á\
2. ÿ>V_ÁÈ n
3. \V‚E E
4. \VıA A
5. Â[§ §
6. Â[Æ Æ
7. ÂÈD ∂D
8. Â[™Ï ∂Ï
9. ]‚√D √D
10. ym m
11. Â[z z
√ıA© ÿ√BÏÔ^ º\uÔı¶ sz]Ô”¶[ c, ÂÏ, \[, ÷_
®[–D sz]ÔÁ·•D ÿ√uÆ kÚD Á\ sz]
ÿ√ÚD√VıÁ\BVÔ ÔV©√|D.
52. ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ : ÿ>Vao[ ( ÿƒB_ ) ÿ√BÁ´ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏ
ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ. ( c.D ) √Ω©A, g‚¶D, {|>_, kÚÁÔ ,
sÁ·BV‚|, c≈∫z>_
sz] ÿ√u≈ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ
( c.D ) ÿ√VÆ›>_ = ÿ√VÆ + >_
cı_ = cı + ∂_
24
53. sz] ÿ√≈V ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ : ( c.D ) ÿ>Vı|, Ì›m, ÂÁƒ (
sÚDA>_)
ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∂_, >_ ®[–D sz]ÔÁ·
ÿ√uÆ kÚD.
ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ √z] sz]
1. º√∑>_ º√∑ >_
2. √V¶_ √V| ∂_
3. g‚¶D g| ∂D
4. ÿÔVÁÈ ÿÔV_ n
5. ÿƒFÁÔ ÿƒF ÁÔ
6. √VÏÁk √VÏ Ák
7. m≈° m≈ c
8. \≈] \≈ ]
9. cÏflE cÏ E
10. º>V_s º>V_ s
11. Ô¶°^ Ô¶ c^
12. ƒV¬ÔV| (÷≈›>_) ƒV ÔV|
13. ºÔV‚√V| ÿÔV^ √V|
14. º>Vu≈´° º>VuÆ ∂´∑
15. kV´VÁ™ kV gÁ™
16. ÿ√VÆÁ\ ÿ√VÆ Á\
17. √VF›m √VF m
18. ÿkzπ ÿkz^ ÷
19. ÔVıA ÔVı A
54. x>MÁÈ› ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ
∑|>_ - ∑| + >_
ÿÔ|>_ - ÿÔ|+ >_
∑|, ÿÔ|, ®[√™ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ √z]Ô·VzD. ÷Ák x>_
WÁÈBVÔ c^·>V_ ÷kuÁ≈ x>_WÁÈ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ
®[√Ï.
25
55. x>MÁÈ› ]ˆÕ> ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ : ∑|, ÿÔ| ®[–D
x>MÁÈ ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏÔπ_ x>ÿÈø›m ¿ı|, Û|, ºÔ|
®™ kw∫Ô©√|k]Á™ x>MÁÈ ]ˆÕ> ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ
®[√Ï.
∑|>_ = ∑| á Û|
ÿÔ|>_ = ÿÔ| á ºÔ|
ÿ√Æ>_ = ÿ√Æ á º√Æ
56. zΩ©ÿ√BÏ : ƒV]ÁB¬ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^ zΩ©ÿ√BÏ
®™©√|D.
( c.D ) z≈k[, \≈k[, ∂Õ>[, kËÔ[, cwk[,
gB[
57. ˛Á·© ÿ√BÏ : c≈°ÔÁ· z§¬zD ÿ√BÏÿƒVuÔ^
˛Á·©ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D
( c.D ) ∂ı[, ÂV›>™VÏ, \Á™s, \VtBVÏ
58. ÿ>Vz]©ÿ√BÏ : ÿ>Vz©Á√ z§¬zD ÿ√BÏfl ÿƒVuÔ^
ÿ>Vz]©ÿ√BÏ ÿƒVuÔ^ ®™©√|D.
( c.D) ºƒÁ™ : √Á¶ T´ÏÔπ[ ÿ>Vz©A
\VÁÈ : √È Ø¬Ô^
zø á √È \¬Ô^
59. ÷| z§©ÿ√BÏ: ÂD x[º™VÏ ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÔV´D
ÔÚ>V\_ ÷‚| kw∫˛B ÿ√BÁ´ ÷|z§© ÿ√BÏ ®[˛º≈VD.
( c.D ) \´D, WÈD, \ı
60. ÷|z§©ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ : ÷|z§©ÿ√B´Vl–D ÿ√VmkV™
ÿ√BÏÔ·V_ ∂Á\k>V_ ÷Ák ÷|z§© ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ
®[˛º≈VD
( c.D ) kV™·VsB \ÁÈ ÷Õ]B ÂV‚Ωuz ∂wz ÿƒF˛≈m
∂¶ÏÕ> ÔV| ÂV‚Ω[ ÿƒ_kD
61. ÷|z§ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ : ÷|z§© ÿ√B´Vl–D, E≈©A
ÿ√BÏÔ·V_ ∂Á\Õ>V_ ∂Á> ÷|z§ E≈©A ÿ√BÏ ®™ÈVD.
(c.D ) x¬ÔMÔ”^ ∑ÁkBV™m √ÈV
∂kÁ´¬ ÿÔVΩ¬z √Õ>_ º√V|
62. ÔV´© ÿ√BÏ : ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÔV´D ÷‚| kw∫˛B ÿ√BÁ´
ÔV´© ÿ√BÏ ®[˛º≈VD.
( c.D ) ÂVuÔVo, x¬ÔVo, ÔÚD√ÈÁÔ, ÿƒ∫Ô_, √≈Ák,
kÁ·B_, ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E, kVÿ™Vo
26
63. ÔV´© ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ : ÔV´D ÔÚ] ÷¶©√‚¶ ÿ√BÏ
z§©∏‚¶ ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬z ÿ√Vm©ÿ√B´VÔ ∂Á\Õ>V_
∂Á> ÔV´© ÿ√BÏ ®™ÈVD.
÷Áƒ¬ÔÚs¬z √luE ÷[§BÁ\BV>m
√≈ÁkÔ^ √Ès>D
64. ÔV´ E≈©A ÿ√BÏ: ÔV´D ÔÚ] ÷¶©√‚¶ ÿ√BÏ z§©∏‚¶
ÿ√VÚÁ· E≈©√VÔ z§¬z\Vl[ ÔV´ E≈©A ÿ√BÏ ®[Æ
ÌÆkÏ. kÁ·B_ cÁ¶Õm s‚¶m
kÁ·B_ º√VÈºk EÈ ÿ√VÚ^ kÁ·Õm k‚¶\VÔºk
÷Ú¬zD. ∂ÁkÿB_ÈVD kÁ·B_ ®™
∂Áw¬Ô©√|k]_ÁÈ.
kÁ·B_ ®[–D ÷flÿƒV_ ÁÔl_ ∂Ë•D kÁ·B_
\‚|º\ z§©√>V_ ÔV´ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
65. sÁ™flÿƒV_ : sÁ™ÁB¬ z§¬zD ÿƒV_ sÁ™flÿƒV_
®™©√|D.
66. xuÆ ( ∂) sÁ™xuÆ : ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ^ ÿƒF> ÿ>VaÁÈ
z§›m kÕ> xuÆ© ÿ√u≈ ÿƒV_ sÁ™xuÆ ®™©√|D
÷m ]Á, √V_, ®ı, ÷¶D g˛BkuÆ¶[ ÔVÈ›Á>•D
ÔV‚|D. ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_K¬z› mÁ W[Æ kV¬˛B›][
ÿ√VÚÁ· xΩ›m¬ ÔV‚|km sÁ™xuÆ
( c.D ) \V| º\F˛≈m \VkÏÔ· sÁ·BV|˛≈VÏÔ^
Ôı[ ®øm˛≈V[
67. ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™xuÆ :
ÿƒF√k[, ÔÚs, WÈD, ÿƒB_, ÔVÈD, ÿƒFÿ√VÚ^ ®™
gÁ≈•D ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ cÏ›mkm ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™
xuÆ gzD. ÷kuÆ^ EÈ zÁ≈ÕmD kÚD.
ÿƒB_ (\) ÔVÈ›Á> ÿ>πkVÔ¬ ÔV‚|D
(c.D) Ôı[ ÔΩ>D ®ø]™V[
ÿƒF√k[ á Ôı[
ÔÚs á #k_ (®ømºÔV_)
WÈD á ÷Ú©∏¶D
ÿƒB_ á ®øm>_
ÔVÈD á ÷≈Õ> ÔVÈD
ÿƒFÿ√VÚ^ - ÔΩ>D
27
68. z§©A sÁ™xuÆ : ÿƒF√kÁ™ \‚|D
ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ cÏ›] ∏≈kuÁ≈ z§©√VÔ cÏ›mD
sÁ™xuÆ z§©A sÁ™xuÆ ®™©√|D.
÷m ÔVÈ›Á> ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ cÏ›>Vm.
(c.D AÔºwÕ] ÿ√V[™[ ( ÿ√VÚ‚ÿ√BÏ )
ºkÈk[ \mÁ´BV[ ( ÷¶©ÿ√BÏ )
xÚÔ[ zu≈VÈ›>V™ (÷¶©ÿ√BÏ )
69. ∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ : ( ∞k_ á Ô‚¶Á· )
x[MÁÈ ÷¶›]_ c^·VÁ´ ŒÚ ÿƒBÁÈ ÿƒF•\VÆ
Ô‚¶Á·l|D ( ∞k_ ) sÁ™xuÆ ∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ
®™©√|D. ∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ x[MÁÈl_ \‚|D kÚD.
®]ÏÔVÈD ÔV‚|D. ŒÚÁ\© √[Á\Ôπ_ >M›>MBVÔ
kÚD.
x[MÁÈ á ¿, ¿Ï, ¿∫Ô^
( c.D ) ¿ º√V, ¿ √Ω, ¿ kV, ÔVßÏ, ¿Ï kVZÏ, ¿Ï kVøD.
70. sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆ ; Ô, ÷B, ÷BÏ ®[–D sz]ÔÁ·
ÿ√uÆ kVµ›>_, Ák>_, s]›>_. ºkı¶_ g˛B
ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_ kÚD sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆÔ^ gzD.
sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆÔ^ Js¶∫ÔπKD, nD√V_ÔπKD
kÚD.
( c.D )kVµÔ, ÿƒFÔ, ∂Ú^Ô, ŒaÔ, kVaBÏ, kVaB
º\uÔı¶ sz]Ô”¶[ ∂,÷, ∂_ ®[–D sz]ÔÁ·
ÿ√uÆ kÚD kVa á÷ kVw á ∂ s¶_ á ∂_
kVw_ á ∂_ (ÿ>Vauÿ√BÏ )
71. c¶[√VuÆ sÁ™xuÆ ( \) ®]Ï\Á≈ sÁ™xuÆ
∂Á™›m sÁ™ xuÆÔ”D c¶[√V‚| ÿ√VÚπKD,
®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√VÚπKD kÚD.
ÿƒB_ WÔµkÁ> ÔV‚|km c¶[√V‚| sÁ™xuÆ
ÿƒB_ WÔwVÁ\ÁB ÔV‚|km ®]Ï\Á≈ sÁ™xuÆ
sÁ™xuÆ c¶[√V‚| s.x ®]Ï\Á≈ s.x
ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™xuÆ ÿ>V|›>V[ ÿ>V|›]È[
∞k_ sÁ™xuÆ ÿƒ_TÏ ÿƒ_ÈVyÏ
sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xuÆ ÿƒV_KÔ ÿƒV_ÈuÔ
72. ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ∞uÆ ŒÚ ÿ>V¶Ï ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ°
ÿ√ÆD ®flƒ sÁ™flÿƒV_ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ\VzD.
28
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒD ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD
®™©√|D. ÿ√Bÿ´flƒDJ[Æ ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ kÚD. ÷m
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∂ ®[≈ sz] ÿ√uÆkÚD
( c. D ) kÕ> Á√B[ √V|˛≈ ÿ√ı º√∑D ˛π
kVøDzΩ
73. ÿ>ˆWÁÈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ÔVÈ›Á>•D, ÿƒBÁÈ•D cÏ›]
W[Æ ÿƒF√k[, ÔÚs WÈD, ÔVÈD, ÿƒFÿ√VÚ^ ®[–D
gÆkÁÔ ÿ√BÏÔ”D Œ[≈Á™¬ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒfl
ÿƒV_ ÿ>ˆWÁÈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD gzD.
√Ω›> \Vk[ √Ω¬˛[≈ \Vk[ √Ω¬zD \Vk[
√Ω›>, √Ω¬˛[≈, √Ω¬zD ®[–D ÿƒVuÔ^ ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ°
ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ.
∂Ák xÁ≈ºB x¬ÔVÈ›Á>•D √Ω›>_ ÿƒBÁÈ•D
cÏ›] W[Æ \Vk[ ®[–D ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ∞uÆ
ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ° ÿ√Æ˛[≈™.
74. z§©A ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ÔVÈ›Á>ºBV, ÿƒBÁÈºBV
cÏ›>V\_ √ı∏Á™ \‚|D cÏ›] W[Æ
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒfl ÿƒV_ z§©A
ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD gzD.
( c.D ) Â_È Á√B[ ∂w˛B \ÈÏ ∂wz á √ıA
~ÆÿÔ‚¶ ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD : ~Æ á ~uÆ ®ø›m \Á≈Õm
~uÆ ®ø›m ÿÔ‚| kÚD ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD ~ÆÿÔ‚¶
®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD ®™©√|D
÷m ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√VÚÁ·› >ÚD
÷m g ®[–D ®ø›]_ xΩ° ÿ√u§Ú¬zD
gsuz ∂|›m ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÷Ú¬zD
( c.D) kV¶V \ÈÏ √V¶V Á√∫˛π
ºkı¶V á z©Á√ {¶Vz]Á´
75. sÁ™ÿBflƒD : xΩ° ÿ√≈V> ®flƒ sÁ™flÿƒV_ ŒÚ sÁ™
xu§Á™ ∞uÆ ÿ>V¶Ï ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ° ÿ√Ú\Vl[ ∂Àÿkflƒ
sÁ™ sÁ™ÿBflƒD ®™©√|D.
( c.D ) kÕm xΩ›>V[
sÁ™ xuÆ¬ÔÁ· >øs W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ xΩ° >Ú\Vl[
∂m sÁ™ÿBflƒD ®™©√|D.
29
÷m ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÷, c ®[–D sz]ÔÁ· ÿ√uÆ kÚD.
k´ ÿƒV[™V[ - sÁ™ÿBflƒD
Á√B[ - ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD ( ∂á sz] )
76. ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™ÿBflƒD : ÔVÈ›Á>•D, ÿƒBÁÈ•D
cÏ›] W[Æ sÁ™xuÁ≈ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒ
sÁ™flÿƒV_ ÿ>ˆWÁÈ sÁ™ÿBflƒD ®™©√|D.
√Ω›m xΩ›>V[, √Ω¬Ô ÿƒ[≈V[, √Ω©∏_
º>ÏflEBÁ¶Õ>V[
77. sÁ™BVÈÁ™•Dÿ√BÏ: ŒÚ sÁ™xuÆ sÁ™ÁB
cÏ›>Vm ∂ÀsÁ™¬zˆB ÔÚ›>VÁk cÏ›]
®økVBVÔ W[Æ ºkuÆÁ\ cÆ©AÔÁ· ∞uÆD, ∞uÔV\KD
kÚ\Vl™ ∂m sÁ™BVÈÁ™•D ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
sÁ™BVÈÁ™•D ÿ√BÏ J[Æ ÔVÈ∫ÔÁ·•D cÏ›mD.
xÚÔ[ √ˆ∑ ÿ√u≈V[
√ˆ∑ ÿ√u≈VÁ™ √V´V‚Ω™Ï
÷ÀsÚ ÿ>V¶ÏÔπKD ÿ√u≈V[ ®[≈ sÁ™flÿƒV_
kÕm^·m. x>_ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ÿ√u≈V[ ®[√m xÚÔ[
®[–D ®økVF¬z √BMÁÈBVÔ kÕm^·m.
÷´ı¶Vkm ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ÿ√u≈VÁ™ ®[√m xÚÔÁ™
z§¬zD.
78. z§©A sÁ™ÿBflƒD: ÔVÈ›Á>ºBV, ÿƒBÁÈºBV
cÏ›>V\_ √ı∏[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿ√VÚ^ cÏ›]
sÁ™xuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| xΩ•D ®flƒfl ÿƒV_ z§©A
sÁ™ÿBflƒ\VzD.
(c.D ) ÿ\_È Â¶Õ>V[,ÿ√VÚπ[§ kVΩ™V[
xuÿ≈flƒD : ŒÚ sÁ™xuÆflÿƒV_ sÁ™ÿBflƒD
ÿ√VÚπ_ kÕm \uÿ≈VÚ sÁ™xuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| xΩkm
xuÿ≈flƒD gzD. xu≈VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ÿƒV_ ®flƒ© ÿ√VÚπ_
kw∫zkm xuÿ≈flƒD gzD.
÷´ı| sÁ™xuÆ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÕ>V_ ∂m xuÿ≈flƒD
√Ω›>™[ º>§™V[ ®ø]™[ xΩ›>V[ º>Ω™[
Ôı¶™[
ºkÏflÿƒV_
®Õ>ÿkVÚ ÿƒV_KD Ô‚¶Á· (∂) ∞kÈVÔ kÚkm
ºkÏflÿƒV_ ®™©√|D
30
ŒÚ ÿƒV_o[ √z]ºB ∂>[ ºkÏflÿƒV_ÈVÔ ÿ√ÚD√VKD
∂Á\•D.
kVµ›mºkVD - kVµ›m
kVµ>_, kVµ¬ÁÔ - kVµ
(®.ÔV.)
{| {Ω {ΩB {Ω™V[ {ΩBk[ {|>_ {|Ô
kÁ´ kÁ´Õm kÁ´Õ> kÁ´Õ>V[ kÁ´Õ>kÁ™ kÁ´>_ kÁ´Ô
√Ω √Ω›m √Ω›> √Ω›>V[ √Ω›>k[ √Ω›>_ √Ω¬Ô
Ô_ ÔuÆ Ôu≈ Ôu≈V[ Ôu≈k[ Ôu≈_ ÔuÔ
ºÂV¬z ºÂV¬˛ ºÂV¬˛B ºÂV¬˛™V[ ºÂV¬˛Bk[ºÂV¬z>_ ºÂV¬zÔ
s_ suÆ su≈ su≈V[ su≈k[ su≈_ suÔ
∂fi∑ ∂fiE ∂fiEB ∂fiE™V[ ∂fiEBk[ ∂fi∑>_ ∂fi∑Ô
Â| Â|∫˛ Â|∫˛B Â|∫˛™V[ Â|∫˛Bk[Â|∫z>_ Â|∫zÔ
ÌÆ Ì§ Ì§B Ì§™V[ Ì§Bk[ ÌÆ>_ ÌÆÔ
ÿÂV ÿÂVÕm ÿÂVÕ> ÿÂVÕ>V[ ÿÂVÕ>kÁ™
>V >Õm >Õ>V[ >Õ>VÁ™ >Ú>_ >ÚÔ
~‚|: ~‚Ω ~‚ΩB ~‚Ω™V[ ~‚ΩBkÁ™ ~‚|>_ ~‚|Ô
ºÔ^ ºÔ‚| ºÔ‚¶ ºÔ‚¶V[ ºÔ‚¶kÁ™ ºÔ‚¶_ ºÔ‚Ô
Az AzÕm AzÕ> AzÕ>V[ AzÕ>kÁ™ Az>_ AzÔ
81. ÿ>VÁÔ WÁÈ› ÿ>V¶Ï : ÿ√BÏfl ÿƒV_ºÈV|

sÁ™flÿƒV_KD, ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_KD ºƒÚD ÿ>V¶ˆ[
÷Á¶l_ ºkuÆÁ\ cÆ©AÔº·V, √ıA, sÁ™
x>oBku§[ cÆ©AÔº·V
\Á≈Õm Wuz\V™V_ ∂>Á™ ÿ>VÁÔWÁÈ› ÿ>V¶Ï ®[Æ
ÌÆkÏ.
ÿ>VÁÔWÁÈ›ÿ>V¶Ï gÆ kÁÔ©√|D 1. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ
2. √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ 3. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ 4. cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ
5. ∂[ÿ\Va›ÿ>VÁÔ 6. ºkuÆÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ
82. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ : ÔVÈD ÔV‚|D ÷Á¶WÁÈ•D, ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ

sz]•D \Á≈Õm kÚD ÿ√Bÿ´flƒD sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ
®™©√|D. J[Æ ÔVÈ›]uzD ÿ√VÚÕ]
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÈV_>øk_ ÿ√uÆ kÚD ÿ>V¶Ï¬z
sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ
sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔl_ ÷´ı| ÿƒVuÔ^ ÷Ú¬zD
31
x>_ ÿƒV_ sÁ™flÿƒV_ÈVÔ°D, ÷´ı¶Vkm ÿƒV_
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÈVÔ°D ÷Ú¬zD
cD. ∑| ºƒVÆ, ÿ√V∫z >V\Á´
k·Ï∏Á≈, ÿƒ_o¶D. cÁ≈WÈD, cBÏ ®ıD x]Ï \]
83. √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ : √ıA© ÿ√BÚ¬zD ∂m >øs WuzD
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_K¬zD ÷Á¶ºB Á\ ®[–D √ıA sz]•D
g˛B, g™ ®[–D √ıA cÆ©AÔ”D \Á≈Õm kÚkm
√ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ ®™©√|D.
x›>tµ : J[Æ + >tµ, ÿƒÕ>V\Á´, k‚¶©√ÈÁÔ
84. ÷Ú ÿ√Bÿ´V‚| √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ : E≈©A ÿ√BÏ x[–D,
ÿ√Vm© ÿ√BÏ ∏[–D W[Æ ÷Á¶l_ g˛B ®[ÆD √ıA
cÆ©A \Á≈Õm kÚkm ÷Ú ÿ√Bÿ´‚| √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔ
gzD.
÷\B ÿ√VÚ©A - ÷\BD ÿ√VÚ©A
\_oÁÔ©Ø - \_oÁÔ Ø
Á> ]∫Ô^ - Á> ]∫Ô^
∂s c° - ∂s c°
85. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ : ckÁ\¬zD ÿ√VÚ”¬zD ÷Á¶l_
º√VÈ, º√V[≈, WÔ´ , ∂[™ ®[–D ck\ cÆ©AÔ”^ Œ[Æ
\Á≈Õm WuÔ kÚkm c. ÿ>V ®™©√|D.
ckÁ\ - ÿ√VÚ^
\ÈÏÔ^ - \ÈÏ º√V[≈ Ôı
\ÈÏ ∂Ω - \ÈÏ º√V[≈ ∂Ω
86. cÚkÔD : ÷_ÈV> Œ[Á≈ tÁÔ©√|›] ÌÆkm cÚkÔD.
÷]_ckÁ\ ÿƒV_o[ ÷Æ]l_ kÚD.
87. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ :
1. º>[ÿ\Va - ÿ\Va›º>[
2. ÿ√VuABD - ABDÿ√V[
3. suAÚkD - AÚks_
4. ∂[Á™› >tµ- >tµ ∂[Á™
88. cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ :
÷Ú ÿƒVuÔ”¬z ÷Á¶lKD ÷Æ]lKD cD ®[–D
÷Á¶flÿƒV_ \Á≈Õm kÚkm cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ gzD.
cu≈VÏ c≈s™Ï - cu≈VÚD c≈s™ÚD
32
nÕ>Ω ÂV[z ∂∫z·D - nÕ>Ω•D ÂV[z ∂∫z·xD
ºƒ´ ºƒVw √VıΩBÏ - ºƒ´ÚD ºƒVwÚD √VıΩBÚD
89. ®ıbDÁ\ : ı + cD
cD ®[–D ÷Á¶flÿƒV_ ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ kÕ>V_∂m
®ıbDÁ\. ∑Á™Ô”D - AÁ™Ô”D, ÔuAD - ÔV>KD,
g¬ÔxD - ºÔ|D
90. E≈©A ®ıbDÁ\ : c¶–D ®[–D ÿƒV_ ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ
kÕm ∂m E≈©A ®ıbDÁ\ ®™©√|D.
( c.D ) kV–¶–D Ô¶°·¶–D
91. cBÏ° E≈©ADÁ\ : ÷–D ®[–D ÿƒV_ ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ
kÕ>V_ ∂m cBÏ° E≈©ADÁ\ ®™©√|D.
º>M–D, kVM–D, WÈ›]–D, √VÁ≈•–D, ¿ˆ–D
xuÆDÁ\ : ŒÚ ÿƒV_o_ \‚|D cD ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ kÚD
BVÚ¬zD, BVÁk•D, s´_Ô^ √›mD, ºÔV^ÔπKD
92. ºkuÆÁ\› ÿ>VÁÔ : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚ^
ºkÆ√|kÁ> ºkuÆÁ\ ®™©√|D. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿ√VÚ^
ºkuÆÁ\ÁB cı¶V¬zD cÚA ºkuÆÁ\ cÚA
®™©√|D.
ºkuÆÁ\ 8 kÁÔ©√|D.
94. ºkuÆÁ\ cÚA
x>ÈVD ºkuÆÁ\ - ∂økVF ºkuÆÁ\
÷´ı¶VD ºkuÆÁ\- n
J[≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ á g_, g[, {|, {|
ÂV[ÔVD ºkuÆÁ\- z
nÕ>VD ºkuÆÁ\ á ÷[, ÷_
g≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ á ∂m, gm , ∂
∞wVD ºkuÆÁ\ á Ôı, ÷¶D, c^ˇµ, º\_ ÔV_
®‚¶VD ºkuÆÁ\ - Ôı, ÷¶D, c^ˇµ, º\_ ÔV_
( c.D ) ÿƒ[Á™ ÿƒ[≈V[
95. x>_ ºkuÆÁ\ : ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ŒÚ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÷B_√VÔ
kÕm ®økVBVÔ ÿ√VÚ^ >Ú\Vl[ ∂m x>ÈVD ºkuÆÁ\
®™©√|D. ÷>Á™ ®økVF ºkuÆÁ\ ®™°D ÌÆkÏ.
(®.ÔV) >V\Á´ √VΩ™V^
96. >V\Á´ ®[–D ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ®økVBVzD. ÷m √VΩ™V^
®[–D sÁ™flÿƒV_ÁÈ √BMÁÈBVÔ ÿ√uÆ ÿ√VÚ^
>ÚD º√Vm ®Às> ºkÆ√V|t[§ ÷B_√VÔ Wu˛≈m.
33
÷´ı¶VD ºkuÆÁ\ : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚÁ·
ÿƒB©√|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ ºkÆ √|›>km 2D ºkuÆÁ\ ®™©√|D.
÷>Á™ ÿƒBu√|ÿ√VÚ^ ºkuÆÁ\ ®™°D ÌÆkÏ
÷m (g¬Ô_,∂a›>_, ¿›>_, Œ›>_, cÁ¶B g˛B gÆkÁÔ
ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD.
÷·kÉ T| ∂Á¶Õ>V^ - ÷·kÉ T‚Á¶ ∂Á¶Õ>V^
k·k[ √^π Ô‚Ω™V[ - g¬Ô_
ºƒVw™ √ÁÔkÏ ∂a›>V[ - ∂a›>_
zÔ[ E™D s|›>V[ - ¿›>_
ÔB_sa zl_ º√V[≈k^ - Œ©∏|>_
ÔVÏº\ÔD ÿƒ_kD cÁ¶Bk[ - cÁ¶Á\
97. J[≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ : ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_o[ ÿ√VÚÁ· ÔÚs
ÿ√VÚ·VÔ°D, ÔÚ›>V ÿ√VÚ·VÔ°D c¶MÔµflE©
ÿ√VÚ·VÔ°D ºkÆ©√|›mkm. 3ágD
ºkuÆÁ\BVzD.
ÔÚs©ÿ√VÚπ_ ( ÿÔVı| ®[–D ÿƒV_KD c¶MÔµflE
ÿ√VÚπ_ ( c¶[ ) ®[–D ÿƒV_KD ÿƒV_KÆ©AÔ·VÔ
kÚD {Ï ®økVl[ ÿƒBK¶[ ∏ˆÿ>V[≈V™m ÿƒBKD
c¶[ WÔµkm c¶MÔµflE ÿ√VÚ^ ®™©√|D.
º√™V ®ø]™V[ - º√™V ÿÔVı| ®ø]™V[
ÿƒ_kÕ>Ï T| Ô‚¶©√‚¶m - ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÔÚ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ·VÔ
\VÆ>_
ÂVF z‚Ω ÿƒ[≈m - ÂV•¶[ z‚Ωÿƒ[≈m ±_
Á>›>V[ - gÆxÔ[ k_oÁ\ ÿƒ[≈V^
98. ÂV[ÔVD ºkuÆÁ\ ÿ>VÁÔ :
ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ^ z ®[–D ºkuÆÁ\ cÚÁ√ ∞uÆ ÿ√VÚ^
ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ cÏ›m\Vl[ ∂m ÂV[ÔVD ºkuÆÁ\
®™©√|D. ÷m ÿÔVÁ¶, √ıA, Â‚A, >Ô°, ∂mkV>_,
ÿ√VÚ‚|, xÁ≈, ®_ÁÈ ®™ √È ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD.
1. ºÂV√_ √ˆ∑ >VÌÏ g_ kw∫Ô©ÿ√u≈máÿÔVÁ¶
2. AÁÔ›>_ \M>[ √ÁÔ á √ÁÔ
3. √VˆÂı√Ï Ô∏ÈÏ á Â‚A
4. Ôı ∂ËÔÈ[ ÔıºV‚¶D á >z]
5. >lÏ √V_ kw∫˛™V[ - ∂mkV>_
6. ÂV‚Ω[ s|>ÁÈ √V|√‚¶™Ï. ÿ√VÚ‚|
7. k·k[ >∫ÁÔ k·Ï\] á zÁ≈
34
8. ÿƒ[Á™ ÿƒ[≈V[ á ®_ÁÈ
9. z √]ÈVÔ ÿ√VÚ‚|, Wt›>D ®[√™
ÿƒV_KÆ©AÔ·VÔ kÚD
( c.D ) 1. Ìo ºkÁÈ ÿƒF>V[
2. ºkÁÈl[ Wt›>D ∂BŸÏ ÿƒ[≈V[
99. nÕ>VD ºkuÆÁ\:
ÿ√BÏflÿƒVuÔ”¶[ ( ÷[, ÷_ ) ®[–D ºkuÆÁ\
cÆ©AÔ^ ºƒÏÕm ÿ√VÚÁ· ºkÆ√|›mkm 5D ºku≈Á\
gzD. ÷m ( ¿∫Ô_, Œ©A, ®_ÁÈ, ∞m) g˛B ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_
kÚD ÷_ ®[–D cÚA 3D ºkuÆÁ\l_ ¿∫Ô_, Œ©A, ∞m
g˛B ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ_ kÚD.
÷m 7D ºkuÆÁ\l_ ÷¶©ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD
( c.D ) ÿÔVÁ¶l_ E≈Õ>k[ z\™[ á Œ©A
√wWl[ ˛w¬z \mÁ´ á ®_ÁÈ
∂§° (÷_) t¬ÔkÏ Œ·ÁkBVÏ á ∞m ( cBÏ° )
TÁ kVE©√]_ k_Èk[ - ÷_
÷ÚÕm, W[Æ, s¶, ÔV‚ΩKD ®[√™ 5D ºkuÆÁ\¬zˆB
ÿƒV_KÆ©AÔ·VzD.
100. g≈VD ºkuÆÁ\ :
∂m, gm, ∂ ®[–D cÆ√A¬Ô^ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÁÈ ∞uÆ,
ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ cÏ›m\Vl™ ∂m 6DºkuÆÁ\
gzD.
÷m ˛wÁ\ ( cˆÁ\ ) ÿ√VÚπ_ kÚD
Ô∏ÈÏ √V‚| á Ô∏È´m √V‚| á cˆÁ\
ÔÕ>[ T| á cˆÁ\
\ÁÈ k·D á \ÁÈBm k·D
sÁ™ √B[ á sÁ™l™m √B[
\ÁÈ cflE á \ÁÈl™m cflE
cÁ¶B ®[√m g≈VD ºkuÆÁ\¬z cˆB ÿƒV_KÆ©√VzD.
gEˆBÏ ÷Ú¬ÁÔ á gEˆBÚÁ¶B ÷Ú¬ÁÔ
Âı√Ï ÷_ÈD - Âı√ÚÁ¶B ÷_ÈD
101. ∞wVD ºkuÆÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔ :
Ôı, ÷¶D, c[, ˇµ , ÷_, º\_, ÔV_ ®[–D cÆ©AÔ^
ºƒÏÕm ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ >Ú\Vl[ ∂m 7 D ºkuÆÁ\
®™©√|D.
35
\ÁÈ JoÁÔ á \ÁÈ¬Ôı JoÁÔ
T| ºƒVÁÈ c^·m á T‚Ω_ ºƒVÁÈ c^·m
∏≈Ï √ÁÔ ÿÔV^·Vm á ∏≈ˆ¶D √ÁÔ ÿÔV^·Vº>
>ÁÈ ∑Á\ á >ÁÈ º\_ ∑Á\
ÿ√‚Ω √D cÁ¶Bm - ÿ√‚Ω¬z^ √D cÁ¶Bm
Ô‚Ω_ ÂVF √|›m^·m - Ô‚Ωo[ ˇµ ÂVF √|›m^·m.
102. ®‚¶VD ºkuÆÁ\ ÿ>VÁÔ :
ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ sa›>_ ( ∂Áw›>_) ÿ√VÚπ[ ºkÆ√‚|
kÚkm ®‚¶VD ºkuÆÁ\. ÷>Á™ sπ ºkuÆÁ\ ®[√Ï.
∂ıV kVµÔ, Âı√V √Ω, ÔÕ>V kÚÔ
103. ∂[ÿ\Va›ÿ>VÁÔ
nÕm ÿ>VÁÔÔ^ ( sÁ™ , √ıA, cDÁ\, ckÁ\,
ºkuÆÁ\) ÿ>VÁÔ A≈›º> ∂_ÈV> EÈ ÿ\VaÔ^ ( ÿƒV_ )
\Á≈ÕmW[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ >Úkm ∂[ÿ\Va›ÿ>VÁÔ BVzD.
(®.ÔV) ÿ√Vuÿ≈VΩ kÕ>V^
ÿ√Vuÿ≈VΩ á ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·B_
ÿ√V[ + kÁ·B_ = >∫Ô›>V_ g™ kÁ·B_
ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·BÁÈ ∂ËÕ> ÿ√ı kÕ>V^
÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ x>o_ c^· ÿ√Vuÿ≈VΩ ®[–D ÿ√BÏ
ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·B_ ®[–D ÿ√VÚÁ·› >ÚD. 3D
ºkuÆÁ\ cÚAD √B–D c¶[ ÿ>V¬Ô¬ ÿ>VÁÔBVzD.
÷›ÿ>V¶Ï kÕ>V^ ®[√m sÁ™flÿƒV_ÁÈ >øs Wu√>V_
ÿ√V[™V_ g™ kÁ·BÁÈ ∂ËÕ> ÿ√ kÕ>V^ ®™
ÿ√VÚ^ >Ú˛≈m.
104. ∂|¬z› ÿ>V¶Ï :
sÁ´°, ÿkzπ, \˛µflE, ∂flƒD, ∂kÈD, x>oB ÿ√VÚ^
WÁ≈Õ> ÿƒF•π_ ÷Áƒ WÁ≈¬zD ( {Áƒ) ŒÚ ÿƒV_ 2,3,4
xÁ≈ ∂|¬˛ kÚ>_ ∂|¬z› ÿ>V¶Ï gzD.
∂|¬˛ kÚD ÿƒVuÔÁ· ∏ˆ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD.
( cD. ) kVµÔ kVµÔ, ∂kÏ ∂kÏ, √u√È
105. ÷´‚Á¶¬˛·s :
∏ˆ¬Ô xΩBV> ÷´‚Á¶fl ÿƒVuÔ·V_ ºƒÏÕm ŒÚ›>[Á\
√‚| W[Æ sÁ™¬z ∂Á¶ÿ\VaBVF z§©A ÿ√VÚ^
cÏ›] kÚkm ÷´‚Á¶ ˛·s gzD.
÷m ÷´‚Á¶fl ÿƒV_ÈVÔºk kÚD. ÷´ı| xÁ≈ \‚|º\
∂|¬˛ kÚD ( ∏ˆ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ^ >´Vm)

36
(c.D) ¿Ï ƒÈƒÈ ®™ {ΩuÆ.
\VkÏÔ^ ÔÈÔÈ ®™ Eˆ›>™Ï.
\´D \¶\¶ ®™ x§Õ>m
106. ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ‚ √[ÿ\Va :
ÿ√VÚ^ E≈©A¬ÔVÔ ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁ·¬ z§¬Ô √È ÿƒVuÔ^
kÚkm ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ‚ √[ÿ\Va gzD.
*tÁƒ QVlÆ, {∫˛ cBÏÕ> \´D, ÿƒVu√>D, za >VµÕm
107. cˆflÿƒV_ :
ƒVÈ, cÆ, >k, ÂM, ÌÏ, Ôa, ÔΩ, \V, >¶ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔ^
tz] ®[–D z›Á> cBÏ›] ÿ√BÏ sÁ™Ô”¬z
cˆÁ\ Øı|kÚkm cˆflÿƒV_ÈVzD.
ƒVÈ© ÿ√ˆm, cÆ ÿ√VÚ^, ÂMº√E™V[, ÌÏº> ,
\VÔsÁ>, ÔΩÂÔÏ,
108. gzÿ√BÏ : gzÿ√BÏ 16 kÁÔ©√|D
ÿ√VÚ·Vzÿ√BÏ ( ∂) x>ÈVzÿ√BÏ
ŒÚ xø©ÿ√VÚπ™ ÿ√BÏ∂>Á™fl ∑‚¶Vm ∂>[ cÆ©A¬z
g˛ kÚkm ÿ√B´Vzÿ√BÏ (∂) x>ÈVz ÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
( cD) ØƒË ƒVD√VÏ ∑ÁkBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m
ÿ√VÚ^ EÁ™¬z g˛ kÚkm ÿ√VÚ·Vzÿ√BÏ
ØƒË ®[–D ÿƒV_ ØƒË ÿƒΩBV˛B xø© ÿ√VÚÁ·
z§©√m. g™V_ ÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ƒVD√VÏ ∑ÁkBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m
®[–D z§©√V_ ØƒË ®[–D ÿƒV_ xø©ÿ√VÚÁ·
z§¬ÔVm ∂>[ {Ï cÆ©A ØƒË¬ÔVÁB cÏ›m¬˛≈m.
109. ÷¶kVzÿ√BÏ : {Ï ÷¶›][ ÿ√BÏ ∂Õ> ÷¶›º>V|
ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛kÚkm ÷¶kVzÿ√BÏ
®™©√|D.
~º´V| ®[™ sÁÈ ? : ÷¶D ( \fiƒ^ ®[–D ÿ√VÚÁ·¬
z§¬˛≈m)
÷¶D ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm :
ÿƒ[Á™ \˛µÕ>má ÿƒ[Á™ \¬Ô^
÷Õ]BV ÿk[≈m - ÷Õ]B ∂Ë
ÔVÕ]l[ \Á≈kV_ cÈÔD kÚÕ]Bm (\¬Ô^)
∂|¬˛ kÚD ÿƒVuÔÁ· ∏ˆ›>V_ ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD.
( cD. ) kVµÔ kVµÔ, ∂kÏ ∂kÏ, √u√È
110. ÔVÈkVzÿ√BÏ : ÔVÈ© ÿ√BÏ ∂¬ÔVÈ›º>V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B
ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ Ø›m^·m.

21
37
ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ ®[–D ]∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ Ø›>m ®[–D √BMÁÈ
ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ \V>›]_ \ÈÏÕ> \ÈÁ´ cÏ›m˛≈m.
ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ ®[√m ∂›]∫Ôπ_ \ÈÚD \ÈÚ¬Ô ÿ√B´V˛
kÕ>>V_ ÔVÈkVz ÿ√BÏ gluÆ
111. EÁ™BVz ÿ√BÏ : EÁ™l[ÿ√BÏ x>_ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛
kÚkm EÁ™ gz ÿ√BÏ
ÿku§ÁÈ ÿƒΩ Â‚¶V[
÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ÿku§ÁÈ ®[√m EÁ™BV˛B ÷ÁÈÁB
z§¬ÔV\_ ∂>[ x>_ ÿ√VÚ·V˛B ÿÔVΩ¬z g˛ kµ>>V_
÷m EÁ™ gz ÿ√B´VluÆ.
112. √ı√Vzÿ√BÏ : ŒÚ √ıA©ÿ√BÏ ∂©√ıÁ√ ÿÔVı¶
ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm √ı√Vzÿ√BÏ
(c.D) ÿƒkÁÈÁB kıΩl_ Ø‚|
ÿƒkÁÈ ®[√m Ek©A W≈›Á> z§¬zD √ıA©ÿ√BÏ
kıΩl_ Ø‚| ®[–D z§©√V_ ÿƒkÁÈ ®[√m Ek©A
W≈›]_ ∂Á\Õ> ®ÚÁ> z§¬˛≈m.
113. ÿ>VaÈVzÿ√BÏ : ŒÚ ÿ>Vao[ ÿ√BÏ ∂›ÿ>VaÈV_
ÿ√≈©√|D ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÚkm ÿ>VaÈVzÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
(c.D) ÿ√V§B_ ∑ÁkBVF ÷ÚÕ>m.
ÿ√VˆB_ ®[–D ÿƒV_ ÿ√Vˆ›>_ ÿ>VaÁÈ z§©√>V_
∂flÿƒB_ JÈD ÿ√≈©√‚¶ ÿ√VÚ^ ∑ÁkBVF ÷ÚÕ>m ®[–D
z§©√V_ ÷m ÿ>VaÈVzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
114. ®ıÈ·ÁkBVz ÿ√BÏ : (c.D ) ±Æ ®[™ sÁÈ
±Æ ®[–D ®ıË[ ÿ√BÏ ∂ÀÿkıË¬ÁÔ cÁ¶B
ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÿ√B´V˛ kÚk>V_ ÷m ®ıÈ·Ák gzÿ√BÏ
gluÆ.
115. ®|›>È·Ák gzÿ√BÏ : (c.D) ˛ºÈV ®[™ sÁÈ
˛ºÈV ®[–D ®|›>_ ( WÆ›>_ ∂·Ák ) ∂·Ák©ÿ√BÏ
∂ÕWÁ≈ÁB cÁ¶B ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÿ√B´V˛ kÕ>>V_ ÷m
®|›>ÈÁk gzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
116. xÔ›>_ ∂·Ák : 3 o‚¶Ï ÿÔV|
o‚¶Ï ®[–D xÔ›>_ ∂·Ák ÿ√BÏ ∂Àk·Ák z§¬ÔV\_
∂Àk·kV˛B √V_ º√V[≈ ¿Ï\ ÿ√VÚ”¬z g˛ kÕ>>V_ ∂m
xÔ›]_ ∂·Ák gzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
38
117. ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák gzÿ√BÏ : (cD) c|©√m ÂV[z xwD
xwD ®[–D ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák© ÿ√BÏ c|©√m ®[–D gÁ¶Ô^
ÿ√B´V˛ kÕ>>V_ ∂m ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák gzÿ√BÏ gluÆ
(cD) 1. Œ[Æ ÿÔV| - ®ıÈ·Ák
2. 2 o‚¶Ï º>Ák - xÔ›>_ ∂·Ák
3. ŒÚ \VD√wD ÿÔV| - ®ıË¬ÁÔ
4. 2 o‚¶Ï ÿÂF º>Ák - xÔ›>_
5. ÂV[z ˛ºÈV >V - ®|›>È·Ák
6. 5 xwD ºkı|D - ¿‚¶_ ∂·Ák
7. \_oÁÔ xwD ®ı sÁÈ - ¿‚¶_
118. ÿƒV_ÈVzÿ√BÏ : >D∏ ®[ ÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ ºÔ‚¶V[
ÿƒV_ ®[–D ÿ√BÏ ºÔ‚√V[ ®[–D z§©√V_ ®ø›mÔ·V˛B
ÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ z§¬ÔV\_ ∂§°Á´¬z g˛ kÕ>>V_ ÷m
ÿƒV_ÈVzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
119. >VMBVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) √VÁÈ kıΩl_ ∞uÆ
√V_ ®[–D ¿Ï\ ÿ√VÚ^ ∞uÆ ®ıbD z§©√V_ √V_
Ák¬Ô©√‚ΩuzD >V™\V˛B (÷¶D ) z¶›]uz g˛ kÚkm
>VMBVz ÿ√BÏ gzD.
120. ÔÚsBVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) zw_ ºÔ‚| \˛µÕ>V[
zw_ ®[√m A_ÈV∫zw_ ®[–D ÷Áƒ¬ÔÚs gzD.
÷flÿƒV_ ∂¬ÔÚsÁB z§©∏‚¶m ∂¬ÔÚsl[ ÔVˆB\VzD.
÷MB ÷Áƒ¬z g˛ kÕ>V_ ÷m ÔÚsBV˛ÿ√B´VluÆ.
(cD) TÁ ºÔ‚| \˛µÕ>V[.
121. ÔVˆBkVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) ƒ¬] ƒÁ\B_ Ôu≈V^
ƒÁ\B_ ®[–D ÔVˆB›][ ÿ√BÏ ∂>[ ÔV´›]uz ÿ√B´V˛
kÕm^·m. ÷ÀkVÆ ÔVˆB›][ ÿ√BÏ ÷¬ÔV´›]uz
g˛kÚkm ÔVˆBkVzÿ√BÏ ®™©√|D.
122. ÔÚ›>Vzÿ√BÏ : ∂wÔ–¬z ]Úk^”kÏ \™©√V¶D
]Ú¬z≈Á· ®ø]B ÔÚ›>Vs[ ÿ√BÏ ]Úk^”kÏ ®[√>VzD.
÷›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ]Úk^”kÏ ®[–D ÿ√BÏ ∂kÁ´¬ z§¬ÔVm
∂k´V_ ®ø>©√‚¶ ]Ú¬z≈”¬z g˛ kÕ>>V_ ÷m
ÔÚ›>Vzÿ√BÏ gluÆ.
123. ckÁ\BVzÿ√BÏ : (cD) √VÁk gΩ™V^
√VÁk º√V[≈ ÿ√ı gΩ™V^.
√VÁk ®[–D ÿƒV_ ∂w˛B √mÁ\ÁB z§¬zD.
÷]_ gΩ™V^ ®[–D z§©√V^ √VÁk º√V[≈ ÿ√ıb¬z
g˛ kÕm^·m. ®™ºk . ÷m ckÁ\BVz ÿ√BÏ gluÆ.

39
÷È¬Ô©º√Vo
124 {Ï ®ø›m WuÔ ºkıΩB ÷¶›]_ \uÿ≈VÚ ®ø›m kÕ>VKD
ÿ√VÚ^ \VÆ√¶s_ÁÈBVl[ ∂>Á™ º√Vo ®[√Ï.
(®.ÔV)
÷È¬Ô kw¬z ÷È¬Ô© º√Vo
1. >Áƒ - ƒÁ>
2. ÷_x[ - x[§_
3. \ÓM á OM \´D
4. A≈ cÈV á cÈVA≈D
5. ÂÔÏA≈D á A≈ÂÔÏ
6. ÔV_kVF á kVF¬ÔV_
7. ÿÔVDA OM á OM¬ÿÔVDA
º\uÔı¶ º√VoÔ^ x[ ∏[™VÔ ÿ>V¬Ô º√VoÔ^ gzD.
125. x>uº√Vo
ÿƒV_o[ x>_ ®ø›m ]ˆÕm ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√¶V\_ kÚkm
x>uº√Vo.
(cD )
kw¬ÔD - º√Vo
\l_ Á\B_
\fi∑ Á\fi∑
126. ÷Á¶©º√Vo
ÿƒVuÔπ[ ÷Á¶l_ c^· ®ø›m¬Ô^ ]ˆÕm ÿ√VÚ^
ºkÆ√¶V\_ kÚkm ÷Á¶©º√Vo ®™©√|D.
∂ÉB_ ∂ÁÉB_
x´∑ xÁ´∑
127. ÔÁ¶©º√Vo ∂_Èm ~uÆ©º√Vo
ÿƒVuÔπ[ ÷Æ] ®ø›m¬Ô^ \V§ W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^ ºkÆ√¶V\_
kÚkm ÔÁ¶©º√Vo (∂) ~uÆ©º√Vo ®™©√|D.
∂≈D - ∂≈[ √Õ>_ - √Õ>Ï
WÈD - WÈ[ ∂ÔD - ∂Ô[
128. xuÆ©º√Vo
ÿƒV_o[ ∂Á™›m ®ø›m¬Ô”D \V§ W[Æ ÿ√VÚ^
ºkÆ√¶V\_ kÚkm xuÆ©º√Vo ®™©√|D.
nÕm ∂fi∑
40
129. \‘c
÷È¬ÔD EÁ>Õm ÿƒV_o[ kΩkD \V§ kw∫zD ]ˆÕ>
ÿƒVuÔÁ· ƒV[º≈VÏ ∞uÆ¬ ÿÔVı| \‘c ®™¬ Ì§•^·™Ï.
÷ . kw¬ÔD ÷. º√Vo
1. ®[ >VF - ®Õ>VF
2. BVÏ á gÏ
3. OD >ÕÁ> á OÕÁ>
4. ºƒVwÂV| á ºƒV™V|
5. ]ÚflE´V©√^π á ]ÚflE
6. ]ÚÿÂ_ºko á ÿÂ_ÁÈ
7. ÂVÔ©√‚Ω™D á ÂVÁÔ
BV©∏È¬ÔD
130. BV©A cÆ©AÔ^ : gÆ - ®ø›m, ∂Áƒ, ÊÏ , >ÁÈ, ∂Ω, ÿ>VÁ¶,
131. ®ø›m
®ø›m¬ÔÁ· z§_, ÿÂΩ_, ŒuÆ ®™ J[Æ kÁÔBVÔ
BV©∏È¬Ô›]_ ÌÆ>_ ®ø›m ∂Áƒ¬z cÆ©√VÔ kÚD
132. ∂Áƒ
z§_, ÿÂΩ_, ŒuÆ ®[–D ®ø›m¬Ô·V_ ∂Áƒ¬Ô©√|k>V_
∂Áƒ ®™©√|D.
∂Áƒ ÷´ı| kÁÔ©√|D : 1 ºÂ´Áƒ 2. WÁ´BÁƒ
133. ∂. ºÂ´Áƒ :
z§_ >M›mD Œu≈|›mD, ÿÂΩ_ >M›mD Œu≈|›mD kÚkm
ºÂ´Áƒ gzD.
>M¬z§_ ÿƒV_o[ x>o_ kÕm ºÂ´Áƒ gÔVm
ÿƒV_K¬z x>o_ kÚD z§_ ∂|›m ŒuÆ kÕ>V_ \‚|º\
ºÂ´Áƒ gzD.
134. g. WÁ´BÁƒ :
z§_ ÷ÁÕmD (√¶) z§_ ÷ÁÕm Œu≈|›mD (√¶D)
z§_ ÿÂΩ_ ÷ÁÕmD(√¶V)
z§_ ÿÂΩ_ ÷ÁÕm Œu≈|›m ( √¶VD ) kÚkm WÁ´BÁƒ
135. ÊÏ :
∂ÁƒÁB >™¬z cÆ©√VÔ ÿÔVı| kÚkm ÊÏ ®™©√|D
41
136. ∂) {´ÁƒflÊÏ :
ÿkı√Vs[ ~u§_ ºÂ´Áƒ, WÁ´BÁƒ c^· ∞º>–D Œ[Æ
>M›m W[Æ Ê´VF ∂Á\•D ∂Ák ∂ÁƒflÊÏ ®™©√|D.
(cD) >V™D >kt´ı|D >∫Ô sB–ÈÔD
kV™D kw∫ÔV ÿ>M[
ÿ>M[ - WÁ´ - kVF√V| - \ÈÏ
ºÂ´Áƒ - kVF√V| - ÂV^
137. g. ~´ÁƒflÊÏ
ºÂÏ, WÁ´ ®[–D ∂ÁƒÔ^ ÷´ı| ÷´ı¶VÔ ÷ÁÕm kÚD
ÊÏÔ^ ~´ÁƒflÊÏ ®™©√|D.
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = º>\V WÁ´ + WÁ´ = ÔÚs·D
WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V ºÂÏ + WÁ´ = Ìs·D
÷Ák ÷BuÊÏ ®™°D, gEˆB©√V°¬z cˆB>V_ gEˆB
cˆflÊÏ ®™°D kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.
138. ÷. JkÁƒflÊÏ
~´ÁƒflÊÏ ÂV[ºÔV| ºÂ´Áƒ, WÁ´BÁƒ g˛B ÷´ı¶Á™•D
>M›>MBVÔ ÷Æ]l_ ºƒÏ›>V_ JkÁƒflÊÏ ®‚¶VÔ cÚkVzD.
÷Ák ÔVF ®™ xΩk™ ÂV[zD ÔM ®™ xΩÿk™ ÂV[zD
c^·™.
139. ~. ÔVFflÊÏ
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = º>\V∫ÔVF
WÁ´ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V∫ÔVF
WÁ´ + WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = ÔÚs·∫ÔVF
ºÂÏ + WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Ìs·∫ÔVF
÷flÊÏÔ^ ÿkı√Vsuz c§B>V_ ÿkı√V cˆflÊÏ
140. c. ÔMflÊÏ
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ + WÁ´ = º>\V∫ÔM
WÁ´ + ºÂÏ + WÁ´ = Aπ\V∫ÔM
WÁ´ + WÁ´ + WÁ´ = ÔÚs·∫ÔM
ºÂÏ + WÁ´ + WÁ´ = Ìs·∫ÔM
÷Ák kfiE©√Vsuz cˆB>V_ kfiE cˆflÊÏ ®™°D kw∫Ô©
ÿ√ÆD.
(cD) ∂Ô´ x>È ®ø›ÿ>_ÈVD g]
√Ôk[ x>uº≈ cÈz
42
141. 1. ∂Ô´ = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V
2. x>È = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V
3. ®ø›ÿ>_ÈVD = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V∫ÔVF
4. g] = ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ = º>\V
5. √Ôk[ = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V
6. x>uº≈ = WÁ´ + ºÂÏ = Aπ\V
7. cÈz = WÁ´ +A = WÁÁ = ∏≈©A
142. >Á·
ÊÏ Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ Ô‚|©√‚| WuzD WÁÈ >Á· ®™©√|D
>Á· 7 kÁÔ©√|D
143. ºÂÏ Œ[§B gEˆB >Á· :
\V x[ ºÂÏ kÚkm ºÂÿ´[§B gEˆB >Á·
144. WÁ´ Œ[§B gEˆB >Á· :
(cD) s·x[ WÁ´ kÚkm
145. ÷BuÊÏ ÿkı¶Á· ( ÿkı√V )
Ìs·D x[ ºÂÏ kÚkm
÷m WÁ´ Œ[§B, gEˆB >Á·¬z \V≈VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·
146. ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á· (ÿkı√V )
ÔVF x[ ºÂÏ kÚkm ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á·
(cD) BV>V–D ÂV¶V\V_
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ ºÂÏ
º>\V∫ÔVF x[ ºÂÏ
÷BuÊÏ, ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á·•D ÿkı√Vsuz cˆBÁk
147. Ôo›>Á· (Ôo©√V)
ÔVF x[ WÁ´ kÚkm
(cD) >V\Á´¬ z·›]MºÈ
ºÂÏ WÁ´ ºÂÏ WÁ´
ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶Á·¬z \V≈VÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬zD ÷m
Ôo©√Vsuz cˆBm.
148. Œ[§B kfiE›]Á ( kfiE©√V )
ÔM x[ WÁ≈ kÚkm
ÿƒÕ>V\Á´¬ z·›]MºÈ
ºÂÏ + ºÂÏ+ WÁ´ + WÁ´
º>\V∫ÔM x[ WÁ≈
27
43
149. Œ[≈V kfiE›]>Á· (kfiE©√V )
kVM_ k·Ï ]∫Ô·[™
ºÂÏ ºÂÏ WÁ´ ºÂÏ
º>\V∫ÔM x[ ºÂÏ
Œ[§B Œ[≈V kfiE› >Á·Ô^ kfiE©√Vsuz cˆB
\V x[ ºÂÏ á ºÂÏ Œ[§B gEˆB >Á·
s·D x[ WÁ´ á WÁ´
\Vx[ WÁ´ á ÷BuÊÏ ÿkı¶ÁÈ
s·x[ ºÂÏ á ÷BuÊÏ ÿkı¶ÁÈ
ÔVF x[ ºÂÏ á ÿkıÊÏ ÿkı¶ÁÈ
ÔVF x[ WÁ´ - Ôo›>Á·
ÔM x[ WÁ´ á Œ[§B kfiE› >Á·
ÔM x[ ºÂÏ á Œ[≈V kfiE› >Á·
150. √VkÁÔ : √V 4 kÁÔ©√|D
√V {Áƒ >Á·
1. ÿkı√V ÿƒ©√ºÈVÁƒ ÷BuÊÏ, ÿkıÊÏ kı¶ÁÈ
2. gEˆB©√V ∂ÔkºÈVÁƒ ºÂÏ WÁ≈ Œ[§B gEˆB
>ÁÈ
3. Ôo©√V m^·ºÈVÁƒ Ôo›>Á·
4. kfiE©√V #∫ÔºÈVÁƒ Œ[§B, Œ[≈V kfiE›>Á·
151. 5 ∂Ω
ÊÏÔ^ √È ∂|›m Â¶©√m ∂Ω ®™©√|D
∂Ω 5 kÁÔ©√|D
1. z≈·Ω á ÷´ı| ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
2. EÕ>Ω - 3 ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
3. ∂·kΩ - 4 ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
4. ÿÂΩÈΩ - 5 ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
5. ÔoÿÂΩÈΩ - 5¬z º\u√‚¶ ∂ΩÔ·V_ g™m
152. ÿ>VÁ¶ : ÿ>VÁ¶ 8 kÁÔ©√|D
º\VÁ™, ®mÁÔ, x´ı, ÷ÁBA, ∂·ÿ√Á¶, ÷´‚Á¶, ∂Õ>V],
ÿƒÕÿ>VÁ¶
1.º\VÁ™ á x>[Á\
ÿƒF•π_ x>_ ®ø›> Œ[§ kÚkm º\VÁ™
º\VÁ™ 8 kÁÔ©√|D
1. ∂Ωº\VÁ™ (1) 2. ÊÏº\VÁ™ (7)
44
153. ∂Ωº\VÁ™ : x>ÈΩ x>_ ®ø›mD , 2D ∂Ωl[ x>_ ®ø›mD
Œ[§ kÚkm
( cD ) Â[ÿ™fiƒ §km ÿ√VFBuÔ ÿ√VF>∏[
>[ÿ™fiºƒ >[Á™fl ∑|D
154. ÊÏº\VÁ™ : ÊÏ º>VÆD x>ÿÈø›m Œ[§ kÚkm
m©√VÏ¬z› m©√VB m©√V¬˛ m©√VÏ¬z
155. ÊÏº\VÁ™ kÁÔÔ^ :
1. ÷Á º\VÁ™ (1,2)
2. ÿ√Va©A (1,3)
3. {‘‚ ( 1,4)
4. ÌÁw (1,2,3)
5. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF (1,2,4)
6. º\uÔ (1,3,4)
7. xuÆ º\VÁ™ (1,2,3,4)
156. ÷Á º\VÁ™ :
( cD )÷Ω©√VÁ´ ÷_ÈV> ∞\´V \[™[
157. ÿ√Va©A º\VÁ™ :
( cD ) AÁ™BV {sBD º√VÈ Wu≈KD
158. ÷Á ®ø›m
ÿ√VFÁ\¬zD kVFÁ\ ÷¶›>
59. ÌÁw º\VÁ™ (1,2,3)
>V™D >kt´ı|D >∫ÔV sB–ÈÔD
160. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF º\VÁ™ (1,2,4)
÷Ú^ ºƒÏ ÷ÚsÁ™•D ºƒ´V ÷Á≈k[
161. º\u¬ ÔmkVF º\VÁ™ (1,3,4)
162. xuÆ º\VÁ™ (1,2,3,4)
ÔuÔ Ôƒ¶≈ Ôu√Ák Ôu≈∏[
ÿƒF•π[ x>_ ®ø›m ∂·ÿkV›]Ú¬Ô ÷´ı¶VD ®ø›m
Œ[§ kÚkm
∂·ÿkV›]Ú›>_ á \V›]Á´ ∂·° Œ›]Ú›>_
®mÁÔ 8 kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ω ®mÁÔ á1, ÊÏ ®mÁÔ 7
163. ∂Ω ®mÁÔ : ∂Ωº>VÆD 2 D ®ø›m Œ[§ kÚkm
( cD ) ∂Ô´ x>È ®ø›ÿ>_ÈVD g]
√Ôk[ x>uº≈ cÈz
29
45
164. ÊÏ ®mÁÔ :
ÊÏ º>VÆD 2D ®ø›m Œ[§ kÚkm
m©√VÏ¬z› m©√VB m©√V¬˛ m©√VÏ¬z
ÊÏ®mÁÔl[ kÁÔÔ^
165. ÷Á ®mÁÔ (1,2)
( cD ) guÆkVÏ gu≈_ √EBVu≈_ ∂©√EºB
166. ÿ√Vo©A ®mÁÔ (1,3)
( cD ) º>V[§[ AÔºwV| º>V[ÆÔ ∂‡]ÈVÏ
167. {ć ®mÁÔ (1,4) :
( cD ) mÁ ÂÈD g¬ÔD >ÚcD sÁ™ÂÈD
168. ÌÁw ®mÁÔ ( 1,2,3) :
( cD ) √uÆÔ √u≈u≈V[ √u§Á™ ∂©√uÁ≈
169. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF ®mÁÔ ( 1,2,4) :
( cD ){ø¬ÔD sø©√D >´ÈV[ {ø¬ÔD
170. º\u¬ÔmkVF ®mÁÔ (1,3,4) :
( cD ) ÔuÔ Ô¶ƒ≈ Ôu√Ák Ôu≈∏[
171. xuÆ ®mÁÔ :
( cD ) m©√VÏ¬z› m©√VB m©√V¬˛ m©√VÏ¬z
172. x´ı ÿ>VÁ¶ :
∂ΩÔπºÈV, ÊÏÔπºÈV ÿƒV_ºÈV, ÿ√VÚº·V x´ı√‚|
∂Á\km x´ı ®™©√|D.
173. x´ı ®‚| kÁÔ©√|D :
( cD ) ÷[√D sÁwBV[ ÷|DÁ√ ÷B_ÿ√[√V[
m[√D ÌÆ>_ ÷È[
ÊÏ x´ı
174. ÷Á x´ı (1,2) :
( cD ) ÿ√VFÁ\•D kVFÁ\ ÷¶›> AÁýÏÕ>
175. ÿ√Vo©A x´ı ( 1,3)
( cD ) xu√Ô_ ÿƒl[ ∏u√Ô_ sÁ·•D )
176. ŒÚ x´ı (1,4)
( cD ) A≈Õ#FÁ\ ¿´V[ ∂Á\•D ∂ÔÕ#FÁ\•D
177. ÌÁw x´ı ( 1,2,3)
(cD ) ºÔ|D g¬ÔxD ÿÔ‚¶ ]Ús™VÏ
178. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF x´ı ( 1,2,4)
( cD ) \VÁÈ BV\D AÈÏkÆD ÁkÔÁ≈
46
179. º\u¬ÔmkVF x´ı (1,,4)
( cD)kV™kÏÔ^ \ÈÏ\Vˆ \ıËÁ≈B sıbÈ˛[
180. xuÆ x´ı ( 1,2,3,4)
( cD ) W[≈VKD ÷ÚÕ>VKD ˛¶Õ>VKD Â¶Õ>VKD
181 ÷ÁBA›ÿ>VÁ¶ :
ÿƒF•π[ ∂ΩÔπKD ÊÏÔπKD ÷Æ] ®ø›º>V, ∂ÁƒºBV
Êº´V Œ[§ kÚkm ÷ÁBA› ÿ>VÁ¶ ®™©√|D.ŒÚ
√V¶o[ ÷Æ]l_ Œº´ Œo>ÚD ÿƒVuÔ^ ∂Á\km
÷ÁBA›ÿ>VÁ¶ ®™©√|D.
÷ÁBA 8 kÁÔ©√|D ( ∂Ω (1) +ÊÏ 7 )
182. ∂Ω ÷ÁBA :
( cD ) ÿÔVı¶_ ºÔVA´D ∂ıÁ¶l_ Ì|D
ÿÔVΩÔ^ kV™D √Ω>´ J|D
ÊÏ÷ÁBA :
183. ÷Á ÷ÁBA (1,2)
(cD) ÿ>FkÿÂ§ Ek©ÿ√Ú¬z ]ÚkVJÏ
184. ˇµ¬ÔmkVF ÷ÁBA
º>Ω™VÏ ÷ÚkÚ¬z ÿ>ˆkˆBVÏ ]Ú\Ô™VÏ
185. xuÆ ÷ÁBA (1,2,3,4)
A_ºÈV|D, Ô_ºÈV|D ÿ√V[º™V|D \ËºBV|D
186. ∂·ÿ√Á¶› ÿ>VÁ¶
∂Ωº>VÆD ( ®) ÊÏ º>VÆD ∂·ÿ√|›m kÚkm ∂·ÿ√Á¶›
ÿ>VÁ¶ ®™©√|D
187. ∂Ω ∂·ÿ√Á¶
( cD ) ÿÔ|©√#cD ÿÔ‚¶VÏ¬zfl ƒÏkVF \u ≈V∫ºÔ
®ø©√#D ®_ÈVD \Áw
ŒÚÁ\ √[Á\ ∏Áw ¿¬z>_
188. ŒÚÁ\ : ŒÚÁ\l_ ÿ>V¶∫˛B ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xΩ° ŒÚÁ\l_ >V[
xΩB ºkı|D.
( cD ) \´D ƒVFÕ>m. ˛Á· ŒΩÕ>m.
189. √[Á\ : √[Á\l_ ÿ>V¶∫zD ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xΩ° √[Á\l_ >V[
xΩB ºkı|D
( cD) \´∫Ô^ ƒVFÕ>™, ®ÚmÔ^ {Ω™
31
47
s]Ô^ :
190. cBÏ]Á™ ®økVF :
cBÏ]Á™ √BMÁÈÁB ÿ√uÆ kÚD
( cD ) xÚÔ[ kÕ>V[
191. ∂‡§Á™ ®økVF :
∂‡§Á™ sÁ™xuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| xΩB ºkı|D.
( cD) \V| kÕ>m
192. ÷Ú]Á™ ÿ√BÏÔ^ ÔÈÕm kÕ>V_ E≈©A ÔÚ]™V_ cBÏ]Á
ÿÔVı| xΩ›>_ ºkı|D. ÷a° ÔÚ]™V_ ∂‡§Á™
ÿÔVı| xΩ›>_ ºkı|D.
193. Ô^ sz] ÿ√u≈ ®økVF :
sz] ÿ√u≈ sÁ™xu§KD Ô^ sz] ÿ√≈ ºkı|D.
( cD) ∏Áw \VkÏÔ^ ®ø]™VÏÔ^
194. ∂_ sz] ÿ√u≈ ®økVF : sÁ™xu§KD ∂Ï sz]
ÿ√u§Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
( cD) ∏Áw gEˆBÏ √ÈÏ kÕ>VÏÔ^.
195. WÁÈ›m WuzD ÿ√BÏÔ^ kÕ>V_ ®[–D ®[≈ ÿƒV_
k´ºkı|D
( cD ) ∏Áw ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD ®[≈ ÷È¬Ô ±_ √wÁ\BV™m
196. cBÏ]Á™ √Ès[√VÁÈ z§©∏|Dÿ√Vøm √ÈÏ,EÈÏ ®[≈
ÿƒV_ k´ºkı|D
Ì‚¶›]_ √ÈÏ ∂§QÏÔ^ º√E™Ï
Ì‚¶›]_ ∂§QÏ √ÈÏ º√E™Ï
197. nB›Á> z§¬zD {ÔV´D kÚDÿ√Vøm ∂_Èm ®[–D
k´¬Ì¶Vm
Œ[º≈V ∂_Èm ÷´ıº¶V >ÚÔ
Œ[º≈V ÷´ıº¶V >ÚÔ
198. ∏Áw ]Ú›>D
∂mÔ^ á ∂m (Œ)
∂ÁkÔ^ á ∂Ák ( √È)
®™m \Ô^ á ®[ \Ô^
ÿ√Vm ka ∂_È á ÿ√Vm ka ∂[Æ
∂k^ ∂_È á ∂k^ ∂_È_ (Œ)
∂kÏÔ^ ∂_È á ∂kÏÔ^ ∂_ÈÏ ( √)
48
ŒÚ ªÏ á {Ï ªÏ
{Ï \Vk‚¶D á ŒÚ \Vk‚¶D
∂Ák ∂[Æ á ∂Ák ∂_È
¿Ï>V[ ÿÔV|›yÏ á ¿Ï>VD ÿÔV|›yÏ
∂Ák>V[ {Ω™ á ∂Ák>V[ {Ω™
gÁ\Ô^ ºkÔ\VÔ {ΩBm - gÁ\Ô^ ºkÔ\VÔ {Ω™
∂Ák ÷∫ºÔ c·m - ∂Ák ÷∫ºÔ c·
\¬Ô^ ˛Á¶BVm - ˛Á¶BV
s|k#D º√Vk#D ˛Á¶BVm - ˛Á¶BV
∞uÔ>¬Ôm ∂_È - ∞uÔ>¬Ôm ∂[Æ
√VDA¬z Ôıº ÔV>VÔ c>°˛[≈m
√VDA¬z Ôıº ÔVmÔ·VÔ c>°˛[≈™.
ƒÕ]©∏Áw ¿¬ÔD :
199. kÚD ÿ\Val[ x>_ ®ø›m k_o™\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>V_ k_o™
WÁÈÿ\Va¬zD, kÚÿ\Va¬zD ÷Á¶l_ tzD tzÕmkÚD
k_o™ ÿ\F ®ø›m¬Ô^ ¬, fl, ›, ©
200. k_o™D tzD ÷¶∫Ô^
∂Õ>, ÷Õ>, ®Õ>, ∂©√Ω, ÷©√Ω, ®©√Ω, ∂∫z, ÷∫z, ®∫z
g∫z, ~∫z, BVı| ®–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD.
∂Õ>¬ ˛Æ, ÷Õ>› º>V‚¶D, ®Õ>› ÿ>Va_, ∂©√Ωfl
ÿƒF>V[, ÷©√Ω¬ Ì§™V[, ®©√Ω© √VÏ©√VF -
÷∫z© √VÏ›º>[, ®∫z© º√V™V[, ®∫z¬ ÌΩ™Ï,
201. gF, º√VF ®–D sÁ™ÿBflƒ∫Ôπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD.
√Ω©√>VFfl ÿƒV[™V[, º√VFfl ºƒÏÕ>V[ ƒVÈ, >k ®[–D
cˆflÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[k_o™D tzD
202. 2,3, D, 4,5D ºkuÆÁ\ cÚAD √B–D c¶[ ÿ>V¬Ô ÿ>VÁÔÔπ[
∏[ k_o™D tzD.
( cD ) >ıßÏz¶D >ıßÁ´ cÁ¶B z¶D
\´©√ÈÁÔ Ô‚Á¶›mÁ sa©A™_
203. ÷Úÿ√Bÿ´V‚| √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) \_oÁÔ©Ø, ºÔVÁ¶¬ÔVÈD, ÿk^π¬˛wÁ\
204. {ÿ´ø›m ŒÚÿ\Va ÷Ú©∏[ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) Á>©√VÁk Ø¬ÌÁ¶ yfl∑¶Ï
49
205. ~ÆÿÔ‚¶ ®]Ï\Á≈ ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ›][ ∏[ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) cıVflºƒVÆ, ∂aBV©AÔµ, {¶V¬z]Á´
∂,÷ ®[–D ~uÁ≈ cÁ¶B sÁ™ÿBflƒ∫Ô”¬z ∏[
k_o™D tzD
( cD ) {¶¬ÔV›]ÚÕ>V[ , k´flÿƒV[™V[, º√E©√w˛™V[,
>øs¬ ÿÔVı¶V[
206. kıÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´›][ ∏[ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD,
sÁ™flÿƒV_ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD k_o™D tzD.
ÔuÆ› >Õ>VÏ, √‚|›mË, ®‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ, √›m©√V‚|
207. F, Ï, µ ®[≈ ÿ\F ®ø›m¬Ô”¬z∏[ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ ÷ÚÕ>V_
\‚|º\ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) ÂVF¬ÔV_ , ÂVF ÿƒ[≈m, \ÈÏ¬ÌÕ>_, >tµ©√V‚º¶
208. ÷M, >M, \uÆD, \u≈, \uÁ≈ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[
k_o™D tzD
( cD) ÷M¬ÔVÈVD, >MflÿƒV_, \u≈© Á√B[Ô^, \u≈
zwÕÁ>Ô^, \uÆD EÈkuÁ≈.
209. ( ®™ , gÔ ) ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD
( cD ) ®™©º√E™V[ , gÔfl ÿƒV[™V[
210. ( ∂,÷) ®[–D ∑‚|Ôπ[ ∏[–\, ( ®)®[™D s™V°¬z
∏[–D k_o™D tzD.
(cD ) ∂¬z¶D , ÷flºƒVÁÈ, ®›ÿ>Va_
211. xu§BKÔ´fl ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tzD
(cD ) ]Ú¬z≈^ ÿ√Vm›º>Ï°
212. WÁÈÿ\Val_ clÏ ~uÆfl ÿƒVuÔ”¬z©∏[ k_o™D tzD
(cD) \Áw¬ÔVÈD , ka›>¶D , √M¬ÔVÈD
213. √ıA›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tzD
( cD) k‚¶¬ºÔV‚Á¶, √flÁƒ©√‚|
214. ckÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tzD
(cD) \ÈÏ¬Ôı , >V\Á´¬ÁÔ
215. >M¬z§ÁÈ ∂|›m kÚD g ®[–D ÿÂΩK¬z ∏[ kÚD
√ÈV©√wD, cÈV© √VΩ™V[
216. ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´›][ ∏[ ÿ√BÏflÿƒV_ kÕ>V_
k_o™tzD
( cD ) z´∫z¬z‚Ω , Ìı|¬˛π
50
217. A≈ ŒuÆ¬z^ ÷´‚Ω¬zD ÿÂΩ_ ÿ>V¶Ï clÏ ÿ>V¶Ï
zu§BKÔ´fl ÿƒVuÔ”¬z©∏[ k_o™D tzD.
gÆ +√VÈD guÆ©√VÈD
ÂV|+ √uÆ ÂV‚|©√uÆ
k_o™D tÔV ÷¶∫Ô^
218. ®økVF› ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm

( cD) ºÔVÁ> √VÏ›>V^ , >VF ÿƒ[≈V^ , ºÔVa ÿÔV¬Ôˆ›>m
219. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) g|, √VDA, sÁ·√lÏ
220. 2D ºkuÆÁ\› ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) ¿Ï zΩ›>V[, ÔÁ> ÿƒV[™V[
221. cDÁ\›ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD )Ô_s, ºÔ^s, ÿƒΩ, ÿÔVΩ
222. ∂|¬z›ÿ>V¶Ï, ÷´‚Á¶¬˛·sl_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) √VDA√VDA, ƒÈƒÈ, yy
223. 6 D ºkuÆÁ\› ÿ>VÁÔl_ k_o™D tÔVm
Œ·Ák›>tµ, k^”kÏÔÚ›m
224. ÿ√Bÿ´flƒ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm
( cD) kÕ> Á√B[, √VÏ›> ÔıÔ^
225. sÁ™ÿBflƒ ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm
√VÏ›mfl ÿƒ[≈V[ , kÕm ÿƒ[≈V[, ÿƒFm ÿÔV|›>V[ √VÏ›m,
√Ω›m º√V[≈ c sz] ÿ√u≈ sÁ™ÿBflƒD ÷ÚÕ>VKD ÷Ák
k[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´D gzD. ∂>™V_ ÷flÿƒVuÔπ_
k_o™D tzD
226. ∂Ák, ÷Ák, ®Ák, ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm.
(cD) ∂Ák √VÏ›>™Ï, ÷Ák ÿƒ[≈™Ï, ®Ák Ì§™Ï
227. sB∫ºÔV^ sÁ™xu§[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
( cD ) kVµÔ >tµ, kVµÔ ÿ√ˆBVÏ
228. √Ω ®™ xΩ•D sÁ™ÿBflƒ∫Ôπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) kÚD√Ω ÿƒV[™V[, >ÚD√Ω ºÔ‚¶V[
229. (∂m, ÷m) ®[–D ∑‚|Ôπ[ ∏[–D ®m, BVm, ®[–D s™V
ÿ√BÏÔπ[ ∏[–D k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) ∂m ÿƒF, ÷m ºÔ^, ®m ÿ√Vm, BVm Ì§™VÏ
51
230. ∂›>Á™, ÷›>Á™. ®›>Á™ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[
k_o™D tÔVm.
( cD) ∂›>Á™ A›>Ô∫Ô^, ÷›>Á™ √≈ÁkÔ^, ®›>Á™
231. cBÏ]Á™ ÿ√Vm©ÿ√BÏÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
( cD) \VV¬ÔÏ ÌΩ™Ï, ÿ>VaÈV·Ï >ÁÈk[,
232. sπ›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) ÔıV ºÔ^, >D∏ √V|
233. √›m, ®‚| >s´ ∏≈ ®ıÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
234. g,∞, { ®[–D s™V ®ø›m¬Ôπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD) ∂k™V ÿƒ[≈V[, ∂kº™ Eˆ›>V[, ∂kº™V º√E™V[
235. ∂[Æ, ÷[Æ, ®[Æ ®[–D ÿƒVuÔπ[ ∏[ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) ∂[Æ ÿÔV|›º>[, ÷[Æ √VÏ›º>[, ®[Æ ÿƒ_ºk[
236. ÿ\[ÿ>V¶Ï zu§BKÔ´›Á> ∂|›> sÁ™xuÆ kÕ>V_
k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) ÔÚDA ∑Ák›>V[, ÿ\[Æ ][≈V[
237. sÁ™xuÆ› ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm
(cD ) xw∫˛™ ƒ∫zÔ^, kÕ>m z]Á´..

52
1. ∂Ô±_ - 6
nÕ]Á™ nD√m - \V≈[ÿ√VÁ≈B™VÏ
nÕ]Á™ ®ø√m - JkVÁ>BVÏ
]Á™ÿ\VanD√m - ÔÕ>[ºƒÕ>™VÏ
]Á™\VÁÈ 150 - ÔËº\>VsBVÏ
ÔVÏ ÂVu√m - Ôı[Ì›>™VÏ
ÁÔÕWÁÈ (nÕ]Á™ 60)
(∂) ÷[MÁÈ - A_È∫ÔV´™VÏ
2. A≈±_ - 1
Ô·ka ÂVu√m - ÿ√VFÁÔBVÏ
3. ∂≈±_ ∂_Èm ¿]±_Ô^ - 11
ÂVÈΩBVÏ á ƒ\xMkÏÔ^
ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ á s·D∏ÂVÔ™VÏ
÷[™VÂVu√m - Ô∏ÈÏ
÷MBÁkÂVu√m - Ø>fiºƒ>™VÏ
]ˆÔ|ÔD - Â_ÈV>™VÏ
gƒV´¬ºÔVÁk - ÿ√ÚkVl[x_oBVÏ
√wÿ\Va - x[ÆÁ≈BÁ≈B™VÏ
EÆ√fiƒJÈD - ÔVˆBVƒV[
∞ÈV] - ÔËº\>VsBVÏ
]Ú¬z≈^ - ]Úk^”kÏ
xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiE - Ì¶ŸÏ˛wVÏ
1. ]Ú¬z≈”¬z ∂|›>√ΩBVÔ º√Vu≈©√|D ¿]±_

2. ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : ºk·Vıºk>D, ÂVÈΩ ÂV˚Æ,
z‚Ω›]Ú¬z≈^
3. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ÿ>Vz›>kÏ - √m\™VÏ
4. ]Ú¬z≈^ º√VÈºk ∂≈›m©√V_, ÿ√VÚ‚√V_, ÔV\›m©√V_
º√V[≈ 3 ∏ˆ°ÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.
5. ∂≈›m©√V_ - 13, ÿ√VÚ‚√V_ - 24, ÔV\›m©√V_ -3
∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ c^·™.
6. Â‚A¬z ÔÚDÁ√ ckÁ\BVÔ ÌÆD ±_ ÂVÈΩBVÏ.
53
7. ˜.R.º√V© ÷Õ±ÁÈ g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›m^·VÏ.
8. gKD ºkKD √_K¬zÆ], ÂVKD ÷´ı|D ÿƒV_K¬zÆ]
(√wÿ\Va©√V¶_)
ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ :
1. ÔΩÁÔ ®[√>uz mı| ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^.
2. ÂV[z \ËÔ^ mı|Ô·VÔ ÷ÁÕ> \VÁÈÔ^ º√VÈ
ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶oKD \Ë º√V[≈ ÂV[z ÔÚ›m¬Ô^
Ák¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ©√>V_ ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ ®™
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
3. ÷Õ±_ 7-km \uÆD 100-km √V¶ÁÈ ˜.R.º√V©
g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›m^·VÏ.
4. s·D∏ ®[√m gEˆBˆ[ ªÏ ÿ√BÏ.
5. ∂_ÈÁk ÿƒFkVÏ¬z ∂≈D Ìu≈D.
6. ÷·Á\©√Úk›m Ô_ÈVÁ\ zu≈D.
7. ÿk_km ºkıΩ[ ÿkzπ s¶_.
÷[™VÂVu√m :
1. m[√D ÿÔV|¬zD ÿƒB_ÔÁ· ÿ>Vz›m¬ÌÆD ±_.
2. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔÚ›][ xΩsKD ÷[™V ®™¬Ì≈©√|k>V_
÷[™V ÂVu√m ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
3. ªÁ™›][Æ ªÁ™©ÿ√Ú¬z>_ ÷[™V.
4. ÷[™Vm Ák¬zD ÿ√ÚDÿ√VÚ^ Ák©A ÷[™V.
÷MBÁkÂVu√m :
1. ÷MB ÿ√VÚ‚Á· 40 √V¶_Ôπ_ ÿ>Vz›m Ì§•^·>V_
÷©ÿ√BˆÁ™© ÿ√u≈m.
2. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶KD 3 ∂_Èm 4 ÂuÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ÷MÁ\BVÔ
ÌÆD.
3. ªÁ™›][Æ ªÁ™ÿ√Ú¬ÔVÁ\ ÷Mm.
4. kÚkVF ∂§Õm kw∫z>_ ÷Mº>.
5. \V™D ∂aÕ>∏[ kVwVÁ\ x[ ÷Mm.
]ˆÔ|ÔD :
1. ]ˆ - 3 ; Ô|z - ÔV´\V™ ÿ√VÚ^.
2. ∑¬z, t·z, ]©∏o ®[–D J[§™V_ g˛B \ÚÕm¬z
]ˆÔ|ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
3. ÷m ±Æ ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.
54
4. ÷]_ kÚD ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶oKD 3 ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D, \¬Ôπ[
\™\B¬Ô›Á> º√V¬Ô¬ÌΩBm.
5. ÿÂfiƒD ∂¶¬z>_ T¶VzD.
6. >V·V·[ ®[√V[ Ô¶[√¶ kVwV>V[.
7. ºk·V·[ ®[√V[ sÚÕ]Ú¬Ô cıV>V[.
gƒV´¬ºÔVÁk :
1. gƒV´D - Œø¬ÔD ; ºÔVÁk - ∂|¬˛¬Ì≈_.
2. Œø¬ÔÿÂ§ÔÁ·© √u§ ÌÆD ±_.
3. ÂV^º>VÆD ÿƒFBºkıΩB Ô¶Á\ÔÁ·© √u§ ÌÆD ±_.
4. ÷>[ JÈ±_ gˆ¶D ®[≈ k¶ÿ\Va ±_.
√wÿ\Va :
1. ¿] ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· s·¬˛¬ÔV‚|D kÁÔl_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶
±_.
2. ]Ú¬z≈^, ÂVÈΩBVÏ ±_Ôº·V| ŒÚ∫ºÔ Ák›m
®ı›>¬Ô ÿ√ÚÁ\•Á¶Bm.
3. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BÏ ÷Õ±ÁÈ xmÿƒV_ ®™¬z§©∏|˛≈VÏ.
4. √wÿ\Val[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : √wÿ\Va 400, cÈÔkƒ™D,
xmÿ\Va
5. 34 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, 400 √V¶_Ô^ ÿÔVı¶m.
6. Ôu≈o[ ºÔ‚¶ºÈ Â[Æ
O™KD >[kVBV_ ÿÔ|D.
Ôı¶Á> Ôu≈k[ √ıΩ>[ gkV[. (®|›m¬ÔV‚|√V¶_)
EÆ√fiƒJÈD : (5 E§B ºkÏÔ^)
1. √fiƒ - 5 ; JÈD - ºkÏ
2. EÆkømÁ™, ÿÂÚfiE, EÆ\_o, ÿ√Ú\_o, Ôı¶∫Ô›>ˆ
g˛B 5 EÆºkÏÔ^ ºÂVÁB© º√V¬˛ c¶K¬z cÆ] >Úkm
º√V_ ÷Õ±_ Ì≈©√‚|^·m.
3. ÷Õ±_ Ô¶°^ kVµ›m¶[ 97 ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
4. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶oKD c^· 5 ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ \¬Ôπ[
\™ºÂVÁB (∂§BVÁ\ÁB) º√V¬z˛≈m. gÁÔBV_
÷Õ±_ EÆ√fiƒJÈD ®™ ÿ√BÏÿ√uÆ^·m.
5. Ôı ∂wz - ÷´¬ÔD ÿÔV^”>_
ÔV_ ∂wz - ∏≈ˆ¶D ÷´Õm ÿƒ_ÈVÁ\
÷Áƒ ∂wz - √ı ºÔ‚¶V Â[Â[≈_
55
g´VFflE¬z ∂wz - xΩÁk mËÕmÁ´›>_
∂´ƒ–¬z ∂wz - zΩ\¬Ô^ kÚÕ>V\_ ÔV›>_
∞ÈV] :
1. ∞ÈV] ®[√m \Ú›mk©ÿ√BÏ (∂) ∞È›Á> x>[Á\BVÔ
cÁ¶Bm ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^.
2. ∞ÈD, Èk∫ÔD, ÂVÔºÔƒ>D, EÆÂVkuØ ∂_Èm >¬ºÔVÈD,
∑¬z, t·z, ]©∏o g˛B 8 kÁÔ \ÚÕm ÿ√VÚ^
ºƒÏÕ> ÔÈÁk.
3. ÷Õ±_ ÂV[z ∂Ωl_ gÆ ∂≈¬ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ÌÆD ±_.
4. ÷Õ±_ E≈©A√Vl´D, >uE≈©A√Vl´D c^√¶ 81
ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm.
5. ÷m >twÏ¬z ∂Ú\ÚÕm º√V[≈ ÷È¬˛BD.
6. ÷Õ±o[ ÂuÔÚ›m Ôuº√Vˆ[ ∂§BVÁ\ÁB ∂ÔuÆD.
7. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ®ø]B ÔËº\>VsBVÏ ƒ\ ƒ\B›Á> ºƒÏÕ>kÏ.
5áD ±u≈VıÁ¶fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏ.
]Ú¬z≈^ :
1. ]Ú¬z≈^ á ÷È¬Ô z§©A :á ÔÚsBVzÿ√BÏ (∂)
∂Á¶ÿB|›> gzÿ√BÏ.
2. ]Ú ®[–D ∂Á¶ÿ\Va ÿ√u≈ ±_.
3. 133 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, 1330 z≈‚√V¬Ô^.
4. ∂≈›m©√V_ - 38 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, ÿ√VÚ‚√V_ -70
∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, ÔV\›m©√V_ - 25 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^.
5. Œ[√m ÷B_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
6. ∂≈›m©√V_ - ÂV[z ÷B_Ô^ : (√Vl´sB_ - ÂV[z
∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ; ÷_È≈sB_ - 20 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ;
m≈k≈sB_ - 13 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ; ªalB_ - ŒÚ ∂]ÔV´D)
ÿ\V›>D 38 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
7. ÿ√VÚ‚√V_ á J[Æ ÷B_Ô^ : (∂ÉB_ - 25 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ;
∂∫ÔsB_ - 32 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ; Œa∏B_ - 13 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^)
ÿ\V›>D 70 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
8. ÔV\›m©√V_ - ÷´ı| ÷B_Ô^ : (Ô·sB_ - 7 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
;Ôu∏B_ - 18 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^) ÿ\V›>D 25 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
9. √]ÿ[ˇµÔ¬z ±_Ôπ_ ÷m tÔ°D ÿ√ˆBm, ∂]Ô
√V¶_Ô^ ÿÔVı¶m.
56
10. 107 ÿ\VaÔπ_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ ±_.
11. ]Ú¬z≈Á· g∫˛È›]_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ - ˜.R.º√V©
12. ]Ú¬z≈Á· È›][ ÿ\Val_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ -
T´\VxMkÏ
13. ]Ú¬z≈Á· k¶ÿ\Val_ ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ -
p∂©√Vy‚E>Ï
14. \ÁÈB›mkVƒ[ \Ô[ QV™©∏´ÔVƒD ÷Õ±ÁÈ 1812-_
x>[x>o_ √]©∏›m >fiÁƒl_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
15. s¬º¶VˆBV \ÔV´VË ÔVÁÈl_ Ôısa›>mD √Ω¬zD
±_ ]Ú¬z≈^.
16. ]Ú¬z≈π[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : >tµ\Á≈, x©√V_,
c›>´ºk>D, ÿ>Fk±_, cÈÔ©ÿ√Vm\Á≈, kV•Á≈
kVµ›m, k^”k©√B[, ÿ√VFBVÿ\Va, ÔVÈDÔ¶Õ>
ÿ√VmÁ\ ±_, ~≈Ωÿkı√V, >tµ\V][ ÷MB cBÏ¿],
÷BuÁÔ kVµs_ÈD, cÈÔ©ÿ√Vm±_, ∂≈÷È¬˛BD,
ÿ√VÚ”Á´, xmÿ\Va.
17. ]Ú¬z≈”¬z cÁ´ ÿƒF> √][\Ï : >Ú\Ï, \¬z¶kÏ,
>V\›>Ï, ÂflƒÏ, √ˆ], √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ, ]Ú\ÁÈBVÏ, \_ÈÏ,
Ôs©ÿ√Ú\V^, ÔVπ∫ÔÏ
18. ÷]_ √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ cÁ´ E≈Õ>m.
19. ÷Õ±_ íBVs_ ∂bmÁ·¬ÔV> ˛ÿ´Dπ[ \VπÁÔl_
Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
20. ÷∫˛ÈVÕ]_ ÷Õ±_ ssoB›m¶[ Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
21. ÷Õ±o[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB √VΩB √È ƒV[º≈VÏÔπ[
√V¶_ÔÁ· ]Úk^”k\VÁÈ ®™ ÿ>Vz¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
22. ]Úk^”k\VÁÈl_ 55 √V¶_Ô^ c^·™. √VΩB
AÈkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 53.
23. ]Úk^”kˆ[ ÔVÈD ˛.x.31. ®™ºk ÷Á>¬ÿÔVı|
]Úk^”k´Vı| Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
24. ]Úk^”kˆ[ ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : ÿ>Fk©AÈkÏ,
ÂV[xÔ™VÏ, \V>V–√∫˛, ÿ√ÚÂVkÈÏ, x>u√VkÈÏ,
ÿƒÕÂV©º√V>ÔÏ, ÿ√VFl_AÈkÏ, ÂVB™VÏ, º>kÏ.

57
xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiE :
1. Ô_sÁBs¶ Œø¬Ôº\ E≈Õ>m ®™¬ÌÆD ±_.
2. gÏÔo •Ô›m \¬Ô‚ÿÔ_ÈVD
{>o_ E≈Õ>[Æ Œø¬ÔxÁ¶Á\ (√V¶_ kˆ)
3. xmÿ\Va¬ÔVfiEl[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ : ∂§°Á´¬ºÔVÁk
4. ÷m ÔVfiE›]Á™l[ mÁ≈Ô”^ Œ[Æ.
5. ÷Õ±_ 10 ∂]ÔV´∫ÔÁ·•D, 100 √V¶_ÔÁ·•D ÿÔVı¶m.
6. ÷Õ±_ ÌÆD ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ :
Ôu≈ÁÈs¶ - Œø¬Ôº\ E≈Õ>m
Ôu≈Á> s¶ - \≈kV\_ ÷Ú©√m
÷·Á\ÁB s¶ - ºÂVBu≈ kVµºk
∂wzÁ¶Bk´VÔ ÷Ú©√Á> s¶ - ÂVxÁ¶k´VÔ ÷Ú©√º>
zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB s¶ - Œø¬Ôº\
E≈Õ> ±ÁÈ Ôu≈Á> s¶ - Ôu≈§Õ>VÁ´ ∏[√u§ Â¶›>ºÈ
√ÁÔkÁ´ >ıΩ©√Á> s¶ - ∂kÚ¬z Â[Á\ ÿƒFkº>
nÕ]Á nD√m :
1. x_ÁÈ, z§fiE, \Ú>D, ÿÂF>_, √VÁÈ ®™ nÕ]Á™¬zD
√›m √V¶_Ô^ T>D 50 √V¶_Ô^ √V¶©ÿ√u≈m.
2. ÷m x_ÁÈ› ]Á™ÁB x>ÈVk>VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ ±_.
3. ÷´ı| \V[Ô^ √VÁÈk™›]_ >ıßÏ zΩ¬zD cBÏÕ>
ÿÂ§ÁB s·¬z˛≈m.
nÕ]Á ®ø√m :
1. ®ø√m √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
2. ˛.∏. 5-gD ±u≈VıÁ¶ ºƒÏÕ> ±_.
]Á ÿ\Va nD√m :
1. 50 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
2. ˛.∏. 4-D ±u≈VıÁ¶ ºƒÏÕ> ±_.
]Á \VÁÈ ±uÆ nD√m :
1. 150 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m. ˛.∏. 5-D ±u≈VıÁ¶fl
ºƒÏÕ>m.
2. ÷©∏≈s sÁ™ ÷DÁ\lºÈºB √B™π¬zD ®[√Á>
cÏ›m˛≈m.
ÔVÏ ÂVu√m :
1. x_ÁÈ› ]ÁÁB \‚|D √VΩB ±_.
58
2. ˛.∏. 4-D ±u≈VıÁ¶fl ºƒÏÕ> ±_.
3. 40 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
Ô·ka ÂVu√m :
1. BVÁ™© º√VÏ √u§B √]ÿ™ıˇµ¬Ô¬z ±_.
2. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V¶KD ∂‚¶¬Ô·›m ®[≈ ÿƒV_ÁÈ¬ ÿÔVı|
xΩ•D.
3. ∂DÁ\ ®[≈ k™©A ∂Á\Õm^·m.
4. 40 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
ÁÔWÁÈ :
1. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ®ø]BkÏ - A_È∫ÔV¶™VÏ
2. ÁÔWÁÈl[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ - nÕ]Á™ ∂Æ√m
3. ÔVÈD ˛.∏.5-gD ±u≈Vı|
4. 60 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|^·m
5. √]ÿ™ıˇµ¬Ô¬z ±_Ôπ_ \ÚÕ>V_ AÔµÿ√u≈m
∞ÈV], ]ˆÔ|ÔD, EÆ√fiƒJÈD
ÔV©∏B ÷È¬˛B∫Ô^ :
1. ÔV©∏B ÷È¬ÔD ÌÆD ±_ >ıΩBÈ∫ÔV´D.
2. ÔV©∏B ÷È¬˛BD ÿ>V¶ÏWÁÈ ÿƒF•^ ®™
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
3. nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏BD, nfiEÆÔV©∏BD ®™ ÷ÚkÁÔ©√|D.
4. nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏B∫Ô^ :
EÈ©√]ÔV´D - ÷·∫ºÔVkΩÔ^
\Ëº\ÔÁÈ - Ê›>ÁÈƒV›>™VÏ
ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë - ]Ú›>¬Ôº>kÏ
zı¶ÈºÔE - ÂV>z›>™VÏ
kÁ·BV√] - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
5. nfiEÆÔV©∏B∫Ô^ :
Û·V\Ë - º>VwVÿ\Vaº>kÏ
¿ÈºÔE - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
c>Bz\V´ÔVsBD - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
ÂVÔz\V´ÔVsBD - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
BºƒV>´ÔVsBD - gEˆBÏ ÿ√BÏ ÿ>ˆBs_ÁÈ
EÈ©√]ÔV´D :
1. EÈDA + ∂]Ô´D = EÈ©√]ÔV´D
2. >ta_ º>V[§B x>_ ÔV©∏BD
59
3. nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏B›]_ ÔVÈ›]_ xÕÁ>Bm
4. ˇÏ›>Á™kˆ √V¶_Ô”¬z x[º™VΩ EÈ©√]ÔV´ kˆÔ^
5. ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : zΩ\¬ÔÁ·© √u§ ÌÆk>V_ zΩ\¬Ô^
ÔV©∏BD
6. ÷B_, ÷Áƒ, ÂV¶Ô›>tµ s·¬zk>V_ ÷m x›>tµ
ÔV©∏BD
7. \[™Á´ >ÁÈÁ\BVÔ¬ ÿÔV^·V\_ \¬ÔÁ· >ÁÈÁ\BVÔ
ÿÔVı¶ ±_
8. x>_ ÔV©∏BD, ÂV¶Ô¬ÔV©∏BD, JºkÕ>Ï ÔV©∏BD, º>EB
ÔV©∏BD, ƒx>VB ÔV©∏BD, ŒuÆÁ\ ÔV©∏BD, A´‚E
ÔV©∏BD, EÈDA, cÁ´lÁ¶l‚¶ √V‚|Á¶ ÿƒF•^, ÿƒÕ>tµ
ÔV©∏BD
9. EÈ©√]ÔV´D ÌÆD 3 cıÁ\Ô^ : ∂ÉB_ ∏Áw›º>VÚ¬z
∂≈D Ìu≈VzD. cÁ´ƒV_ √›]MÁB cBÏÕº>VÏ ∞u≈_.
ªµsÁ™ cÆ›m kÕm ª‚|D.
10. ±_ ∂Á\©A : 3 ÔVı¶D, 30 ÔVÁ> cÁ¶Bm. 5001 kˆÔ^
cÁ¶Bm.
1. AÔVÏ ÔVı¶D á 10 ÔVÁ> ; 2. \mÁ´¬ÔVı¶D á 13 ÔVÁ> ;
3. kfiE¬ÔVı¶D - 7 ÔVÁ>
\Ëº\ÔÁÈ :
1. ºÔVkÈ–¬zD, \V>s¬zD ∏≈Õ> \Ô^ \Ëº\ÔÁÈ
2. m≈° kVµ¬ÁÔ©√u§ ÌÆD ±_
3. ±o[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ : \Ëº\ÔÁÈ m≈°, ÿ√·›>
ÔV©∏BD, ÊÏ]Ú›> ÔV©∏BD, m≈° ±_, ∂≈¬ÔV©∏BD
4. >ta_ º>V[§B ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔV©∏BD
5. ÷m 30 ÔVÁ>ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m. 4755 kˆÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
6. ∂x>∑´∏ÁB x©∏≈sl_ Ák›]ÚÕ>kÏ gA›]´[
7. \Ëº\ÔÁÈ ÌÆD clÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 6 (\¬Ô^ º>kÏ,
∏´D\Ï, Â´ÔÏ, sÈ∫z ÿ>Vz], º√F)
ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë :
1. sÚ›>©√VkV_ ÷Bu≈©√‚¶ x>_ ÔV©∏BD, ÷m ŒÚ ƒ\
ÔV©∏BD
2. ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : \±_, ÔV\±_, x¬]±_
3. k¶ÿ\Val_ c^· ƒ›]BEÕ>V\Ë, ƒˆ›]´Û·V\Ë ®[≈
÷Ú±ÁÈ >øs ®ø>©√‚¶m.
60
4. ÊkÔ[ EÕ>V\Ë•¶[ Œ©∏‚|^·>V_ ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
5. º>kºÈVÔ›]_ c^· ºÔ‚¶Á> ÿÔV|¬zD ŒÚ ´›]™D
EÕ>V\Ë
6. ÔV©∏B›>ÁÈk[ ÊkÔ[, 8 \ÔπÁ´ \Õ>V[, g>ÈV_
÷Õ±_ xøkmD ]Ú\D √u§B ÿƒF]Ôº·
÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^·™. gÁÔBV_ ÷m \±_ ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
7. ÷Õ±ÁÈ ®ø]B ]Ú›>¬Ô›º>kÏ ÊkÔ–¬z ÔV\›]ÈÔ[
®™ √‚¶D Û‚Ω•^·VÏ.
zı¶ÈºÔE :
1. zı¶ÈºÔE ®[≈V_ ∑Úı¶ >ÁÈxΩÁB cÁ¶Bk^ ®[Æ
ÿ√VÚ^.
2. ÷>[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ : ∂ÔÈÔs
3. ÷Õ±_ ÔÁÈQ´V_ \Õ]ˆz\Vˆ ®™ ]Á´©√¶\V¬Ô©√‚¶m.
4. zı¶ÈºÔE ÔÁ> º>ˆÔVÁ> ®[≈ ÿ√·›>±o_
ÔV©√|˛≈m.
kÁ·BV√] :
1. ÷m ŒÚ ƒ\ ÔV©∏BD
2. ÷>[ JÈ ±_ ÁkEÔA´VD
3. \¶ºÈÆ>_ √u§ ÌÆD ±_
4. kÁ·BV√] ÔsBwz WÁ≈Õ> ±_ ®™ >¬ÁÔBVÔA´VD
ÌÆ˛≈m
5. ƒ\ ÔV©∏BD : EÈ©√]ÔV´D, ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë, kÁ·BV√]
6. ÿ√·›>ÔV©∏BD : \Ëº\ÔÁÈ, zı¶ÈºÔE
nfiEÆ ÔV©∏B∫Ô^ :
Û·V\Ë :
1. Û·V\Ël[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ á Û¶V\Ë
2. ÷Õ±o[ JÈ¬ÔÁ> gÚÔ> \ÔVA´V›Á> >øsBm
3. ÷Õ±ÁÈ© √u§ ƒ´kÿ√·ºÔVÈV Ô_ÿk‚Ω_
Ì≈©√‚|^·m
4. º√VÚ¬z ÔV´D ÿ√V≈VÁ\ ®™¬ÌÆD ±_.
¿ÈºÔE :
1. ÔÚÁ\BV™ ÌÕ>ÁÈ•Á¶Bk^ ®™©ÿ√VÚ^
2. ¿ÈºÔEl[ ºkÆÿ√BÏ : ¿ÈºÔE ]´‚|
61
3. zı¶ÈºÔE ®[≈ ±K¬z ®]´VÔ √V¶©√‚¶ ±_ ¿ÈºÔE
4. ƒ\ xMkÏ xMflƒÕ]´[ ∂§°Á´©√Ω ¿o ®[≈ ÿ√ı
]ÚÕ] ƒ\ ƒB›Á> >ø°˛≈V^.
c>Bz\V´ ÔVsBD :
1. ÷>[ JÈ¬ÔÁ> - ÿ√Ú∫ÔÁ> ; >ÁÈk[ - c>B[
2. ÛˆB c>B›]_ ∏≈Õ>>V_ ÷©ÿ√BÏ ÿ√u≈V[.
3. c>B–¬z sflÁƒT´[ ®[≈ ÿ√BÚD cı|
ÂVÔz\V´ ÔVsBD :
1. ÂVÔ√fiƒt ºÂV[∏[ E≈©∏Á™¬ ÌÆD ±_
2. ºkÆÿ√BÏ á ÂVÔ√fiƒt ÔÁ>
3. ÷Õ±_ xø¬Ô xø¬Ô \›Á>•D, º√VÔ›Á>•D √u§
ÌÆ˛≈m
BºƒV>´ ÔVsBD :
1. ÷>[ JÈ ±_ á c›]Á´VD
2. Œ·º>B ÂV‚| \[™[ \Vˆ>›>[ clÏ√ol[ yÁ\ÁB
∂§Õm clÏ√o ÿÔV|©√Á> WÆ›]™V[. ®™ºk
clÏÿÔVÁÈ ym ®™ ÌÆD ±_ ÷m.
Eu§È¬˛B∫Ô^
1. ÂVB¬ÔÏ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.1350 x>_ 1750 kÁ´
2. \mÁ´l_ ÂVB¬ÔÏ g‚E¬z ∂ΩºÔVoBkÏ BVÏ?
z\V´ÔD√ı[
3. Eu§È¬˛B∫Ô^ ®›>Á™ kÁÔ©√|D ?
96
4. >ta_ x>[x>ÈVÔ› º>V[§B cÈV ±_ ®m?
]Ú¬ÔlÈVB QV™ cÈV
5. ]Ú¬ÔlÈVB QV™ cÈVs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ºƒ´\V[ ÿ√Ú\V^ ÂVB™VÏ
6. g”Á¶B∏^Á·BVÏ ]Ú cÈV \VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÂD∏BVı¶VÏ ÂD∏
7. ]Ú¬zu≈VÈÂV>Ï cÈVs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ˆÌ¶ ÷´Vƒ©√Ôs´VBÏ
8. ∂Õ>¬Ôs T´´VÔkx>oBVÏ ÷Bu§B cÈV ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
]ÚkV‘Ï cÈV ]Ú¬Ôø¬z[≈›m cÈV
62
9. ∞ÔVD√´ÂV>Ï cÈVs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
÷´‚Á¶©AÈkÏÔ^
10. #m ÷È¬˛BD ®ÀkÁÔ© √VkV_ √V¶©ÿ√ÆD?
Ôsÿkı√VkV_
11. #m ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ >ÁÈflE≈Õ>>VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|km ®m?
>tµs|#m
12. ÔV¬ÁÔ s| #][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿk^Á·kV´™VÏ
13. *™V‚E ∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ®ø]B #m±_ ®m?
>ƒs|#m
14. #][ kÁÔÔÁ·¬ ÌÆÔ?
∂Ô›#m, A≈›#m
15. >tµs| #][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿ√BÏ ˛Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ
16. ÿÂfi∑s|#][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
17. ∂wÔÏ ˛^Á·s|#][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
√È√‚¶Á¶fl ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>© AÈkÏ
18. kı|s| #][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÔflEB©√ x>oBVÏ
19. ∑©ý√¬Ôs´VBÏ ÷Bu§B #][ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
Ì·©√ÂVB¬Ô[ s≈os|#m
20. ∏^Á·›>ta[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ BVÁk?
∏^Á·¬Ôs, ∏^Á·©√V‚|
21. ∏^Á·›>ta[ ÷ÚkÁÔÔ^ BVÁk?
gı√V_ ∏^Á·›>tµ, ÿ√ı√V_ ∏^Á·›>tµ
22. ∏^Á·›>ta[ √Úk∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?
10
23. gı√V_ ∏^Á·›>ta[ √Úk∫Ô^ BVÁk?
ÔV©A, ÿƒ∫ˇÁ´, >V_, ƒ©√VË, x›>D, kÚÁÔ, ∂DAo,
Eu§_, EÆ√Á≈, EÆº>Ï
24. ÿ√ı√V_ ∏^Á·›>ta[ √Úk∫Ô^ BVÁk?
ÔV©A, ÿƒ∫ˇÁ´, >V_, ƒ©√VË, x›>D, kÚÁÔ, ∂DAo,
Ôw∫z (∂D\VÁ™), ¿´V¶_, ªƒ_
63
25. ∏^Á·›>tµ ÷È¬˛B›][ x[º™VΩ BVÏ?
ÿ√ˆBVµkVÏ
26. ∏^Á·›>tµ ®Õ>fl ƒÕ>›>V_ g™Ák?
ÔaÿÂΩÈVEˆBfl ƒÕ>sÚ›>›>V_
27. ∂DAo© √ÚkD ®ÀÿkÀ kÁÔÔ·V_ √V¶©√|D?
ƒV\, >V™, º√>, >ı¶D ®–D ÂV[z kÁÔÔπ_
28. z\´zÚ√´Ï ÷Bu§B ∏^Á·›>tµ ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
*™V‚EBDÁ\ ∏^Á·›>tµ
29. ]ÚflÿƒÕ#Ï xÚÔ[ ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
√Ôa¬ Ì›>Ï
30. ÔVÕ]\]BDÁ\ ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂w˛B© √È√‚¶Á¶fl ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>Ï
31. \ÔVs›mkV[ *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩB ∏^Á·›>tµ
±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ºƒ¬˛wÏ ∏^Á·›>tµ, xÁÔy[ gı¶kÏ ∏^Á·›>tµ
32. ÔÈD√Ô›][ cÆ©AÔ^ ®›>Á™?
18
33. ÔÈD√Ô ÷È¬˛BD √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏÔ^ BVÏ?
÷´‚Á¶BÏÔ^
34. ÔÈD√Ô ÷È¬˛B∫Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>m ®m?
ÂÕ]¬ÔÈD√ÔD
35. ÂÕ]¬ÔÈD√Ô›][ √V‚|Á¶›>ÁÈk[ BVkÏ?
J[≈VD ÂÕ]kÏ\[
36. ÔÈD√Ô›][ ÿƒF•^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?
Ô¶°·VÏ¬z - 100, xMkÏ¬z - 95, ∂´ƒÏ¬z - 90,
∂Á\flƒÏ¬z - 70, kËÔÏ¬z - 50, ºk·V·Ï¬z - 30
37. g”Á¶B ∏^Á·BVÏ ]Ú¬ÔÈD√Ô›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÂD∏BVı¶VÏ ÂD∏
38. ]Úk´∫Ô¬ ÔÈD√ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
∏^Á·© ÿ√Ú\V^ nB∫ÔVÏ
99. \mÁ´¬ ÔÈD√ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
40. ÷´‚Á¶BÏ √VΩB ÔÈD√Ô ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
]ÚkV\V›#Ï¬ ÔÈD√ÔD, ]_ÁÈ¬ ÔÈD√ÔD
64
41. T´\VxMkÏ √VΩB ÔÈD√Ô ±_ ®m?
]Ú¬ÔVkŸÏ¬ ÔÈD√ÔD
42. ÂÕ]¬ ÔÈD√Ô›]_ ÔV©√|D √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
144
43. z≈kfiE ÷È¬˛B∫Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>>VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|km
®m?
z≈kfiE ÂV¶ÔD, z≈kfiE ÂV‚ΩBD
44. z≈kfiE ÷È¬˛B∫Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>>VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|km
®m?
]Ú¬zu≈VÈ¬ z≈kfiE
45. ]Ú¬zu≈VÈ¬ z≈kfiEB[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ˆÌ¶ ÷´Vƒ©√¬ Ôs´VBÏ
46. k´> ÂfiÁƒB©√ ∏^Á· ÷Bu§B z≈kfiEB ±_ ®m?
>twÉ z≈kfiE
47. ƒ´º√Õ]´ Ø√VÈ¬ z≈kfiEl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔV‚Á¶RÏ Ek¬ÿÔVøÕm º>EÔÏ
48. ÿ√›>ºÈÔD z≈kfiEl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ºk>ÂVBÔ ƒV¸]ˆBVÏ
49. √^” á ®Õ> WÈ \¬Ô”¬z cˆB ±_?
\Ú> WÈ \¬Ô”¬z
50. √^” ÷È¬˛BD ®Õ> k™©A kÁÔÁBfl ƒVÏÕ>m?
AÈ[
51. √^” ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ >ÁÈE≈Õ>m ®m?
x¬Ì¶u√^”
52. x¬Ì¶u√^π[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ˆÌ¶ ÷´Vƒ©√¬ Ôs´VBÏ
53. √^” á ÷È¬˛B›][ ºkÆ ÿ√BÏÔ^ ®[™?
cw›]©√V‚|, √^º·ƒ_
54. ∂Õ>V] ÷È¬˛BD ®Õ> k™©A kÁÔÁBfl ƒVÏÕ>m?
÷ÁBA
55. ∂Õ>V] ÿkı√V ®ÀkÁÔ BV©∏_ √V¶©ÿ√ÆD?
ÿkı√V BV©A ∂_Èm Ô‚¶Á·¬ Ôo›mÁ≈ BV©A
56. ∂Õ>V]© AÈkÏ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
Œ‚¶¬Ì›>Ï
65
57. ƒ¶ºÔV√Ï ∂Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÔD√Ï
58. ∂uA>› ]ÚkÕ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÔVÁ´¬ÔV_ ∂DÁ\BVÏ
59. ÿ√V[kıÕ>Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ºƒ´\V[ÿ√Ú\V^ ÂVB™VÏ
60. ]ÚkÕ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]Ú\aÁƒBVµkVÏ
61. ]Úk´∫Ô›>Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∏^Á·©ÿ√Ú\V^ nB∫ÔVÏ
62. ]Ú¬z≈·Õ>V]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
÷´VÁƒ¬ÔsQÏ
63. Â¬ˇ´Ï ®ø]B ∂Õ>V] ±o[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
ÔlÁÈ√V] ÔV·›]√V] ∂Õ>V]
64. ºÔVÁk ÷È¬˛BD ®›>Á™ √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD?
Ô‚¶Á·¬ Ôo›mÁ≈l_ 100 √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD
65. >fiÁƒ kV[ ºÔVÁkl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿ√VFBV ÿ\Va©AÈkÏ
66. \ÔVs›mkV[ *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ÷Bu§B ºÔVÁk
±_Ô^ BVÁk?
z·›#Ï¬ ºÔVÁk, ]ÚkVk|mÁ≈¬ ºÔVÁk, ÊÏÔVa¬
ºÔVÁk
67. ƒ>Ô ÷È¬˛BD ®›>Á™© √V¶_ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m?
100
68. ÿ>VıÁ¶ \ı¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
√Ω¬ÔV∑©AÈkÏ
69. ∂≈©√C∑´Ï ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
∂D√ÈkV¬ Ôs´VBÏ
70. ]Úflƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
\VË¬ÔkVƒÔÏ
71. ÷ºB∑ÂV>Ï ]Úflƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
BVµ©√VD ƒ>VEkD ∏^Á·
72. \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ] ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
x›m ∑Õ>´D x>oBVÏ
66
73. \–¿]fl ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
ºk>˛ˆ x>oBVÏ
74. ÔVÏº\Ô¬ ÔsQÏ √VΩB ƒ>ÔD ®[™?
ÿÔV∫z \ı¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD
75. ºƒVw \ı¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
g›\ÂV> º>EÔÏ
76. √VıΩ \¶Èfl ƒ>ÔD √ΩBkÏ BVÏ?
nBDÿ√Ú\V[
77. √V¶_ ®[√m ®>Á™¬ z§¬zD?
√Á™\¶ÁÈ
78. E›]´\¶o[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
79. ]Ú\∫ÁÔBVµkVÏ ®ø]B \¶_Ô^ BÁk?
E§B ]Ú\¶_, ÿ√ˆB ]Ú\¶_
80. ÂV_kÏ ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ
81. ]Ú∂∫Ô \VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ÚÂV°¬Ô´ƒÏ
82. ÿ\FˇÏ›] ®ÀkÁÔ© √VkV_ √V¶©ÿ√ÆD?
gEˆB© √VkV_
83. ÿ\FˇÏ›]ÁB› º>VuÆs›>kÏÔ^ BVÏ?
∏uÔVÈfl ºƒVwÏÔ^
84. Â·ÿkı√Vs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
AÔºwÕ]BVÏ
85. AÔºwÕ] ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
ÿ√V[sÁ·Õ> Ô·›#Ï
86. AÔºwÕ]ÁB g>ˆ›> k^·_ BVÏ?
ƒÕ]´[ ÔkÏ¬˛
87. Â·ÿkı√Vs[ JÈ¬ÔÁ> ®m?
\ÔV√V´>›]_ c^· Âº·V√V¬˛BV™D
88. Â·ÿkı√V ®›>Á™ ÔVı¶∫ÔÁ·•D, ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ·•D
cÁ¶Bm?
3 ÔVı¶∫ÔÁ·•D, 400 ÿkı√V¬ÔÁ·•D cÁ¶Bm.
89. Â·ÿkı√Vs_ c^· ÔVı¶∫Ô^ BVÁk?
∑BDk´ ÔVı¶D, Ôo›ÿ>V¶Ï ÔVı¶D, Ôo¿∫z ÔVı¶D
67
90. AÔºwÕ] ®ÀkVÆ AÔw©√|˛≈VÏ?
ÿkı√VsuºÔVÏ AÔºwÕ]
91. AÔºwÕ] >[Á™ g>ˆ›> k^·ÁÈ ®›>Á™ ÷¶∫Ôπ_
√V´V‚Ω•^·VÏ?
nÕm ÷¶∫Ôπ_
92. Û>V‚¶›][ yÁ\ÁB s·¬zk>uÔVÔ÷Bu≈©√‚|^· ±_
®m?
Â·ÿkı√V
93. ÁÂ¶>D BVÚÁ¶B k´ÈVuÁ≈¬ ÌÆ˛≈m?
Â·[
94. ÁÂ¶>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂]T´´V\√VıΩBÏ
95. ÁÂ¶>D ÷Bu≈©√‚¶ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏. 16áD ±u≈Vı|
96. ÁÂ¶>›]_ c^· sÚ›>©√V¬Ô^ ®›>Á™?
1172
97. ÁÂ¶>D ®ÀkVÆ º√Vu≈©√|˛≈m?
ÁÂ¶>D AÈkÏ¬z Œ·¶>D
98. ∂]T´´V\Ï ÷Bu§B ∏≈±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ÂÆÕÿ>VÁÔ, ÿku§ºkuÁÔ, ÔVE¬ÔVı¶D, ÌÏ\A´VD,
\ÔVA´VD
99. ∂]T´´V\Ï ÷Bu§B ÿ\Va©ÿ√BÏ©A ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
÷o∫ÔA´VD, ]Ú¬ÔÚÁk© √]uÆ©√›>Õ>V]
100. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´VD ÷Bu§BkÏ BVÏ?
√´fiºƒV] xMkÏ
101. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´V›][ ÔVÈD?
˛.∏.16-gD ±u≈Vı|
102. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´V›]_ c^· √¶È∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ?
68
103. ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´V›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^?
3363
104. √´fiºƒV]BVÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ?
]Ú\Á≈¬ÔV|
105. x>o_ º>V[§B ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´VD?
ºk©√›#´VÏ ]ÚsÁ·BV¶uA´VD
68
106. ∂≈ÿÂ§ ƒV´D ®[≈ ±o[ gEˆBÏ?
xÁ™©√VΩBVÏ
107. ∂≈ÿÂ§ ƒV´›]_ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· ÿkı√V¬Ô^?
226
108. Ôs ÔV·º\Ô›Á> B\Ôı¶D √V|s›>kÏ BVÏ?
∂]\m´ Ôs
109. Ôs ´V‚ƒ>Ï ®[Æ º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ?
Ô‚EB©√ xMkÏ
110. >ËÁÔ© A´VD √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
ÔflEB©√ xMkÏ
111. Ô‚EB©√ xMkÏ ÷Bu§B ∏≈ ±_Ô^?
ÔVfiEA´VD, ]ÚkVÁ™¬ÔVA´VD, ØkV”ÏA´VD,
º√‘ÏA´VD, sÂVBÔA´VD, ]Ú›>ËÁÔ
√]uÆ©√Õ>V], Ô‚EBVÕ> Ú›º´ƒÏ √]uÆ√›>Õ>V],
√fiƒVs´∂Õ>V], kı|s|#m, ÿƒ[Á™ sÂVBÔÏ
∏^Á·›>tµ, Ì·©√ÂVB¬Ô[ ÔV>_,
Ì·©√ÂVB¬Ô[ sós|#m
112. Ô‚EB©√ xMkˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
EkQV™ ºBV˛
113. ∂ˆflƒÕ]´ A´V›Á>› >ta_ sÚ›>V√VkV_ √VΩBkÏ
BVÏ?
T´Ôs´VBÏ
114. T´Ôs´VBˆ[ ªÏ ®m?
Â_ŸÏ
115. ƒ´º√Õ]´ Ø√VÈ z≈kfiEl[ √V‚|Á¶›>ÁÈk[ BVÏ?
ƒ´º√V˜ \[™[
116. ƒ´º√Õ]´ Ø√VÈ z≈kfiEl[ \Æÿ√BÏ ®[™?
Ôo¶¬ÿÔVΩ z≈kfiE
117. xÁ™©√VΩBVˆ[ ƒ\BD ®m?
∂ÚÔ ƒ\BD
118. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B›º>kÏ ÷Bu§B ÔÈD√ÔD ±_ ®m?
]Ú©√V]ˆ©AoRÏ¬ ÔÈD√ÔD
119. s_o√V´>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
s_o©A›#´VÏ (s_o©A›#´VµkVÏ)
120. s_o√V´>D ®Õ> ±ÁÈ› >øs ÷Bu≈©√‚¶m?
k¶ÿ\Val_ sBVƒÏ ®ø]B √V´>›Á>
69
121. s_o√V´>›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
4300
122. s_o√V´>›]_ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· √Úk∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?
10
123. s_o©A›#´VÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
]ÚxÁ™©√VΩ ÂV‚ΩK^· ÔMRÏ
124. s_o©A›#´Á´© √V´>D √V|D√Ω ºkıΩ¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏ BVÏ?
k¬Ô√VÁ>kV√] g‚ÿÔVı¶V[
125. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
]ÚkıV\ÁÈ
126. ∂Ú˛ˆ¬z ∂ÚÂˆÕ> ÷Á≈k[ BVÏ?
xÚÔ©ÿ√Ú\V[
127. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B E≈©AÁ¶B±_ ®m?
]Ú©AÔµ
128. >V•\V™kÏ ∂Ú˛ˆÁB ®ÀkVÆ √V´V‚|˛≈VÏ?
kV¬˛uz ∂Ú˛ˆ
129. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
16000
130. ∂Ú˛ˆBVˆ[ √V¶_Ôπ_ ÷[Æ Â\¬z¬ ˛Á¶©√Ák
®›>Á™?
1307
131. 1307 √V¶_ÔπKD ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ®›>Á™ ƒÕ>
ºkÆ√V|ÔÁ· Ák›m©
√VΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ?
1008
132. ∂Ú˛ˆBVˆ[ √‚¶©ÿ√BÏÔ^ BVÁk?
ƒÕ>ºkÕ>Ï, ƒÕ>©ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ÈB¬Ô·fiEBD
133. ÔÕ>Ï ∂È∫ÔV´›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ
134. ÔÕ>Ï ∂È∫ÔV´›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
102
135. ÔÕ>´–Ø]l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ
136. ÔÕ>È–Ø]l_ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
52
70
137. ]ÚkÚ©A ±o[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ
138. ]ÚkÚ©∏_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
18
139. ∂Ú˛ˆBVˆ[ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.15-gD ±u≈Vı|
140. ∂Ú˛ˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B ∏≈±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ºk_sÚ›>D, \l_sÚ›>D
141. z\´zÚ√´Ï kVµÕ> ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏. 17-gD ±u≈Vı|
142. tz]BVÔfl Eu§È¬˛B∫ÔÁ·© √VΩlÚ©√kÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
143. ∏´√Õ> ºkÕ>Ï ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
144. ¿]ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
145. z\´zÚ√´ˆ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVÏ?
ƒıxÔEÔV\Ë¬ Ôs´VBÏ, EkÔV\∑Õ>ˆ ∂DÁ\
146. z\´zÚ√´Ú¬z© º√∑Õ]≈[ ∂π›>kÏ BVÏ?
]ÚflÿƒÕ#Ï xÚÔ[
147. z\´zÚ√´Ï x>o_ ÷Bu§B ±_ ®m?
ÔÕ>ÏÔsÿkı√V
148. *™V‚EBDÁ\ ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
149. x›m¬z\V´ƒVt ∏^Á·›>ta[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
z\´zÚ√´Ï
150. z\´zÚ√´Ï ÷Bu§B ∏≈±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ÔlÁÈ¬ÔÈD√ÔD, \mÁ´¬ÔÈD√ÔD, ]ÚkV‘Ï
ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈ, E>D√´ xDxË¬ºÔVÁk, E>D√´
ÿƒF•‚ºÔVÁk, ÷´‚Á¶\Ë\VÁÈ, ÔVE¬ÔÈD√ÔD,
ƒÔÈÔÈV k_o\VÁÈ, \mÁ´ *™V‚EBDÁ\¬ z≈D,
*™V‚EBDÁ\ ÷´‚Á¶\Ë\VÁÈ
151. >›mk© ∏´ÔVƒˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ÚÿkVu§RÏ QV™©∏´ÔVƒ º>EÔÏ
71
152. >›mk©∏´ÔVƒÏ cÁ´ ®ø]B ±_ ®m?
EkQV™ E›]BVÏ
153. >›mk©∏´ÔVƒÏ ÷Bu§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
>›mk©∏´ÔVƒD
154. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B›º>kÏ ÷Bu§B ÔÈD√Ô ±_ ®m?
]Ú©√V]ˆ©AoRÏ¬ÔÈD√ÔD
155. Ô\´ƒ ƒ[\VÏ¬Ô›Á> x>[x>o_ cÈ˛–¬z ∂π›>kÏ
BVÏ?
>V•\V™kÏ
156. >V•\V™kÏ √V¶_Ô^ ®©√Ω ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈™?
>V•\V™k∑kVtÔ^ ]Ú©√V¶_]´‚|
157. >tµ ÿ\Val[ c√W¶>D ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√km ®m?
>V•\V™k∑kVt ]Ú©√V¶_]´‚|
158. ∑D\V ÷Ú©√º> ∑ÔD BVÏ ÌuÆ?
>V•\V™k∑kVtÔ^
159. ÿ√VF•ÈzD, ÿ√VF•≈°D ÿ√VF•¶KD ÿ√VF BVÏ ÌuÆ?
>V•\V™k∑kVtÔ^
160. >V•\V™k ∑kVtÔ^ √VΩB √V¶_Ô^ BVÁk?
√´V√´¬ÔıË ®ÕÂV‚ÔıË, ˛π¬Ôı\Ë,
g™Õ>¬Ôπ©A
161. B\Ôı¶D √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
162. ÔV·º\Ô›][ ÷Buÿ√BÏ ®[™?
k´>[
163. g∑Ôs √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
164. kÁƒÔs ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
165. kÁƒÔs √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏ BVÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
166. ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkˆ[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ ®[™?
÷Dÿ\[–Dx[º™ ®ø±ÆD, ®ıIÆD ∂Dÿ\[≈V_
gl´xD √VΩB ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆBkÏ
167. ÔV·º\Ô©AkÈÏ √VΩB >M©√V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
187
72
168. ÔV·º\Ô©AkÈÏ √VΩB ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
]ÚkVÁ™¬ÔV cÈV, ]ÚkVÁ[ÔV ƒ´∑k] \VÁÈ, E›]\¶_,
ƒx›]´ sÈVƒD
169. EºÈÁ¶ ÂBD ÿ√VÚ›>©√V|k]_ E≈Õm s·∫˛BkÏ VÏ?
ÔV·º\Ô©AÈkÏ
170. ÔÈD√ÔD √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏÔ^ BVÏ?
÷´‚Á¶BÏÔ^
171. ÷´‚Á¶©AÈkÏÔπ[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
÷·fiÛˆBÏ, xmÛˆBÏ
172. ÷·fiÛˆBˆ[ ∏≈s ª™D ®[™?
zÚ¶Ï
73. xmÛˆBˆ[ ∏≈s ª™D ®[™?
x¶kÏ
174. ÷´‚Á¶©AÈkÏÔ^ ÷Bu§B O_Ô^ BVÁk?
]_ÁÈ¬ÔÈD√ÔD, ]ÚkV\›m¬ÔÈD√ÔD, ∞ÔVD√´ÂV>Ï cÈV,
Ô‚E¬ÔÈD√ÔD, \VÁ>¬ÔÈD√ÔD, JkÏ ∂D\VÁ™
175. Ê‚|¬Ôs √V|k]_ k_ÈkÏ BVÏ?
∂Õ>Ô¬Ôs T´´VÔk x>oBVÏ
176. Ek©∏´ÔVƒˆ[ QV™ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
EkQV™√V> ÷Ú>BÏ
177. ]Úÿk∫ÁÔ¬ ºÔVÁkÁB ÷Bu§BkÏ BVÏ?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ
178. ]Úÿk∫ÁÔ¬ ºÔVÁkl[ \Æÿ√BÏ ®[™?
\Õ]ˆ¬ºÔVÁk
179. ∏Áo∫Ô‹ÁÈB[ gƒˆBÏ BVÏ?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ
180. Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ ®ÀkÁÔ¬ Ôs √V|k]_ E≈Õm s·∫˛™VÏ?
E›]´Ôs
181. ÂV_kÏ ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈl[ gEˆBÏ BÏ?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ
182. Ek©∏´ÔVƒÏ ÷Bu§B ±_Ô^ ®›>Á™
34
183. √, \ º√V[≈ ÷>µÔ^ ÷Á•D ®ø›mÔπ[§ √V¶©√|D
±_ ®m?
¿º´V‚¶ÔD
73
184. ∂‚¶©∏´√Õ>D ®–D ÿ>Vz©∏_ ∂¶∫˛•^· ±_Ô^
®›>Á™?
8
185. ∂‚¶©∏´√Õ>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∏^Á·©ÿ√Ú\V^ nB∫ÔVÏ
186. Â_ÈV©∏^Á· √V´>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
Â_ÈV©∏^Á·
187. k¶\ÁÈB© ∏^Á·l[ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.1706
188. k¶\ÁÈB© ∏^Á· ®©√Ω© º√Vu≈©√|˛≈VÏ?
ÿƒÕ>tø¬Ô>°D ]BVÔkVˆ] (kVˆ] - Ô¶_)
189. ƒÕ>© √V¶_ÔÁ·© √V|k]_ E≈©A ÿ√u≈kÏ BVÏ?
√Ω¬ÔV∑AÈkÏ
190. √Ω¬ÔV∑AÈkÏ √VΩB ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
√_Èk´VB[ cÈV, √_Èk´VB[ ∏^Á·›>tµ,
√VD√È∫ÔV´Ï kÚ¬Ô¬ºÔVÁk, A^πÚ¬z ºkjÏ ÔÈD√ÔD,
cÁ\√VÔÏ √]ÔD
191. ∂ÚVƒÈ¬ Ôs´VBÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
]_ÁÈBVΩ
192. ∂ÚVƒÈ¬ Ôs´VBˆ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVkÏ?
Â_È>D∏, k^πBDÁ\
193. ÷´V\ÂV¶Ô¬ ˇÏ›>Á™l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂ÚVƒÈ¬ Ôs´VBÏ
194. ºÔV√VÈ˛Úi √V´]BVÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
ÂVÔ©√‚Ω™›m¬z ∂Ú˛_ c^· Âˆ\D ˛´V\D
195. ÂÕ>™VÏ ƒˆ›]´D ®ø]Bm BVÏ?
ºÔV√VÈ˛Úi √V´]BVÏ
196. ]Ú¿ÈÔı¶ÂVB™VÏ ˇÏ›>Á™l[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ºÔV√VÈ˛Úi √V´]BVÏ
197. ÂV_kÁÔ© √V¬ÔÁ·© √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
*™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·
198. ÂT™ ÔD√Ï, ∏uÔVÈ¬ ÔD√Ï ®[Æ º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
\ÔVs›mkV[ *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·
199. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
]ÊÁ´D
74
200. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·l[ >ÕÁ> ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
E>D√´D∏^Á·
201. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ÂVÿ·V[Æ¬z ®›>Á™ √V¶_ √V|D
]≈Dÿ√u≈kÏ?
400
202. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· ®ø]B ±_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
80
203. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·¬z ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶ √‚¶D ®m?
\ÔVs›mkV[
204. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩ•^· >ÈA´V∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?
16
205. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩ•^· ∏^Á·›>tµ ±_Ô^
®›>Á™?
10
206. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á· √VΩ•^· ±_Ô”^ >ÁÈE≈Õ>m
®m?
ºƒ¬˛wVÏ∏^Á·›>tµ
207. *™V‚E∑Õ>´D∏^Á·l[ ±_ÔÁ·ÿB_ÈVD ]´‚Ω
ÿkπl‚¶ \VV¬ÔÏ BVÏ?
c.ºk.∑kVtÂV>nFBÏ
208. ÷´V\flƒÕ]´¬ Ôs´VBÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
ÿ>VıÁ¶\ı¶È›]K^· ÷´V∑Â_ŸÏ
209. ÷´V\flƒÕ]´ Ôs´VBˆ¶D >tµ √l[≈ ˛§›>kÏ BVÏ?
®_‹∑mÁ´
210. ÷´V\flƒÕ]´¬ Ôs´VBÏ÷Bu§B ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
÷´ıB kVƒÔ©√V, ÷´∫ºÔV[ ƒıÁ¶ ÂV¶ÔD, ƒzÕ>ÁÈ
sÈVƒD, >VÚÔ sÈVƒD
211. ∑kVt sAÈV™Õ>V ∂ΩÔ^ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
~wD
212. ∑kVt sAÈV™Õ>ˆ[ ÷Buÿ√BÏ ®[™?
\l_kVÔ™[
213. BVµ±_ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∑kVt sAÈV™Õ> ∂ΩÔ^
214. sAÈV™Õ>Ï ÷Bu§B ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
\>∫Ô Û·V\Ë, BVµ±_
75
215. sAÈV™Õ>Ï >tµ© º√´VEˆB´VÔ© √ËAˆÕ> ÷¶D ®m?
∂ıV\ÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD
216. sAÈV™Õ>Ï ®[≈ √‚¶D BV´V_ ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m?
÷´V\˛Úi \¶›]™V_
217. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ ÿ√uº≈VÏ BVkÏ?
÷´V\FBV∏^Á·, E[™DÁ\
218. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
\Ú#Ï
219. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ ºkÆÿ√BÏÔ^ BVÁk?
k¶ŸÏ k^·ÈVÏ, ]ÚkÚ‚ ∏´ÔVƒ k^·ÈVÏ
220. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ √¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™ ]ÚxÁ≈Ô·VÔ
ÿ>Vz¬Ô©√‚|^·™?
6
221. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ®ø]•^· cÁ´ÂÁ¶ ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
\–xÁ≈Ôı¶kVƒÔD, ˝(Ê)kÔVÚıB Œø¬ÔD
222. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ƒ[\VÏ¬Ô ƒ∫Ô›Á> ®Õ> gı|
º>VuÆs›>VÏ.
1865 gD gı|
223. ƒ›]B >Ú\ƒVÁÈÁB WÆsBÏ BVÏ?
÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^
224. ƒ›]B QV™ƒVÁÈÁB ∂Á\›>kÏ BVÏ?
225. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ QV™zÚ BVÏ?
]ÚQV™ƒD√Õ>Ï
226. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ∏[√u§ Œø˛B ±_ ®m?
]ÚkVƒÔD
227. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔπ[ >V´Ô \Õ]´D ®[™?
∂Ú‚ÿ√ÚfiºƒV] >M©ÿ√Ú∫ÔÚÁ
228. ]ÚkÚ‚√V √VΩBkÏ BVÏ?
229. kVΩB √lÁ´¬ Ôı¶º√Vÿ>_ÈVD kVΩº™[ BVÏ ÌuÆ?
÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ ÌuÆ
230. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ x>o_ BVÚÁ¶B √¬>Ï?
xÚÔ√¬>Ï
76
231. ÷´V\o∫Ô ∂ΩÔ^ kVµÕ> ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.1823 x>_ 1874 kÁ´
232. ÷È∫ÁÔ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›][ x>_ >tµ© º√´VEˆBÏ BVÏ?
sAÈV™Õ> ∂ΩÔ^
233. √‚Ω™›>Vˆ[ ÷Buÿ√BÏ ®[™?
]ÚÿkıÔV¶Ï
234. √‚Ω™›>VÏ ÷BuÁÔ ®F]B ÷¶D ®m?
]Úÿku§RÏ
235. √‚Ω™›>VÏ ®ø]•^· ±_Ô^ BVÁk?
ºÔVl_ ÂV[\Ë\VÁÈ, ]Ú¬Ôø\È xDxË¬ºÔVÁk,
]ÚsÁ¶\Ú#Ï xD\Ë¬ºÔVÁk, ]ÚºkÔD√xÁ¶BVÏ
]ÚkÕ>V], ]ÚÿkVu§RÏ ŒÚ√V ŒÚ√‡m
236. E›>ÏÔ^ ®ÀkVÆ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï?
EkV– Ø]fl ÿƒ_kÏÔ^ ®[Æ
237. E›>ÏÔ·m ƒ\BD ®[™?
ƒ\´ƒ ƒ[\VÏ¬ÔD
238. E›>ÏÔ·m ÿÂ§ ®[™?
cıÁ\ÁB› º>|km
239. E›>ÏÔ·m \Á BVôÚÕm ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈m?
]ÚJÈôÚÕm
240. E›>ÏÔπ_ >ÁÈBVBkÏ BVÏ?
∂Ô›]BÏ
241. x>_ E›>Ï BVÏ?
]ÚJÈÏ
242. Â‚¶Ô_KD º√∑º\V ÂV>[ c^πÚ¬ÁÔl_ BVÏ ÌuÆ?
EkkV¬˛BÏ
243. √VkD ÿƒFBV]Ú \™º\! √VkD ÿƒF>V_ ®\[ ÿÔVıº¶VΩ©
º√VkV[ BVÏ ÌuÆ?
Ô|ÿkπflE›>Ï
244. tÔ©√wÁ\BV™ cÁ´ ®m?
÷Á≈B™VÏ Ô·sB_ cÁ´
245. ÷Á≈B™VÏ Ô·sBK¬z cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
Â¬ˇ´Ï
246. cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔ”^ ÔVÈ›>V_ xu√‚¶kÏ BVÏ?
÷·DØ´Ï
77
247. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B›]uz x>[ x>o_ cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
÷·DØ´Ï
248. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD xøÁ\¬zD cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
÷·DØ´Ï
249. ÷·DØ´Ï ®Õ> ƒ\B›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ>kÏ?
ƒ\ ƒ\B›Á>
250. º√´VEˆBÏ cÁ´ ®ø]•^· ÷È¬˛BD ®m?
]Ú¬ºÔVÁkBVÏ
251. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛BÏ cÁ´kz›m^· ƒ∫Ô ÷È¬˛B∫Ô^ BVÁk?
Ôo›ÿ>VÁÔ•D, √›m©√V‚|D
252. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ cÁ´kz›m^·ÔV©∏BD ®m?
ÊkÔEÕ>V\Ë
253. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ ®ÀkVÆ º√Vu≈©√|˛≈VÏ?
cflEº\uAÈkÏ ÿÔV^ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ
254. ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBÏ cÁ´l[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
ÂflE™VÏ¬˛MBD
255. ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD ÿƒV_È]ÔV´›]uzfl E≈Õ> cÁ´
®ø]lÚ©√kÏ BVÏ?
ºƒ™VkÁ´BÏ
256. ºƒ™VkÁ´BÏ cÁ´ ®©√Ω kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m?
ºƒ™VkÁ´BD
257. ∂ΩBVÏ¬z Â_ÈVÏ cÁ´kz›> ±_ ®m?
EÈ©√]ÔV´D
258. W´DÁ√BVÏ ÔVkÈ[ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
∂ΩBÏ¬z Â_ÈVÏ
259. √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ®Õ> ±K¬z cÁ´ kz›m^·VÏ?
]Ú¬z≈”¬z
260. √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ∏≈Õ> ªÏ ®m?
ÔVfiEA´D
261. √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ®Õ> ƒ\B›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ>kÏ?
Ákk ƒ\B›Á>
262. ]ÚkVFÿ\Va¬z x>[ x>ÈVÔ g≈Vl´©√Ω ®[–D cÁ´
®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
]Ú¬zÚÁÔ©∏´V[ ∏^·V[
78
263. ]ÚkVFÿ\Va¬z Œ[√>Vl´©√Ω cÁ´ ®ø]BkÏ BVÏ?
ÂfiÊBÏ
264. ÂfiÊBÏ ®ø]B ∏≈ cÁ´Ô^ BVÁk?
]Ú©√^π ®øflE cÁ´, ]ÚsÚ›> cÁ´, ÿ√ˆB ]Úÿ\Va
cÁ´ 265. ]Ú©√VÁk¬z g≈Vl´©√Ω cÁ´
®ø]lÚ©√kÏ BVÏ?
∂w˛B \kV· ˝(Ê)BÏ
266. ∂w˛B \kV· ˝(Ê)BÏ ®ø]B ∏≈ cÁ´Ô^ BVÁk?
∂\ÈV™]∏´V[, ÔıOıEÆ>VDA
267. ÂVÈVl´›]ÀB ∏´√Õ>D xøÁ\¬zD cÁ´ ®ø]lÚ©√kÏ
BVÏ?
ÿ√ˆBkVflƒV[∏^Á·
268. sBV¬˛BV™fl ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›] ®[Æ º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ BVÏ?
ÿ√ˆBkVflƒV[∏^Á·
269. ]ÚkVFÿ\Va¬z x©√›>V≈Vl´©√Ω cÁ´ ®ø]lÚ©√kÏ
BVÏ?
k¶¬Ô› ]ÚT]∏^Á·
270. Áƒk E›>VÕ> ƒV›]´∫Ô^ ®›>Á™?
14
271. 13-gD ±u≈VıΩ_ º>V[§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒ›]´∫Ô^
®›>Á™?
4
®›>Á™?
8
®›>Á™?
2
274. 63 ÂVB[\VÏÔπ[ k´ÈVu§_ EÈ ÿƒF]ÔÁ· \‚|D
z§©∏|D ƒV›]´ ±_ ®m?
]Ú¬ÔπuÆ©√VΩBVÏ
275. ]Ú¬ÔπuÆ©√VΩBVÏ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]Ú¬Ô¶∆Ï cFBkÕ>VÏ
276. ]Ú°Õ]BVÏ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]ÚsBŸÏ cFBkÕ> º>kÏ
79
277. ]Ú°Õ]BVÏ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.12-gD ±u≈Vı|
278. ]Ú°Õ]BVˆ_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
45
279. √∑, √], √VƒD x>oBku§[ ÷B_AÔÁ· ®|›]BDAD
E›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
Ek©∏´ÔVƒD
280. Ek©∏´ÔVƒ›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
281. Ek©∏´ÔVƒ›][ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.14-gD ±u≈Vı|
282. Ek©∏´ÔVƒ›]_ c^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
100
283. ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒV›]´∫Ô”^ >ÁÈÁ\B kVFÕ>m ®m?
EkQV™ º√V>D
284. EkQV™ º√V>›]uz ®ø>©√‚¶ cÁ´l[ ÿ√BÏ ®[™?
EkQV™ \V√VΩBD
285. EkQV™ º√V>›][ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿ\F¬Ôı¶ º>kÏ
286. EkQV™ º√V>›][ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.13-gD ±u≈Vı|
287. EkQV™ º√V>›]K^· √V¶_Ô^ ®›>Á™?
12 ±u√V¬Ô^, 39 ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^, 81 ®|›m¬ÔV‚|
ÿkı√V¬Ô^
288. ÿ\F¬Ôı¶ º>kˆ[ >ÁÈ\VV¬ÔÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú^ÂÕ] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
289. ∂Ú^ÂÕ] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ƒV›]´ ±_
®m?
EkQV™ E›]BVÏ
290. EkQV™ E›]BVˆ[ JÈ±_ ®m?
EkQV™º√V>D
291. EkQV™ E›]BVˆK^· ÷Ú∏ˆ°Ô^ BVÁk?
√´√¬ÔD, ∑√¬ÔD
292. EkQV™ E›]BVˆ[ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB s·¬zD √wÿ\Va ®[™?
Ek›][ º\_ ÿ>Fkt_ÁÈ
EkQV™E›>¬zº\_ ƒV›]´t_ÁÈ
80
293. ÷Ú√V ÷Ú√‡m gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
∂Ú^ÂÕ] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
294. ÷Ú√V ÷Ú√‡m ®ÀkÁÔ› ÿ>VÁ¶l_ ∂Á\Õm^·m?
∂Õ>V]› ÿ>VÁ¶l_
295. c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ ÷Bu§B ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_Ô^
®›>Á™?
7
296. cıÁ\ s·¬ÔD gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
]Úk]ÁÔ \™kVƒÔ∫ Ô¶Õ>VÏ
297. ]Úk]ÁÔ \™kVƒÔ∫ Ô¶Õ>Vˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿ\FÔı¶ º>kÏ
298. cıÁ\ s·¬ÔD ÷Bu≈©√‚¶ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.13-gD ±u≈Vı|
299. cıÁ\ s·¬ÔD ®Õ> \Õ]´›>[ >›mk© ÿ√VÚÁ·
ÿ>πkVF¬ ÌÆ˛≈m?
Â\EkVB ®[–D nÕÿ>ø›m \›]´›][
300. ]ÚkÚ‚√B[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
301. ]ÚkÚ‚√B[ ®ÀkÁÔ ÿkı√VkV_ ∂Á\Õm^·m?
z≈^ÿkı√VkV_
302. ]ÚkÚ‚√B[ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.14-gD ±u≈Vı|
303. s™V ÿkı√V gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
ÿÔV^·k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVÏ
304. s™V ÿkı√Vs[ ÔVÈD ®[™?
˛.∏.14-gD ±u≈Vı|
305. ÿÔVΩ¬Ôs gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
306. ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_Ô”^ ∂·kV_ tÔflE§B ±_ ®m?
ÿÔVΩ¬Ôs
307. ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_Ô”^ ]Úk^”kÁ´© º√Vu§•Á´¬zD
±_ ®m?
ÿÂfi∑s|#m
308. ÿÂfi∑s|#m gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
81
309. 96 kÁÔ ∏´√Õ>∫Ôπ_ Œ[≈V™ ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
ÿÂfi∑s|#m
310. gEˆBˆ¶D >[ ÿÂfiÁƒ #m s|¬zD kÁÔl_ ∂Á\Õ>
Áƒk E›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
ÿÂfi∑s|#m
311. º√Vu§© √‡ÿ≈VÁ¶ ÿkı√Vs[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
312. º√u§© √‡ÿ≈VÁ¶ ÿkı√V ®ÀkÁÔ √VkV_
√V¶©√‚|^·m?
Ôoÿkı√VkV_
313. ÿÔVu≈k[zΩ c\V√] EkVflƒVˆBVˆ[ gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
\Á™QV™ º>EÔÏ
314. >kÔVˆBD √›Á>BD s·¬˛¬ ÌÆD ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ±_ ®m?
cıÁ\ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD
315. cıÁ\ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
316. cıÁ\ÿÂ§ s·¬ÔD ®›>Á™ sÚ›>©√V¬ÔÁ·
cÁ¶Bm?
6
317. Áƒkƒ\B›]uz© A≈D√V™ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· \Æ›mÁ´¬zD
±_ ®m?
ƒ∫Ôu√ W´VÔ´D
318. ƒ∫Ôu√ W´VÔ´D gEˆBÏ BVÏ?
√z] ÷ - >tw§QÏÔ”D, >tµ›ÿ>Vı|D
√V´]BVÏ :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 11.12.1882
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ®‚¶BA´D á #›m¬zΩ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ∑©´\ËBD
4. 1893-_ ®‚¶BA´D ƒ\¸>V™ AÈkÏÔ·V_ √V´] ®[–D
E≈©A©√‚¶D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
5. 1898-1902 kÁ´ ÔVEl_ kVµÕ>VÏ
6. >tµ, g∫˛ÈD, ÷Õ], ƒ\¸˛Ú>D, k∫ÔV·ÿ\Va, ∏ÿ´fifl,
∂Á g˛B ÿ\VaÔπ_ AÈÁ\©ÿ√uÆ s·∫˛™VÏ.
82
7. 1904-_ \mÁ´l_ √V´] ®ø]B √V¶_ sºkÔ√V– ®[–D
÷>a_ ÿkπBV™m.
8. ®‚¶BA´D ƒ\¸>V™›]_ ∂´ƒÁk© AÈk´VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VÏ.
9. \mÁ´ ºƒm√] cBÏWÁÈ© √^πl_ >twVEˆB´VÔ
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
10. ÔsÁ>l_ ∑Bƒˆ>D ®ø]B x>_ ÔsQÏ √V´]
11. ÿƒ[Á™ ¤™ƒ∫ÔD ®[≈ ∂Á\©Á√ º>VuÆs›>kÏ
12. ºÔoflE›]´D ®™©√|D kÁ´°xÁ≈ÁB >tø¬z x>o_
>Õ> ÿ√ÚÁ\ √V´]ÁB ºƒÚD.
13. ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô ÔsQÏ kV_‚s‚ÿ\[ ®ø›mxÁ≈ÁB ∏[√u§
>ta_ kƒ™¬ÔsÁ> ®ø]™VÏ.
√›]ˆÁÔ √Ë :
1. ∑º>ƒt›]´[ ®[≈ ÂVπ>a_ c>sBVEˆB´VÔ
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
2. s¤BV ®[≈ ÷>Áw ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
3. ÷Õ]BV ®[≈ kV´÷>µ gEˆB´VÔ √ËBVu§™VÏ.
4. ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›]M ®[≈ \ÔπÏ \V> ÷>Áw ÊMkVflƒVˆBVº´V|
÷ÁÕm Â¶›]™VÏ.
5. ÛˆB c>BD, ÔÚ\ºBV˛ ®[≈ ÷>wVEˆB´VÔ
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
6. √VÈ√V´›, gÏ B∫ ÷ıΩBV ®[≈ g∫˛È ÷>µ gEˆB´VÔ©
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
7. √V´]l[ E≈©A© ÿ√BÏÔ^ : º>EBÔs, s|>ÁÈÔs,
\ÔVÔs,Ê‚|¬Ôs, \¬Ô^Ôs, >uÔVÈ >tµ ÷È¬˛B
sΩÿk^π, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ >ÕÁ> ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ.
8. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : Ôı[ √V‚|, zl_√V‚|, √VfiƒVo ƒ√>D,
√V©√V √V‚|, xÚÔ[ √V‚|, ÿƒVÏz\Vˆ, ∂¬Mzfi∑,
ØºÈVÔ´DÁ√, A]B g›]flÛΩ, Âk´›]™ ÔÁ>Ô^,
]ıΩ\ƒV¸]ˆ, g§_ ŒÚ √∫z, >´V∑, QV™´>D,
ƒÕ]ˆÁÔl[ ÔÁ>, sÂVBÔÏ ÂV[\Ë \VÁÈ, Ê‚|¬Ôs,
x´∑, ∑º>ƒ ˇ>∫Ô^, ÿƒÕ>tµÂV|.
9. \Á≈° : 11.09.1921 á ®‚¶BA´›]KD ]Úk_o¬ºÔËlKD
√V´]BVÏ kVµÕ> ÷_ÈD WÁ™° ÷_È\VÔ°D, ®‚¶BA´›]_
\Ë\ı¶√xD ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
67
83
√V´]>Vƒ[ :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 29.04.1891
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : AmÁkl_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : Ô™Ô∑©A´›]™D
4. >™m 16-km kB]_ AmÁk ∂É™Ï Ô_Ÿˆl_
º√´VEˆB´VÔ √Ël_ ºƒÏÕ>VÏ. ÷>uzx[ E§m ÔÈD W´s
∂´∑©√^πl_ √ËBVu§™VÏ.
5. √V´]>VƒÁ™ >tµÂV‚Ω[ ´Û_ ®[Æ ∂Áw©√VÏÔ^.
6. √V´]>VƒÁ™ ∏[ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> ÔsQÏÔ^ >∫ÔÁ·
√V´]>VƒM[ √´D√Á´¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ®[Æ ∂Áw›m¬
ÿÔVı¶™Ï. (kVË>Vƒ[, xΩB´ƒ[,
∑©A´›]™>Vƒ[, ÔD√>Vƒ[)
7. z|D√¬Ô‚|©√V| √u§ ÷Õ]BVsºÈºB x>[x>o_ √V‚|
®ø]B ÿ√ÚÁ\ √V´]>VƒÁ™ºB ºƒÚD.
8. 1929-gD gı| zΩB´∑ √z›>§° ∞|Ôπ_ √V¶_Ô^,
Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ®ø> g´D∏›>VÏ.
9. 1931-_ AmÁk x´∑ ®[≈ ∞‚ΩÁ™ g´D∏›>VÏ.
10. zl_ ®[≈ ÷È¬˛B ÷>Áw Â¶›] kÕ>VÏ.
11. ÿƒ¬ ÿ\Val_ ÷k´m √V¶_ ÿ\VaBV¬ÔD ÿƒFB©√‚|^·m.
12. 1954-gD gı| Amflºƒˆ ƒ‚¶\[≈ cÆ©∏™´VÔ
º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ.
13. E≈©A ÿ√BÏÔ^ : √VºkÕ>Ï, A´‚E¬Ôs, AmÁ\¬ÔsQÏ,
√z›>§° ÔsQÏ, ÷BuÁÔ ÔsQÏ, AmÁk¬zl_,
>tµÂV‚Ω[ ÷´Û_ ÔVDƒº>VÀ
14. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : z|D√ s·¬z, ÷Úı¶T|, ∂w˛[ Eˆ©A,
√VıΩB[ √ˆ∑, ®]Ï√V´V> x›>D, ºƒ´>Vı¶kD, ƒfiÊk
√Ïk>›][ ƒV´_, ÷Á·QÏ ÷È¬˛BD, T´›>VF, Â_ÈyÏ©A,
A´‚E¬Ôs, >twflEl[ Ô›], ÿƒ·tB[, z§fiE›]´‚|,
ÔV>_WÁ™°Ô^, ÔV>ÈV Ô¶Á\BV, ]Ú¬z≈^ cÁ´,
÷´ËB[, ∏E´VÕÁ>BVÏ, ÷ÁƒBxm, \Ëº\ÔÁÈ
ÿkı√V, Ôı˛ A´‚E¬ÔV©∏BD, √Ω›> ÿ√ıÔ^,
>taB¬ÔD.
15. \Á≈° : 21.04.1964
16. >tµÂV| ∂´∑ 1990-_ ÷k´m √Á¶©AÔÁ·
ÂV‚|Á¶Á\BV¬˛Bm.
84
ÂV\¬Ô_ ÔsQÏ ÷´V\o∫ÔD ∏^Á· :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 19.10.1888
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : º\VÔ˚Ï á ÂV\¬Ô_ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ÿk∫Ô‚´V\[, ∂D\M ∂DÁ\BVÏ
4. k·Ï©A›>VF : √mÈV¨s
5. ]ÚflE \Vk‚¶ ÔV∫˛´¸ ÿƒBÈV·´VÔ°D, Ô‘Ï \uÆD
ÂV\¬Ô_ k‚¶V´ ÔV∫˛É[ >ÁÈk´VÔ°D
√ËBVu§•^·VÏ.
6. 1932-gD gı| ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ c©Aƒ›]BV˛´Ô›]_ ÔÈÕm
ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
7. >twÔ ∂É[ x>_ ∂´ƒÁk¬ ÔsQ´VÔ √>s k˛›>kÏ.
8. ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV¶tl_ >tµ ∏´]W]BVÔ°D ÿ√VÆ©A
k˛›m^·VÏ.
9. >twÔ ƒ‚¶ º\ÈÁk cÆ©∏™´VÔ°D ÷ÚÕ>VÏ.
10. ºÔVsÕ>´V∑ nB∫ÔVÚ¶[ ÷ÁÕm ºÈVÔt›´V ®[≈
÷>Áw Â¶›]™VÏ.
11. E≈©A ÿ√BÏÔ^ : g¸>V™ ÔsQÏ, ÔVÕ]B ÔsQÏ, ÂV\¬Ô_
ÔsQÏ, ÔV∫˛´¸ ÔsQÏ, g‚Eÿ\Va ÔVkÈÏ
12. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : ∂k–D ∂k”D, \ÁÈ¬Ô^·[, ÷È¬˛B
÷[√D, ƒ∫ÿÔVo, >tw[ ÷>BD, ®[ ÔÁ>, Ôs>Vfiƒo,
ÔVÕ] ∂fiƒo, >tµºkÕ>[, >tµ›º>Ï, ∂[A ÿƒF>
∂uA>D, ]Ú¬z≈^ AmcÁ´,
13. \Á≈° : 24.08.1972
Ôs\Ë º>EBsÂVBÔD ∏^Á· :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 27.08.1876
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : º√‘Ï á z\ˆ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : Ek>V™©∏^Á·, g]ÿÈ‚∑t
4. gEˆBÏ : ƒVÕ>o∫Ô >D∏´V[
5. ÿkı√V ÷BuÆk>_ k_ÈkÏ
6. ®‚s[ ∂Ï_| ®ø]B ] ÁÈ‚ g‡© gEBV ®[√>Á™
gEBº¤V] ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ_ >twV¬ÔD ÿƒFm^·VÏ.
7. E≈©A ÿ√BÏ : Ôs\Ë, zwÕÁ> ÔsQÏ
8. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : \ÈÚD \VÁÈ•D, ÂVfiE_ ÂV‚| \Ú\¬Ô^
ka \V[*ÔD, gEBº¤V], c\Ï¬ÔFBVD √V¶_Ô^,
85
ÔVÕ>˚Ï ƒVÁÈ, º>sl[ ˇÏ›>Á™Ô^, ÷·Õÿ>[≈_,
√∑°D Ô[ÆD, zwÕÁ>fl ÿƒ_kD.
9. \Á≈° : 26.09.1954
\Á¬ÔsÁ>
xΩB´ƒ[
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 07.10.1920
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ÿ√ˆBz·D á º>M \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : mÁ´´V∑
4. ÔVÁ´¬zΩ, *™V‚E ∑Õ>º´¸k´Ï cBÏWÁÈ©√^πl_
>twVEˆ´VÔ √ËBVu§™VÏ.
5. ¤V] \Æ©A ]Ú\D ÿƒFm ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
6. >twÔ ∂´∑ ÷kÚÁ¶B Ø∫ÿÔVΩ ®[≈ ÔVsB›]uz
√V´]>Vƒ[ sÚm kw∫˛Bm (1966).
7. ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV¶tBV_ ÷kÏ √V¶_Ôπ_ g∫˛ÈD \uÆD
÷Õ]l_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
8. E≈©A ÿ√BÏÔ^ : ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ÔsQÏ, >uÔVÈ >twÔ
ÔsQÏÔπ[ x[º™VΩ, √V´]>Vƒ[ √´D√Á´ ÔsQÏÔ”^
J›>kÏ
9. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : ÔVsB©√VÁk, Ø∫ÿÔVΩ, T´ÔVsBD,
\M>Á™ º>|˛º≈[, ÿÂfi∑ÿ√VÆ¬z]_ÁÈºB,
ª[ÆºÔV_
10. \Á≈° : 1998
kVË>Vƒ[
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 22.07.1915
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : s_oB˚Ï á AmÁk
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ∂´∫ÔƒVt (®) ®›]´VƒK
4. ÷kÏ √V´]>VƒM¶D ÿ>V¶¬Ô¬Ô_s √l[≈VÏ. ÷kÚ¬z ´t
®[–D AÁ™©ÿ√BÏ cı|.
5. zu§BKÔ´ ŒoÁB x>[x>o_ ckÁ\BVÔ
®|›>Vı¶kÏ
6. ∏ÿ´fi∑ zΩB´∑ >ÁÈkÏ ÷kÚ¬z ÿƒkVoBÏ sÚm
kw∫˛•^·VÏ.
7. E≈©A ÿ√BÏ : √VkÈÏ \Ë, √VkÈÏ \[™[, AmÁ\¬ÔsQÏ,
ÔsQº´Æ, >tµÂV‚Ω[ >VÌÏ, >tµÂV‚Ω[ ºkÏ‚¸ÿkVÏ›.
8. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : zwÕÁ> ÷È¬˛BD, ÿÔVΩx_ÁÈ,
86
®aºÈVsBD, ®a_sÚ›>D, ÷[√ ÷È¬˛BD, >twflE,
ÿ√V∫Ô_√ˆ∑, yÏ›>BV›]Á´, ÿ>V|kV™D
9. \Á≈° : 07.08.1974
∑´>V
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 23.11.1921
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : √ÁwB˚Ï á ÂVÁÔ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[
4. √VºkÕ>Ï *m ÿÔVı¶ √u§[ ÔV´\VÔ >[ ÿ√BÁ´
∑©A´›]™ >Vƒ[ ®[Æ ÿ√BÁ´ \Vu§¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷>[
∑Ú¬Ôº\ ∑´>V.
5. ÷kÚÁ¶B º>[\Áw ®[≈ ±_ >twÔ ∂É[ >tµ
k·ÏflE›mÁ≈l[ √ÊÁ™ ÿ√u≈m.
6. ÷È¬Ô ÿ√ÚDAÈkÏ ÊÏÔVa ∂ÚVflƒÈ º>EÔÏ,
ÿ\F¬ºÔVVÏ g˛ºBVÏÔπ¶D >tµ √l[≈VÏ.
7. ÷kÏ Â¶›]B ÷>µÔ^ : ÔVsBD, ÷È¬˛BD, ªÏkÈD, ∑´>V
8. E≈©A ÿ√BÏ : ckÁ\¬ÔsQÏ, A´‚E¬ÔsQˆ[ A]B z´_
9. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : º>[\Áw, ƒVs[ x›>D, ∑kÚD
∑ıVDAD, mÁ≈xÔD, √‚¶›>É, c>‚Ω_ c>|,
kVÏ›Á> kVƒ_, ®flE_ ÷´°, x[–D ∏[–D
8. \Á≈° : 20.06.2006
Ôı>Vƒ[
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 24.06.1927
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : EÆÌ¶_√‚Ω á EkÔ∫ÁÔ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : x›Á>BV
4. k·Ï©A›>VF Ák›> ÿ√BÏ á ÂV´VB[
5. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ƒVÕ>©√Ï á sƒVÈV‚E
6. AÁ™©ÿ√BÏÔ^ : ÔVÁ´x›m©AÈkÏ, k™∫ÔVxΩ,
ÔV\Ô©∏ˆB[, √VÏk]ÂV>[, gº´V¬˛BƒVt, m©√V¬˛
7. ÷kÁ´ ÿ>FkVÁ™ gflE ®[√kÏ 7,000/- ‘√VF¬z
>›ÿ>|›m ÂV´VB[ ®™© ÿ√Bˆ‚| k·Ï›>VÏ.
8. ÷kÏ ®ø]B x>_ ]Á´lÁƒ© √V¶_ : ÔÈ∫ÔV]Ú \™º\....
(Ô[Ml[ ÔV>_ - 1949)
9. ]Á´©√¶›mÁ≈¬z x>o_ ÷kÁ´ ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ :
÷B¬zÂÏ ´VDÂV›
87
10. ÷kÏ ÷Æ]BVÔ ®ø]B ]Á´lÁƒ©√V¶_ : Ôıº
ÔÁÈ\Vº™.... (J[≈VD∏Á≈)
11. Â¶›]B ÷>µÔ^ : ]Ú\Ô^, ]Á´ÿBVo, º\>Vs, ÿ>[≈_,
]Á´, x_ÁÈ, ÔΩ>D, >tµ\ÈÏ, ƒı¶\VÚ>D, ÿ>[≈_]Á´,
Ôı>Vƒ[
12. √ˆ∑D √V´V‚|D : 1969 - E≈Õ> √V¶ÈVEˆBÚ¬ÔV™ º>EB
sÚm, 1978 - >twÔ ∂´ƒÁk¬ÔsQÏ √‚¶D, 1979 -
∂ıV\ÁÈ ∂´ƒÏ WÁ™°©√ˆ∑, 1979 - ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV¶t
sÚm, ÷ÚÕm √VΩB ÷´∫Ôu√V, ÷Bu≈tµ ÔsQÏ,
EÆÌ¶_√‚Ωl_ º>V[§B √V‚|©√≈Ák, ÔsB´∑
13. ®ø]B ±_Ô^ : ∂Ï›>x^· ÷Õm\>D, g‚¶™›] g]\Õ],
\V∫ÔM, ∞∑ÔVsBD, ÁÔ©√VÁk, ºk·∫zΩ ]ÚswV,
Ô_È¬zΩ \VÔVsBD, EkÔ∫ÁÔflÊÁ\, gl´D y°,
∂∫ÁÔBÏ¬Ô[M, ´V¤>ı¶Á™, ºƒ´\V[ÔV>o
14. kVµ¬ÁÔ ƒˆ>D : ®™m kƒÕ> ÔVÈ∫Ô^, k™kVƒD (∏≈©A
x>_ ]xÔ kÁ´, ®™m ∑Bƒˆ>D, k™kVƒ›]_ s|√‚¶ √z],
\™kVƒD, ÔV∫˛´¸ Ô‚E ÔVÈD)
15. \Á≈° : 17.10.1981
c|\ÁÈ ÂV´VBÔs :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 25.09.1899
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ØsÁ·kVΩ á c|\ÁÈ, ]Ú©ØÏ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : ÂV´VBƒVt
4. x›mƒVt Ôs´VBˆ[ \VkÏ
5. ƒ∫Ô´>V∑ ∑kVtÔπ¶D BV©∏È¬˛D Ôu≈VÏ.
6. ÔÁÈkVÏ ®[.®¸. ˛ÚiÚ¬z ˛Õ>™VÏ Ô>VÔVÈ‚ºƒ√D
®ø]B>V_ ÔÁÈkV[ zÚkVÔ s·∫˛™VÏ.
7. ]Ú¬z≈^ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ]Á´©√¶›]_ tz]BVÔ
√B[√|›]BkÏ.
8. E≈©A©ÿ√BÏ : √z›>§° Ôs´VBÏ
9. \Á≈° : 23.05.1981
√‚|¬ºÔV‚Á¶ Ô_BV∑Õ>´D :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 13.04.1930
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : ÿƒ∫ÔD√|›>V[ÔV| á >fiÁƒ \Vk‚¶D
3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ∂ÚVflƒÈD á sƒVÈV‚E
88
4. ÷kÏ ÷Bu§B √V¶_ÔÁ· ¤™ƒ¬] ®[≈ √›]ˆÁÔ
ÿkπl‚| kÕ>m.
5. ]Á´©√¶›]uÔVÔ ÷kÏ ÷Bu§B x>_√V¶_ á Â_ÈÁ>
ÿƒV[™V_ ÂV›]Ô™V (√¶D - √Ω›> ÿ√ı)
6. E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ : \¬Ô^ ÔsQÏ, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ÔsQÏ
7. \Á≈° : 08.10.1959
\Ú>ÔVE :
1. ∏≈Õ> º>] : 13.02.1920
2. ∏≈Õ> ªÏ : º\È¬zΩÔV| á ]ÚflE \Vk‚¶D
3. z¶ÕÁ>l_ c^· º>s ÂV¶Ô ƒÁ√l[ ÂV¶Ô∫Ô”¬z
√V¶_Ô^ ®ø]™VÏ.
4. √V√ÂVƒD EkM[ ƒºÔV>´ÚD, √V¶ÈVEˆBÚ\V™
´V¤ºÔV√VÈ ∂FBÏ ÷kˆ[ gEˆBÏ
6. ÷kÏ ®ø]B x>_ ]Á´lÁƒ©√V¶_ á ÿ√ı ®[–D
\VB©º√BVD (\VBVk])
7. E≈©A© ÿ√BÏ : ]Á´¬Ôs ]ÈÔD
8. ºƒÈD \V¶Ï[ ]ºB‚¶ˆ[ ÷´‚Á¶¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ \Ú>ÔVE,
ÔV.x.ÿ≠Z©
7. \Á≈° : 29.11.1989
Am¬ÔsÁ>
1. >ta_ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ >ÕÁ> ®™© º√Vu≈©√|√kÏ -
√V´]BVÏ
2. ªÏkÈD ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ - ÔsQÏ
x.º\›>V
3. ÿ\·™›][ ÂV°Ôπ_ á ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ gEˆBÏ -
ÔsQÏ ∂∏
4. ªEÔ^, ÔV˛>∫Ô^ ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz©AÔπ[
gEˆBÏ - ÔsQÏ *´V
5. ÛˆB Ww_ ®[–D ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á Eu∏
6. √V_T] ®[–D ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ∂©m_
´„\V[
7. ´V©∏flÁƒ¬ÔV´[ ®[–D ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
ÔsQÏ ∂∏
8. ÷[Á≈B ÔsQÏÔπ_ E≈©√VÔ º√ƒ©√|√kÏ á ÔsB´ƒÏ
Ák´x›m
89
9. s´_ s·¬zÔ^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ÔsQÏ
ƒıxÔD
10. \M>[ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ´Vt
11. ÔıßÏ Ø¬Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ÔsQÏ
x. º\›>V
12. ÂV.ÔV\´Vƒ[ √Á¶›> E≈Õ> ÔsÁ> ÿ>Vz]Ô^ : ÛˆBÔVÕ],
ÔÚ©A \ÈÏÔ^, ∂oÔ^, ∏flÁƒ¬ÔV´ÏÔ^, ªÁ\, sÁÈ\ÔπÏ,
ÔÚ›>D\V, Ô_ÈÁ≈, EÆ¬ÔVflEl[ E≈zÔ^
13. sΩ˛≈m ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á ~º´V|
>tw[√[
14. ŒÚ ˛´V\›m º>kÁ>Ô^ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
√V©ˆBV
15. ®¸>ÚD ®¸>Ï œflƒÚD ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
√kV ÿƒ_È›mÁ´
16. Am¬ÔsÁ> mÁ≈l_ E≈Õm s·∫zD ÿ√ı ÔsQÏÔ^ á
÷´V. *™V‚E, º´V˛Ë, º>k\Ô^, ÷Õ]´V√kVM, ∂´∑
\Ëº\ÔÁÈ, ˛.s¤BÿÈ‚∑t, WÏ\ÈV ∑ºí, ƒ´·V
´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[
17. x´ı, kV¬zJÈD ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
º>k\Ô^
18. º>[ x^”Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz©∏[ gEˆBÏ á
º´V˛Ë
19. ®©ÿ√VÚÁ·•D ®^·_ >[Á\•¶[ s\Ê¬zD gu≈_
ÿ√u≈kÏ á ∂´∑ \Ëº\ÔÁÈ
20. ÿ√ıÔ^ s·D√´© ÿ√VÚ·V¬Ô©√|kÁ> ºk>Á™ºBV|
z§©∏|√kÏ á WÏ\ÈV ∑ºí
21. º\Ô›][ >VÔD ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ±o[ gEˆBÏ á ƒ´·V
´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[
>twÔD ªÚD º√ÚD, º>Vu≈D \Vu≈D √u§B ÿƒF]Ô^
z§fiE : \ÁÈ•D \ÁÈ ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD
1. \ÁÈÔ”¬z ∂ÚºÔ c^· ªÏÔ”¬z ÂVÔ\ÁÈ,
gÁ™\ÁÈ, s´Vo\ÁÈ, ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
÷Ák ∂Á™›mD z§fiE WÈ ªÏÔº·.
2. z[Á≈ ∂|›m^· ªÏ z[˚Ï, z[≈›#Ï, z[≈¬zΩ
90
3. \ÁÈÁB¬ z§¬zD k¶ÿƒV_ á ˛ˆ. Ek˛ˆ, ˛Úi˛ˆ,
¿È˛ˆ, ºÔV›>˛ˆ ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD \ÁÈÁB Œ‚Ω ®øÕ>
ªÏÔº·.
4. z§fiE WÈ \¬Ô^ ∏≈ ªÏÔ”¬z ÿƒ[Æ >∫˛B ÿ√Vøm
>∫Ô^ WÈ© ÿ√BÁ´ \≈kVm gµkVÏz§flE, Ô^·¬z§flE,
ÿ\V¶¬z§flE ®™ ÿ√Bˆ‚¶™Ï.
x_ÁÈ : ÔV|D ÔV| ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD
1. \´D ÿƒ§Õ> ÔV|Ô^ √w∫ÔVÈ›]_ tÔ ∂]ÔD. g>ÈV_ \´D
ÛµÕ> ÷¶›]uz zΩ ÿ√BÏÕ> \¬Ô^ \´∫Ô”¬z ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω
∂D\´© ÿ√Bº´V| ªÏ© ÿ√BÁ´•D kw∫˛™Ï.
2. ∂›]\´D ÛµÕ> √z] guÔV| ®™°D, gÈ\´D ÛµÕ> √z]
gÈ∫ÔV| ®™°D, Ô·VflÿƒΩ WÁ≈Õ> √z] Ô·¬zΩ ®™°D,
√Á™\´D WÁ≈Õ> √z] √Á™BA´D ®™°D ÿ√Bˆ‚¶™Ï.
\Ú>D : kBKD kB_ ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD
1. WÈk·xD, ¿Ïk·xD WÁ≈Õ> ªÏ, gÆD ∂>[ ÔÁ´l_
∂Á\Õ> ªÚD guGÏ ®™ kw∫ÔÈVluÆ. ∂mºk ∏[™Ï
g›#Ï ®™ \ÚsBm.
2. Ô¶D√ \´D ÛµÕ> √z] Ô¶DØÏ, Ô¶D√›#Ï ®™°D, ÿ>[Á™
ÛµÕ> √z] ÿ>∫ÌÏ ®™°D, AπB\´D ÛµÕ> √z]
AπB∫zΩ, AπBfiºƒVÁÈ, AπBD√‚Ω ®™°D ÂD
x[º™VÏÔ^ z·D, ªÚË, ∞ˆ x>oB ¿Ï WÁÈÔÁ·
cÚkV¬˛ ∂kuº≈V| ªÏ ÿ√BÁ´•D ÷Á›>™Ï.
∂ÀkVº≈ ®øÕ>º> AπB∫z·D, ÊkÈ©º√ˆ, º√´V∆´Ë.
ÿÂF>_ : Ô¶KD Ô¶_ ƒVÏÕ> ÷¶xD
1. Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ cÚkV™ º√‘Ï : √‚Ω™D, EuGÏ√V¬ÔD
2. >twÔ Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ √´>kÏ kVµÕ> ªÏÔ^ : ˇw¬ÔÁ´,
ºÔVΩB¬ÔÁ´, ¿ÈV∫ÔÁ´.
3. >twÔ Ô¶uÔÁ´l_ *™kÏ kVµÕ> ÷¶D : z©√D.
∂´∑D ªÏÔ”D
1. ÿ√ÚºkÕ>ÚD, zÆWÈ\[™ÚD ∂´ıÔ^ (ºÔV‚Á¶)
∂Á\›m \¬ÔÁ· ÔV›>™Ï.
2. ∂Õ> ºÔV‚Á¶ ÛµÕ> ªÏÔº· : ÔÕ>Ïk¬ºÔV‚Á¶,
º>k¬ºÔV‚Á¶, Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶, √‚|¬ºÔV‚Á¶
91
]Áƒ ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔ^
1. >D ªÚ¬z ˛w¬ºÔ c^· ªÏ ˇÒÏ ®™°D, º\uºÔ c^·
ªÏ º\ŸÏ ®™°D, ÿ>u˛_ c^· ªÏ ÿ>[√wfiÛÏ ®™°D,
k¶¬ºÔ c^· ªÏ k¶√wfiÛÏ ®™°D ∂Áw›>™Ï.
2. ÂVB¬Ô \[™ÏÔ^ >twÔ›Á> 72 √VÁ·B∫Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ›m
>D g”ÁÔ¬z c‚√|›]™Ï. ∂kÏÔ^ ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔº·V|
√VÁ·B›Á>•D ºƒÏ›m kw∫˛™Ï. g´©√VÁ·BD,
´V¤√VÁ·BD, z\V´√VÁ·BD
3. ÔVÈ∑wuE \uÆD g‚E\Vu≈D, ºku§™Ï ÔÈ©A g˛B
ÔV´∫Ô·V_ x>_WÁÈ ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔ”D,
>M›>[Á\t¬Ô ªÏ ÿ√BÏÔ”D EÁ>›m ]ˆÕm \Ús
kw∫ÔÈVluÆ. (®.ÔV : \]Á´ á \ÚÁ> á >uº√Vm
\mÁ´BVÔ \V§•^·m ; ºÔVk[A›#Ï á ºÔVBDA›#Ï á
ºÔVÁk).
cÈÔV·VsB >twÏ
1. n¬˛B ÂV|Ô^ ƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™´VÔ 193 ÂV|Ô”D, 3
g‚E©AÈ∫Ô·VÔ 235 ÂV|Ô^ c^·™. ÷ku§_ ∞≈›>Vw
154 ÂV|Ô^ >ta™D c^·m.
2. ÷]_ zÁ≈Õ>m 10 º√Ï x>_ ∂]Ô√‚ƒD 7.5 È‚ƒD º√Ï kÁ´
∂B_ÂV‚Ω_ kVµ˛[≈™Ï. ÷]_ 20 ÂV|Ôπ_ È‚ƒ›]uzD
º\u√‚º¶VÏ kVµ˛[≈™Ï
3. kËÔD, ºkÁÈkVF©A ÔV´\VÔ √w∫ÔVÈ›]ºÈºB >twÏÔ^
∂B_ÂV‚Ωuz ÿƒ[≈™Ï.
4. ƒVmk[ kËÔD ÿƒF•Dÿ√VÚ‚| Ô¶_Ô¶Õm ÿƒ[≈>VÔ
ÌÆD z§©A \Ëº\ÔÁÈl_ c^·m.
5. ∏´V[¸ ÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚ √z]BVÔ ÔV©√|D ˆRMB[ ys_
kVøD ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\BV™ \¬Ô^ >twº´. ÷kÏÔ^ Amflºƒˆ
ÔVÁ´¬ÔV_ √z]ÔπoÚÕm Œ©√Õ> ÌoÔ·VÔ ∂∫ºÔ
zΩB\Ï›>©√‚¶kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ ∏ÿ´fi∑ ÿ\Va º√E™VKD,
Â\m √ı√V¶V™ ÔVkΩ ®|›>_, º>Ï ÷ø›>_
º√V[≈kuÁ≈ ÔÁ¶∏Ω¬˛[≈™Ï.
6. ÷È∫ÁÔl_ kVøD >twÏÔπ_ 95% º√Ï ÿ>V¶¬Ô¬Ô_s
x>_ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD kÁ´lKD >taºÈºB Ô_s
√l[≈™Ï.
92
>tµ ÿ\Val_ ∂§sB_ EÕ>Á™Ô^
1. ∂§s_ OıËÁÈ k·ÏflEºB ∂§sB_ ®[√Á>
]Úk^”kÏ ∂§° ∂u≈D ÔV¬zD ÔÚs ®™¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
2. sıËB_ ∂§° cÈÔD ®[–D >tµ ÿƒV_ cÈ° ®[–D
ÿƒV_o[ ∂ΩBVÔ© ∏≈Õ>m. cÈ° ®[√m ∑uÆ>_ ®[Æ
ÿ√VÚ^ >ÚD, QVÈD ®[≈ >tµ ÿƒV_ QV ®[–D
ÿƒV_ÈΩl_ º>V[§Bm. QV_-ÿ>V∫z>_.
3. k§m WÁÈ÷B ÔVBxD ®[–D A≈ÂV˚uÆ©√V¶_ kVM_
ÔVu§_ÈV √z]ÁB© √u§ ÌÆ˛≈m.
4. k·k[ ∞kV kV˚Ï] ®[–D A≈ÂV˚uÆ©√V¶_ gπ_ÈV
s\V™D √u§ ÌÆ˛≈m.
ºÔV^Ô^ √u§B >twˆ[ ÔÚ›m
1. #\ºÔm á kV_Â‚ƒ›]´D
2. ÿƒÕW≈\VÔ ÷Ú©√>V_ ÿƒÀkVF ®[ÆD, ÿkDÁ\BVÔ
÷Ú©√>V_ ÿk^π ®[ÆD ÌÆkÏ. QVlÆ¬zD x[º√
ÿk^π º>V[§ sΩBÁÈ cÏ›mk>V_ ÷>Á™
sΩÿk^π ®[ÆD ÌÆkÏ. ÷]_ ÿk^π >Vm ÷Ú©√Á>
÷[Á≈B gF° AÈ©√|›m˛≈m.
3. A]>VÔ ∂§Õ>>V_ A>[ g>ÈV_ ÷Á> ∂§k[ ®[Æ
∂Áw›>™Ï.
4. sBV ®[≈V_ ÿ√ˆB ®™© ÿ√VÚ^. g>ÈV_ sBVw[
®[≈™Ï.
5. x[A ƒMÁB ÔVˆ ®[≈Áw›>™Ï. ÷[Á≈B ∂§QÏÔ^
∂]_ ÔÕ>ÔD ÷Ú©√>VÔ ÌÆ˛≈VÏÔ^.
6. ]∫Ô^ - ƒÕ]´[. >Vº™ Œπs¶¬ÌΩB QVluÁ≈ ÂV^*[
®™°D ÷>M¶tÚÕm Œπÿ√uÆ Œπs¶¬ÌΩBÁ>
ºÔV^*[ ®[ÆD ∂Áw›>™Ï.
ÿ√V§lB_ ∂§° :
1. yD∏a ®Õ]´D √Õ>_ kÚÕ> ®[≈ √]uÆ©√›m √V¶_ JÈD
ÔÚDA ∏a•D ®Õ]´D √u§•D ∂Õ> ºÔË•D ®Õ]´¬
˛ÆD ®[≈ ÿ√Ú∫ÔÁ>l[ JÈD gµmÁ· ˛Æ
√u§•D ∂§BxΩ˛≈m.
ÔM\sB_ ∂§° :
1. ŒÚÁ\›º>Vu≈›m nºkÆ k™©∏[ ÷È∫zÔ]Ïs|ªD
ÂÈ∫ÿÔø \ËÔ”D - ®[≈ EÈ©√]ÔV´© √V¶_ nÕm kÁÔ
93
\ËÔ”D Œπs|D ]≈›]™V_ ºkÆ ºkÆ ÿ√BÁ´¬ ÿÔVı|^·m.
g™V_ ∂ku§[ JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^ Œ[º≈ ®[√m >uº√VÁ>B
ºk]lB_ EÕ>Á™•¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B>VÔ c^·m.
\ıËB_ ∂§° :
1. >twÏÔ^ WÈ›Á> nÕm kÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ›m¬ ÔV‚Ω•^·™Ï.
º\KD W≈›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿƒD\ı ®[ÆD, >[Á\l[
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ Ô·ÏWÈD ®[ÆD, ∑Ákl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_
ckÏWÈD ®[ÆD ∏ˆ›m^·™Ï.
∂bsB_ ∂§° :
1. ∂bÁk› mÁ·›m ∞ø Ô¶ÁÈ AÔ‚Ω ®™ - Œ·ÁkBVÏ {Ï
∂bsÁ™ ƒ>Ì§‚| ºÔVπ–D c·[ - ®[ÆD ∂bsB_
√u§ ÌÆ˛[≈™Ï.
¿ˆB_ ∂§° :
1. ¿Ï ∑wuE ÷B_A ÷_ÁÈ ®[≈V_ cÈz ÷_ÁÈ. ÷Á>ºB
k^”kÏ,
ÿÂ|∫Ô¶KD >[¿ÏÁ\¬ z[ÆD >ΩÕÿ>ao
>V[Â_ÔV g˛ sΩ[. á ®™¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
\Ú›mk ∂§° :
1. c¶D√VÏ ∂al[ cl´VD ∂akÏ - ]ÚJÈÏ
2. \ÚÕ>V˛ >©√V \≈›>u≈VÏ á k^”kÏ
3. ∂ÆÁk E˛flÁƒ \Ú›mkD :
c¶D∏Á¶ º>V[§uÿ≈V[Á≈ ∂Æ›m ∂>[ c]´D ªu§
∂¶_ ª≈fl ∑‚| ºkº≈VÏ \ÚÕ]™V_ mB´D yÏkÏ. ®™¬ ÔD√Ï
∂ÆÁk E˛flÁƒ© √u§ Ì§•^·VÏ.
4. ∂ø›>›]™V_ ¿Ï\©ÿ√VÚπ[ ∂·Ák ∑Ú¬Ô xΩBVm. ÷Õ>
cıÁ\ÁB¬ Ôı¶§Õ>kÏ 17-gD ±u≈VıΩ_ kVµÕ> √V¸Ô_.
>twÏ kVË√D \uÆD Ô¶u√BD
1. Ô¶u√B›Á> xÕ¿Ï kw¬ÔD - ®™¬ ÌÆD ±_
ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD
2. gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ gı|Ô”¬z x[™º´ >twÏ ˛Z¸, º´VD,
®˛©m x>_ Ê™D kÁ´l_ Ô¶_ka kVË√D ÿƒF>™Ï.
®˛©m, √VÈ¸y™D, ÿ\ƒ√º¶VtBV, √V∏ºÈVMBV, Ê™D g˛B
ÂV|Ô^ >twÔÏÔπ[ ÿ√VÚÁ· sÚD∏© ÿ√u≈™Ï.
÷∫˛ÚÕm ∞ÈD, Èk∫ÔD, ÷fiE, t·z g˛BÁk º\uÔVEB
ÂV|Ôπ_ Â_È
94
sÁÈ¬z suÔ©√‚¶™. º\KD x›m, √k·D, g´D, ∂˛_,
ÿkım˛_ ƒ∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™.
3. >twÏÔ^ ˛º´¬ÔÏÔÁ·•D, º´V\VMBÏÔÁ·•D Bk™ÏÔ^
®[Æ ∂Áw›>™Ï.
ÿ>V_oB_ gF°Ô^
1. ÿ>V_ÿ√VÚ^ mÁ≈l™Ï 1963-gD gı| ÔVsˆ©ØD
√‚Ω›]_ ˇwVÏÿkπ ®[–t¶›]_ º\uÿÔVı¶ Ô¶_
∂ÔÈVFs_ ˛.x. 3ágD ±u≈VıÁ¶fl ºƒÏÕ> Ô‚Ω¶
÷Ω√V|Ô”D, √¶z›mÁ≈, ∂Á≈k‚¶ kΩk ¿Ï›º>¬ÔD, A›>
sÔV´D, A›>Ï √V>D x>oB ®flƒ∫Ô^ ˛Á¶›>™.
2. ÷Ák √ıÁ¶B ÔVsˆ©ØD√‚Ω™ \¬Ô^ √B[√|›]B ÿ√VÚ^
®[√mD, ÷©√Ω ŒÚ ÂÔ´D ÷ÚÕ>m ®[√>uzD ƒV[≈VzD.
3. ÷∫z √¶z›mÁ≈ c^·>V_ Ô¶_ kVË√D
º\uÿÔVı|^·m ÿ>ˆ˛≈m. g]flƒÂ_Ÿˆ_ 1876, 2003
g˛B gı|Ôπ_ Â¶›>©√‚¶ ∂ÔÈVF°Ôπ_ ∞´V·\V™
xm\¬Ô^ >VoÔ^ Ôı|∏Ω¬Ô©√‚¶™.
4. ˛.x.300 á ˛.∏.300 kÁ´lÈV™ ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ>
÷›>VoÔ^ ÷≈Õº>Vˆ[ ®KDA¬Ì|Ô”¶[ >∫Ô›]ÈV™
ÿÂ›]©√‚¶D, ÿƒD∏™VÈV™ gı ÿ√ı ÿ>Fk
cÚk∫Ô”¶–D, ÷ÚD∏™V_ g™ Ô›]Ô^, s·¬z›>V∫˛
g˛BÁkÔ^ ˛Á¶›>™.
cºk \ÚÕm ºÂVF yÏ¬zD JoÁÔÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™
ÿƒF]Ô^
1. √E©∏Ë ®[–D √Vs ®[–D √El[ ÿÔV|Á\ √u§ ÌÆD
±_ á \Ëº\ÔÁÈ.
\fiƒ^ - ƒπ ¿¬zD
ÿÔV›>\_o - ∏›>D ¿¬zD
Ê´ÔD - kluÆ Û| >Ë¬zD
t·z - ÿ>VıÁ¶¬Ô‚Ω
Øı| - ko ∂Ôu§
ÿk∫ÔVBD - zπÏflE, zÚ] #FÁ\
2. ºÂVF¬z x>_ ÔV´D á c©A
3. ÿÂVÆ¬z›yM kBuÆ¬z ºÔ| á √wÿ\Va
4. ƒ\flÊÏ c° : ºƒVÆD ÔVFÔ§•D ∂Á´ klÆ ; √V_, º\VÏ,
¿Ï ÔV_ klÆ ; ÿku§¶D ÔV_ klÆ. klÆ AÁ¶¬Ô
cıb>_ ºÂVF¬z ÷¶\π¬zD.

95
5. ∂·°¬z tfiE™V_ ∂tÏ>xD Âfi∑. ÂV^º>VÆD ®πB
ÂÁ¶√luE ÿƒFB ºkı|D.
JoÁÔÔ^ :
m·E gs - \VÏAƒπ, ¿Ï¬ºÔVÁk, >ÁÈko ¿∫zD
ˇwVÿÂ_o - \fiƒ^ ÔV\VÁÈ
ˇwVÿÂ_o + ÔuÔı|- EÆ¿´Ô¬ºÔV·VÆ
#mkÁ· - ∑kVƒ¬ºÔV·VÆ ¿¬zD ÷Á> k^·ÈVÏ
QV™©√flEÁÈ ®[Æ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
z©Á√º\M - Âfl∑¬ÔΩ, z©Á√º\M ÷ÁÈ•¶[
\fiƒ^, c©A ºƒÏ›m √B[√|›]™V_
ÿƒV§ E´∫z ¿∫zD.
ºƒVuÆ¬Ôu≈VÁw - xΩ k·ÚD, JÈflÛ| zÁ≈•D
xÚ∫ÁÔ©√‚Á¶ - x§Õ> ®KDA Ì|D, Ôı√VÏÁk zÁ≈
¿∫zD, c¶ÁÈ kKkV¬zD.
ÔÚºk©∏ÁÈ - Ê>º√] z\VzD, s≠x§°
ÔÚƒÈV∫Ô[M - ÷´›>ºƒVÁÔ ¿∫zD, ÿƒ§\V™D,
\fiƒ^ÔV\VÁÈ, ÂÁ´ º√V¬zD,
Ôı√VÏÁk ÷w©A ¿∫zD.
\Ë>¬ÔVπ ˇÁ´ - kVF©Aı, z¶uAı ¿∫zD
x∑x∑¬ÁÔ ˇÁ´ - ƒπ ¿∫zD
∂Ô›]¬ˇÁ´ - √_ ƒVÏÕ> ºÂVF z\VzD
k_ÈVÁ´ á WÁ™kVu≈_ ÿ√ÚzD
ºk©√∫ÿÔVøÕm - \VÏA ƒπ ¿∫zD
ºk©∏ÁÈÁB ∂Á´›m› >¶k
∂DÁ\BV_ ÿk©AºÂVF ¿∫zD.
√E›m©AE, ºÂVBu≈kVµºk zÁ≈ku≈
ÿƒ_kD - √wÿ\Va.

96
xÁ™kÏ. ÔV. ÿƒ_kz\VÏ
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ∂ÉB_ ∂§sB_ Á\BD.
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.
2. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶D

1. Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶D á 1773
∏ˆ‚¶[ √V´V”\[≈›]_ WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶ ÷Õ> ƒ‚¶›
]oÚÕm>V[ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ x>_ ∂›]BVBD
mk∫z˛≈m ®™ÈVD.
÷Õ>fl ƒ‚¶›][ JÈD ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[ WÏkVÔD
xøÁ\BVÔ ∏ˆ‚œi √V´V”\[≈›][ ˇµ ÿÔVı| k´©√‚¶m.
k∫ÔV· ÔkÏ™Ï Ô_Ô›>V, √D√VF \uÆD ÿ\‚´V¸
´V¤>VMÔπ[ ÔkÏ™´VÔ°D WBt¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. (÷Õ> kÁÔl_ x>_
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_ kV´[º«¸Ω∫¸).
Ô_Ô›>Vs_ cflƒ¿]\[≈D Œ[Æ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ>
cflƒ ¿]\[≈›][ Œ©A>K¶[ ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ ÷Bu≈°D, Œø∫z xÁ≈
Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ ®|¬Ô°D ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z ∂]ÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
2. ∏‚¸ ÷Õ]BV ƒ‚¶D á 1784

1773 Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶›Á> º\D√|›>D s>›]_
∂Á\Õ>m. ÔDÿ√Ml[ WÏkVÔ›Á> ŒÚ k´[xÁ≈¬z^ ÿÔVı|
kÕ>m.
∏ˆ‚Ωi ∂É[ ∂Á\flƒÏ ŒÚkÁ´ >ÁÈk´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ gÆ
cÆ©∏™Ï ∂¶∫˛B WÏkVÔ¬ Ôt‚Ω ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∂ÉB_ ƒVÏ√V™
∂Á™›m© ÿ√VÆ©AÔ”D ÷¬Ôt‚Ωl¶D Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m.
\VÔV∫Ô^ \›]B ∂É[ ka ÔV‚|>_√ΩºB ÿƒB_√¶
ºkı|D. ÷Á>© ∏[√u≈› >kÆD √‚ƒ›]_ \VÔV∫ÔÁ· √>s
¿¬ÔD ÿƒFB ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z ∂]ÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
kVË√D ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s≠B∫Ô^ ∂Á™›mº\ ÔDÿ√Ml[
÷[ ∂]ÔV´ k´DA¬z^ ÿÔVı|k´©√‚¶m.
97
√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1793
WÏkVÔ¬ zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ƒD√·D ÷Õ]B kÚkVloÚÕm
kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
ƒ‚¶ Œø∫z Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔl_ >ÁÈl|D ∂]ÔV´D
¿]\[≈∫Ô”¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1813
˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[ ∞Ôº√VÔ kËÔ cˆÁ\ xΩ°¬z
kÕ>m.
ÿ\‚´V¸, √D√VF, Ô_Ô›>V Ô°[ƒ_Ôπ[ ∂]ÔV´D
sˆ°√|›>©√‚¶m.
c^jÏ >[™V‚E ∂Á\©AÔ”¬z kˆ kÛo¬zD cˆÁ\.
√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1833
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z ∂k´m zø¬Ô”¬zD º\KD ∂]Ô
∂]ÔV´D.
WÏkVÔ¬zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ Œ©A>K¶[ xø ÷Õ]BV°¬z\V™
ƒ‚¶tBuÆD ∂]ÔV´D \›]B zø°¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
kÚkVF s≠B∫Ôπ_ xø ∂]ÔV´D, Œ‚| ÿ\V›>
÷Õ]BV°¬z\VÔ Œº´ √‚ÿ¤‚Á¶› >BVˆ›>_ g˛B cˆÁ\Ô^
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´K¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M ŒÚ EÆ WÏkVÔD \uÆD ∂ÉB_
∂Á\©√VÔ ∑Ú∫˛Bm. (∏Á¬Ô”D, ∂Á\flƒÔ∫Ô”D WÏkVÔ¬
zø¬Ôπ[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.)
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[ ∂´∑ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∂k´m WÏkVÔ¬ zø ÷Õ]B¬ zø ®™ kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
√‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D á 1853
ÔDÿ√M WÏkVÔ›Á> º\D√|›mkm √u§ ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_
ÿ¶_ÿ«·E ∂π›> ∂§¬ÁÔl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ cÚkV™m.
k∫ÔV·›m¬ÿÔ™ >M ÔkÏ™Ï WB\™D.
Ô°[Eo[ ƒ‚¶ \uÆD WÏkVÔfl ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ >M›>MºB
÷™D ÔV©√‚¶™.
ÔDÿ√M ªaBÏÔ^, >M º√V‚Ω› º>Ï°Ô^ JÈD º>Ï°
ÿƒFB©√‚¶™Ï.
98
÷Õ]BVs[ ÔDÿ√Ml[ g‚E cˆÁ\ÁB ®©º√Vm
ºkı|\V™VKD xΩ°¬z¬ ÿÔVı| kÚD ∂]ÔV´D ∏ˆ‚œi
√V´V”\[≈›]¶D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
3. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1858

∏ˆ‚œi ∂É[ ºÂ´Ω g‚E ÷Õ]BVs_ WÁÈ ÿÔV^·
kakz›>m ÷flƒ‚¶º\.
1857 E©√VF ÔÈÔ›Á>B|›m ÷Õ]BVs_ Ô¶Õ> 250
gı|Ô·VÔ ÷B∫˛ kÕ> ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M ÔÁÈ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
g‚E WÏkVÔD ∏ˆ‚œi xΩBV‚El[ ºÂ´Ω© √VÏÁkl[ ˇµ ÿÔVı|
k´©√‚¶m.
÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ Ák¸´VF gÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔVM∫ ∏Á ®[√kº´
∏ˆ‚¶[ xΩBV‚El[ ÷Õ> ∂§s©Á√ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ. 1858 ¤™kˆ 11
÷_ ∂ÈÔV√V› >Ï√VÏ JÈD ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ \ÔV´VËl[ ÷Õ>
º√´§¬ÁÔ \ÔVƒVƒ™D ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m.
÷Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷Õ]B ∂Kk_ÔÁ·¬ ÔkM©√>uÔVÔ
÷∫˛ÈVÕ]_ ÷Õ]BVsuÔV™ ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ ®[–D ŒÚ A]B √>s
∞u√|›>©√‚¶m. ÷kÏ ÷∫˛ÈVÕm ∂Á\flƒ´Ák cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[
ŒÚk´VÔ ÷Ú©√VÏ. ÷kÚ¬z› mÁ AˆB 15 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶
g‚E \[≈D ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ> \[≈›]_ ®‚| º√Ï ∂É[ cBÏ
∂]ÔVˆÔ^. *>D c^· ∞ø º√Ï √>s ÷w¬zD ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬
ÔDÿ√Ml[ ÷B¬zÂÏÔ·V_ º>Ï° ÿƒFB©√‚¶™Ï.
ÂV| √_ºkÆ \VÔV∫Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷ku§[
WÏkVÔD ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ ∂_Èm ÿÈ©Ω™‚ ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ >ÁÈÁ\l_
∂Á\Õ>m.
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_ ®[≈ √>s Ák¸´VF ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m. ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´ÈVÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔVM∫ ∏Áºk ÂV‚Ω[
x>_ Ák¸´VF, (÷kº´ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÔÁ¶E ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´KD Ì¶).
÷Õ]B g‚EBÁ\©∏[ xø ∂]ÔV´xD ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[

ˇµ Œ[§Á¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷kÏ ÷Õ]Bfl ÿƒBÈÚ¬z Ô‚|©√‚¶kÏ.
÷Õ]Bfl ÿƒBÈº´V ∏ˆ‚œi √V´V”\[≈›][ Ô‚|©√V‚|¬z^
c‚√‚¶kÏ.
99
÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1861
÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A k´ÈVu§[ tÔ x¬˛B Á\_ Ô_ ÷m.
∏ˆ‚¶[ √V´V”\[≈D á ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ + 15 º√Ï
∂¶∫˛B ÷Õ]B Ô°[E_ zø á ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™´_ + ®¬Ez‚œÀ Ô°[E_
®[Æ, g‚E WÏkVÔD ŒÚ Œø∫z xÁ≈¬z^ ÿÔVı| k´©√‚¶m.
>™m ®¬Ez‚œÀ Ô°[Eo_ ÷Õ]BÏÔÁ· WB\™D ÿƒFm,
º>Ák¬ºÔu√ ∂Á> sˆ° ÿƒFm ÿÔV^”D ∂]ÔV´D ÔkÏ™Ï
ÿ¤™´K¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
ÿ\‚´V¸, √D√VF, k∫ÔV·D g˛B \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ >M›>Mfl
ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ô^ ∞u√|›>©√‚¶™.
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤ó[ g‚E ∂]ÔV´D √´kÈV¬Ô©√‚| √D√VF
\uÆD ÿ\‚´V¸ ∂´∑Ôπ¶D ∂Á\B©ÿ√u≈™.
÷Õ]B¬ Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1892
º>Ï>_ JÈD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ º>Ï° ÿƒFB©√¶V
s‚¶VKD, ÷>[ JÈD ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ \Á≈xÔ\VÔ º>Ï>_ xÁ≈ÔÁ·
∂§xÔ©√|›]Bm ®™ÈVD.
÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ Ô°[Eo[ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk\u≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
k∫ÔV· ºƒD√Ï g‡© ÔV\Ï¸ \uÆD \VÔV ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ Ô°[E_
g˛Bku≈V_ WB\™D ÿƒFB©√‚¶™Ï. \VÔVfl ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬
Ô°[Eo[ ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\u≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^, √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ô^,
\Vk‚¶ ÔwÔ∫Ô^, ÂÔ´V‚EÔ^, ¤*[>VÏÔ^.... º√V[≈ k‚¶V´
∂Á\©AÔ·V_ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
÷flƒ‚›][ JÈD ºÔVÔºÈ, ∂◊º>Vi xÔÏ˜ º√V[≈
÷Õ]BÏ ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ôπ_ ÷¶D ÿ√uÆ >\m ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ®|›m¬ Ì≈
kVF©A ∞u√‚¶m.
√‚ÿ¤‚ skV>D, ®¬Ez‚œÀ *>V™ ºÔ^sÔ”D √]Èπ›>_
º√V[≈ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ÷Õ> Ô°[E_Ô”¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶™.
Es_ √Ë : \›]B ∂´∑© √Ë \VÔV© √Ë, ƒVÏWÁÈ© √Ë
®™ J[≈VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
4. ÷Õ]B Ô°[E_ ƒ‚¶D á 1909
÷m tıº¶Vá\VÏo \ÆÊ´Á\©A ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
tıº¶V á ÷Õ]B Ák¸´VF, \VÏo á ÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™ ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ.
÷>[√Ω ÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬ Ô°[Eo[ (ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[
100
Ô°[E_) ∂]Ô√‚ƒ cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ 16 ÷oÚÕm 60 gÔ
cBÏ›>©√‚¶m.
∂´ƒ© √>s ƒVÏAÁ¶BkÏÔº· ∂Ákl[ ÿÔ·´k
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™Ï. ÷>uz x[™V_ ºÔ.˜.z©>V \uÆD
⁄ºƒ[ ∏_˛´Vt g˛B ÷Ú ÷Õ]BÏÔÁ· \VÏo ∏Á ∂Ák
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ WBt›]ÚÕ>VÏ. 1909 ƒ‚¶©√Ω ®¸.∏. E[«V ƒ‚¶
cÆ©∏™´VÔ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. ÷kÚ¶[ ÿÔ·´k cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ
Œ[√m º√Ï ÷¶D ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™Ï (÷kÏÔ^ xÁ≈ºB Ák¸´VF,
√Á¶›>·√], gÆ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^, ŒÚ \VWÈ ∏´]W] g˛ºBVÏ).
÷]_ 27 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ º>Ï>_ JÈD º>Ï° ÿƒFB©√‚¶>V_
÷Õ]BÏÔ^ Á\Bfl ƒ‚¶\[≈›]KD \VWÈfl ƒ‚¶\[≈›]KD
∂]Ô·s_ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈™Ï.
\VÔVfl ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ôπ_ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ
ˇw¬Ôı¶kVÆ \Vu§ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÿ\‚´V¸ á 47, √D√VF á 45,
k∫ÔV·D á 48, ∂ƒVD á 40 \uÆD √fiƒV© á 24.
ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ Ô°[E_Ô”¬z √‚ÿ¤‚ \uÆD ÿ√Vm \¬Ôº·V|
ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ∂Á™›m s≠B∫ÔπKD (÷´VbkD, ∂BK≈°....
>sÏÕ>) yÏ\V™∫Ô^ WÁ≈ºkuÆD ∂]ÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
÷¸ÈVtBÚ¬ÿÔ™ x>[x>ÈVÔ >M ∏´]W]›mkD
kw∫Ô©√‚¶m (∏u√V| xÁ· s‚¶ ∏ˆsÁ™kV>›m¬ÔV™ x>_
sÁ> ÷m).
kz©AkVˆ ∏´]W]›mkD ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶m. (t[º¶V
∏Áºk kz©AkVˆ ∏´]W]›mk›][ >ÕÁ>BVÔ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈VÏ).
÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1915
÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶∫Ôπ[ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈fl ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ·
Œø∫ÔÁ\›>m.
÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1919
÷m \Vıº¶z á ÿƒD¸º√VÏ| ÊÏ]Ú›>D ®™°D
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÿƒD¸ º√VÏ| ÷Õ]B Ák¸´VF, \Vıº¶z
÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™ ∂´∑fl ÿƒBÈÏ.
ÔkÏ™ÏÔπ[ ∂]ÔV´›Á>¬ zÁ≈¬ÔV\_ \VÔV∫Ôπ_
ÿ√VÆ©√V™ ∂´∑ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶m.
WÏkVÔ kƒ]¬ÔVÔ ÷´‚Á¶ g‚E xÁ≈ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©‚¶m.
WÏkVÔ s≠B∫Ô^ \›]B \uÆD \VÔV s≠B∫Ô^ ®™
101
>M›>MBV¬Ô©√‚¶™. \›]B ∂É[ ºÂ´Ω¬ Ô‚|©√V‚|¬z^
kÚk™ºk \›]B s≠B∫Ô^.
\VÔV s≠B∫Ô^, WÏkVÔ kƒ]¬ÔVÔ x>_ xÁ≈BVÔ
Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ mÁ≈Ô^ ®[ÆD, \Vu≈©√‚¶ mÁ≈Ô^ ®[ÆD ÷´ı¶VÔ©
∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
\Vu≈©√‚¶ mÁ≈ÔÁ· g”ÂÏÔπ[ √VÏÁkl[ ˇµ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√
∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ ÔkM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï.
Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ mÁ≈ÔÁ· ÔkÏ™ÚD, ∂k´m ®¬Lz‚ΩÀ
Ô°[EKD ºƒÏÕm ÔkM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÷∫ºÔ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬z ®Õ>
s>\V™ ÿ√VÆ©AD ÷_ÁÈ.
\VÔV∫Ôπ[ WÏkVÔ, g‚E\[≈, W] s≠B∫Ôπ[
*]ÚÕ> \›]B ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ >·Ï›>©√‚¶™. ∂É[ kÚkVF ÷™D
÷´ı¶VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷>[ JÈD \VÔV∫Ô^ >VD kÛo¬zD
kˆ›ÿ>VÁÔÁB¬ ÿÔVıº¶ >\m WÏkVÔ›Á>¬ ÔkM›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™.
\VÔV √‚ÿ¤‚ \›]B √‚ÿ¤‚ΩoÚÕm ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
\VÔV ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ >™¬zˆB √‚ÿ¤‚Á¶ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB°D,
\VÔV kÚkVF JÈ∫ÔπoÚÕm kˆ kÛo¬Ô°D cˆÁ\ ÿ√u≈™.
\›]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ ∂Á™›m s≠B∫ÔπKD xø ÂV‚Ωuz\V™
g‚E\[≈ ∂]ÔV´›Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm >¬Ô Ák›m¬ÿÔVı¶m.
1.EÈ z§©∏‚¶ s≠B∫Ôπ_ ®Õ>ÿkVÚ \VºƒV>VÁk•D
ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó[ √VÏÁk¬ÔVÔ Œm¬˛ Ák¬Ô ÔkÏ™Ú¬z ∂]ÔV´D
∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2.÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ x>[ xÁ≈BVÔ ÷´ı| ∂|¬z
ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
3.º\ÈÁk 60 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶m. ÷kÏÔπ_ 34 º√Ï
º>Ï>_ JÈD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
4.ˇwÁk ∑\VÏ 144 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶m. ÷kÏÔπ_ 104
º√Ï º>Ï>_ JÈD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
5.kV¬ÔV·ÏÔ^ ƒx>VBD \uÆD √_ºkÆ ∏ˆ°Ôπ[
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ (˛Ú›>kÏ, g∫˛ºÈBÏ, ÷Õ]BÏ, Ê¬˛BÏ...) ÷™D
ÔV©√‚¶™Ï.
6.x>[ x>ÈVÔ º>Ï>_ gÁBD ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
102
Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[
1919 gD gı|fl ƒ‚¶›][ ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ· g´VB°D,
]Ú›>°D, ŒÚ ÿ√VÆ©√V™ ∂´∑¬ÔV™ kaÔV‚| ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^
z§›m ÔÚ›mÁ´ kw∫Ô°D ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ∂Á\›> Ôt≠[. ÷m
´VB_ zø ∂_Èm Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[ ®™©√‚¶m. ƒÏ ¤VÏÎ Áƒ\[
÷Õ>¬ Ôt≠M[ >ÁÈkÏ.
÷¬zøs_ ÷ÚÕ> ∞ø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ_ ®kÚº\ ÷Õ]BÏ
÷_ÁÈ ; ∂Á™kÚº\ nº´V©∏BÏ. ®™ºk 1927á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
ÿ\‚´V¸ ÔV∫˛´¸ \ÔVÂV‚Ω_ ÷¬ Ôt≠Á™ A≈¬ÔË¬Ô ÔV∫˛´¸
xΩ° ÿƒF>m.
1.Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[ ÷´ı|xÁ≈ ÷Õ]BV s¤BD ÿƒF>m (1928
∏©´kˆá\VÏfl) \uÆD 1928 ∂¬º¶V√Ï á1929 ∞©´_).
2.Áƒ\[ kÚÁÔ ®]Ï©A© º√V´V‚¶›]_ √fiƒV© E∫ÔD ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|D ÈVÈV È]√]´VF ÈVÌˆ_ ÷≈Õ>VÏ.
3.÷m >™m ∂§¬ÁÔÁB 1930 º\ 27 ÷_ ÿkπl‚¶m. ÷>[
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∏ˆ‚Ωi √V´V”\[≈D ÷Õ]B ∂´∑› ƒ‚¶›Á>
kΩkÁ\›>m.
5. ºÂÚ ∂§¬ÁÔ 1928
1927 ΩƒD√ˆ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ ÿ\‚´V¸ ÔV∫˛´¸ \ÔVÂV‚Ω_
WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶ yÏ\V™›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_, 1928 ∏©´kˆ 12gD
º>] ]_ol_ ŒÚ ∂Á™›m¬ Ô‚E \ÔVÂV| Ì‚¶©√‚¶m. ÷Õ>¬
Ì‚¶›]_ º\V]ÈV_ ºÂÚ >ÁÈÁ\l_ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶¬
ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ √u§ xΩ° ÿƒFB ŒÚ Ôt‚Ω ∂Á\©√m ®™ xΩ°
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
÷>[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ : º>Î√Ô#Ï ƒ©‘, ∂o N\VD, ∂º™,
ÿ¤BÔÏ, º¤V¥, ƒÏ>VÏ \∫Ô^ E∫, ≠VN© zº´V¥, ∑√Vi º√V¸
\uÆD ∏´>V[.
∂§¬ÁÔl[ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ : ÷Õ]BV°¬z ÿ¶VtMB[
∂Õ>¸m, ∂k´kÏ ƒ\B›Á> ∏[√uÆD ∑>Õ]´D, \›]B ∂É[ ˇµ
ƒÁ√ \uÆD \VÔV ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√¬z ÔÈ©A kV¬ÔV·ÏÔ·V_
º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|D cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^; ÷¸ÈVtBÚ¬ÿÔ™ >M ÷¶
Œm¬ˇ|, kBmkÕº>VÏ kV¬zˆÁ\, ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^.
Report of the Committee by the All Parties Conference to De-
termine the Principles of the Constitution of India ®[Æ
103
∂]ÔV´ØÏk\VÔ kw∫Ô©√‚¶ ÷Õ> ∂§¬ÁÔ, ∞ø ∂›]BVB∫Ô^
(Seven Chapters) ÷´ı| ∂‚¶kÁÔ^ (Two Schedules) \uÆD
J[Æ ∏[MÁ©AÔÁ· (three appendices) ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m.24
√¬ÔD ÿÔVı¶ ∞wVD ∂›]BVB›]_ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶ kÁ´° z§›m
sˆkV™ s·¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷¶D ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™.
÷Õ> ∂§¬ÁÔÁB W´VÔˆ›> x¸oD ‹¬, 14 ∂Dƒ∫Ô^
ÿÔVı¶ ˜[™V ∂§¬ÁÔÁB >V¬Ô_ ÿƒF>m.
6.÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D á 1935
∑>Õ]´›m¬z xÕÁ>B ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷Æ] ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶D.
1937 ∞©´_ Œ[Æ x>_ ÷Õ]BVs_ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈©√|›>©√‚¶m.
÷flƒ‚¶D 321 ∏ˆ°ÔÁ·•D 10 ∂‚¶kÁÔÁ·•D
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m.
\VÔV∫ÔÁ·•D, ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫ÔÁ·•D (Indian states)
c^·¶¬˛B ŒÚ Ì‚¶V‚E ∂Á\©∏ÈV™ ∂´∑¬z ÷m √ˆÕmÁ´
ÿƒF>>m. xø >[™V‚E ∂>ÔV´›Á> cÆ]©√|›]Bm.
÷Õ> Ì‚¶É_ ÷Ákm ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ôπ[ sÚ©√›m¬z
s¶©√‚¶m.
\›]B, \VÔV∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g‚E \[≈ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^
>M›>MBVÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
\VÔV ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ zΩBÉ[ ºÂ´Ω √VÏÁkl_
ÿƒB_√|kVÏÔ^. \‚|t_ÈV\_ ÔkÏ™ÏÔ^ ∂Õ>Õ> \VÔV
ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ ∂Á\flƒÏÔπ[ gºÈVƒÁ™©√ΩºB ÿƒB_√|kVÏ.
\›]B ∂É[ xø ∂]ÔV´xD ÔkÏ™Ï ÿ¤™ó¶D
Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m.
\›]Bfl ƒ‚¶\[≈D (Federal Legislature) ÷´ı| ∂|¬z
ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. ƒ‚¶\[≈D ( Legislative Assembly)
\uÆD ƒ‚¶¬ Ô°[E_ ( Legislative Assembly)
WÏkVÔ kƒ]¬ÔVÔ ÷Õ]B© √z]Ô^ J[Æ kÁÔÔ·VÔ©
∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶™. 1. ∏ˆ‚Ωi ÷Õ]BV: ÿ\‚´V¸, √D√VF, \›]B k∫ÔV·D,
∂ƒVD, ¨ÔVÏ, ŒˆƒV, √fiƒV©, EÕm, \›]B \VWÈD, k¶√z] \VWÈD,
c›]´©∏´º>ƒD g˛B 11 \VWÈ∫Ô^ c^·¶∫˛BÁk : 2. RMB[
∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ : ]_o, ∂Î*Ï, z¶z, ∂Õ>\V[áWºÔV√VÏ y°Ô^ º√V[≈
gÆ √z]ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m; 3. ∑º>EB ∂´∑Ô^: Á\ÛÏ, ÿ¤FØÏ,
º¤V›ØÏ, ÔVi*Ï º√V[≈ 562 E§B √z]ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı| >M›>M
∂´∑Ô·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™.
104
÷flƒ‚¶›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶lÈV™ x>_ ÿ√Vm› º>Ï>_ 1937á÷_
ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. ÔV∫˛´¸ ∂Æ]© ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ ÿ√uÆ g‚E
∂Á\›>m. g™V_ ÷´ı¶VD cÈ¬© º√Vˆ_ ÷Õ]BVÁk•D
kK¬Ô‚¶VB\VÔ ÷ø›ms‚¶ ∏ˆ‚¶M[ ÿƒBK¬z ®]Ï©A› ÿ>ˆs›m
1939á÷_ ÔV∫˛´¸ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ ∂Á™kÚD Ìıº¶V| ´V˜™V\V
ÿƒF>™Ï.
Áƒ\[ Ôt≠™V_ kV¬zÆ] ∂π¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ> ÿ¶VtMB[
∂Õ>¸m √u§ ÷Õ> ƒ‚¶D ®m°D z§©∏¶s_ÁÈ.
7. gÔ¸| ∂§s©A (1940)
o[o›ºÔV ∏ÁkV_ 1940, gÔ¸| 8ágD º>]
EDÈVsoÚÕm ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ ∂§¬ÁÔ. ÷m ÷Õ]BV°¬z
ÿ¶VtMB[ ∂Õ>¸m \uÆD s˛>VflƒV´ ∂Ω©√Á¶lÈV™
(Representative Nature) ŒÚ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> cÚkV¬Ô ∂–\]
kw∫zkm g˛BkuÁ≈ cÆ] ÿƒF>m.
÷m Ák¸´Vl[ ®¬Lz‚TÀ Ô°[Eo_ ÷Õ]B
cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·•D ºƒÏ›m ∂Á> sˆ° √|›mkm; ∏ˆ‚Ωi ÷Õ]BV,
\[™´V‚E √z]Ô^ g˛Bku§[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ º√VÏ
gºÈVƒÁ™¬ Ô°[E_ cÚkV¬z>_; ÿ¶VtMB[ >z]
kw∫zk>uÔV™ ºÂV¬Ô∫Ô^ ®[–D J[Æ ∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m.
8. ˛ˆ©¸ t≠[ - 1942
÷Õ]BV°¬z ∂]ÔV´ ÁÔ\Vu≈D ÿƒFkm ÿ>V¶´√VÔ ŒÚ
∂ÉB_ ]‚¶›Á> kz©√>uÔVÔ 1942 \VÏfl 22gD º>] ÷Õ]BV kÕ>
zø >ÁÈkÏ ¸¶V©º√VÏ| ˛ˆ©¸.
ÔV∫˛´∑D, x¸‹D ‹¬zD ÷Õ> #m¬zøs[ √ˆÕmÁ´ÔÁ·
∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^”D √‚ƒ›]_, ÷´ı¶VD cÈÔ©º√Vˆ[ xΩs_ ∂Ák
∂\ÈV¬Ô©√|D.
#m¬zøs[ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ : ÷Õ]B \¬Ô·V_ º>ÏÂÿ>|¬Ô©√|D ŒÚ
∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√BV_ ÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á>
cÚkV¬z>_ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶D ÷Õ]BV°¬z ÿ¶VtMB[
∂Õ>¸m kw∫zD \ÔV∫Ô^, ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D
÷Á›> ŒÚ ∂Ôı¶ ÷Õ]B RMBÁ™ cÚkV¬z>_
xøfl ∑>Õ]´›Á> ®]Ï√V›> ÔV∫˛´∑D, x¸oD ‹¬zD
÷Á>© A≈¬ÔË›>™. ÔVÕ]˜ ÷Á> ]kVÈV™ k∫˛l[
105
ÔVÈVk]BV™ ÔVºƒVÁÈ (A Post dated Cheque of a Drowing Bank)
®[Æ kÏË›>VÏ.
ºÔ∏™‚ t≠[ ]‚¶D á 1946
∂‚o >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ÿ√›s¬ ÈV´[¸,
¸¶V‡º√VÏ| ˛ˆ©¸, ∞.s. ∂ÿÈ¬vVı¶Ï g˛ºBVÏ ∂¶∫˛B
#m¬zøÁk ∂Á\›>m. ÷Õ>BV°¬zD \Ô sÁ´s_ ∑>Õ]´D
˛Á¶¬Ô c>°kmD ŒÚ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√ÁB cÚkV¬zkmº\
÷Õ> #m¬zøs[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD.
÷¸ÈVtBÚ¬ÿÔ™ >M ÂV|, >M ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√
®[–D ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔÁB ÷¬zø W´VÔˆ›>m.
÷›]‚¶›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√¬z
º>Ï>_Ô^ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. ÷Á>B|›m ŒÚ ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ∂´∑
∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. 1946, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2gD º>] ºÂÚ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™
÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ∂´∑ ∂]ÔV´›m¬z kÕ>m.
∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√l[ x>_ Ì‚¶D 1946 ΩƒD√Ï 8gD
º>] mk∫˛Bm. x¸‹D ‹¬ ÷]_ ÔÈÕmÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ.
\°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D
÷Õ]BVs¶D ∂]ÔV´›Á> Œ©√Á¶©√mD, ÂV‚Á¶ ÷´ı¶VÔ©
∏ˆ©√mº\ \°ı‚ º√‚¶[ ]‚¶›][ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^. ÷m 1947 …[
J[≈VD º>] ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ÿkπl‚¶ ŒÚ ∂§¬ÁÔl[ kaBVÔ ŒÚ
kΩk›Á>© ÿ√u≈m.
÷Õ]Bfl ∑>Õ]´fl ƒ‚¶D á 1947
÷flƒ‚¶›][ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D 1935á÷_
]Ú›>∫Ô^ ÿƒFB©√‚¶™ (÷Õ]BV \uÆD √V˛¸>VM[ Adaaptatiion
gÁ JÈD) ÂV‚Ω[ ®]ÏÔVÈ ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶∫ÔÁ·
kz©√>uÔVÔ ŒÚ >uÔVoÔ ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√ (Constituednt
Assembley) ∂Á\¬Ô xΩ° ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
1. 1947 …[ 3ágD º>] ∏´>\Ï ˛·ÿ\[‚ ∂‚o ∏ˆ‚¶[
ÿ√Vm\¬Ô^ ƒÁ√l_ ÷Õ]BVÁk ÷Õ]BVá√V˛¸>V[ ®™ ÷Ú
>MÂV|Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬zD ]‚¶›Á> ∂§s›>VÏ.
2. ÷m 1947 ˝ÁÈ 18ágD º>] ÷∫˛ÈVÕm \ÔV´VËl[
ÁÔÿBV©√›]uz© ∏[ ƒ‚¶\V¬Ô©√‚¶m.
3. ÿ>V¶ÏÂm 1947 gÔ¸‚ 14 á÷_ √V˛¸>V–D, 1947
gÔ¸‚ 15 ∂[Æ ÷Õ]BV°D ∑>Õ]´D ÿ√u≈™.
106
4. Œ[Æ√‚¶ ÷Õ]BVsoÚÕ> 562 \[™´V‚E √z]Ôπ_
532 \[™´V‚E© √z]Ô^ A]B ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs_ ÷¶D
ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™. ÷ku§_ Á«]´V√V›, …™VÔ›, ÔVi*Ï >sÏ›> 529
\[™´V‚E √z]Ô^ ÷Õ]BV°¶[ ÷ÁÕ>™.
9. ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√

∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ \VÔV
ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ÔπoÚÕm º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
\VÔV∫Ô^ \u≈D ÷Õ]B \VWÈ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ s˛>›][
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ (∑\VÏ √›m ÷È‚ƒD º√Ú¬z ŒÚ cÆ©∏™Ï) cÆ©∏™Ï
÷¶∫Ô^, ∂Õ>Õ> √z]lK^· ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ ƒx>VB∫ÔÁ·fl
ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ”¬z (Ê¬˛BÏ, ÷¸ÈVtBÏ \uÆD ÿ√Vm) ∂Á\•\VÆ
÷ÚÕ>m.
1.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 385. ÷]_
93 º√Ï ÷Õ]B \VWÈ© ∏´]W]Ô^, ∞Á™B 292 º√Ï ÷Õ]B
\VÔV∫ÔÁ·fl (∏ˆ‚œi ÷Õ]BV) ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ^.
2.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[ x>_ Ì‚¶D 1946 ΩƒD√Ï 9ágD
º>]ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. g™V_ x¸‹D ‹¬ ÷¬Ì‚¶›]_ ÔÈÕm
ÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ. ƒÁ√l[ >uÔVoÔ› >ÁÈkÏ ƒflE>V™Õ> E[«V.
3.ÿ>V¶ÏÕm 1946 ΩƒD√Ï 11á÷_ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√l[
W´Õ>´› >ÁÈk´VÔ ´Vº¤Õ]´ ∏´ƒV›mD, mÁ› >ÁÈk´VÔ ÿ«fl.
xÔÏ˜•D º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A¬zø
gºÈVƒÔÏ ∏.®[ ´VÀ.
4.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√¬ÔV™ √ˆÕmÁ´ yÏ\V™›Á> (Ob-
jective REsolution) ¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ 1946 ΩƒD√Ï
13ágD º>] ÷>[ x>_ Ì‚¶›]_ ÿÔVı| kÕ>VÏ. ÷m √È›>
skV>∫Ô”¬zD, ÔÈÕmÁ´BV¶_Ô”¬zD xΩs_ 1947 ¤™kˆ
22ágD º>] ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m.
5.∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›m¬ÔV™ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ √ÈkuÁ≈ ∂ÉB_
WÏB ƒÁ√l[ √_ºkÆ zø¬Ô^ √ˆÕmÁ´›>™. ÷Õ>¬ zø¬Ôπ[
√ˆÕmÁ´ÔÁ·© √u§ skV]¬Ô ŒÚ ÿ√Vm ÔÈÕ>VF°D ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m.
÷Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> kΩkÁ\¬Ô ¶V¬¶Ï
∂Dº√›ÔVÏ>ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ŒÚ kÁ´°¬zø 1947 gÔ¸| 29ágD
º>] ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
107
6.∂Dº√›ÔÏ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ kÁ´°¬ zø ÷Õ]BV°¬ÔV™
kÁ´° ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> (Draft Constitution on India) ∂ÉB_ WÏB
ƒÁ√› >ÁÈkˆ¶D 1948 ∏©´kˆ 21gD º>] kw∫˛Bm.
7.÷Õ]B© ∏ˆsÁ™¬z©∏[ ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™Ï
®ıË¬ÁÔ 299 gÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ>m. ÷kÏÔπ™_ 284 º√Ï 1949
ÂkD√Ï 26gD º>] ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ ÷Æ] kΩÁk
∂∫ˇÔˆ›m ÁÔÿBø›]‚¶™Ï.
8.zΩ•ˆÁ\, º>Ï>_, >uÔVoÔ √V´V”\[≈D g˛B
≠´›m¬Ô^ c¶™ΩBVÔ ∂\K¬z kÕ>™ (1949 ÂkD√Ï 26)
9.∞Á™B ≠´›m¬Ô^ 1950 ¤™kˆ 26 gD º>] x>_
∂\o_ kÕ>™. ®™ºk>V[ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶D
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ kÕ> ÂV^ ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\VÔ 1950 ¤™kˆ 26 ®[Æ
kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.
10.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√ cÚkV¬Ô ∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√
11 xÁ≈ ÌΩBm.
11.∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›m¬z ÷Æ] kΩD ÿÔV|¬Ô ÷´ı| kÚ¶∫Ô^,
11 \V>D 18 ÂV‚Ô^ ∏Ω›>™.
12.∑\VÏ 64 ÷È‚ƒD ‘√VF ÿƒÈs_ 60 ÂV|Ôπ[
∂ÉBÈÁ\©AÔÁ· gF° ÿƒFm cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.
13.114 ÂV‚Ôπ_ ®ø] xΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
14.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√› >ÁkÈÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ´Vº¤Õ]´ ∏´ƒV›.
15.∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶ kÁ´°¬zø› >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï >ÁÈkÏ
¶V¬¶Ï ∂Dº√›ÔVÏ.
16.1948 ÂkD√Ï 4: ∂Ákl[ x>_ kVE©A. ÷m nÕm ÂV‚Ô^
ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™.
17.1949 ∂¬º¶V√Ï 17: ÷´ı¶Vkm kVE©A. 7653
]Ú›>∫Ô”¬z E√Vˆ∑ ÿƒFB©√‚¶™. 2473 ]Ú›>› yÏ\V™∫Ô^
º√E xΩ° ÿƒFB©√‚¶™.
18.1949 ÂkD√Ï 14: J[≈Vkm kVE©A.
19.∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶ kÁ´s_ ÁÔÿBø›]‚¶ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
: 284 º√Ï.
20.1949 ÂkD√Ï 26: ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶D
∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m . (Adopted).
108
21.1950 ¤™kˆ 26 : ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶D ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶
ÂV^.
22.÷flƒ‚¶D ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶ ]™º\ ÷Õ]B¬ zΩB´∑
]™\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶V¶©√|˛≈m (¤™kˆ 26)
10.∂ÉB_ WÏB ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
¶V¬¶Ï ∏.gÏ.∂Dº√›ÔÏ, ∂¤F ‡√V_ºÔ, ¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ,
E.´V¤ºÔV√VÈVflƒVˆ, ¶V¬¶Ï √VA ´Vº¤Õ]´∏´ƒV›, ƒÏ>VÏ k_È©√VF
√‚º¶_, ºÔ.®D.x[¥, AÚº≠V›>D \VÀÈ∫ÔÏ, ƒÕy© z\VÏ √‚¶º¶_,
ÿ\·ÈV™ ∂A_ÔÈVD gvV›, EBV\ ∏´ƒV› xÔÏ˜, Âπ[
´fiƒ[ºÔVi, √_kÕ›´VF º\›>V, ‡;√´V∫ gı¶M (g∫˛ºÈV
÷Õ]B cÆ©∏™Ï) ®fl.∏.º\VΩ (√VÏE cÆ©∏™Ï), «º´Õ]´ xÔÏ˜
(∏u√|›>©√‚¶ ƒx>VB cÆ©∏™Ï), ∞.√«#Ï z´V∫ (ÌÏ¬ÔV ƒx>VB
cÆ©∏™Ï)
11.EÈ x¬˛B ÿ√ı cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
ƒº´V˜M ÂV•|, «[vV º\›>V, mÏÔV√F º>ix¬,
´VÎz\Vˆ ∂Dˆ› ÿÔ·Ï, s¤B ÿÈ‚∑t √ıΩ‚.
12.∏´√È ¿]›mÁ≈ k_K™ÏÔ^
∂_ÈVΩ ˛ÚiƒVt nBÏ, √™Ô_ ÂÉD\ ´VÀ, ºÔ.®D.
x[¥, Ôºı \VÀÈ∫ÔÏ.
13.kÁ´°¬zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
¶V¬¶Ï ∏.gÏ. ∂Dº√›ÔVÏ (>ÁÈkÏ), ®[.ºÔV√VÈƒVt
∂FB∫ÔVÏ, ∂_ÈVΩ ˛ÚiƒVt ∂FBÏ, ¶V¬¶Ï ºÔ.®D.x[¥,
ÁƒB› xÔ\m ƒVm_ÈV, ®[.\V>k ´VÀ (∏.®_.t‚¶Ï¬z √]ÈVÔ),
Ω.Ω.˛Ú≠ı\VflƒVˆ (Ω.∏.ÿÔF›>V–¬z √]ÈVÔ).
÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶D ÁÔÔ·V_ ®ø>©√‚¶ ŒÚ gk\VzD.
÷Á> ®ø]BkÏ ∏º´\ ÿ√«Vˆ ÂÁ´[ Á´vV› ®[√k´VkVÏ. ÷Á>
®ø> ∂kÚ¬z 254 W©AÔ^ º>Ák©√‚¶>VD. ®ø] xΩ¬Ô
gÆ\V>∫Ô^ ∏Ω›>m. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á> ®ømk>uÔVÔ ®Õ>s>\V™
ƒ[\V™›ÿ>VÁÔ•D ÿ√≈V> Á´vV›, ∂>uz ~¶VÔ ŒÀÿkVÚ
√¬Ô›][ ÷Æ]lKD >™m ÿ√BÁ´ ®ø> ∂–\] >´ ºkı|D ®[≈D
ÔÁ¶E© √¬Ô›]_ >™¬z ®ø›>§s›> >™m √V‚¶™Vˆ[ ÿ√BÁ´
z§©∏¶ ∂–\]¬Ô ºkı|D ®[ÆD ºÔ‚|¬ ÿÔVı¶V´VD.
109
14.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÁ\©A :
1.÷Õ]B ∂ÉÈÁ\©Á√ cÚkV¬˛B ƒÁ√ á ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√.
2.∂ÉÈÁ\©∏[ º>ÁkÁB x>[ x>ÈVÔ Ì§BkÏ á ®[.®[.´VF.
3.∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶ gºÈVƒÔ´VÔ √ËBVu§BkÏ á ∏.®[.´VÀ.
4.∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√l[ >uÔVoÔ >ÁÈkÏ á ƒflE>V™Õ> E[«V.
5.∂ÉBÈÁ\©A kÁ´°¬zø cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ (>ÁÈkÏ
c‚√¶) ∞ø.
6.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√BV_
∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶ kÚ¶D 1949, ÂkD√Ï 26.
7.∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√ cÚkV¬Ô ∂ÉB_ WÏBƒÁ√ ®|›m¬ÿÔVı¶
ÔVÈ ∂·° ÷´ı| gı|Ô^, 11 \V>∫Ô^, 18 ÂV‚Ô^.
8.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ÿ√ÚD√z] ®|›>V·©√‚¶ ƒ‚¶D á 1935
gD gı| ÷Õ]Bfl ƒ‚¶D.
9.∂ÉBÈÁ\©A WÏB ƒÁ√ ∂Á\¬Ô ÔV´\VÔ ÷ÚÕ> #m¬zø
ºÔ∏™‚ mVm¬zø (1946).
10.∂ÉBÈÁ\©A WÏB ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> Ôt‚ΩÔ^ 22.
15.÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ E≈©√Dƒ∫Ô^
1. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A cÈ˛ºÈºB tÔ ¿·\V™ ®ø>©√‚¶
∂ÉBÈÁ\©A (Lengthiest Written Constitution).
2. ÷Æ¬Ô\V™º>V (Rigid) ∂_Èm ÿÂ˛µkV™º>V (Flexible)
∂_È.
3. Ì‚¶V‚E \uÆD ŒuÁ≈BV‚E (union of States) E≈©A¬
ÌÆÔπ[ ÔÈÁk.
4. ÂV¶V”\[≈ ∂Á\©A ÿÔVı¶¶ ∂´∑ (Parliamentary Form
of Government).
5. ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^ (Fundamental)
6. ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô¶Á\Ô^ (Fundamental Duties).
7. ∂´∑¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB kaÿƒK›]fl ÿƒ_KD ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^
(Directive Principles of State Policy).
8. ¿]›mÁ≈l[ ∑>Õ>´D (Judiciary Independaent).
9. \>ƒVÏ∏[Á\ (A Secular State).
10. ŒuÁ≈¬ zΩ•ˆÁ\ (Single Citizenship)
11. kBm kÕ> ∂Á™kÚ¬zD, kV¬Ôπ¬Ô cˆÁ\ (Universal
Adult Franchise).
12. EÆ√V[Á\BÚ¬zD E≈©A kVƒÔ∫Ô^.
13. ∑>Õ]´\V™ ∂Á\©AÔ^ (Independent Bodies).
14. ∂kƒ´WÁÈ ∏´Ô¶™D (Emergency Povisions)

110
16. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ JÈ∫Ô^ (Source of the Constitution)
ÂV|Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ ®|›>V·©√‚¶ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ô^

÷∫˛ÈVÕm √V´V”\[≈D, ƒ‚¶D ÷BuÆ>_, ƒ‚¶\[≈
√w¬Ô∫Ô^, >M zΩ•ˆÁ\, \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák,
÷Ú √V´V”\[≈D \uÆD √V´V”\[≈ xÁ≈Ô^.
∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^, ∑>Õ]´\V™ ¿]›mÁ≈, ¿]
º√´VÁ, zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÁ´ ¿¬z>_,
cflƒ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]ÔÁ· ¿¬z>_, mÁ zΩB´∑›
>ÁÈkÏ.
∂BÏÈVÕm ∂´∑¬z kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^, \VWÈ∫Ô·Ák
cÆ©∏™Ï WB\™D, zΩB´∑ >ÁÈkÏ º>Ï>_.
Ô™¶V Ì‚¶V‚E xÁ≈l_ gºÈVƒÁ™l_ cflƒ¿]\[≈D
g¸]ºóBV ÿ√Vm©√‚ΩB_, ∑>Õ]´\V™ sBV√V´D,
√V´V”\[≈›]_ c^· ÷Ú ∂Ák Ì‚|›ÿ>V¶Ï.
ÿ¤Ï\M ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈl[ º√Vm ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^
´›m.
íBV ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô¶Á\Ô^ \u≈D ¿] (ƒJÔ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´
\uÆD ∂ÉB_ xÔ©AÁ´)
ÿ>[™V©∏ˆ¬ÔV \VWÈ∫Ô·Ák cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·› º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_
\uÆD ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D.
∏´V[¸ zΩB´∑ ∑>Õ]´\V™ ƒ\>Ï\ xÔ©AÁ´
¤©√V[ ƒ‚¶›Á> ∂\_√|›>_.
17. ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ c‚∏ˆ°Ô^
√z] ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶D s]/∏ˆ°/≠´›m

(Part) (Artical)
I ÷Õ]B© √z]Ô^, A]B \VWÈ∫Ô^

cÚkV¬ÔD \VuÆ>_ 1-4
II ÷Õ]B¬ zΩ•ˆÁ\ 5-11

111
III ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^ 12-35
IV ∂´∑¬z kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^ 36-51
IV-A ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô¶Á\Ô^ 51A
V \›]B ∂´∑ 52-151
zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ 52-62
mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ 63-73
\›]B ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ \uÆD 74-78
∂‚¶ÏM ÿ¤™´_ 76
√V´V”\[≈D 79-123
cflƒ¿]\[≈D 124-127
>ÁÈÁ\ >Ë¬ÁÔBV·Ï 148-151
VI \VWÈ ∂´∑ 152-237
g”ÂÏ 152-237
\VWÈ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ \uÆD 163-167
∂‚kºÔ‚ ÿ¤™´_ 165
ƒ‚¶\[≈D 168-213
cBÏ¿]\[≈D 214-232
mÁ ¿]\[≈D 233-237
VII x>_ √‚ΩB_ √z] B-l_ c^· \VWÈ∫Ô^ 152-237
VIII RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ 239-242
IX √fiƒVB›m ´VÎ 243-243-O
IX-A ÂÔ´V‚EÔ^ 243P-243ZG
X √w∫zΩl™Ï √z]Ô^ 244-244 A
XI \›]B á \VWÈ c≈°Ô^ 245-263
\›]B á \VWÈ ƒ‚¶\[≈ c≈°Ô^ 245-263
\›]B á \VWÈ WÏkVÔ›]≈[ c≈°Ô^ 245-255
XII W], ÿƒV›m, Œ©√Õ> kw¬z 264-300 A
W] 264-291
Ô¶[
ÿƒV›m \]©A kw¬z (Ô¶Á\Ô^) 294-300
ÿƒV›mˆÁ\ 300 A
XIII kÏ›>ÔD, kVË√D : ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ 301-307
XIV \›]B \VWÈ ∂É[ ˇµ c^· √ËÔ^ 308-323
√ËÔ^ 308-314

112
÷Õ]B g‚E©√ËÔ^ 315-323
XIV-A yÏ©√VB∫Ô^ 323 A -323 B
XV º>Ï>_ 324-324A
XVI ÷¶Œm¬ˇ| (SC, ST, OBC, Anglo Indian) 330-342
XVII g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 343-351
\›]B g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 343-344
\VWÈ g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 345-347
cflƒ¿]\[≈ ÿ\VaÔ^ 348-349
cBÏ¿]\[≈ ÿ\VaÔ^ 348-349
E≈©A ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^ 350-351
XVIII ∂k´ƒWÁÈ© ∏´Ô¶™D 352-360
º>EB ÿÂΩ¬ÔΩWÁÈ© ∏´Ô¶™D 352
\VWÈ ∂´∑ º>V_s √u§B ∏´Ô¶™D 365
W] ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩWÁÈ 360
XIX √_kÁÔ 361-367
XX ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›> xÁ≈Ô^ 368
XXI >uÔVoÔ, \Vu≈¬ÌΩB \uÆD E≈©A s]Ô^ 369-392
XXII zÁ≈Õ> ÔVÈ √‚¶∫Ô^ ∂π›>_ \uÆD ¿¬Ô©√‚¶Ák 393-395
XVII g‚E ÿ\VaÔ^ 343-351
18. ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ∂‚¶kÁÔ^

∂‚¶kÁ ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ s]Ô^
x>_ 1. \VWÈ∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏ, ∏´º>ƒ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ 1 \uÆD 4
2. RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^, ÿ√BÏÔ^, sˆkV¬ÔD
2ágD ∏[ kÚ√kÏÔπ[ ƒD√·D, ÿƒÈ°©√ΩÔ^,
ƒKÁÔÔ^ º√V[≈kuÆ¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B s]Ô^
1. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ 59 \uÆD 65
2. \VWÈ g”ÂÏ 158
3. \¬Ô·Ák ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ, mÁ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ 75
4. \VWÈ∫Ô·Ák› >ÁÈkÏ, mÁ› >ÁÈkÏ 97
5. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ, mÁ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ 164
6. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶º\ÈÁk >ÁÈkÏ, mÁ› >ÁÈkÏ186
7. cflƒ ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 125
8. cBÏ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 221
9. ÷Õ]B >ÁÈÁ\ >Ë¬ÁÔ Ô‚|©√V‚| ∂]ÔVˆ148

113
3-gD ∏[kÚ√kÏÔ”¬ÔV™ cÆ]ÿ\Val[ kΩk∫Ô^
1. \›]B ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ 75
2. √V´V”\[≈ º>Ï>o[ ºk‚√V·ÏÔ^ 84
3. √V´V”\[≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 99
4. cflƒ ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 124
5. ÷Õ]B >ÁÈÁ\ >Ë¬ÁÔ Ô‚|©√V‚|∂]ÔVˆ 148
6. \VWÈ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ 173
7. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ º>Ï>o[ ºk‚√V·ÏÔ^ 173
8. \VWÈ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 188
9. cBÏ ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]Ô^ 219
4-gD \VWÈ∫Ô·Ákl[ ÷¶∫ÔÁ· \VWÈ∫Ô”¬zD,
RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô”¬zD Œm¬ˇ| ÿƒF>_ 4 \uÆD 80
5ágD √w∫zΩl™© √z]Ô^, √w∫zΩl™ \¬Ôπ[
WÏkVÔD \uÆD Ô‚|©√V| ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s]Ô^ 244
6ágD ∂ƒVD, º\ÔVÈBV, ]Â´V, tºƒV´D g˛B
\VWÈ∫Ôπ_ c^· √w∫zΩl™© √z]Ôπ[
WÏkVÔD ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s]Ô^ 244 \uÆD 275
7-gD √‚ΩB_ I (\›]B √‚ΩB_), √‚ΩB_ II (\VWÈ© √‚ΩB_),
√‚ΩB_ III (ÿ√Vm©√‚ΩB_) \›]B© √‚ΩB_ 100,
(mk¬Ô›]_ 97), \VWÈ© √‚ΩB_ 61 (mk¬Ô›]_ 66)
ÿ√Vm©√‚ΩB_ 52 (mk¬Ô›]_ 47) g˛Bku§[√Ω
\›]B, \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB ∂]ÔV´∫ÔÁ·©
√˛ÏÕ>π›>_ 246
8-gD ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©√V_ ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶
ÿ\VaÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ g´D√›]È 14
ÿ\VaÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m. >uº√Vm 22
ÿ\VaÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m. ∂Ák: ∂ƒVt, k∫ÔVπ,
z¤´V›], ÷Õ], Ô[™¶D, ÔVi*ˆ, \ÁÈBV·D,
\´V›], ŒˆBV, √fiƒV∏, ƒ\¸˛Ú>D, EÕm, >tµ,
ÿ>K∫z, cÚm.
÷Õ]B ÿ\Va 21ágkm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>›][ JÈD
1967á÷_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿ\VaÔ^ :
ÿÔV∫ÔË, \Ë©Aˆ, ºÂ√Vπ.
71-km ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>›][ JÈD 1992á÷_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶

114
ÿ\VaÔ^ : º√V¶V, º¶V∫˛ˆ, Á\]o. 344
92ágkm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>›][ JÈD 2003á÷_ ƒVÕ]o \uÆD
ÿ\Va 351
9ágD WÈfl ÊÏ]Ú›>∫Ô”¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B EÈ
ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ \uÆD s] xÁ≈Ô^ ÿƒ_È›>¬ÔÁkBVÔfl
ÿƒF>_ (mk¬Ô›]_ 13 >uº√Vm 282) º√V[≈
ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ c^·™. WÈfl ÊÏ]Ú›>D (x>_ ƒ‚¶›
]Ú›>D 1951á÷[ √Ω ¤*[>Vˆ xÁ≈
Œa¬Ô©√‚¶m 31 B
10-gD Ô‚E›>Vko[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ >z]lw©√m ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ s]Ô^
52ágkm ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>D 1985 JÈD 102
ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m. (÷m Ô‚E›>Vk_ >Á¶flƒ‚¶D \uÆD
®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. 19
11-gD √fiƒVB›m ´VÎ (29 √ËÔ^) 73ágkm
ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D 1992 243 G
12-gD ÂÔ´V‚E (18 √ËÔ^) 74ágkm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D
1992 243W
19. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>∫Ô^

1. (1951) : 9ágkm ∂‚¶kÁ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. º√fl∑ˆÁ\l_ EÈ Ô‚|©√V|ÔÁ· s]›>m.
3. ƒJÔ \u≈D ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ ∏[ >∫˛BkÏÔ”¬z ÷¶ Œm¬ˇ|
∂π¬Ô ƒ‚¶tBuÆD kÁÔl_ \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z ∂]ÔV´D ∂π›>m.
7. (1956) ÿ\Va ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ √]™V[z \VWÈ∫Ô^ \uÆD gÆ
RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶Á> ∂∫ˇÔˆ›>m.
(2) ÷´ı| ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z ÿ√VmkV™
cBÏ¿]\[≈D ∂Á\¬Ô kakÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
21. (1967) : ®‚¶Vkm ∂‚¶kÁl_ EÕ] ÿ\Va ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
24. (1971) : ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ®Õ> ŒÚ √z]ÁB•D ]Ú›mk>uÔV™
√V´V”\[≈›][ ∂]ÔV´›Á> cÆ]©√|›]Bm. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A›
]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬Ô”¬z ¤™V]√] Œ©A>_ ∂π©√Á>
Ô‚¶VB\V¬˛Bm.
115
26. (1971) : ∑>Õ]´›]uz xÕÁ>B ∑º>ƒ ∂´ƒÏÔ”¬z kw∫Ô©√‚¶
ƒKÁÔÔ^ (\[™Ï \VMBD) Œa¬Ô©√‚¶™.
36. (1975) : E¬˛tuz \VWÈ ∂Õ>¸m kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
42. (1976) xÔ°Á´l_ ]Ú›>D ÿƒFB©√‚¶m. Socialist, Secular,
Integrity g˛B J[Æ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
√z] IV- ¬z A]>VÔ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| ∂]_ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô¶Á\Ô^
ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
∂ÉBÈÁ\©A› ]Ú›>›Á> ¿] A™´VFsuÔ ∂©√Vu√‚¶>VÔ
∂§s›>m.
\VWÈ© √‚ΩBo_ ÷ÚÕm nÕm ÷™∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√Vm© √‚ΩBK¬z
\Vu§Bm.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ÔVÈ›Á> nÕm
gıΩoÚÕm gÆ gı¶VÔ \Vu§Bm.
cflƒ¿]\[≈D \uÆD cBÏ ¿]\[≈∫Ôπ[ ¿] A™´VF° \uÆD
cˆÁ\© º√´VÁ ∂]ÔV´∫ÔÁ·¬ zÁ≈›>m.
kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈ÔÁ· ∂\_√|›> ƒ‚¶tBuÆDº√Vm, ∂m
∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\ÔÁ· *Æk>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ¿]\[≈∫Ô^ ∂Ák
ÿƒ_È›>ÔV>ÿ>™ ∂§s¬Ô ÷BÈVm.
º>EB ∂kƒ´ WÁÈÔÁ· ÷Õ]BVs[ ŒÚ √z]¬z \‚|D
∂\_√|›> kÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
ƒ‚¶D Œø∫z WÁÈÁBfl ƒ\Vπ¬Ô ®Õ>ÿkVÚ \VWÈ›m¬zD
\›]B© √Á¶ÔÁ· ∂–©√ \›]B ∂´∑¬z ∂]ÔV´\π›>m.
\VWÈ∫Ôπ_ ¤™V]√] g‚E ∂\_√|›>©√‚¶Á>
Am©∏©√>uÔV™ ÔVÈ›Á> gÆ \V>›]oÚÕm ŒÚ kÚ¶\V¬˛Bm.
43. (1977): cflƒ ¿]\[≈D cBÏ ¿]\[≈∫Ôπ[ ¿]A™´VF° \uÆD
cˆÁ\© º√´VÁ ∂]ÔV´∫Ô^ ]ÚD√ ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶™. º>ƒ sº´V>
ÿƒB_Ô”¬ÿÔ]´VÔ ƒ‚¶tBu≈, √V´V”\[≈›]uz 42ágkm
ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>›]_ kw∫Ô©√‚¶ E≈©A ∂]ÔV´D √§¬Ô©√‚¶m.
44. (1977): ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ ÔVÈV›Á> gÆ
gıΩoÚÕm *ı|D nÕm gı¶VÔ \Vu§Bm. ÿƒV›mˆÁ\ÁB
∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\loÚÕm ¿¬˛Bm.
52. (1985) 10ágkm ∂‚¶kÁ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| ∂]_ Ô‚E› >Vk_
ÿ>V¶Ï√VÔ ®|¬Ô©√|D Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ^ s·¬Ô©√‚¶™.
116
58. (1987) ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ÷Õ] ÿ\Va ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏÁ√
∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\VÔ ÿkπl|km ÿ>V¶Ï√V™m.
61. (1989) ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√› º>Ï>K¬ÔV™ kV¬Ôπ¬zD
kBm 21á÷oÚÕm 18ágÔ¬ zÁ≈¬Ô©√‚¶m.
65. (1990) >Vµ›>©√‚º¶VÏ \uÆD √w∫zΩl™Ú¬ÔV™ º>EB¬
Ôt≠[ ∂Á\¬Ô kakÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
69. (19910 ]_oÁB º>EB› >ÁÈÂÔ´© √z]BVÔ ∂§s›>m¶[ 70
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶ ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√•D ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
70. (1992) ]_o \uÆD √VıΩflºƒˆ g˛B RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ∫Ôπ[
ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ¤™V]√] º>Ï>o_ √∫ºÔuÔ kakÁÔ
ÿƒF>m.
73. (1992) √fiƒVB›m ´VÎ ∂Á\©AÔ”¬z ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ∂∫ˇÔV´D
∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m¶[, ÷m ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ 12ákm ∂‚¶kÁ•D, (IX) A ®[≈
√z]•D ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
76. (1994) >twÔ ∂É[ \VWÈ ∂´∑© √Ë \uÆD Ô_s
WÆk™∫Ôπ_ BC/MBC/SC/ST ∏ˆs™Ú¬z 69 ƒ>s˛> ÷¶ Œm¬ˇ|
∂π¬zD ƒ‚¶›Á> ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ Œ[√>Vkm ∂‚¶kÁl[ ˇµ
Ák›>m.
84. (2000) 1. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√› ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[
®ıË¬ÁÔl_ \Vu≈D ÿÔVı| kÚk>uÔV™ >Á¶ÁB 2026ágD
gı| kÁ´ ¿Ω›>m.
1991ágD gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿ>Vz] \Æ
Ê´Á\¬Ô©√¶ kakÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
ƒ‚œ¸ÔÏ, c›>´Vfiƒ_ \uÆD ¤VÏ¬Ôı‚ \VWÈ∫Ô^
cÚkV¬z>_.
86. (2002) 1. Ô_sÁB ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\BVÔ ∂§s›>m Am ≠´›m
21 ∞ á ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
≠´›m 51 ∞á÷[ ˇµ, gÆ x>_ 14 kB]uz‚√‚¶ zwÕÁ>ÔÁ·©
√Ω¬Ô Ák©√>uÔV™ ÛµWÁÈÁB ÿ√uº≈VÏ cÚkV¬˛› >ÚD
ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô¶Á\BV¬˛Bm. kaÔV‚|D ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ôπ_
c^· ≠´›m 45án \Vu§BÁ\›>m.
87. (2003) ÿ>Vz] \ÆÊ´Á\©Á√, 2001-gD gı| \¬Ô^
ÿ>VÁÔÁB ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| WÁ≈ºku≈©√¶ ºkı|ÿ\™
∂§s›>m.
117
91. (2003) 1. \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´ÁsB_ ∏´>\Ï c^π‚¶ ÷>´
∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> ®ıË¬ÁÔl_
15%÷›]uzD ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm. \VWÈ ∂Á\flƒ´Ákl_
x>ÈÁ\flƒÁ´•D ºƒÏ›m ƒ‚¶\[≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ÿ\V›>
®ıË¬ÁÔ 15%÷›]uzD º\_ ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm.
∂º> º√V_ E§B \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ (ºÔVkV, E¬˛D, tºƒV´D)
∂Á\flƒÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 12-¬z¬ zÁ≈B¬ Ì¶Vm.
Ô‚E› >Vk_ >Á¶flƒ‚¶›][ ˇµ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ®|¬Ô©√‚¶ cÆ©∏™Ï
(≠´›m (75) 1 \uÆD 164 (1) √Ω) *ı|D A]>VÔ› º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|D
kÁ´ ∂Á\flƒÏ √>s¬z WBt¬Ô©√¶¬Ì¶Vm.
92. (2003) º√V¶V, º¶V¬ˆ, Á\]o, ƒVÕ>o g˛B ÂV[z ÿ\VaÔ^
∂ÉBÈÁ\©A 8ágkm ∂‚¶kÁl_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶™.
97. (2012) gÏΩ¬˛^ 19 (1) (E) l_ ºÔV g√º´‚ΩÀ ÿƒVÁƒ‚ΩÔ^
®[–D ÿƒV_ÁÈ ºƒÏ›>_ º√V[≈kuÁ≈© √u§Bm.
20. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D

1. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á>› ]Ú›mD xÁ≈ÔÁ· ÌÆD
∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ≠´›m á 368.
2. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A x>ÈVkm ]Ú›>D º\uÿÔV^·©√‚¶ kÚ¶D
á 1951.
3. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][ xÔ°Á´ ŒÚ xÁ≈ \‚|º\
]Ú›>©√‚|^·m.
4. ]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬ÔÁ· ÿÔVı|k´ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkˆ[ x[
∂–\] º>Ák ÷_ÁÈ.
5. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A› ]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬ÔÁ· zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ
ÁÔÿBø›]¶ \Æ¬Ô xΩBVm.
6. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A ]Ú›> \ºƒV>V¬Ô”¬z Ì‚|¬Ì‚¶D (Joint
Sitting) ˛Á¶BVm.
7. ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô‚¶Á\©A \V≈V\V_ ∂ÉB_ ∂Á\©∏[ ®Õ>©
√z]ÁB•D √V´V”\[≈D ]Ú›>ÈVD á ºÔƒkV ÂÕ>V √V´]
kw¬˛_ cflƒ¿]\[≈›][ yÏ©A.
8. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√› ]Ú›mD xÁ≈Ô^ J[Æ.
9. ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\ÔÁ· √V´V”\[≈D ]Ú›> xΩBVm á
ºÔVÈ¬ÂV› kw¬˛[ yÏ©A.
118
10. ∂ÉBÈÁ\©∏[ ®©√z]ÁB•D ]Ú›mD cˆÁ\ÁB
√V´V”\[≈›m¬z cÆ]©√|›mD ]Ú›>D 24ákm
]Ú›>D.
21.√V´V”\[≈D
\¬Ô·Ák (ºÈV¬ƒÁk)
kBmkÕº>VÏ kV¬zˆÁ\ ®–D ∂Ω©√Á¶› >›mk›][ JÈD
\¬Ô·V_ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|D cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ (ÿ\D√Ï g‡©
√VÏoÿ\[‚) ∂¶∫˛Bº> ºÈV¬ƒÁ√.
1.1952, ∞©´_ 17ágD º>] ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ WÈs_ kÕ>m. ÷>[ x>_
Ì‚¶D 1952, º\ 13ágD º>] Â¶Õ>m.
2.mk¬Ô›]_ (x>_ ÷´ı| kÚ¶∫Ô^) ÷m «°¸ g‡© ] ¨©∏^
®[º≈ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>m. ∏u√V| 1954, º\ 14 x>_ ÷m ºÈV¬ƒÁ√
®[Æ ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
cÆ©∏™Ï ®ıË¬ÁÔ : ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ ÿ\V›>D ®›>Á™
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÷¶Dÿ√≈ÈVD ®[√m √u§ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]_
z§©∏¶©√‚|^·m. ∂]Ô√‚ƒ\VÔ 52 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^kÁ´ ÷]_ ÷¶D
ÿ√≈ÈVD.
÷kÏÔπ_ 530 º√Ï \VWÈ∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD, 20 º√Ï \›]B
g‚E©√z]l_ ÷ÚÕmD º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√|kVÏÔ^. g∫˛ºÈV á ÷Õ]B
kDƒVkaÁBfl ºƒÏÕ> ÷´ı| º√Á´ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ WB\™D
ÿƒF˛≈VÏ.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·° : nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^. ƒÁ√l[ x>_ Ì‚¶D
mk∫zD º>] x>_ nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^ ®[√º> ÷Õ> ÔVÈ ∂·°.
®[≈VKD ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·° xΩ•D x[º√ ∂Á>© √>s ¿¬ÔD
ÿƒFB zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÚ¬z ∂]ÔV´xı|.
∂kƒ´WÈ ÔVÈ>]_ ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·Ák, ƒ‚¶©√Ω ŒÀÿkVÚ
xÁ≈•D{´Vı|¬z º\u√¶V\_ ¿Ω›m¬ ÿÔV^· √V´V”\[≈›m¬z
∂]ÔV´xı|.
g™V_ ∂º>ºkÁ·l_ ∂kƒ´WÁÈ kV√¸ ÿ√≈©√‚¶ ∏[A,®Õ>
ÔV´D ÿÔVı|D gÆ\V>›]uz º\_ ƒÁ√l[ ÔVÈ ∂·°
¿‚Ω¬Ô©√|>_ Ì¶Vm.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ÷Ú¬ÁÔ kˆÁƒ z]Á´ ÈV¶›][
∂Á\©∏_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·m. ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ ÷Ú¬ÁÔ¬z ®]´VÔ
kÈ©√¬ÔD g”D Ô‚E•D, ÷¶©√¬ÔD ®]Ï¬Ô‚E cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”D ÷¶D
k˛¬˛[≈™Ï. ∂Ákl[ x>_\VΩl_ √VÏÁkBV·ÏÔ”¬zD,
119
√›]ˆÁÔBV·ÏÔ”¬zD ÷¶D Œm¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
®]Ï¬Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏ : ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ ®]ÏÔ‚E cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[
>ÁÈkº´ ®]Ï¬Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏ. ÷kÚ¬z ÔV∏ÿ™‚ ∂Á\flƒÁ´©
º√V[≈ ∂Õ>¸mı|.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ k´ÈVu§_ ÂV[ÔVD ƒÁ√ kÁ´ ®]Ï¬Ô‚E¬ÿÔ™
∂]ÔV´ØÏk\VÔ >ÁÈkÏ ®kÚD ÷ÚÕ>]_ÁÈ.
ŒÚ Ô‚E¬z ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk ®]ÏÔ‚E ®[–D >z]
˛Á¶¬Ô, ƒÁ√l[ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ_ √›]_ ŒÚ √∫z
÷¶∫ÔÁ·BVkm ÷¬Ô‚E ÿ√u§Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
ÔV∫˛´¸ >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ´VD ∑√¬ E∫ºÔ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ x>_
®]Ï¬Ô‚E› >ÁÈkÏ.
√V´V”\[≈D
√V´V”\[≈D ®[√m zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ, ºÈV¬ƒÁ√, ´VÎBƒÁ√
g˛B J[Á≈•D c^·¶¬˛Bm.
nÕ>Vkm ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ÔVÈD nÕm gı|Ô”¬z º\_
¿Ω›>m.
mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkˆ[ √>s¿¬ÔD ÿƒF•D yÏ\V™D
´VÎBƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ mk∫Ô©√|D.
÷Ú ƒÁ√Ôπ[ Ì‚|¬Ì‚¶›Á> Ì‚|√kÏ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
>ÁÈÁ\ºBu√kÏ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ.
ÂD∏¬ÁÔl_ÈV yÏ\V™D ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ ÿÔVı|
k´©√|D.
√V´V”\[≈›][ ÷Ú Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD ÷Á¶©√‚¶ ÔVÈD gÆ
\V>›]uztÔ¬Ì¶Vm.
√\ºƒV>V ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√|D.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ nÕm kÚ¶ √>s¬ÔVÈD ®[√m, ÿ√Vm›º>Ï>_
xΩÕm Â¶¬zD x>_ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ôÚÕm Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
ÂV¶V”\[≈›][ ÷Ú ∂ÁkÔπ[ Ì‚¶›]KD √∫ºÔuzD
cÆ©∏™´_ÈV> Œº´ Â√Ï ∂‚¶VÏM ÿ¤™´_.
ŒÚ \ºƒV>V √ \ºƒV>V ®[Æ ƒ√VÂVBÔ´V_ ƒV[≈π¬Ô©√‚¶V_
∂mºk ÷Æ]BV™m.
22. \VWÈ∫Ô^ ∂Ák (´VÎBƒÁ√)
√V´V”\[≈ º\ÈÁkBV™ ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ôπ[
∏´]W]ÔÁ· cÆ©∏™´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ ∂Á\©A.
120
1952, ∞©´_ J[≈VD º>] ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÿƒB_√V‚|¬z kÕ>m.
mk¬Ô›]_ ÷m Ô°[E_ g‡© ¸º¶‚¸ ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∏u√V|
1954, gÔ¸| 23á÷_ ÷m ´VÎBƒÁ√ ®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ®ıË¬ÁÔ : 250-¬z tÔV\_ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
÷kÏÔπ_ 12 º√Ï zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´V_ WBt¬Ô©√|˛[≈™Ï.
∂§sB_, ÔÁÈ, ÷È¬˛BD, ƒJÔ ºƒÁk º√V[≈ mÁ≈Ôπ_ AÔµ
ÿ√u≈ Â√ÏÔÁ·ºB zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ ÷©√>s¬z WB\™D ÿƒF˛≈VÏ.
®fiEB ÷¶∫Ô^ \¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ s˛>VflƒV´ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ \VWÈ∫
Ô”¬zD, \›]B g‚E©√z]Ô”¬zD √˛ÏÕ>π¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
ÔVÈ ∂·° : gÆkÚ¶∫Ô^, ÿ√VmkVÔ ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÿ\V›>\VÔ
ÔÁÈ¬Ô©√|km ÷_ÁÈ. g™V_ ÷´ı| kÚ¶∫Ô”¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈
J[§ÿÈVÚ √∫z cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ {F° ÿ√ÆkmD, A]>VÔ› º>Ï°
ÿƒFB©√|ºkVÏ √>sºBu√mD WÔµÕm ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬zD.
´VÎBƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ ÷¶ kˆÁƒ ∂Á´¬ºÔV· kΩs_
∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
´VÎBƒÁ√› >ÁÈkÏ : mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkº´ ´VÎB ƒÁ√l[
®¬¸ ∂‡¨¥ºBV ºƒÏ\[ (mÁ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ √>sl[
ÔV´\VÔ ˛Á¶›> √>s) ÷kº´ ´VÎB ƒÁ√l[ >ÁÈkÏ.
tÔ ∂]Ô ÔVÈD (√›m kÚ¶∫Ô^) ´VÎB ƒÁ√› >ÁÈk´VÔ √>s
k˛›>kÏ ÂV‚Ω[ x>_ mÁ¬ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï
®¸.´V>V˛Úi[. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ÔVÈD ÷©√>s k˛›>kÏ s.s.˛ˆ
(÷´ı¶Á´ kÚ¶∫Ô^).
√V´V”\[≈fl ÿƒBÈÔD
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√¬zD, ´VÎBƒÁ√¬zÿ\™ >M›>M ÿƒBÈÔ∫Ô^
cı|. A]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©Á√ ∂|›m 1952á÷_ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ ÿƒBÈÔD
√VÏoÿ\[‚ ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ®[ÆD, ´VÎBƒÁ√ ÿƒBÈÔD Ô°[E_ g‡©
¸º¶‚¸ ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ®[ÆD kw∫Ô©√‚¶™. ∏u√V| 1954á÷_ ÷Ák
xÁ≈ºB ºÈV¬ƒ√V ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ´VÎB ƒ√V ÿƒ¬´º¶ˆB‚ ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_
kw∫Ô©√¶ÈVl™.
23. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ kÚ¶›]uz J[Æ xÁ≈ Ì|kmı|. 1.√‚ÿ¤‚
Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï (∏©´kˆáº\), 2. √ÚkÔVÈ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï (˝ÁÈ á gÔ¸‚),
3. zπÏÔVÈ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶Ï (ÂkD√Ï á ΩƒD√Ï).
121
√V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶D ÿ√VmkVÔ ÔVÁÈ 11 \Ë¬z mk∫zD.
ƒV>V´ WÁÈl_ ÔVÁÈ 11 \Ë x>_ \]BD ŒÚ \Ë kÁ´•D
Ì‚¶D ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD. \]BD ŒÚ \Ë x>_ ÷´ı| \ËkÁ´
÷Á¶ºkÁ· ºÂ´D. g™V_ ÷Õ> ÷Á¶ºkÁ·ÁB ´›m ÿƒFmD,
\VÁÈ gÆ\Ë¬z º\_ Ì‚¶›Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm Â¶›]B
ƒÕ>Ï©√∫Ô”D cı|.
ƒÁ√l_ kÚÁÔ© √]°
ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ c‚√¶ ÿ\V›> cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ √›]_ ŒÚ √∫z
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ ∂Ákl[ ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\ (ºÔV´D)
˛Á¶¬zD.
÷Ú ƒÁ√ÔÁ·ºBV, ∞º>–D ŒÚ ƒÁ√ÁB \‚|º\V ÿƒB_√¶V\_
>|¬ÔºkV (Aº´Vº´V¬) ƒÁ√ÁB© √>s ¿¬ÔD ÿƒFBºkV zΩB´∑›
>ÁÈkÚ¬z ∂]ÔV´xı|.
24.√‚ÿ¤‚
√V´V”\[≈›]_ ÷´ı| √z]Ô·VÔ √‚ÿ¤‚ (÷´l_ºk \uÆD
ÿ√Vm √‚ÿ¤‚) >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m.
∏©´kˆ J[≈VD kV´›]_ ÷´l_ºk √‚ÿ¤‚|D, ∏©´kˆ \V>›][
ÔÁ¶E ºkÁÈÂVπ_ ÿ√Vm √‚ÿ¤‚|D >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB©√|˛[≈™.
ÿ√Vm √‚ÿ¤‚ cÁ´ ÷´ı| √z]Ô^ ∂¶∫˛Bm. ÂV‚Ω[
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ WÁÈ z§›m x>_ √z]. ∂|›> W]BVıΩuÔV™ kˆ
√ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ ÷´ı¶VD √z]l_ ÷¶Dÿ√ÆD. k´°áÿƒÈ°ÔÁ·©
√u§B xøÁ\BV ∂§¬ÁÔ ÷›m¶[ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB©√|D.
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ W]BÁ\flƒÏ √‚ÿ¤‚ cÁ´ÁB© √Ω›m xΩ›>
∏u√V|, ∂m ´VÎB ƒÁ√ º\Á¤¬z ÿÔVı| ÿƒ_È©√|D.
÷Á>B|›m ∂É[ kˆ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ ∂¶∫˛B W] \ºƒV>VÁk
W]BÁ\flƒÏ ∂Ákl_ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFkVÏ. ÷Á>B|›m ∂Ák ÔÁÈ•D.
25. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√•D, ´VÎBƒÁ√•D
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√
x>[Á\ ƒÁ√. 1952 ∞©´_ 17 ÷_ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ kÕ>m. √>s¬ÔVÈD
nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^. cÆ©∏™´VÔ zÁ≈Õ> √‚ƒ kBm 25 gzD. ÷>[
>ÁÈkÏ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ. W] \ºƒV>VÁk x>[ xo_ ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_
\‚|º\ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒFB xΩ•D. ÷´ı|
122
cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ· zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ WB\™D ÿƒF˛≈VÏ. ∂]Ô√‚ƒ
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 552. >twÔ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 39. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ
º>Ï>o_ √∫z ÿ√Æ˛≈m. ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶› ]Ú›>›]_ √∫z ÿ√Æ˛≈m.
÷m mk¬Ô›]_ «°¸ g‡© ¨©∏^¸ ®™©√‚¶m. ∏u√V| 1954 º\
14÷_ ºÈV¬ ƒÁ√ ®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
26.´VÎBƒÁ√
mÁfl ƒÁ√. 1952 ∞©´_ 3á÷_ ÿƒB_xÁ≈¬z kÕ>m. WÁÈBV™
ƒÁ√ (cÆ©∏™ÏÔπ[ √>s¬ ÔVÈD gÆkÚ¶∫Ô^, ÷´ı|
kÚ¶∫Ô”¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ J[§ÿÈVÚ √∫z cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^
√>sloÚÕm ÿkπºBÆ˛≈VÏÔ^) cÆ©∏™´VÔ zÁ≈Õ> √‚ƒ kBm
30. ÷>[ >ÁÈkÏ mÁ¬zΩB´∑›>ÁÈk´VkVÏ. W] \ºƒV>Vs[
*m ∂]ÔV´D zÁ≈°. ÷]_ 12 º√Á´ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ WB\™D
ÿƒF˛≈VÏ. ∂]Ô©√‚ƒ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 250. >twÔ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ 18
º√Ï. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ º>Ï>o_ √∫z ÿ√Æ˛≈m. ∂]ÔV´›Á>
ÿ√VÚ›>kÁ´ ƒ\\V™ ∂]ÔV´D, E≈©A ∂]ÔV´D cı|. A]B ∂˛È
÷Õ]B ƒÏT¸Ô^ (gÏΩ¬˛^ 312) mk∫Ô ´VÎB ƒÁ√ >M› yÏ\V™D
WÁ≈ºku≈ºkı|D. \VWÈ© √‚ΩBo_ ÿƒV_È©√|D s≠B∫Ôπ[
ƒ‚¶ cÚkV¬Ô›m¬z ´VÎBƒÁ√l[ ∂∫ˇÔV´D Ô‚¶VBD º>Ák. ÷m
mk¬Ô›]_ «°¸ g‡© ¸º¶‚¸ ®™©√‚¶m. ∏u√V| 1954, gÔ¸|
24 ÷_ ´VÎBƒÁ√ ®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
27. √V´V”\[≈D
1. √V´V”\[≈D ®[√m zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÏ, ºÈV¬ƒÁ√,
´VÎBƒÁ√ g˛B J[Á≈•D c^·¶¬˛Bm.
2. nÕ>Vkm ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ √>s¬ÔVÈD nÕm gı|Ô”¬z
º\_ ¿Ω›>m.
3. mÁ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkˆ[ √>s¿¬ÔD ÿƒF•D yÏ\V™D
´VÎBƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ mk∫Ô©√|D.
4. ÷Ú ƒÁ√Ôπ[ Ì‚|¬Ì‚¶›Á> Ì‚|√kÏ zΩB´∑›
>ÁÈkÏ. >ÁÈÁ\ºBu√kÏ ƒ√VÂVBÔÏ.
5. ÂD∏¬ÁÔl_ÈV yÏ\V™D ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\
ÿÔVı|k´©√|D.
6. √V´V”\[≈›][ ÷Ú Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD ÷Á¶©√‚¶
ÔVÈD gÆ \V>›]uz tÔ¬Ì¶Vm.
7. √\ºƒV>V ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l_ \‚|º\ ∂§xÔ©√|›>©√|D.
123
8. ºÈV¬ƒÁ√l[ nÕm kÚ¶ √>s¬ÔVÈD ®[√m,
ÿ√Vm›º>Ï>_ xΩÕm Â¶¬zD x>_ Ì‚¶›ÿ>V¶ôÚÕm
Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
9. ÂV¶V”\[§›][ ÷Ú ∂ÁkÔπ[ Ì‚¶›]KD √∫ºÔuzD
cÆ©∏™´_ÈV> Œº´ Â√Ï á ∂‚¶VÏM ÿ¤™´_.
10. ŒÚ \ºƒV>V √ \ºƒV>V ®[Æ ƒ√VÂVBÔ´V_
ƒV[≈π¬Ô©√‚¶V_ ∂mºk ÷Æ]BV™m.
28. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ
1. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ >™m ´V˜™V\V ÔΩ>›Á> ∂–©√ ºkıΩB
Â√Ï á mÁ zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
2. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ ÷kÏ x[MÁÈl_ √>s©∏´\VD ÿƒF˛≈VÏ
á >ÁÈÁ\ ¿]√].
3. ÷Õ]B¬zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkˆ[ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk \VπÁÔ á
zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ \VπÁÔ.
4. zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ \VπÁÔÁ· kΩkÁ\›>kÏ á ®‚s[ Ÿ‚Ω[¸
5. ÿ√Vm \[M©A kw∫zD ∂]ÔV´›Á> zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÚ¬z
kw∫zD ∏ˆ° gÏΩ¬Ô^ á 72
6. cflƒ¿]\[≈, cBÏ¿]\[≈ ¿]√]ÔÁ· WBt©√kÏ á
zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
7. √V´V”\[≈¬ Ì‚¶∫ÔÁ·¬ Ì‚|D ∂]ÔV´D √Á¶›>kÏ á
zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
8. ∂kƒ´ WÁÈ© ∏´Ô¶™D ÿkπl|√kÏ á zΩB´∑›>ÁÈkÏ.
9. ´VÎBƒÁ√¬z zΩB´∑›>ÁÈk´V_ WB\™D ÿƒFB©√|D
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ á12 º√Ï.
10. zΩB´∑› >ÁÈkÁ´ ¿¬zD Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ÷D¨flÿ\[‚.
29. º>Ï>_
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ kV¬Ôπ¬zD cˆÁ\ kBm ∂Ω©√Á¶l_
∂π¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
2. ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ º>Ï>_ Â¶Õ> gı| á 1952.
3. kV¬Ôπ¬zD cˆÁ\ ŒÚ ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A cˆÁ\.
4. kV¬Ôz©√]° xΩk>uz 48 \Ë ºÂ´›]uz x[√VÔ º>Ï>_
∏´flƒV´D xΩ¬Ô©√¶ºkı|D.
5. kV¬Ôπ¬zD ÷BÕ]´∫Ô^ (Elctronic Votting Machine) \VWÈ
º>Ï>o_ x>_ xÁ≈BVÔ xøÁ\BVÔ √B[√|›>©√‚¶ \VWÈD á
ºÔVkV.
124
6. 18 kBm ØÏ›]BV™ ∂Á™kÚ¬zD kV¬Ôπ¬zD cˆÁ\
∂π¬zD ≠´›m á 326.
7. ∂ÉB_ Ô‚EÔ”¬z ∂∫ˇÔV´D ∂π©√m, E[™∫Ô^ Œm¬zkm
á º>Ï>_ gÁBD.
8. \¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ tÔflE§B ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ ÿ>Vz] á
÷È‚ƒ›y°.
9. 84ákm ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D ºÈV¬ƒÁ√ \uÆD ƒ‚¶ƒÁ√› ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[
®ıË¬ÁÔÁB 2026 kÁ´ \Vu≈V\_ ÷Ú¬Ô kÁÔ ÿƒF>m.
10. º>Ï>_ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÊÏ]Ú›>∫ÔÁ· √ˆÕmÁ´ ÿƒFB
∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶ Ôt‚Ω ]º™i ºÔV¸kVt Ôt‚Ω.
-----------------------

125
xÁ™kÏ.S.Ô_BVË
c>sº√´VEˆBÏ, ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈
ÿƒ[Á™ ˛§¸mk¬ Ô_Ÿˆ, >VD√´D, ÿƒ[Á™.
3. k´ÈVÆ
cÈÔ ÂVÔˆÔ∫Ô^
1.ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtB ÂVÔˆÔD
÷[Á≈B R‡©´œ¸, Á¶¬ˆ¸ gÆÔ”¬z ÷Á¶©√‚¶ √z]l_
(>uº√VÁ>B mÚ¬˛, EˆBV \uÆD ÷´V¬˛[ √z]Ô^) >Áw›>
ÂVÔˆÔD.
˛.x ÂVÈVl´D gı|Ôπ_ ºÔVl_ÔÁ·•D, ∂´ı\Á™
ÔÁ·•D Ô‚Ω™Ï ®[√Á> ∂ÔwVF°Ô^ ÔV‚|˛[≈™Ï. ªÏ (Ur) ª´¬
(Urak), ®ˆ| (Eridu) , ÛƒV (Susa) g˛B ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ƒ¬Ô´∫Ô^ (Wheels)
cÚkV¬˛B>uÔV™ ÿ>V_ÿÈflƒ∫Ô^ ˛Á¶›m^·™.
k´ÈVuÆ¬zD xu√‚¶ ÔVÈ›Á>•D, k´ÈVu§[ g´D√
ÔVÈ›Á>•D ∏ˆ¬zD Ô‚¶›Á> ®ømD ]≈[ cÚkV™ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D ®[Æ
÷Á>¬ Ì≈ÈVD.
ƒ¬Ô´›Á>•D, √w∫ÔVÈ ®ø›m kΩk\VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|D ¬RM‡√VÏD
®ø›m¬ÔÁ·•D Ôı| ∏Ω›>kÏÔ^ ∑º\ˆBÏÔº· ®™ ÂD√©√|˛≈m.
˛.x. 2000 kV¬˛_ ÷m ∏≈ ÷™›>kÏÔ”¶[ ÔÁ´Õm º√V™m.
2. √V∏ºÈVMBD
{ˆ¶›]_ WÁÈ›m kVw xu√‚¶ ƒx>VB∫Ôπ_ ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^
cÚkVkm ÷[§BÁ\BV>m. ˛.x. 3000 á 2000 ÷Á¶©√‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_
√V∏ºÈVM_ x>o_ ÷›>ÁÔB ÿÂ§xÁ≈ cÚkV™m ®[Æ Ì≈ÈVD.
√V∏ºÈVMB \[™[ «x´V∏ ˛.x.1792á1750) cÚkV¬˛B
¿]xÁ≈Ôπ_, WÈD ÿÔV^x>_, skÔV´›m, zwÕÁ>ÁB >›m
®|›>_ º√V[≈ku§uÔV™ s]xÁ≈Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™.

126
3.Ê™V
Ê™Vs[ ÿ>[√z]l_ ÿÂ_KD, k¶√z]l_ ´V˛ º√V[≈ EÆ
>VMB∫Ô”D, ºƒVBV, ∂kÁ´ \uÆD ˛w∫z kÁÔÔ^ g˛BÁk•D
√lˆ¶©√‚¶™.
ºk·VıÁ\ ÿƒFB g´D∏›> \¬Ô^ EÆ zΩlÚ©AÔ^ ∂Á\›m
kVµÕ>™Ï. ∑\VÏ ˛.x. 2000 kV¬˛_, \›]B gEB ÂVÔˆÔ∫Ô”¶[
ÿ>V¶ÏA ∞u√¶, ÂÔ´∫Ô^ cÚkVÔ g´D∏›>™.
\fiƒ^ gÆ ®™©√|D ⁄kV∫º«V gu≈∫ÔÁ´l_ ÿƒa›>
ºk·VıÁ\ ÂVÔˆÔ›Á> cÚkV¬˛BkÏÔ^, >Vt´D, ∏›>Á·
º√V[≈kuÁ≈ cÚ¬˛, ÿkıÔÈD ÿƒFB°D ∂§Õ]ÚÕ>™Ï.
˛.x.18-17 gD ±u≈Vı|Ôπ_ º≠∫ kDƒD gı¶ ÔVÈ›Á> Ê™
ÂVÔˆÔD cBÏ°ÿ√u≈ ÔVÈD ®[º≈ Ì≈ÈVD. x¬˛B ÂÔ´\V™ ∂[
ºB∫˛_ z]Á´ Ø‚ΩB kıΩÔ^ {ΩB ÔVÈD ∂m.
4. ®˛©m
˛.x. 3100 mk∫˛Bm. ÿ\™¸ ®–D ‡√Vº´V kDƒ \[™M[
g‚El[ ˇµ ÁÂ_Â]¬ ÔÁ´l_ ®˛©]B ÂVÔˆÔD >Áw›>m.
\¬Ô^ \[™Á™¬ Ô¶°π[ ∏´]W]BVÔ°D, √VmÔV¬zD
ÔVkÈ™VÔ°D ÔÚ]™Ï. Ô¶°^ \[™[, ∂k–¬z¬ ˇµ√ΩÕ>
∂Á\flƒÏ, \>zÚ¬Ô^ ∂kÏÔ^ Ô‚Ω¬ÔV›> ®˛©][ ƒV>V´
zΩ\¬Ô^, ∞´V·\V™ ∂ΩÁ\Ô^ ®™ √ΩWÁÈ ∂Á\©√VÔ ∂Õ>fl
ƒx>VBD ÷ÚÕ>m.
\¬Ô^ \Ú›mkD, ÔË>D, ºÔV^Ôπ[ ÷¶©ÿ√BÏflE º√V[≈
kuÁ≈ ∂§Õ]ÚÕ>™Ï.
cÈÔ© AÔµÿ√u≈ ∏´t|Ô^ ÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB Ô‚¶©√‚¶™.
5. tº™Vk[ ÂVÔˆÔD
nº´V©∏BVs[ tÔ© √wÁ\BV™ ÷ÕÂVÔˆÔD, \›]B› >Á´¬Ô¶_
√z]lK^· ∞˜B[ Ô¶u√z]l_ º>V[§, ˛.x. 2000á1450 ÷_
cflƒWÁÈÁB ∂Á¶Õ>m.
˛Z‚ ys_ ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ¤VΩÔ^, º\V]´∫Ô^, x›]Á´Ô^
º√V[≈Ák Áƒ©´¸, ®˛©m ÂV|Ô”¬z ∞uÆ\] ÿƒFB©√‚|, Ô¶_
kVËÔD ÿ√Ú˛B ÔVÈD ∂m.
ºÂVºvV¸ (Knossos) , Á\ÈV (Maila), ‡ÿ√l¸º¶V¸ (Phaistos),
ƒV¬º´V¸ (Zakros) g˛B ÷¶∫ÔπK^· \VπÁÔÔπ_ ÔV©√|D
∑kº´VsB∫Ô^ ∂∫z kVµÕ> \¬Ô^ √Bt[§ kËÔfl ÿƒa©∏_
127
\˛µ°¶[ kVµÕ>™Ï ®[≈ ÔÚ›Á> cÚkV¬z˛[≈™.
Á\ÊMBÏ, ˛º´¬ÔÏ g˛ºBVÏ √Á¶ÿB|›m ˛Z‚ ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>
∂a›>™Ï. ÷›ys[ ÿ√ÚD√z] ®ˆ\ÁÈ ÿkΩ©∏_ ∂a›>m.
6. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ
EÕmÂ]© √^·›>V¬˛_ cÚkV™ ÂVÔˆÔD.
˛.x.3000 kV¬˛_, EÕm ƒ\ÿkπÔπ_ √È zΩlÚ©AÔ^, ªÏÔ^
cÚkVl™. ∂Õ> ÂVÔˆÔ›][ cflƒ¬ Ô‚¶›]_, ÿ\VÔfiƒ>Vº´V,
«´©√V ÂÔ´∫Ôπ_ >ÈV ∑\VÏ ÷Ú√>Vl´D ∂_Èm x©√>Vl´D
\¬Ô^ kVµÕ]Ú¬ÔÈVD ®™¬ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈m.
ºÔVmÁ\, √VÏo, Ô¶ÁÈ, ®^, √Ú›] g˛BkuÁ≈ ∂∫˛ÚÕ>
\¬Ô^ √lˆ‚¶™Ï. √Ú›] ÿÂFB©√‚| ÿ\ƒ©ÿ√‚º¶VtBV kÁ´
∞uÆ\] ÿƒFB©√‚¶>uÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ c^·™.
∑‚¶ ÿƒ∫ÔuÔ^ ∂]Ô ∂·s_ >BVˆ¬Ô©√‚| c√ºBV˛¬Ô©√‚¶™.
ºÔVA´∫Ô^ º√V[≈ ∏´t¬Ô›>¬Ô ∂Á\©AÔ^ ÷_ÈVs‚¶VKD,
ÿ\flƒ›>zÕ> xÁ≈l_ ∂∫z ÂÔ´∫Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
ºÂ´VÔ°D, kˆÁƒBVÔ°D ∂Á\Õ> T]Ô^, \Áw¿Á´
ÿkπºBuÆk>uÔV™ kΩÔV_Ô^ Ôa°¿Á´ ÿkπºBuÆk>uÔV™
ƒV¬ÔÁ¶Ô^ ÷∫z ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™. >VMB¬ Ô·fiEB∫Ô”D,
kB_Ôπ_ √lÏ ÿƒFm >VMB∫ÔÁ· ∂ÆkÁ¶ ÿƒF> cÁw©√Vπ
Ô”¬ÔV™ zΩlÚ©AÔ”D >MBVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>™.
7.«´©√V
«´©√Vsuz› ÿ>uºÔ 650 ˛.* ÿ>VÁÈs_ ÷ÚÕ> ÂÔ´D
ÿ\VÔfiƒ>Vº´V. ÷∫zD ∑‚¶ ÿƒ∫ÔuÔ·V_ g™ E≈Õ> ÂÔ´Á\©A
÷ÚÕ>m.
EÕmÿkπ ÂVÔˆÔ›][ \Á™›]‚¶D >Mfl E≈©AÁ¶Bm. E§B
T|Ô^, ÷´ı| J[≈ ∂Á≈Ô^ ÿÔVı¶Ák zπBÈÁ≈,
Ôa©∏¶∫Ô^ º√V[≈ kƒ]Ô”tÚÕ>™.
8.√ıÁ¶ ÂVÔZÔ∫Ô^
1. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ ÂVÔZÔ›][ ÔVÈD ˛.x. 3250 x>_ ˛.x. 2750
kÁ´.
2. ÁÂ_ Â]l[ Â[ÿÔVÁ¶ ®™©√|km ®˛©]B ÂVÔZÔD.
3. R©´œ¸, Á¶ÔZ¸ Â]Ô^ √V•D ÷¶›]_ º>V[§Bm á ÿ\ƒ√º¶VtB
ÂVÔZÔD.
128
4. \fiƒ^ ÂVÔˆÔD ®[√m á Ê™ ÂVÔZÔD.
5. º>¿Á´ cÈ˛uz ∂π›> ÂVÔZÔD á Ê™ ÂVÔZÔD
6. ˆ¬ºk>D, ¿∫ÔÈVÔ ∞Á™B ∏≈ºk>∫Ô^ ÷Bu≈©√‚¶m á ∏uÔVÈ
ºk>ÔVÈD.
7. ˆ¬ºk> ÔVÈ ÂVÔZÔD á ˛´V\ ÂVÔZÔD.
8. ˛º´¬Ô ÂVÔZÔD √u§ ∂§B c>°D ±_Ô^ á ÷oB‚, ŒΩL.
9. √ıÁ¶B º´V\VMB ÂVÔZÔ›][ Á\B ÷¶D á ÷›>Vo.
10. º´V\VMB ÂVÔZÔD cÈ˛uz ∂π›> \Vÿ√ÚD Â[ÿÔVÁ¶ á
zΩB´∑› >›mkD.
9. ÍÏÔ^
>\m ÿƒVÕ> ØtBV™ \›]B gEBVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂]Ôˆ¬Ô›
ÿ>V¶∫˛BÁ> ∂|›m, \∫ºÔVoBVs_ ÂVº¶VΩÔ·VÔ› ]ˆÕ>
ÍÏÔ^ √_ºkÆ ÷¶∫Ô”¬z¬ zΩÿ√BÏÕ>™Ï.
ÍÏÔπ[ ºkÿ≈VÚ ∏ˆ° √V´ÊÔD ka g©ÔVM¸>VÁ™¬
ÁÔ©√u§Bm. ∏[™Ï ÷Õ]B kÕ>Á¶Õ> ∂kÏÔ^ ÔVÕ>V´D, √fiƒV©,
\V·kD, ÷´V¤¸>V[ º√V[≈ √z]ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔ©√u§¬ÿÔVı| ŒÚ
º√´´Áƒ WÆs™Ï. ÷Õ>© º√´É[ x>_ \[™[ º>V´\V[.
10.«Ï≠kÏ›>™Ï (606-647)
z©>ÏÔÁ·B|›m ∂ÉBo_ ∞u√‚¶ Û[B›Á> ∂Ôu§Bm
kÏ›>\V™ÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ zÚº≥›]´›Á>B|›> >Vº™¸k´›Á>
>ÁÈÂÔ´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| g‚EAˆÕ>™Ï. AiBØ] ®[√kº´ ÷Õ>
kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ.
«Ï≠ˆ[ ÿ>[™Ô© √Á¶ÿB|©AÔ^ ÿku§BÁ¶Bs_ÁÈ.
˛.∏.363á_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ ÂÏ\Á> Â]¬ÔÁ´ º√Vˆ_ º\uz ƒV”¬˛B
\[™™V™ ÷´ı¶VD AoºÔE «Ï≠Á´› º>Vu¬ÔΩ›>VÏ.
√V√‚¶ˆ[ «Ï≠ƒˆ>D, Ê™© √BË •kV[ ∑kV∫˛[ √B¬
z§©AÔ^ «Ï≠ˆ[ ÔVÈ›Á> ÌÆ˛[≈™. x¸‹D g]¬ÔD
∞u√|k>uz x[∏ÚÕ> k¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÔÁ¶E E≈Õ> g‚EBV·Ï
«Ï≠º´.
11.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD
˛.x. 324 x>_ ˛.x.187 kÁ´ ∂´ƒVı¶ ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎBD>V[
÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ º√´´∑. ÷Õ> ƒVD´VÎB›Á> ¸>V∏›>kÏ ƒÕ]´ z©>
ÿ\·ˆBÏ.
129
\Ô>›Á> g‚E AˆÕ> ÂÕ>kDƒ \[™M[ √Á¶› >·√]BVlÚÕm
ƒÕ]´z©> ÿ\·ˆBÏ ÿÔ·Ω_Bˆ[ c>sBV_ \Ô>›Á>¬ ÿk[Æ
ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á> WÆs™VÏ.
ƒÕ]´ z©> ÿ\·ˆBˆ[ ∂´ı\Á™¬z kÕ> ˛º´¬Ô ∏´]W]
ÿ\Ô¸>M¸.
12.∏ÕmƒV´Ï
ƒÕ]´z©> ÿ\·ˆBˆ[ \´›m¬z© ∏[ ∂kÚÁ¶B \Ô[
∏ÕmƒV´Ï \Ô>›][ ∂]ÔV´›Á> ∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
13.∂ºƒVÔÏ
∏ÕmƒV´ˆ[ \Ô[ ∂ºƒVÔÏ ˛.x. 273 ÷_ \Ô>›][ \[™™V™VÏ.
÷Õ]B k´ÈVu§[ ∏´√È \[™´V™ ÷kÏ>V[ AÔµÿ√u≈ ∂ºƒVÔ
\[™Ï.
Ôo∫Ô •›>›]uz©∏[ (˛.x.265) A›> \>¬ÿÔV^ÁÔBV_
~Ï¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂ºƒVÔÏ º>kÏÔπ[ ∂[A¬z √V›]´\V™k[ ®[≈
ÿ√VÚ^√|D º>k™VD∏ˆB ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ.
ƒV´ÂV›]_ ÷k´V_ WÆk©√‚¶ ∂ºƒVÔ ¸#∏ÁB \V]ˆBVÔ¬
ÿÔVı|>V[ ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂´∑fl E[™D
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
14.ÿ\·ˆB ƒVD´VÎB›Á>¬ z§›m ∂§B c>°D g>V´∫Ô^:
ÿÔ·Ω_Bˆ[ ∂Ï›> ƒV¸]´D, ÿ\Ô¸>ÃL[ ÷ıΩÔV, sƒVÔ
>>>ˆ[ x›´V´V≥ƒD, ∂ºƒVÔÏ Ô_ÿk‚|Ô^, A›>áƒ\ ƒ\B
÷È¬˛B∫Ô^.
15.\Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD
˛.x. g≈VD ±u≈Vı| º√´´∑Ôπ_ Œ[≈V™ \Ô>D k¶
÷Õ]BVs[ x¬˛B º√´´∑Ôπ[ Œ[Æ. >ÁÈÂÔÏ √V¶oA›]´D
(x>o_ ´V¤„ÚÔD>V[ >ÁÈÂÔ´VÔfl ÿƒB_√‚¶m). \Ô>
ƒVD´VÎB›][x>_ x¬˛B \[™Ï ∏D∏ƒV´Ï. ÷kÏ>V[ \Ô> ÂV‚Á¶
ŒÚ º√´´ƒVÔ \Vu§™VÏ. ∏D∏ƒV´Ú¬z© ∏≈z ∂k´m \Ô[
∂¤V>ƒ›Ú \[™´V™VÏ. ÷kÏ ÁkƒVo, ºÔVƒÈD ®[≈ ´VÎB∫ÔÁ·
\Ô>›º>V| ÷Á›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
16.z≠V™Ï
Ê™Vs_ RE (E›]BÏ) kz©Á√fl ºƒÏÕ> z≠V™ÏÔ^ x>o_ k¶¬z
g©ÔVM¸>VÁ™¬ (√V¬œˆB) ÁÔ©√u§™VÏÔ^. ∏[™Ï ƒÕm
Â]¬ÔÁ´ ƒ\ÿkπÔπKD, Ô∫ÁÔ Â]¬ÔÁ´l[ x¬˛B √z]ÔπKD
>∫Ô^ ∂]ÔV´›Á> WÁÈÂV‚Ω™Ï.
130
z≠V™ÏÔπ_ ÷´ı| ∂´ƒ kDƒ∫Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™. x>_ kDƒD
ÔV‚∏v¸ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. (˛.∏. 50-78) ÷Õ> kDƒ›m
\[™ÏÔ^ Œ[≈VD ÔV‚∏v¸ \uÆD ÷´ı¶VD ÔV‚∏v¸ ®™
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï.
17.ÔMiÔÏ (˛.∏. 78á120)
÷´ı¶VD ÔV‚∏¸L[ \Ô[ ÔMiÔÏ z≠V™ kDƒ›]_ tÔ°D
∏´√È\V™ \[™Ï. ÔMiÔÏ √>sºBu≈ ˛.∏. 78 x>_ ƒÔ kÏ≠D
ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm.
18.÷Õ]B¬ ÔVÈı¶ˆ[ ƒÔkÏ≠D ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ : \VÏfl 22,
1957
ÔVi*ˆKD ÔMiÔA´D ®[≈ tÔ ∂w˛B ÂÔ´›Á> ÔMiÔÏ
WÏ\VË›>VÏ. ∏[™Ï ÿ√≠VkVÏ ®[Æ ∂§B©√|D AÚ≠A´D>V[
∂kÚÁ¶B >ÁÈÂÔ´D.
˛.∏. 87 ÷_ ÔMiÔÚ¬z º>k A›´ ®[≈ √‚¶D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
A›>\>›Á>© √´©√ º\uÿÔVı¶ √ËÔÁ·¬ ÔÚ›]_ÿÔVı|
ÔMiÔÏ ÷´ı¶VD ∂ºƒVÔ[ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. ∂kÁ´
A›>\>›]uz ÷‚| ÿƒ[≈kÏ ∂¸kºÔV≠Ï.
19.ƒ>kVÔ™Ï
>¬ÔV›]KD \›]B ÷Õ]BVsKD ÿ\·ˆBÏÔÁ·› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
ƒ>kVÔ™Ï √>sl_ ∂\ÏÕ>™Ï. A´V∫Ôπ_ z§©∏¶©√|D gÕ›´Ï
>V[ ƒ>kVÔ™Ï ®[≈ ÔÚ›mD cı|.
20.z©>© º√´´∑
˛.∏. 335-455 kÁ´ k¶ ÷Õ]BVÁk Œº´ ÂV¶VÔ WÏk˛›>m z©>
º√´´ºƒ. ÷Õ]B k´ÈVu§_ ÿ√VuÔVÈ\VÔ s·∫˛BmD z©>ÏÔπ[
ÔVÈÔ‚¶º\. z©> kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ p z©>Ï. ÷kÁ´ ∂|›m
g‚E¬z kÕ>kÏ Ôº¶V›Ôƒ[.
21.ƒÕ]´ z©>Ï (˛.∏. 314-339)
z©> º√´É[ cıÁ\BV™ WÆk™Ï x>ÈVD ƒÕ]´z©>º´. >V[
∂ˆBÁ ∞§BÁ>ÿBV‚Ω z©> kÚ¶D ®[≈ ŒÚ A]B kÚ≠›Á>
g´D∏›>VÏ. \ÔV ´V¤V]´V¤ ®[≈ ∂Á¶ÿ\VaÁB•D >[ ÿ√Bº´V|
ºƒÏ›m¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
22.ƒx›´z©>[ (˛.∏.330-380)
z©> ∂´ƒ √´D√Á´l_ tÔ© ∏´√ÈV\™kÏ. ∂ÈÔ√V]K^· ŒÚ
∂ºƒVÔ ¸#∏l_ 33 kˆÔπ_ ƒx›´z©>M[ √Á¶√ÈD √u§B
sk´∫Ô^ ƒ\¸˛Ú> ÿ\Vwl_ ÿ√V§¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈™.
÷kÏ ÷Õ]B ÿÂ©º√VoB[ ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈VÏ.
131
23.÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>[ (380-412)
z©> º√´É[ Œπ\B\V™ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D. ]Ú\ c≈°Ô·VKD,
√Á¶Ôπ[ g]¬Ô∫Ô·VKD ÷kÏ ÂV‚Ω[ √´©Á√ s¸>ˆ›>VÏ.
÷´ı¶VD ƒÕ]´z©>–¬z s¬´\V]›>[ ®[≈ √‚¶D
kw∫Ô©√‚¶m. ÷kÏ cÎ¤lMÁB >™m ÷´ı¶Vkm
>ÁÈÂÔ´V¬˛™VÏ.÷k´m ÔVÈ›]_>V[ Ê™ BV›]ZÔÏ √V˛BV[ (399-
411) ÷Õ]BV°¬z s¤BD ÿƒF>VÏ.
s¬´\V]›>–¬z© ∏≈z z\V´z©>[, ¸ÔÕ> z©>[, AÚz©>[,
Â´LD« z©>[, ÷´ı¶VD z\V´z©>[, A›> z©>[, >>VÔ> z©√[,
√VÈV]›B[ º√V[º≈VÏ g‚E Â¶›]™Ï.
÷¸ÈVtBÏ g‚E
24.÷¸ÈVtBÏ
ÂV| ∏Ω©√º>V| ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿƒV›m¬ÔÁ·fl ÛÁ≈BV¶ ºkı|D
®[√º> √ÁwB ÔVÈ ÷¸ÈVtB© √Á¶ÿB|©∏[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD.
8ágD ±u≈VıΩ[ mk¬Ô›]_ EÕm© √z]l_ Ô¶_ ÿÔV^Á·BÏ
√_ºkÆ ∂´V∏B¬ Ô©√_ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔ©√u§™Ï. ÷Á>› ÿ>V¶ÏÂm √V´ÊÔ
ÔkÏ™Ï ∂_ «¤VÎ xÔD\m ∏[ ÔVEÁ\ EÕm© √z]¬z
∂–©∏™VÏ.
EÕm Â]¬ ÔÁ´l_ ÔVExD, EÕm ∂´ƒ™V™ >VˇÏ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™
´V¤A›]´ ºƒÁ™•D º\V]¬ÿÔVı¶m. ´VkÏ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ (712 ÷_)
´VˇÁ´¬ ÿÔV[Æ s‚| ÔVED EÕmÁk¬ ÁÔ©√u§™VÏ.
∂º´∏Bˆ[ EÕm √Á¶ÿB|©A ŒÚ ÿku§ ®[Æ Ì≈
xΩBVs‚¶VKD ÷Õ]B¬ ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>•D ®ı∫ÔÁ·•D ÿkπ
cÈz¬z¬ ÿÔVı| k´ ∂º´∏BÏ ka kz›>™Ï. ÷Õ]BVs[ ®ıÔ^,
ØÎBD, >ƒVDƒ xÁ≈ º√V[≈kuÁ≈ cÈÿÔ∫zD √´©∏™Ï.
25.xÔ\m Ô˜M
˛.∏.1000á¬zD 1020á¬zD ÷Á¶ºB xÔD\m Ô˜M 17 xÁ≈
÷Õ]BV *m √Á¶ÿB|›>VÏ. 1018á_ Ô[º™V˜KD, 1025 ÷_
ºƒV\ÂV›]KD tÔ©√B∫Ô´\V™ >V¬z>_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. Ô[º™VÎ
√Á¶ÿB|©∏[ ÷Á¶ºB \m´VÁk•D ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m
WÏJÈ\V¬˛™VÏ. z¤´V›]_ ºƒV\ÂV› gÈB›Á> ∂Á¶Õ> Ô˜M
∂∫z^· ´V¤A›]´ÏÔÁ· s´‚Ωs‚| ºÔVlÁÈ¬ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›>VÏ.
√fiƒV∏_ ¤V‚\¬Ôº·V| ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m>V[ Ô˜Ml[ ÷Æ]©
√Á¶ÿB|©A.
132
AÔµÿ√u≈ ∂§QÏÔ^ √ÈÏ Ô˜Ml[ ∂´ı\Á™l_

÷ÚÕ>™Ï. c›∏, c[`ˆ, ∂_AÚM, √V´ÊÔ º«V\Ï ®[Æ
AÔw©√‚¶ ∏Ï>VL º√V[≈kÏ Ô˜Ml[ ∂´ƒÁkÁB
∂È∫Ôˆ›>™Ï.
26.xÔD\m ºÔVˆ
xÔD\m ºÔVˆl[ \uÿ≈VÚ ÿ√BÏ xl¸`y[ xÔD\m
∏[vV ®[√>VzD. 1175 ÷_ x_›>VÁ™•D √fiƒVÁ√•D
ÁÔ©√u§B ºÔVˆl[ √VÏÁk ]_oÁB ºÂV¬˛› ]ÚD∏Bm.
´V¤A›]´ T´ÏÔ^ ]_olKD, gÎ*ˆKD \[™[ ∏ˆ›]s´VÎ
ÿƒ·«V[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ Œ[Æ ºƒÏÕ>™Ï. 1191 ÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
º√Vˆ_ ´V¤A›]´ÏÔ^ ÿk[≈™Ï. g™V_ tÔys´›m¶[ ºÔVˆ
Â¶›]B ÷´ı¶VD >Á´[ º√Vˆ_ (1192) ∏ˆ›s´VÎ ÁÔm ÿƒFB©√‚|
∏[™Ï ÿÔVÁÈ ÿƒFB©√‚¶VÏ.
27.∑_>V[Ôπ[ g‚E
1206 x>_ 1526 kÁ´BV™ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D nÕm ∂´ƒ kDƒ∫ÔπÈV™
32 ∑_>V[Ô^ ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ g‚E ÿƒF>™Ï.
28.∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD (1206-1210)
xÔD\m ºÔVˆl[ \´›m¬z©∏[ ∂kÏ ÁÔ©√u§B ÷Õ]B©
√z]Ôπ[ ∂]√]BVÔ z›Ay[ n√¬ √>sºBu≈VÏ. ÷Õ]BVs[
x>_ x¸‹D g‚EBV·´V™ z›Ay[ ∞u√|›]Bm>V[ ∂ΩÁ\
kDƒD.
29.÷_|‚ti (1210-35)
nÿ√¬˛[ \´›m¬z© ∏[ ÷_›mti ]_o ∑_>V™VÔ
∂ˆBÁºB§™VÏ. z›Ay[ ÁÔ©√u§B √z]ÔÁ· Œ[§Á›m
ŒÚ \›]B ∂]ÔV´›][ ÿ√VÆ©∏[ ÿÔVı| kÕ>kÏ ÷_›mtº≠.
z›Ay[ ÔVÈ›_ ÿ>V¶∫˛B zm©t™VÏ Ô‚|D √ËÁB xΩ›m
Ák›>mD\ ÷_›mti>V[. z›Ay[ √¬]BVÏ ÔV¬˛ ®[≈ Û∏
ºBV˛l[ WÁ™kVÔ ÷‚¶ ÿ√Bº´ zm©t™VÏ.
x>_ ÿ√ı \ÔV´VË ´LBV
÷_›mt≠M[ \´›m¬z© ∏[ ∂k´m ÔÁ¶E sÚ©√©√Ω
´LBV (1236-39) g‚E¬z kÕ>V^. ]_o ∂ˆBÁl_ ∂\ÏÕ>
Œº´ ÿ√ı\Ë.
30.√V_√[ (1266á86)
x[™V^ ∂ΩÁ\BV™ ˛BV`y[ √V_√[ 40 gı|ÔVÈD
]_ol_ g‚E AˆÕ>VÏ. x>_ ÷Ú√m kÚ¶∫Ô^ \[™[

133
ÂLÚyM[ x¬˛B ∂Á\flƒ´VÔ°D, ∂|›> 20 kÚ¶D

ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›]BVÔ°D √V_√[ g‚E AˆÕ>VÏ. √V_√M[ W¤©ÿ√BÏ
cK¬ÔV[.
]_o ∑_>V[Ôπ[ k·ÏflE¬zD g‚E xÁ≈Ô”¬zD x¬˛B
Eu∏BVÔ ]ÔµÕ>kÏ √V_√º™.
31.˛_˜ kDƒD (1290-1320)
√V_√–¬z© ∏[ kÕ>kÏÔÁ· A≈Õ>^πs‚| ¤ÈVKy[ ˛_˜
(1290-96) ˛_˜ kDƒ›Á> ¸>V∏›>VÏ.
32.∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ (1296-1316)
ÿ>[MÕ]BV c‚√¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ√ÚD √z]ÁB•D >[
kƒ©√|›]B x>_ x¸‹D \[™[ ∂ÈV°yº™. >V[ ÿkπl‚¶
ÂVB∫Ôπ_ ÷´ı¶VD ∂ÿÈ¬vVı¶Ï ®[º≈ >[Á™¬
z§©∏‚ΩÚÕ>VÏ.
33.m¬·¬ kDƒD
ÔVL \Vo¬ >™m ÿ√BÁ´ ˛BV`y[ m¬·¬ ®[Æ
\Vu§¬ÿÔVı| m¬·¬ kDƒ›Á> mk¬˛™VÏ. ]_o¬z ∂ÚºÔ
m¬·¬√V› ®[≈ ÂÔÁ´ cÚkV¬˛Bm ∂kº´. 1325 ÷_ ˛BV`y[
ÔVÈ\V™mD ÷·k´ƒ[ ˝™VÔV[ xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ ®[≈
ÿ√Bˆ_ ∑_>V™VÔ >[Á™© ∏´Ô¶™©√|›]¬ÿÔVı¶VÏ.
34.xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ (1325-1351)
√>sºBu≈mD m¬·¬ ÿƒF> x>_ ÊÏ]Ú›>D >ÁÈÂÔÁ´
]_oloÚÕm º>k˛¬z \Vu§Bm>V[. (º>k˛ˆ ®[√m ∏[™V_
ÿ>·ÈV√V› ®[Æ \Vu≈©√‚¶m) 700 ˛.* ¿ı¶ >ÁÈÂÔÏ \Vu≈
BV›]Á´ º>V_sl_ xΩÕ>m. ®™ºk >ÁÈÂÔÏ *ı|D ]_o¬z
\Vu≈D ÿ√u≈m.
35.Á>Jˆ[ √Á¶ÿB|©A
1396 ÷_ ƒ\ÏÔı‚ \[™[ Á>JÏ √V´ÊÔD, g©ÔVM¸>V[,
ÿ\v©√º¶VtBV ®[≈ ÷¶∫Ô”¬z© √Á¶ÿB|›>VÏ.
36.ºÈVΩ kDƒD (1451-1526)
ºÈVΩ kDƒ›][ tÔ°D ∏´√È\V™kÏ E¬ÔÕ>Ï ºÈVΩ. ÷k´m
ÔVÈ›]_>V[ g¬´V ÂÔ´D ÷´ı¶Vkm >ÁÈÂÔ´\VÔ
cBÏ›>©√‚¶m. ºÈVΩ kDƒ›m ÔÁ¶E ∑_>V[ ÷©´V˛D ºÈVΩ. 1526
÷_ Â¶Õ> √VM©√‚ •›>›]_ ÷kÁ´› º>VuÔΩ›> √V√Ï, ÿ\VÔÈVB
kDƒ›Á> g´D∏›>VÏ.

134
37.ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´∑
ÂLÚ›][ xÔD\m ®[–D √V√Ï 1526 ∞©´_ 20á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
x>_ √VM©√‚ º√Vˆ_, ]_ol[ ÔÁ¶E ∑_>V™V™ ÷©´V˛D
ºÈVΩÁB º>VuÔΩ›m ÿ\VÔÈVB ƒVD´VÎB›Á> WÆs™VÏ. ÷m ŒÚ
A]B ÔVÈÔ‚¶›][ mk¬ÔD.
38.√V√Ï (1526á30)
ÿƒ∫˛¸ÔV[ á Á>JÏ kDƒ›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏ √V√Ï. √V√Ï ®[≈V_
E∫ÔD ∂_Èm \VT´[ ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^. √VM√‚ º√Vˆ[ JÈD √V√Ï
]_oÁB•D g¬´VÁk•D ÁÔ©√u§™VÏ.
39.⁄\VR[ (1530á40, 1555á56)
ÿ\VÔÈVB ƒ¬´kÏ›]BVÔ ⁄\V•[ √>s ∞uzDº√Vm ∂kÚ¬z
kBm 23. g©ÔVMBÏÔÁ·•D, z¤´V›]_ √Ô#Ï ≠VÁk•D
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ. 1599 ÷_ √¬vˆ[ ∂Ú˛K^· ÿƒ·[vl_, g©Ô[
√Á¶›>·√] º≠ÏÔV[ ⁄\V•º™V| ƒıÁ¶l‚¶VÏ.
1540 º\ 17 ÷_ ÿ\VÔÈVBÚD g©ÔVMBÚD Ô[º™V˜[ ∂ÚºÔ
*ı|D º\V]™Ï. Ô∫ÔVº√VÏ ®[ÆD ∏_˛´VD º√VÏ ®[ÆD Ì≈©√|D
Ô[º™VÎ •›>›]_ º≠ÏÔV[ ÿku§ ÿ√u≈VÏ.
º≠ÏÔV[ (1540á45)
1486 ÷_ ∏≈Õ> º≠ÏÔV[ (÷Buÿ√BÏ √Z›) ÿ\VÔÈVB \[™Ï
⁄\VRÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›m >™m g]¬Ô›Á> WÁÈÂV‚Ω™VÏ. `Ï
kDƒ›Á>› º>VuÆs›> ÷kÏ >™m 54ágD kB]_ xΩ Û‚Ω¬
ÿÔVı¶VÏ. 1522á÷_ ¨ÔVÏ \[™Ï √ÔÏÔVº™ ÷kÚ¬z º≠ÏÔV[ ®[≈
√‚¶›Á> ∂π›>kÏ.
xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬˛uz© ∏[ k¶ ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ© √´Õ>
ƒVD´VÎB›Á> WÆsBÏ º≠ÏÔVº™.
º\uz EÕm Â] x>_ k∫ÔV·›][ ºƒV™VÏÔVÀ kÁ´BV™ ˛´V[‚
‚´∫¬ ƒVÁÈ ∂Á\›>kÏ ÿ≠Ï≠V ®™©√|D º≠ÏÔVº™.
40.∂¬√Ï (1556á1605)
∂¬√Ï √>s¬z kÚD º√Vm ∂kÚ¬z kBm 13. ∂¬√ˆ[ g‚E
®_ÁÈ g©ÔVM¸>V[ x>_ k∫ÔV·D kÁ´•D, ÔVi*Ï x>_
ºÔV>Vkˆ kÁ´•D √´Õ]ÚÕ>m.
∂¬√Ï 1562 ÷_ ´V¤A›´ ÷·kÉ º¤V>V√VÁB ]Ú\D ÿƒFm
ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷kÚ¬z© ∏≈Õ> \Ôº™ ¤«V∫ˇÏ. ∂¬√ÚÁ¶B ÔVÈ›]_
¨ÔVˆ\_, √Ôk[>V¸, \V[E∫ º√V[≈ √È ´V¤A›´ÏÔ^ cBÏ√>sl_
∂\Ï›>©√‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï.
135
WÈkˆ kÛ_ kw¬Ô›Á> xu§KD ¿¬˛Bm>V[ ∂¬√ˆ[ tÔfl
E≈Õ> ÊÏ]Ú›>D. W] ∂Á\flƒ´VÔlÚÕ> ´V¤V º>V¶Ï\VºÈ ÷>[
x¬˛B Eu∏. >ƒk_ƒ´ ØWz] ÀBk¸> ®[√m ÷Õ>› ]‚¶›][ ÿ√BÏ.
s>ÁkÔπ[ xø ƒD\>t_ÈV\_ ƒ] º\uÿÔV^”>_ Ì¶Vm
®[≈ ƒ‚¶›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| kÕ>VÏ. ]Ú\ kBÁ>•D ÿ√ıÔ”¬z 14,
gıÔ”¬z 16 WÏl›>VÏ. ÷>™V_ √V_B skVÔD >Á¶
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m. ¤LBV ®[≈ kˆÁB•D ´›m ÿƒF>VÏ.
∂¬√ˆ[ ƒÁ√l_ ∂Ø_ √v_ \uÆD ∂kÏ ƒºÔV>´Ï ∂A_ Á√L
÷ÚkÚD x¬˛B cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™Ï.
√V´ÊÔ ÿ\Val_ √v_ ®ø]B ±_ ∂¬√Ï ÂV\. ÷>[ J[≈VD
√VÔD ∂FM ∂¬√ˆ. \ÔV√V´›Á> √V´ÊÔ ÿ\Val_ Á√L ÿ\Va
ÿ√BÏ›>VÏ. ´V\ƒˆ>\V™¸ ®ø]B m·E>VvÏ, ƒ∫ˇ> QVMBV™
>V[ºƒ[ ÷ÚkÚD ÷¬ÔVÈ›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔº·.
∂¬√ˆ[ ÿÂÚ∫˛B Âı√ÚD ÂD∏¬ÁÔ¬z cˆBkÚ\VlÚÕ>kÏ
´V¤V ¨Ï√V_. ÷k´m ÷Buÿ√BÏ \ºÔi>V¸.
∂¬√Ï cÚkV¬˛B A]B >ÁÈÂÔ´D √º>ØÏ E¬ˆ. ∂Á™›m \>∫Ôπ[
x¬˛B ÿÔV^ÁÔÔÁ·•D ÷Á›m ][ ÷ÈVN ®[≈ ŒÚ A]B
\>›Á> cÚkV¬˛™VÏ.
41.¤«V∫ˇÏ (1605-1627)
∂¬√ˆ[ \Á≈ÁkB|›m ∂k´m J›> \Ô[ ƒ‹D >™m 36 gD
kB]_ cÈÔ ÿku§BV·[ ®™ ÿ√VÚ^√|D ¤«V∫ˇÏ ®[–D √‚¶©
ÿ√BÚ¶[ ∂ˆBÁ ∞§™VÏ.
÷k´m ÔVÈ›]_>V[ g∫˛È ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[
#>ÏÔ·V™ ÔV©¶[ «V¬˛[¸, ƒÏ>V\¸ º´V g˛ºBVÏ ÿ\VÔÈVB
∂´ƒÁk¬z s¤BD ÿƒF>™Ï. ƒ¬´kÏ›]l¶tÚÕm EÈ ƒV>Ô\V™
∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√Æk]_ ƒÏ>V\¸ º´V ÿku§ ÿ√u≈VÏ. p ÂÔˆ[
∂ÚºÔ ¤«V∫ˇÏ cÚkV¬˛B ≠Vo\VÏ, W≠V›√V¬ ®[–D
ØÕº>V‚¶∫Ô^ tÔ© ∏´√È\V™Ák.
42.≠V¤«V[ (1627-58)
>¬ÔV ÿku§ÁB› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm >™m \Ô[ ÷·k´ƒ[ z´Vx¬z
cÈ˛[ \[™[ ®™© ÿ√VÚ^√|D ≠V¤«V[ ®[© ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω™VÏ
ƒ¬´kÏ›] ¤«V∫ˇÏ >ÕÁ>ÁB© º√VÈºk ≠V¤«V–D ŒÚ ´V¤A›´
>Vl[ A>_kº™. ∏ÿ´fi∑© √BËÔ^ ÿ√ÏMBÏ \uÆD ¶ºkMÏ,
136
÷›>VoB© √BË \˚¬˛ g˛ºBVÏ ≠V¤«V[ ÔVÈ›]_
÷Õ]BV°¬z kÕ>™Ï.
43.Œ·´∫ÔÊ© (1658-1707)
≠V¤«V[áxD>VÎ >D√]Ôπ[ A>_k[. y´tzÕ> ÿ\VÔ_
ƒ¬´kÏ›]Ôπ[ ÷Æ] \[™´VÔ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈VÏ. gÈDˇÏ (cÈÔ T´[)
®–D √‚¶© ÿ√BÚ¶[ Œ·´∫ÔÊ© ∂ˆBÁ ∞§™VÏ.
44.s¤BÂÔ´D (1336-1565)
«ˆ«´[, A¬Ô[ ®[≈ ƒºÔV>´ÏÔº· s¤B ÂÔ´ ƒVD´VÎB›Á>
WÆsBÏÔ^. ∂ÕÂV‚Ôπ_ ∏´√È\VlÚÕ> ∏´V\ ƒ[MBVE \V>k
s›BV´ıB[ \uÆD ∂k´m ƒºÔV>´[ ºk> √ıΩ>™V™ vB[
®[√kÏÔπ[ gE•¶[ WÆk©√‚¶m s¤BÂÔ´D. 1336 ÷_
«ˆ«´[ xΩÛ‚¶©√‚¶VÏ.
45.˛Úiº>k ´VBÏ (1509-29)
m”k kDƒ›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ> ˛Úiº>k´VBº´ AÔµÿ√u≈ s¤BÂÔ´
\[™Ï. √VtM º√´´∑¬z ®]´VÔ© º√V´VΩB ˛Úi º>k´VBÏ
´VF©ØÏ ÂÔ´›Á>fl ∑u§•^· ÿƒa©A^· √z]ÔÁ·
ÁÔkƒ©√|›]Bm ∂kÚÁ¶B x¬˛B\V™ ÿku§ ®™¬ ÔÚ>©√|˛≈m.
ÿ>K∫˛_ gx¬> \_B>V ®[≈ ÷Ú ÔVsB∫ÔÁ·© √Á¶›>VÏ.
®‚|© AÈkÏÔ^ WÁ≈Õ> ∂k´m ƒÁ√ ∂i¶]¬Ô¤∫Ô^ ®[Æ
º√Vu≈©√‚¶m.
46.>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ
1565 ÷_ ∏¤©ØÏ, ºÔV_ÿÔVı¶V, ∂Ô\›ÂÔÏ ®–D J[Æ
÷¸ÈVtB ∂´∑Ô^ Œ[Æ ºƒÏÕm s¤BÂÔ´›Á>¬ >V¬˛™.
>π¬ºÔV‚Á¶¬z ∂ÚºÔ•^· √ıË«‚¶ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
º√Vˆ_ s¤BÂÔ´D √|º>V_sBÁ¶Õ>m >π¬ºÔV‚Á¶© º√VÏ ®[ÆD
´V≥ƒ >∫˛Ω ®[ÆD ÷m z§©∏¶©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> •›>›]_ ´V\´VB[
ÿÔV_È©√‚¶VÏ. s¤BÂÔ´D ÿÔV^Á·BΩ¬Ô©√‚| ∂ΩºBV|
∂a¬Ô©√‚¶m.
47.√VtM º√´´∑ (1347-1526)
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ŒÚ ÷¸ÈVtB© º√´´∑. xÔD\m ∏[ m¬·¬ g‚E
ÔVÈ›]_ ∂k´m ∂]ÔV´›m¬z ƒkV_ s|k>VÔ ÷m ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>m.
∂ÈV°y[ √„\[≠V z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √VtM kDƒ \[™Ï.

137
48.÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œ≠VÏ
1. 1600 : g∫˛È ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬ÔV™ ´VB_ ƒVÏ‚¶Ï.
2. 1612 : º\u˛Õ]BVs[ Û´›]_ x>_ g∫˛È› ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ.
3. 1613 :ÿ\VÔÈVBfl ƒ¬Ô´kÏ›] ¤«V∫ˇÏ g∫˛È ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬
4. ÔDÿ√M¬z ÷Õ]BVs_ sBV√V´D ÿƒFk>uÔV™ ∂–\]
kw∫˛™VÏ.
5. 1616 : ÿ\VÔ_ ∂´ƒÁk¬z ƒÏ >V\¸ º´V s¤BD.
6. 1618 : ÿ\VÔ_ ∂´∑ g∫˛È¬ ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬z º\KD
√È √z]Ôπ_ sBV√V´D ÿƒFB ∂–\] kw∫˛Bm.
7. 1639 : ÿ\‚´VL_ AM> ¤VÏÎ ºÔV‚Á¶¬z ∂Ω¬Ô_
ÂV‚¶©√‚¶m.
8. 1651 : ˛w¬˛Õ]BVs[ ⁄¬πl_ g∫˛ºÈB ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ
WÆ°>_.
9. 1698 : ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬z Ô_Ô›>V, ∑>V˚],
ºÔVsÕ›ØÏ g˛B ˛w¬˛Õ]B© √z]Ôπ_ WÈ cˆÁ\ ˛Á¶›>m.
49. x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1746 á 48)
1740 ÷_ nº´V©√Vs_ ∞u√‚¶ g¸]ˆB kVˆ∑ˆÁ\©
º√Vˆ[ >V¬ÔD ÷Õ]BVsKD ®]ÿ´Vo›>m. 1746 ÷_
√VıΩflºƒˆloÚÕ> ∏ÿ´fi∑ g”ÂÏ ΩR©º· g∫˛ºÈBÏ *m
º√VÏ ÿ>V|›>VÏ. ÷mºk x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√Vˆ[ mk¬ÔD.
g∫˛ºÈBÏ ÔÏÂV¶Ô ÂkV© ∂[kVÚyM¶D c>s ºÔV´,
∏ÿ´fi∑¬ÔV´ÏÔ^ ∂k´m º√V‚ΩBV·Ï ƒÕ>VÔVEA¶[
c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ ÿƒFm ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÿƒ[Á™¬ÔÚ˛_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈
∂Á¶BVuÆ© º√Vˆ_ g∫˛ºÈBÏ ÿku§ÿ√u≈™Ï.
50. 2ágD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1749 á 1754)
Á«]´V√V› W¤VD √>s¬z k´sÚD∏B xv√Ï ¤∫
®[√kÁ´ ΩR©º· g>ˆ›>VÏ. guÔV| ∂ˆBÁÁB sÚD∏B
ƒÕ>VƒV˛A¶[ ΩR©º· ∞uÔ™ºk Â‚A ØıΩÚÕ>VÏ. ÷DJkˆ[
√Á¶Ô”D 1749á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ gDØÏ º√Vˆ_ ∂[kVÚyÁ™
(x>_ ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√Vˆ_ g∫˛ºÈBÚ¬z c>sBkÏ) ÿÔV[Æ
ÿku§kVÁÔ ÛΩ™VÏÔ^. ÿ>V¶ÏÕm xv√Ï
138
¤∫ Á«]´V√V› W¤V\VÔ°D, ƒÕ>V ƒV˛© guÔV| ÂkV©
√>slKD ∂\ÏÕ>™Ï.
∏u√V| ∏ˆ‚œi >·√] ´V√Ï‚ ˛Á·À guÔV‚Á¶¬
ÔV©√Vu§™VÏ. ÔVºkˆ© √V¬ÔD º√Vˆ_ ∏ÿ´fi∑© √Á¶Ô^
x§BΩ¬Ô©√‚¶™. ƒÕ>V ƒV˛© ∏Ω¬Ô©√‚| >fiƒV∆ˆ_
E´flºƒ>D ÿƒFB©√‚¶VÏ. 1754 √VıΩflºƒˆ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ©√Ω
÷´ı¶VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ xΩ°¬z kÕ>m.
51.J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ (1758 á 1763)
nº´V©√Vs_ ∞wVı| º√VÏ (1756 á 1763) ÿkΩ›>º√Vm,
÷Õ]BVs_ J[≈VD ÔÏÂV¶Ô© º√VÏ mk∫˛Bm. 1760 ÷_
∏ÿ´fi∑©√Á¶› >ÁÈkÏ Ô°ı‚ ΩÈVo ®[√kÁ´ kÕ>kVE©
º√Vˆ_ ∏ˆ‚œi >·√] ƒÏ ∂BÏÌ‚ x§BΩ›>VÏ. 1761 ÷_
√VıΩflºƒˆ•D ÁÔ©√u≈©√‚¶m.
1763 √Vˆ¸ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ©√Ω √VıΩflºƒˆ, ÔVÁ´¬ÔV_,
\VN, ∞™VD √z]Ôπ_ \‚|D ∏ÿ´fi∑¬ÔV´ÏÔ^ >\m
Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· \‚|©√|›]¬ ÿÔV^· Œ©A¬ÿÔVı¶™Ï.
52.∏·VE© º√VÏ
k∫ÔV· ÂkV© E´VÎ c›ÿ>·ÈV°¬zD, g∫˛È©
√Á¶Ô”¬zD ÷Á¶lÈV™ º√VÏ 1757 …[ ÷_ ŒÚ xΩ°¬z
kÕ>m. g∫˛ºÈBˆ[ ÷Õ> ÿku§ ÷Õ]BVs[ g∫˛È
g‚El[ ŒÚ z§X¶VÔºk ∂Á\Õ>m.
53.√¬ƒÏ º√VÏ
∂ºBV›] ÂkV©, ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´ƒÏ, k∫ÔV· ÂkV©
g˛ºBVˆ[ Ì‚|© √Á¶ÔÁ· g∫˛ºÈBÏ x§BΩ›>™Ï
(1764). ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂ÈÔV√V› c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ, ÷>[√Ω g∫˛È¬
˛w¬˛Õ]B kËÔ¬ zø°¬z ÿ\VÔÈVB© º√´´ƒÏ ]kVM
cˆÁ\ÔÁ· kw∫˛™VÏ.
1. 1756 : k∫ÔV· ÂkV© g∫˛ºÈBˆ¶tÚÕm Ô_Ô›>VÁk¬

ÁÔ©√§™VÏ.
2. 1757 : ∏·VE© º√VÏ. k∫ÔV·›]uz A]B ÂkV© ´V√Ï‚

139
3.1764 á 65 : √¬ƒÏ º√VÏ. ¨ÔVÏ, k∫ÔV·D, ŒˆƒV º√V[≈

÷¶∫Ôπ_ ]kVM cˆÁ\ ÔDÿ√M¬z¬ ˛Á¶›>m. ´V√Ï‚
˛Á·À ÷´ı¶VD xÁ≈BVÔ k∫ÔV· ÔkÏ™Ï.
4.1767 á 69 : Œ[≈VD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ.
5.1772 : k∫ÔV· ÔkÏ™´VÔ kV´[º«¸ Ω∫¸ WB\™D.
6.1773 : Œø∫z xÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶D ÂVÏ› ∏Á >ÁÈÁ\l_
ƒ‚¶\V™m. ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑ ÷Õ]B© √z]Ô”¬ÔVÔ ÿÔVı| kÕ>
x>_ ƒ‚¶D ÷m.
7.1774 :Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶©√Ω kV´[º«¸ Ω∫¸ ÔkÏ™Ï
ÿ¤™´ÈV™VÏ. Ô_Ô›>Vs_ cflƒ ¿]\[≈D WÆk©√‚¶m.
8.1775 á 82 : x>_ g∫˛È á \´V‚ΩB© º√VÏ.
9.1783 : ÷Õ]BVs_ ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M WÏkVÔ›Á>
Œø∫z√|›mD ‡º√V¬v¸ ÷Õ]BV \ºƒV>V.
10.1784 : ∏‚¸ ÷Õ]BV \ºƒV>V.
11.1790 á 91 : J[≈VD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ.
12.1793 : ÔV´[kVo¸ k∫ÔV·›]_ ƒV∑k> WÈkˆÁB
∂\_√|›]™VÏ.
13.1799 : ÂV[ÔVD (÷Æ]) Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ.
14.1803 á 05 : 2ágD g∫˛È á \´V‚ΩB º√VÏ.
15.1814 á 16 : g∫˛È á ÌÏÔV º√VÏ.
16.1817 á 19 : 3ágD g∫˛È á \´V‚ΩB© º√VÏ.
17.1829 : c¶[Ô‚Á¶ºBÆD ƒ] ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\VÔ› >Á¶
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
18.1833 : ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√Ml[ ƒVÏ‚¶Ï Am©∏¬Ô©√‚¶m.
19. ÔDÿ√Ml[ ÷Õ]B sBV√V´¬ z›>ÁÔ xΩ°¬z kÕ>m.
20.1839 á 42 : x>_ g∫˛È á g©Ô[ º√VÏ.
21.1845 á 46 : x>_ g∫˛È á Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ.
22.1853 : √D√VF á >Vº™ ÷´l_√VÁ> ]≈Õm

140
23.1857 : Œ[≈VD ∑>Õ]´©º√VÏ ®™©√|D E©√VF ÔÈÔD.

24.1858 : ∏ˆ‚œi ÷Õ]BVs_ ∏ˆ‚œi ∂É[ WÏkVÔD.
25.1859 : ¿È©A´‚E (÷ıΩºÔV)
26.1861 : ÷Õ]B Ô°[L_¸ ƒ‚¶D.
27.1876 á 77 :]_o >Ï√VÏ. s¬º¶VˆBV \ÔV´VË
÷Õ]BVs[ \ÔV´VËBVÔ°D ∏´Ô¶™©√|›>©√‚>VÏ.
28.1878 : ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛È á g©Ô[ º√VÏ. ÷Õ]B ÿ\Va©
√›]ˆÁÔÔπ[ ∂∏ˆt>\V™ ∑>Õ]´›Á>› >Á¶ ÿƒF•D
ÿkÏ™VzÈÏ ∏´¸ ƒ‚¶D.
29.1883 : ÷_√Ï‚ \ºƒV>V ƒÏflÁƒ.
30.1856 : ÷Õ]B º>EB¬ ÔV∫˛´¸ c>BD.
31.1891 : ]Ú\ kBÁ> Wflƒl¬zD ∞Î g‡© Ô[v[‚
\ºƒV>V.
32.1893 : ÷Õm á ÷¸ÈVtB¬ ÔÈk´D.
33.1905 : k∫ÔV·© ∏ˆsÁ™. ∑º>E ÷B¬ÔD.
34.1906 : ∂˛È ÷Õ]B x¸‹D ‹¬ c>BD.
35.1909 : t[º¶V á \VÏo ƒ‚¶D.
36.1911 : k∫ÔV·© ∏ˆsÁ™ ÁÔs¶©√‚¶m.
37.1912 : ∏ˆ‚œi ÷Õ]BVs[ >ÁÈÂÔÏ Ô_Ô›>VsoÚÕm
]_o¬z \Vu≈©√‚¶m.
38.1915 : ÔVÕ]˜ ÿ>[™V©∏ˆ¬ÔVsoÚÕm ÷Õ]BV
]ÚDA>_.
39.1916 : ÔV∫˛´¸ á x¸‹D ‹¬ ÷Á¶ºBBV™ È¬º™V
c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ. º«VD‘_ ÷B¬ÔD.
40.1919 : \Vıº¶z á ÿƒD¸º√VÏ| WÏkVÔfl ÊÏ]Ú›>fl ƒ‚¶D.
ÿ´·È‚ ƒ‚¶›m¬z ®]´VÔ ÔVÕ]˜ >ÁÈÁ\l_ º√V´V‚¶D.
√fiƒV∏[ ¤VoB[ kVÈV√V¬ √|ÿÔVÁÈ.

141
43.1923 : ∑B´VÎB Ô‚E ºk‚√V·ÏÔ^ º>Ï>o_

º√V‚Ωl‚¶™Ï. ÷]_ ÿku§ ÿ√u≈kÏÔ^ ∂ÉB_ WÏB
ƒÁ√l_ cÆ©∏™´V™VÏÔ^.
44.1928 : Áƒ\[ Ôt≠[ ÷Õ]BV kÚÁÔ. ÷Õ]BVs[
®]ÏÔVÈ ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›Á>› ÿ>π°√|›mD º\V]ÈV_
ºÂÚ ∂§¬ÁÔ.
45.1929 : Ø´ ∑>Õ]´D ®–D ∏´Ô¶™D ÈVÌÏ ÔV∫˛´¸
\ÔVÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚ\™>VÔ WÁ≈ºku≈©√‚¶m.
46.1930 : ÔVÕ]˜ >ÁÈÁ\l_ ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A ÷B¬ÔD (c©A
ƒ›]BV˛´ÔD). ÷Èı¶M_ Œ[≈VD k‚¶º\Áƒ \ÔVÂV‚Ω_
ÔV∫˛´¸ √∫ºÔu≈m.
47.1931 : ÔVÕ] á ÷Ïs[ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ. ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A
÷B¬Ô›Á> ÔVÕ]˜ sÈ¬˛¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ. ÷´ı¶VD
k‚¶º\Áƒ \ÔVÂV|.
48.1932 : ÔV∫˛´¸ ÷B¬Ô›Á> ∂´∑ >Á¶ ÿƒF>m. ƒ‚¶
\Æ©A ÷B¬Ô›][ ÷´ı¶VD Ô‚¶D mk∫˛Bm. Ø™V
c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ. J[≈VD k‚¶º\Áƒ \ÔVÂV|.
49.1934 : ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A ÷B¬ÔD sÈ¬˛¬ ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m.
50.1935 : ÷Õ]B ∂´∑fl ƒ‚¶D 1935
51.1937 : A]B ∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]™Ω©√Á¶lÈV™ x>_
º>Ï>_.
52.1940 : ÷Õ]BV°¬z ÿ¶VtMB[ >z] kw∫zD
gÔ¸‚ ƒKÁÔ.
53.1942 : ˛ˆ©¸ t≠[. ÿk^Á·Bº™ ÿkπºBÆ
º√V´V‚¶D.
54.1944 : ÔVÕ]˜ á ˜[™V º√fl∑ kVÏ›Á>Ô^.
55.1945 : ÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈ©√Á¶ (n®[n) ÁÔ]Ô^
sƒV´Á.
56.1946 : ´VB_ ÷Õ]B[ ºÂsl_ ÔÈk´D ÔV∏ÿ™‚

142
57.1947 á 1948 : ∂]ÔV´ ÁÔ\Vu≈D ÿ>V¶Ï√VÔ

∏ˆ‚œi ∏´>\Ï ˛·\[‚ g‚ol[ ∂§¬ÁÔ.
÷Õ]BVÁk•D, √V˛¸>VÁ™•D ÷´ı| >M›>M
ÂV|Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬zD ÿ\·[‚ º√‚¶[ ∏Ás[ …[ ]‚¶D.
54.÷Õ]B k´ÈVÆ 1757 á 1947 ÔVÈ kˆÁƒ©

√‚ΩB_
1757 ∏·VE© º√VÏ
1758 ÿ√¶Vs_ ¶fl∑¬ÔV´Ï º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√¶_
1760 kÕ>kVE© º√VÏ
1761 J[≈VD √VM©√‚ º√VÏ
1764 √¬ƒVÏ º√VÏ
1765 ∂ÈÔV√V› c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1766 k¶ƒÏ¬ÔVÏ g∫˛ºÈBÏ kƒ\V>_
1767á1769 x>_ Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ
1772 g”ÂÏ kV´[º«¸Ω∫¸
1773 Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶D
1774 º´V˛_ÈV© º√VÏ
g”ÂÏ >ÁÈkÏ kV´[º«¸Ω∫¸
Ô_Ô›>Vs_ >ÁÈÁ\ ¿]\[≈D
1775 ÂÕ>z\VÏ sƒV´Á
1775á1782 x>_ \´V›]B º√VÏ
1776 A´Õ>Ï c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1779 kV‚ÔV[ \VÂV|
1780á1784 ÷´ı¶VD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ
1781 Œø∫zxÁ≈fl ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D
1782 ∂ºBV›] ¨ÔDÔ^ skÔV´D
ƒV_Á√ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1784 \∫ÔjÏ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
∏‚ ÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶D
1786 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ ÔV´[kVo¸

143
1792 p´∫Ô©√‚¶D c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ

1793 k∫ÔV· WÁÈBV™ WÈkˆ› ]‚¶D
1795 ÔÏ>V© º√VÏ
1798 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ \VÏM∫¶[
1799 ÂV[ÔVD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ
1800 s_oBD ºÔV‚Á¶¬ Ô_Ÿˆ
1800á1801 ÿ>[MÕ]B¬ ˛·ÏflE
1802 √VÊ[ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1803á1805 ÷´ı¶VD \´V›]B© º√VÏ
1806 ºkŸÏ¬ ˛·ÏflE
1809 ∂tÏ>ƒ´¸ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1813 ÔDÿ√M √‚¶BD Am©∏¬Ô©√¶_
1814á1816 ÌÏ¬ÔV© º√VÏ
1817á1818 ∏ı¶VˆÔ^ º√VÏ
1817á1819 J[≈VD \´V›]B© º√VÏ
1824á1826 x>_ √ÏtB© º√VÏ
1828 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ s_oBD ÿ√ıΩ∫
1829 c¶[Ô‚Á¶ ∞≈_ (ƒ]) >Á¶ÿƒFB©√¶_
1829á1837 >¬ÔÏÔ^ Œa©A
1831 Á\ÛÏ WÏkVÔ›Á>¬ ÔDÿ√M ∞u≈_
1833 ÔDÿ√M √‚¶BD Am©∏¬Ô©√¶_
1835 ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ Ô_s yÏ\V™D
1839á1842 x>_ g©ÔVMB© º√VÏ
1843 EÕm ÁÔ©√u≈©√¶_
1845á1846 x>_ Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ
1848 >ÁÈÁ\ g”ÂÏ ¶_ÿ«VE
1848á1849 ÷´ı¶VD Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ
1852 ÷´ı¶VD √ÏtB© º√VÏ
1853 √D√VF á >VV ÷Ú©A© √VÁ>
ÔDÿ√M √‚¶BD Am©∏¬Ô©√¶_
1854 ƒÏ ƒVÏÈ¸ c‚ Ô_s ∂§¬ÁÔ

144
1855 ƒVÕ>V_ ˛·ÏflE

1856 ∂ºBV›] ÷Á©A
√_ÔÁÈ¬ ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶D
1857á1858 ÿ√Ú∫˛·ÏflE
1858 ∏ˆ‚Ωi º√´É s¬º¶VˆBV ∏´Ô¶™D
∏ˆ‚Ωi g‚El[ˇµ ÷Õ]BV
ÁkE´VF ÔÏM∫
1861 ÷Õ]B \[≈∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
÷Õ]B cBÏ¿]\[≈∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1862 cBÏ¿] \[≈∫Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√¶_
ÁkE´VF ®_˜[
1864 kV>V∏Ô^ ˛·ÏflE
ÁkE´VF ¤V[ÈV´[¸
1864á1865 Ø‚¶V[ º√VÏ
1869 ÁkE´VF º\ºBV
1872 ÁkE´VF ÂVÏ›A‘¬
1873 EDÈV \VÂV|
1874 ¨ÔVÏ √fiƒD
1876 ÁkE´VF o[¶[
∂´ƒV∫Ô© √‚¶Bfl ƒ‚¶D
1877 ÿ¶_o >Ï√VÏ
1878 ÷´ı¶VD g©ÔVMB© º√VÏ
1880 ÔVÕ>\¬ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1878 >VFÿ\Va √›]ˆÁÔ ƒ‚¶D
º√VÏ›>·kV¶∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1880 ÁkE´VF ˆ©√[
√fiƒ¬ Ôt≠[
1881 ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ ƒ‚¶D
Á\ÛÏ g‚E \[™ˆ¶D Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√¶_
1882 «[¶Ï Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[
1883 ˛_√Ï‚ \ºƒV>V

145
1884 ÁkE´VF ¶©ˆ[

1885 ÷Õ]B º>EB ÔV∫˛´¸ mk¬Ô©√¶_
J[≈VD √ÏtB© º√VÏ
1888 ÁkE´VF ÈV[¸ÿ¶·[
1889 ºk_¸ ÷·k´ƒÏ kÚÁÔ
1891 ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ ƒ‚¶D
1892 ÷Õ]B ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1893 m´VÕm c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
1894 ÁkE´VF ®_˜[
1895 E›´V_ ˛·ÏflE
1896 \V©∏^Á·Ô^ ˛·ÏflE
1899 ÁkE´VF ÔÏƒV[
1900 √fiƒ¬ Ôt≠[
1904 √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶D
Ì‚|≈° ƒ∫Ô∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1905 k∫ÔV·© ∏ˆsÁ™
ÁkE´VF t[º¶V
1905á1908 ∑º>E ÷B¬ÔD
1906 x¸‹D ‹¬ mk¬Ô©√¶_
1908 ÿƒF]› >V^Ô^ ƒ‚¶D
1909 \VÏoát[º¶V ÊÏ]Ú›>D
1910 ÁkE´VF «VÏΩfi
1911 ÿ¶_o >Ï√VÏ
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A
1912 >ÁÈÂÔÏ Ô_Ô›>VsoÚÕm ÿ¶_o¬z
\Vu≈©√¶_
÷¸o∫¶[ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[
1913 Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ yÏ\V™D
1914á1918 x>_ cÈÔ© º√VÏ
1915 ÷Õ]B √VmÔV©Afl ƒ‚¶D

146
1916 ƒV‚ÈÏ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[

ÁkE´VF ÿƒD¸º√VÏ|
È¬º™V c¶[√V|
1919 \V[º¶záÿƒD¸º√VÏ| ÊÏ]Ú›>D
1920 ˛ÈV√› ÷B¬ÔD
Œ›mÁwBVÁ\ ÷B¬ÔD
1921 ÁkE´VF ZΩ∫
ºk_¸ ÷·k´ƒÏ kÚÁÔ A≈¬ÔË©A
\V©∏^Á·Ô^ ˛·ÏflE
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A
1923 ∑BV‚E¬ Ô‚E
‹ Ôt≠[
ÔV©A kˆ¬ ÔwÔD
1926 ÁkE´VF ÷Ïs[
1927 ÷Õ]B Ô©√u√Á¶ ƒ‚¶D
1928 º\V]ÈV_ ºÂÚ ∂§¬ÁÔ
1929 ƒ‚¶ \Æ©A ÷B¬ÔD
ƒVÏ>V ƒ‚¶D á «VÏº¶V¬ Ô_s¬zø
∂§¬ÁÔ
1930 x>_ k‚¶ º\Áƒ \VÂV|
1931 ÔVÕ] á ÷Ïs[ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ
ÁkE´VF s_o∫¶[
÷´ı¶VD k‚¶º\Áƒ \VÂV|
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A á s‚ºÈ
Ôt≠[ ∂§¬ÁÔ
1932 J[≈Vkm k‚¶º\Áƒ \VÂV|
1933 ÿk^Á· ∂§¬ÁÔ ÿkπl¶©√¶_
1935 ÷Õ]B ∂´ƒV∫Ôfl ƒ‚¶D
1936 ÁkE´VF s[o›ºÔV
1937 \VÔV ∑BV‚E
1939 ÷´ı¶VD cÈÔ©º√VÏ mk¬ÔD

147
1942 ˛ˆ©¸ #m¬zø

ÿk^Á·Bº™ ÿkπºBÆ ÷B¬ÔD
1943 ÁkE´VF ºkk_
k∫ÔV·© √fiƒD
1944 ´V¤V˜ ]‚¶D
1945 ºkk_ ]‚¶D
EDÈV á \VÂV|
ÿ√Vm› º>Ï>_
1946 Ô¶u√Á¶¬ ˛·ÏflE
∂Á\flƒ´Ák› #m¬zø
ºÂ´Ω Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ ÂV^
÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ ∂´ƒV∫ÔD
1947 ÁkE´VF \°[‚º√‚¶[
∂‚o ∂§s©A
\°[‚º√‚¶[ ]‚¶D
÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈfl ƒ‚¶D
∏ˆsÁ™ºBV| s|>ÁÈ
55.÷Õ]BVs[ EÈ x¬˛B º√VÏÔ^

˛.x 326 ∂ÿÈ¬vVı¶Ï Á«¶V¸√¸ º√Vˆ_ º√V´¸
\[™Á™› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
261 Ôo∫Ô©º√VÏ, ∂ºƒVÔÏ, Ôo∫Ô \[™Á™ ÿk[≈VÏ.
˛.∏. 712 xÔ\m ∏[ ÔVED EÕm *m √Á¶ÿB|›>VÏ.
1191 x>_ >Á´[º√VÏ, ∏ˆ›s´VÎ, xÔ\m ºÔVˆÁB
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1192 ÷´ı¶VD >Á´[ º√VÏ, xÔ\m ºÔVˆ ∏ˆ›s´VÁ¤
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1194 ƒÕ>ÏkVÏ º√VÏ, xÔ\m ºÔVˆ Ô[º™V˜[
ÿ¤BflƒÕ]´Á™ º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1526 x>ÈVD √VM©√‚ º√VÏ. √V√Ï ÷©´VND ºÈVΩÁB
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.

148
1527 Ô[kV º√VÏ. √V√Ï ´VV ƒ∫ÔVÁk º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.

1539 ÿƒ·ƒV º√VÏ. ÿ≠Ï≠V Ûˆ ⁄\VRÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1540 Ô[º™VÎ/∏_˛´VD º√VÏ. ÿ≠Ï≠V Ûˆ ⁄\V
RÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1556 ÷´ı¶VD √VM©√‚ º√VÏ. ∂¬√ˆ[ ∏´]W]BVÔ
Á√´DÔV[ ÿ«xÁk› º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1565 >ÁÈ¬ºÔV‚Á¶ º√VÏ. s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´∑¬zD,
>¬ÔV ∑_>V[Ô”¬zD (∂«\m ÂÔÏ, ¨ÔVÏ,
∏¤©ØÏ, ºÔV_ÿÔVı¶V, ∏¶VÏ) ÷Á¶ºB ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m.
s¤BÂÔ´ ƒVD´VÎBD xΩ°u≈m.
1576 «V_ΩÔVΩ º√VÏ. ∂¬√Ï \ÔV´VV ∏´>V© E∫ÁÔ
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1615 º\kVÏ º√VÏ. º\kVÏ ÿ\VÔÈVBÏ kƒD
Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m. ¤«V∫ˇÏ \uÆD º\kVˆ[ ´VV
ÁÔÿBø›>V™m.
1658 >VÏ\› \uÆD ƒxÔÏ º√VÏ, ¡´∫ÔÊ© >V´V
∑¬ºÔVÁk º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1665 ´V¤V ÿ¤FE∫ EkV˜ÁB º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ. A´Õ>Ï
Œ©√Õ>D ÁÔÿBø›>V™m.
1708 ºÔ‚ º√VÏ. ƒVz >V´V√VÁB º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1737 º√V√V_ º√VÏ. √V˜´VÀ xÔ\m≠VÁk
º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
1739 ÔÏ™_ º√VÏ ÂVyÏ≠V. xÔ\mÁk º>VuÔΩ›>VÏ.
11757 ∏·VE© º√VÏ. ´V√Ï‚ ˛Á·À >ÁÈÁ\l_ g∫˛È©
√Á¶Ô^ k∫ÔV· ÂkV©E´VÎ c›ÿ>·ÈVÁk º>VuÔΩ›>™.
1760 kÕ>kVE© º√VÏ. g∫˛È©√Á¶ ∏ÿ´fi∑© √Á¶ÁB›
º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1764 √¬ƒÏ º√VÏ, g∫˛È©√Á¶ k∫ÔV· ÂkV© *Ï ÔVED,
∂kV› ÂkV© c›ÿ>·ÈV, ÿ\VÔÈVB º√´´ƒÏ ≠V gÈD

149
1770 c>B˛ˆ º√VÏ. \´V›]BÏÔ^ W¤VÁ\ º>VuÔΩ›>™Ï.

1766á69 x>_ g∫˛ºÈVá\´V›>V º√VÏ, g∫˛ºÈBÏÔ^
º>VuÔΩ›>™Ï.
1780á84 ÷´ı¶Vkm g∫˛ºÈBÏáÁ\ÛÏ º√VÏ. Á«>Ï
∂o º√Vˆ[ º√Vm (1782) ÿÔV_È©√‚¶VÏ. º√VÏ ∏[™Ï
∂k´m \Ô[ ]©A ∑_>V™V_ Â¶›>©√‚¶m. ÷©º√VÏ
\∫ÔjÏ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ•¶[ xΩ°¬z kÕ>m (1784).
1789á92 J[≈VD g∫˛ºÈVáÁ\ÛÏ º√VÏ. ]©A∑_>V[
º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. p´∫Ô©√‚Ω™ c¶[√Ω¬ÁÔ ∞u√‚¶m.
1799 ÂV[ÔVD Á\ÛÏ º√VÏ. ]©A∑_>V[ ÿÔV_È©√‚¶VÏ.
1803á06 ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛È \´V›>V º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi √Á¶Ô^
\´V›]BÏÔÁ· º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1817á19 J[≈VD g∫˛ºÈV \´V›]B© º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi
√Á¶Ô^ \´V›]BÏÔÁ· º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1824á26 x>ÈVD g∫˛È √ÏtB© º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi √Á¶Ô^
√ÏtBÏÔÁ· º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1839á42 x>ÈVD g∫˛È g©ÔVMB º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi
√Á¶Ô^ g©ÔVMB ∂´ƒ[ º>Viy xÔ\mÁk º>VuÔΩ›>m.
1845á46 x>ÈVD g∫˛ºÈB Ê¬˛B© º√VÏ. Ê¬˛BÏÔ^
º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï. ∂›m¶[ √fiƒV© ∏ˆ‚œi
ƒVD´VÎB›m¶[ ÷Á¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1852 ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛ºÈV √ÏtB© º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi √Á¶Ô^
ÿku§ ÿ√u≈™.
1865 J[≈VD g∫˛ºÈV √ÏtB©º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚¶[ ÿku§
ÿ√u≈m. ÿ>V¶ÏÕm √Ï\VÁk ÷Á›>m.
1868á80 ÷´ı¶VD g∫˛ºÈV g©Ô[ º√VÏ. ∏ˆ‚œi
√Á¶Ô”¬z √È›> ∏[™Á¶°.

150
56.√w∫ÔVÈ ÷Õ]BV
1. cÚk ka√V| g´D∏›> ÔVÈD á EÕm ƒ\ÿkπ ÔVÈD.
2. EÕmƒ\ÿkπ ÂVÔZÔD √u§ ∂§B c>°√Ák á
∂ÔµkV´VFflE ƒV[ÆÔ^.
3. ˆ¬ºk>›]_ ∂]ÔD z§©∏¶©√|D Ô¶°^ á ÷Õ]´[.
4. ÂVÈÕ>V √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›Á> º>VuÆs›>kÏ á x>ÈVD
z\V´ z©>Ï.
5. ÿkıÔÈ Â¶´V¤Ï EÁÈ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÔVÈÔ‚¶D á
ºƒVwÏ ÔVÈD.
6. ÷´V¤˛ÚÔD ®[–D A]B ÂÔÁ´ cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á
∏D∏ƒV´Ï.
7. ÷´ViΩ´Ì¶ÏÔπ[ >ÁÈÂÔ´D á \VMB WºÔ>D.
8. c√W¶>∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ á 108.
9. ÷´ı¶Vkm ƒ\ ƒ\B¬Ì‚¶›m¬z >ÁÈÁ\
>V∫˛BkÏ á º>k›] ºƒ\ ƒÏ\™V.
10. cÈÔD cÚıÁ¶ kΩk\V™m ®™ x>o_ Ì§B
÷Õ]BÏ á kVÔ√‚¶Ï.
57.÷Õ]BV : mk¬Ô ÔVÈD

1. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ ƒVD´VÎBD á \Ô> ƒVD´VÎBD.
2. g≈VD ±u≈VıΩ_ WÈsoÚÕ> \ÔV¤™√>∫Ô^ á
√]™VÆ.
3. ƒÕ]´z©>™V_ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶ˆ[
>·√] á ÿƒ_R¬Ô_ WºÔV¶Ï.
4. º>k™VD√ˆB ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ_ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ \[™Ï á
∂ºƒVÔÏ.
5. ÿÔ·Ω_Bˆ[ ∂Ï›>ƒV¸]´›Á> g∫˛È›]_
ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ›>kÏ á EBV\V

151
7. z©> ÔVÈ›]_ kVµÕ]ÚÕ> g•Ïºk> gflƒVˆBÏ á
>[kÕ]ˆ.
8. ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[x>ÈVÔ >∫Ô ÂVB∫ÔÁ·
∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏÔ^ á ÷Õº>V ˛º´¬ÔÏ.
9. «Ï≠Ï ®ø]B x¬˛B ±_Ô^ : ∏ˆB>ÏEÔV, ´›™Vko,
ÂVÔVÕ>D.
10. Ê™©√BË •kV[ ∑kV∫ ÷Õ]BV s¤BD ÿƒF>
ÔVÈÔ‚¶D á «Ï≠Ï ÔVÈÔ‚¶D.
58.÷Õ]BV : ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈD
1. ´ViΩ´Ì¶ ƒVD´VÎB›Á> cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á >Õ] ±_Ô^.
2. ƒV”¬˛BÏÔπ[ >ÁÈÂÔ´D á kV>V∏.
3. √_ÈkÏ ÔVÈ Ek™ΩBVÏÔ^ á ∂©√Ï, ∑Õ>´Ï.
4. ƒV>kVÔ™ kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ á ExÔ[.
5. ˛Úi º>k´VBˆ[ ∂Á\flƒ´Ák ∂i¶]¬Ô¤∫Ô^.
6. EkV˜l[ g[tÔ zÚ á ´VD>V¸.
7. ÷Õ]BVÁk >V¬˛B x>_ ∂[MB √Á¶ÿB|©√V·Ï á
\ÔV ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶Ï.
8. xÔ\m Ô˜l[ x>_ ÷Õ]B© √Á¶ÿB|©A á ˛.∏. 1000.
9. Œ[≈VD >Á´[ º√Vˆ_ xÔ\m ºÔVˆÁB º>VuÔΩ›>kÏ
á ∏Ú›s´VÎ ÿƒ·ÔV[.
10. ÷Õ]BVs_ x¸‹D g‚E¬z kakz›> º√VÏ á
÷´ı¶VD >Á´[ º√VÏ.
59.∂ΩÁ\, m¬·¬ kDƒ∫Ô^

1. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ x¸‹D ´V¤kDƒD ∂ΩÁ\ kDƒD.
2. ∂ΩÁ\ kDƒ›Á> WÆsBkÏ á z›Ay[ n√¬.
3. √V´ÊÔ √ıΩÁÔBV™ ÿÂ·º´VÁƒ ÷Õ]BVs_
∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ á √V_√[.
4. ÂVB∫Ôπ_ >[Á™ ÷´ı¶VD ∂ÿÈ¬ƒVı¶Ï ®[Æ
ÿ√V§›m¬ ÿÔVı¶ ˛_˜l[ >·√] á ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜.
152
5. ÿ>[MÕ]BVÁk g¬˛´t›> ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜l[
>·√] á \Vo¬ÔVØÏ.
6. ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜ ∂Á\flƒ´Ák ÔsQÏ á ∂*Ï z¸Ú.
7. xÔ\m ∏[ m¬·¬˛[ ÷Buÿ√BÏ á h™V ÔV[.
8. ÷´Vbk T´ÏÔ”¬z ∂[√π©√VÔ WÈ›Á> √‚¶V
º√V‚|¬ ÿÔV|¬zD xÁ≈ÁB› ÿ>V¶∫˛ Ák›> \[™Ï
á ‡∏º´V¸ ≠V m¬·¬.
9. √VtM kDƒD cÚkVÔ¬ ÔV´\VÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔÈÔD á
>¬ÔV ÔÈÔD.
10. ]_oÁB gı¶ ÔÁ¶E ∑_>V[ kDƒD á ºÔVÈΩ kDƒD.
60.ÿ\VÔÈVBÏ
1. ÿ\VÔÈVB ´V¤kDƒD g‚E ÿƒF> ÔVÈ Ô‚¶D á
1526á1857.
2. √V√ˆ[ xø©ÿ√BÏ á v˛Ú›y[ xÔ\m √V√Ï.
3. ÷Õ]BV *m √Á¶ÿB|¬Ô √V√Ú¬z ∂Áw©A
s|›>kÏÔ^ á gÈDÔV[, ÿ>·›ÔV[.
4. ¯\VRM[ kVµ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ á ¯\VR[ ÂV\V.
5. z¤´V›Á> ÿk[≈>[ WÁ™kVÔ ∂¬√Ï Ô‚ΩB
WÁ™s¶D á AÈÕ› >ÏkVvV.
6. y[ ÷ÈVN ®[√>[ ÿ√VÚ^ á Ô¶°π[ \>D.
7. ∂¬√ˆ[ ∂ÁkÁB ∂È∫Ôˆ›> ÷Áƒ¬ ÔÁÈQÏ á
>V[ºƒ[.
8. ¤«V∫ˇÏ ÔVÈ›]_ ÷Õ]BVs_ ∂≈xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶
º√VÁ>©ÿ√VÚ^ á AÁÔlÁÈ .
9. ¡´∫ÔÊ©A¶[ º\V]B \´V‚ΩB \[™Ï á EkV˜.
10. ÿ\VÔÈVBÏÔπ[ ∂´ƒÁk ÿ\Va á √V´ÊÔD.

153
k´ÈVÆ - II
61.>twÔ k´ÈVÆ
÷È¬˛BD, Ô_ÿk‚|Ô^, ÂVB∫Ô^ \uÆD
AÁ>ÿ√VÚ^ ƒV[ÆÔ^ ∂B_ÂV‚¶kˆ[ √B¬z§©AÔ^
º√V[≈Ák √ıÁ¶› >twÔ k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂§B c>°D x¬˛B
g>V´∫Ô^.
1.ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD, ®‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ ±_Ô^, √›m©√V‚|
±_Ô^, nDÿ√Ú∫ÔV©∏B∫Ô^ ... º√V[≈Ák √wÕ>tµ
k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂§B›>ÚD x¬˛B ÷È¬Ô, ÷È¬˛B∫Ô^.
2.ÿ\Ô¸>ÃL[ ÷ıΩÔV, >VÈtl[ cÈÔ kÁ´√¶D,
Ê™©√BË •kV[ ∑kV∫˛[ EáRá˛ º√V[≈Ák >twÔ
k´ÈVuÁ≈ ®|>m¬ÔV‚|D x¬˛B ∂B_ÂV‚¶kÏ z§©AÔ^.
3.ƒ∫Ô ÔVÈ \[™ÏÔ^ ºƒ´, ºƒVw, √VıΩB \´Á√fl
ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔπ_ ºƒ´[ ÿƒ∫z‚|k[, ÔˆÔV_ ºƒVw[,
gˆB© √Á¶ Ô¶Õ> ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[, >ÁÈBV™∫ÔV™›m
ÿƒÚÿk[≈ ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[ g˛ºBVÏ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔkÏÔ^.
ÔVsˆ gu§[ zÆ¬ºÔ ÔˆÔVÈ[ Ô‚ΩB Ô_ÈÁ √Vƒ™
skƒVB›Á>© ∏[√u§B ƒx>VB›Á> c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ ºƒVw
∂´∑ ÿƒB_√‚¶Á> cÏ›m˛≈m. ºƒVwˆ[ >ÁÈÂÔÏ cÁ≈RÏ.
4.ºƒ´[ ÿƒ∫z‚|k[ kfiEÁB› >ÁÈÂÔ´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı|
∑\VÏ 50 gı|Ô”¬z º\_ g‚E ÿƒF>kÏ.
5.ºƒ´ á ºƒVw©√Á¶ÔÁ· >ÁÈBVÈ∫ÔV™D (>fiƒV∆Ï
\Vk‚¶D) ∂Ú˛_ º>VuÔΩ›>>V_ √VıΩB[ ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[
>ÁÈBVÈ∫ÔV™›mfl ÿƒÚÿk[≈ √VıΩB[ ®™°D
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶V[. >ÁÈÂÔÏ \mÁ´.
6.√Vˆ, ÔVˆ, {ˆ, Â_o, º√Ô[, gF, ∂]B\V[
º√V[º≈VÏ ƒ∫Ô ÔVÈ zÆWÈ \[™ÏÔ^.
7.ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ›]_ ∏´V\Ï, ≥›]ˆBÏ, kËÔÏ, ºk·V·Ï
®[Æ ÂV[z kÁÔ kÚ∫Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>>VÔ ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD
ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈m.
154
8.xE§, ÿ>VıΩ, ØDAÔVÏ, ÿÔVuÁÔ x¬˛B
mÁ≈xÔ∫Ô^.
62.Ô·©∏´Ï ÔVÈD
ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ JºkÕ>ÏÔπ[ TµflE¬z© ∏[∑\VÏ 300
gı|Ô”¬ÔV™ k´ÈVÆ ÿ>πkVÔ ÷_ÁÈ. ÷¬ÔVÈ›Á>
Ô·©∏´Ï ÔVÈD ®[ÆD, ÷Úı¶ ÔVÈD ®[ÆD, ∂§QÏÔ^
kÚË¬˛[≈™Ï.
63.√_ÈkÏ ÔVÈD
ÿ>VıÁ¶ \ı¶È›][ ÔVfiÊA´›Á>› >ÁÈÂÔ´VÔ¬
ÿÔVı| gı¶kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔπ_ ∏´V˛Ú> ÿ\Val_
ƒVƒ™∫Ô^ ÿkπl‚¶kÏÔ^. ƒ\¸˛Ú> ÿ\Val[ ƒVƒ™∫ÔÁ·
ÿkπl‚¶kÏÔ^ ®™ ÷´ı| ∏ˆs™ÏÔπÚÕ>™Ï. Ek
¸ÔÕ>kÏ\–D, s¤B ¸ÔÕ>kÏ\–D ∏´V˛Ú> ÿ\Va© ∏ˆÁkfl
ºƒÏÕ> AÔµÿ√u≈ \[™ÏÔ^.
ƒ\¸˛Ú> ÿ\Val_ ƒVƒ™D ÿkπl‚¶kÏÔπ_
(ÂV[ÔVD ±u≈VıΩ[ ∏u√z]) z§©∏¶›>¬ÔkÏ sib
z©>[.
64.x>ÈVD \ºÔÕ]´kÏ\[ (˛.∏. 600 á 630)

E›]´ÔV´©Ao, sE›]´ E›>[ ®[–D √‚¶© ÿ√BÏÔπ_
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ AÔµÿ√u≈ √_Èk \[™[. ƒV”¬˛B \[™[
÷´ı¶VD AoºÔEl¶D º>Vu≈kÏ. ∂©√ˆ[ ÿƒ_kV¬ÔV_ ƒ\
\>›Á>› m≈Õm Áƒk \>›Á>› >øsB \ºÔÕ]´kÏ\[,
k_ÈD, >Èk˚Ï g˛B ÷¶∫Ôπ_ zÁ¶kÁ´¬ ºÔVl_Ô^
®ø©∏™VÏ. \›>sÈVƒ© ∏´ÔVƒ™D ÷kÏ ®ø]B AÔµ t¬Ô ±_.
155
65.ÂÉD\kÏ\[ (˛.∏. 630 á 668)
\ºÔÕ]´ kÏ\M[ \Ô[. ƒV”¬˛B ÂV‚Ω[ *m
√Á¶ÿB|›m ÷´ı¶VD AoºÔEÁB› º>VuÔΩ›>>V_ kV>V∏
ÿÔVı¶V[ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ. \ÔV√oA´›Á>
cÚkV¬˛BkÏ. ÷k´m ÔVÈ›]_ Ê™© √BË •kV[ ∑kV∫ (˛.∏.
640) ÔVfiEA´D kÕ>VÏ.
√_ÈkÏÔVÈD ÷Õm ƒ\B \Æ\ÈÏflE ÔVÈD ®™ÈVD.

Áƒk ÂVB[\VÚD, Ákk gµkVÏÔ”D √¬]
÷B¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D, ÷È¬˛B∫ÔÁ·•D ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ √Á¶›>™Ï.
66.∏uÔVÈ© √VıΩBÏ (˛.∏.550 á950)

ºk^s¬zΩ ÿƒ©º√|Ôπ[ √Ω √VıΩB kDƒ›][
(x>ÈVD √VıΩBÏ) x>_ \[™Ï Ô|∫ºÔV[ √VıΩB[.
÷kÁ´B|›m g‚E¬z kÕ>kÏÔ^ : \V≈kÏ\[ ∂kM
Û·V\Ë, ºƒÕ>[ ÿƒaB[, ∂ˆºÔƒˆ (Ì[ √VıΩB[),
√´V∫zƒ[, \V≈kÏ\[ ´V¤ED\[ á 1 \uÆD √´VÕ>Ô
ÿÂ|fiÿƒaB[.
÷kÏÔÁ·B|›m ∂ˆBÁ ∞§B p\V≈ pk_È√[
(815 á 862) ÿ>^·VuÆ© º√Vˆ_ J[≈VD ÂÕ]kÏ\ √_Èk™V_
º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶VÏ.
˛.∏.880á÷_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ ]Ú©A≈D∏BD º√VÁ´B|›m
√VıΩB ∂´∑ TµflEBÁ¶Õ>m.
67.∏uÔVÈfl ºƒVwÏ (˛.∏.850 á 1279)

cÁ≈RÏ ºƒVw[ s¤BVÈM[ kVˆƒV™ x>ÈVD
g]›>[ (871 á 907) ]Ú©A≈D∏B›]_ Â¶Õ> º√Vˆ_ √_Èk
\[™[ ∂√´V˜>Á™› º>VuÔΩ›m ºƒVw© º√´´Áƒ
koÁ\√|›]™V[.
÷k´m \Ô[ x>ÈVD √´VÕ>Ôfl ºƒVw[, \mÁ´
ÿÔVı¶V[, ~wD ÿÔVı¶V[ ®[Æ E≈©∏¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ.
156
ºƒVwÏÔVÈ ª´V‚E WÏkVÔD √u§ √´VÕ>Ôfl ºƒVwM[
c›]´º\‘Ï Ô_ÿk‚|¬ z§©AÔ^ sˆkVÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈™.
E>D√´D Â¶´V¤Ï ºÔVsK¬z ÿ√V[ÌÁ´ ºkFÕ>kÏ.
68.x>ÈVD ÷´V¤ ´V¤ ºƒVw[ (˛.∏.985 á 1012)

∑Õ>´ ºƒVw[ á kV™k[ \ÔVº>s >D√]l™ˆ[
A>_k[. ÔVÕ>jÏ ƒVÁÈl_ ºƒ´ \[™M[ Ô©√u√Á¶ÁB
∂a›>m. ÷È∫ÁÔ, \VÈ›y° º√V[≈ Ô¶_ Ô¶Õ> ÂV|ÔÁ·
ÿk[≈m. √VıΩB ÂV‚Ω_ ºƒVwÏ g]¬Ô›Á> kKkVÔ
WÁÈWÆ›]Bm º√V[≈Ák ÷k´m z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ÿku§Ô^.
xDxΩfl ºƒVw[, ∂Úıÿ\VakÏ\[, ´V¤ºÔƒˆ,

ÔVÕ>jÏflƒVÁÈ ÔÈ\Æ›>kÏ ®[Æ √_ºkÆ √‚¶©ÿ√BÏÔ·V_
E≈©∏¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ. ]ÚkVÈV∫ÔV‚| ÿƒ©A© √‚¶B∫Ô^ ÷k´m
g‚EÁB© √u§ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™. ˛´V\ WÏkVÔ›m¬ÔVÔ
z¶ºkVÁÈ xÁ≈ º>Ï>_, WÈ ∂·T| º√V[≈Ák ÷k´m
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ƒV>Á™Ô^. >fiÁƒ© ÿ√Ú°Á¶BVÏ ºÔVsÁÈ¬
Ô‚ΩBkÏ (ÿ√ˆBºÔVs_).
69.÷´Vº¤Õ]´ºƒVw[ (1012 á 1044)

xΩÿÔVı¶V[, Ô∫ÁÔÿÔVı¶V[, Ô¶V´D ÿÔVı¶V[
º√V[≈Ák ÷´Vº¤Õ]´ºƒVw[ ÛΩ¬ ÿÔVı¶ EÈ √‚¶∫Ô^.
>ÁÈÂÔÁ´ >fiƒV∆ôÚÕm Ô∫ÁÔ ÿÔVı¶
ºƒVwA´›m¬z \Vu§™V[. ºƒVw Ô∫ÔD ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶
\Vÿ√ÚD ∞ˆÁB¬ Ô‚Ω™VÏ.
÷kÚ¬z© ∏[ x>ÈVD ÷´V¤V] ´V¤[, ÷´ı¶VD
÷´Vº¤Õ]´[, x>ÈVD T´ ÷´Vº¤Õ]´[ º√V[º≈VÏ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
ŒÚkÏ ∏[ ŒÚk´VÔ ˛.∏. 1067 kÁ´ ∂´ƒVı¶™Ï.
T´ ÷´Vº¤Õ]´[ \Ô[ g] ÷´Vº¤Õ]´[ g‚EºBV|
s¤BVÈB[ ka kÕ> ºƒVwÏ g‚E xΩ°¬z kÕ>m.
157
70.zºÈV›m∫Ôfl ºƒVw[ (˛.∏. 1070 á 1120)
ƒV”¬˛BÏ á ºƒVwÏ ÔÈ©A ktƒ kal_ kÕ> ºƒVwÏ
g‚El[ mk¬ÔD.
Ê™ ∂´ƒÁk¬z #>ÏÔÁ· ∂–©∏BkÏ.
∑∫Ô kˆÁB ¿¬˛B>V_ ∑∫ÔD >sÏ›> ºƒVw[ ®™fl
E≈©∏¬Ô©√|˛≈VÏ. zºÈV›m∫Ôfl ºƒVw[ ∏^Á·› >tµ,
s¬˛´\fl ºƒVw[ cÈV ÷k´m ÿ√ÚÁ\ÔÁ· ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈™.
71.∏uÔVÈ© √VıΩBÏ (˛.∏. 1190 á 1310)

√VıΩB[ ƒÁ¶BkÏ\[ p k_È√[, 1090á_ √VıΩBÏ
g‚EÁB WÆs™VÏ. ÷kÁ´B|›m g‚E¬z kÕ>kÏÔ^
ƒÁ¶BkÏ\[ zÈºƒÔ´ √VıΩB[ (1190 á 1218), \V≈kÏ\[
∑Õ>´√VıΩB[ (1216 á 1238), ÷´ı¶VD \V≈kÏ\[
∑Õ>´√VıΩB[ (1238 á 1255), ¤¶VkÏ\[ ∑Õ>´ √VıΩB[
(1251).
÷Æ] \Vÿ√ÚD √VıΩB \[™[ \V≈kÏ\[ x>ÈVD
zÈºƒÔ´ √VıΩB[ (1268 á 1311).
ƒ∫Ô ÔVÈ›]oÚÕm ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ >twÔ›Á> gı¶
\[™[ √´D√Á´ √VıΩBÏ √´D√Á´ºB.
ÿkM¸ ÂÔ´© √BË \VÏ¬ºÔV º√VºÈVs[ z§©AÔ^
√VıΩBÏ g‚EÁB©√u§ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™.
72.\mÁ´ ∑_>V[ g‚E

\V≈kÏ\[ zÈºƒÔ´© √VıΩBM[ \Ô[Ô·V™
∑Õ>´√VıΩB–D, T´ √VıΩB–D \Vo¬ÔØˆ[ ÿ>[™Ô©
√Á¶ÿB|©∏[º√Vm kVˆ∑ˆÁ\fl ƒıÁ¶l_ ~|√‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï.
∑Õ>´ √VıΩBº™ >ÕÁ>l[ ∂[∏uzˆBk™VÔ ÷ÚÕ>V[.
T´√VıΩBÁ™› >[ kVˆƒV¬Ô WÁ™›> >ÕÁ>l[ ]‚¶›Á>¬
ºÔ‚| g›]´xu≈ ∑Õ>´ √VıΩB[ >ÕÁ>ÁB¬ ÿÔVÁÈ
ÿƒFms‚|, ∂ÈV°y[ ˛_˜l¶D ƒ´Á¶Õ>>VÔ°D, ∑_>V[
∂©º√Vm >¬ÔV© √Á¶ÿB|©∏_ ÷ÚÕ> \Vo¬ÔVØÁ´
∑Õ>´√VıΩB–¬z g>´kVÔ \mÁ´ ÿƒ_K\VÆ
158
√Ë›>>VÔ°D ƒ\ÔVÈ gk∫Ô^ ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈™. \Vo¬
ÔVØˆ[ kÚÁÔÁB¬ ºÔ^s•u≈ T´√VıΩB[ >ÁÈ
\Á≈kV™V[. \mÁ´ kÕ> \Vo¬ÔVØÏ ÿƒV¬ÔÂV>Ï ºÔVsÁÈ
y¬˛Á´BV¬˛ ∂∫˛ÚÕ> ÿƒ_k∫ÔÁ· ∂^πfl ÿƒ[≈V[.
∏[™Ï ÷´Vº\¸k´D kÁ´ ÿƒ[Æ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m ]_o
]ÚD∏B (1311) \Vo¬ ÔVØÏ, \mÁ´l_ ŒÚ W´Õ>´ xÔ\]BÏ
√Á¶ÁB s‚|fl ÿƒ[≈V[. ÷mºk \mÁ´l_ ∑_>VMBÏ
g‚E¬z (1310) s›]‚¶m.
1318á÷_ x√V´¬ ˛_˜, z¸ÚÔVÁ™ \mÁ´¬z ∂–©∏
\mÁ´, ]_o ∑_>VMB›][ ŒÚ √z] ®[Æ ∂§s›>VÏ.
˛BV∑y[ m¬·¬˛[ \Ô[ cŸÔV[ √´V¬˛´\
√VıΩBÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›m \mÁ´ ∑_>VMB›Á> sˆ°
√|›]™V[.
73.>twÔ›]_ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´∑

ÿ>[™Ô›]_ ]_o ∑_>VMB©√Á¶l[
ª|Úk_ÔÁ·› >|¬zD ºÂV¬z¶[ m∫Ô√›]´V Â]¬ÔÁ´l_
cÚkV˛B ∂´ºƒ s¤BÂÔ´ ∂´∑. ÷©º√´É[ g]¬ÔD x>o_
k¶ >twÔ›]_ ƒÕ]´˛ˆÁBfl ∑u§B √z]Ôπ_>V[
∞u√|›>©√‚¶m. ∂>[∏[ ƒDAk´VBM[ guÔV‚|© √z]Ôπ_
WÁÈ ÂV‚¶©√‚¶m.
x>ÈVD A¬Ôˆ[ \Ô–D, ÷´ı¶VD «ˆÔ´M[
ƒºÔV>´–\V™ z\V´ ÔD√ıVs[ √Á¶› >·√]BV™
\∫zº>k[ s¤B ÂÔ´© º√´É[ >twÔ ÿku§Ô”¬z›
>ÁÈÁ\ >V∫˛™VÏ. ƒKk ÂÉD\[ 1485 x>_ ÷©√z]¬z©
ÿ√VÆ©º√uÆ¬ ÿÔVı¶V[.
1378á÷_ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´É[ ÷´ı¶VD A¬ÔÏ
\mÁ´ÁB ÿk[≈VÏ. ÷Á>B|›m \mÁ´ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´É[
g‚El[ ˇµ kÕ>m.
÷ÕWÁÈl_ √VtM ∑_>V[Ô^ \uÆD ∂kÏÔ·m
∂]ÔVˆÔπ[ ∂¶¬zxÁ≈¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl™V_ √V]¬Ô©√‚|
ÿ>K∫z \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÿkπºB§B skƒVlÔ”D,
159
kËÔÏÔ”D s¤BÂÔ´© √Á¶T´ÏÔ^ mÁ•¶[ >twÔ›]_
zΩºB≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛™Ï.
s¤BÂÔÏ \[™ÏÔπ[ ÂD∏¬ÁÔÁB© ÿ√uÆ g∫ÔV∫z
g‚E© ÿ√VÆ©º√u≈kÏÔ^. ƒÕ>Ï©√D ˛Á¶›> º√Vm >∫Ô^
g]¬Ô›Á> WÁÈ ÂV‚¶ xB[≈™Ï.
ÂVÔ\ ÂVB¬Ô[ s¤BÂÔ´© º√´É[ √VmÔV©∏_ ÷ÚÕ>
√VıΩB ÂV‚Á¶¬ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›> T´ºƒÔ´ ºƒVw–¬z ®]´VÔ
∂–©√©√‚¶k[. ºƒVwÁ™› º>VuÔΩ›> ÂVÔ\ ÂVB¬Ô[ >™m
ÿƒVÕ> ∂´Áƒ ∂Á\¬Ô› ]‚¶t‚¶V[. g™V_ ∂k™m \Ô[
s∑k ÂV> ÂVB¬Ô[ ∂>uz Œ›mÁw©A Â_Ôs_ÁÈ. >ÕÁ>ÁB
\[™Ï ˛Úi º>k´VBˆ¶D Œ©√Á¶›>V[. ÷flÿƒBK¬ÔVÔ
s∑kÂV>[ \mÁ´ g”Â´VÔ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶V[.
74.ÂVB¬ÔÏÔ^
˛Úi º>k´VBÏ g‚E¬ÔVÈ›]_ >tµÂV| \mÁ´,
ÿƒfiE, >fiƒV∆Ï ®[–D J[Æ √z]Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>™.
÷ku§[ WÏkVÔD ÂVB¬ÔÏÔ^ ®™©√|D g”ÂÏÔπ¶D
Œ©√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m.
s¤BÂÔ´ \[™ÏÔ·V_ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶ g”ÂÏÔ”D,
>twÔ zÆWÈ \[™ÏÔ”D, √VıΩB \uÆD ]ÚkV∫ÌÏ
∂´ƒÏÔπ[ c>s ÿ√uÆ >∫Ô^ g]¬Ô›Á> WÁÈWÆ›>
xB[≈ º√Vÿ>_ÈVD s¤BÂÔ´© º√´´ƒÏ >twÔ›]uz›
ÿ>V¶ÏÕm √Á¶ÿB|¬Ô ºkıΩlÚÕ>m. ÷mºk s¤BÂÔ´©
º√´É[ TµflE¬z kakz›>m.
]Ú\ÁÈ ÂVB¬ÔÚ¬z ∂|›m ∂k´m J›> \Ô[
˛Úi©√ ÂVB¬ÔÚD, ∂|›m º√´[ T´©√ÂVB¬ÔÚD
√>sºBu≈VÏÔ^.
75.√ıÁ¶B >twÔD
1. ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ› >twÔD ÷Õm ƒ\B›]uz kw∫˛B
÷Á≈ka√V| á xÚÔka√V|.
2. ºƒ´ÏÔπ[ \VÁÈ á √™D Ø\VÁÈ.
3. ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ›]_ ºkπÏÔ^ ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶kÏÔ^ á
zÆWÈ \[™ÏÔ^.
160
4. >tµ¬Ì¶_ ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂÔ´D á \mÁ´.
5. ƒ∫Ô ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ ˛º´¬ÔÏÔ^ ÷ÀkVÆ
∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï á Bk™ÏÔ^.
6. \lK¬z º√VÏÁk ∂π›> k^·_ á º√Ô[.
7. ØDAÔVˆ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ kËÔD z§›m z§©∏|D ±_ á
√‚Ω™©√VÁÈ.
8. ºƒ´ \´Á√© √u§ ÌÆD ±_ á √]uÆ©√›m.
9. ºƒVwÏÔπ[ ˛´V\ WÏkVÔD √u§ z§©∏|D Ô_ÿk‚| á
c›]´º\‘Ï Ô_ÿk‚|.
10. ÿÔV_o\ÁÈ©√z]ÁB gı¶ \[™[ á {ˆ.
76.>twÔ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^
1. ÿ>[MÕ]BVs[ ÔVE á ÷´Vº\¸k´D.
2. ˛w¬˛[ Ω´VF ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D >twÔ ÂÔ´D á
ÿƒfiE¬ºÔV‚Á¶.
3. ÷BuÁÔ ´©√Ï cu√›] ÿƒF•D Œº´ \Vk‚¶D á
Ô[MBVz\ˆ.
4. ÔVÕ]BΩÔ·V_ Ô>Ï >ÁÈÂÔ´D ®[Æ E≈©∏¬Ô©√‚¶
ÂÔ´D á ]Ú©ØÏ.
5. ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷´ı¶Vkm ÿ√ˆB c©A cu√›] Á\BD á
#›m¬zΩ.
6. ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BV°¶[ ÷ÁÕ> x>_ ƒ\¸>V™D
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶.
7. ÿ>[MÕ]B g¬¸º√VÏ| ®™fl E≈©∏¬Ô©√|km á
]ÚÿÂ_ºko \Vk‚¶D.
8. >twÔ ∂É[ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk x›]Á´ á ps_o©A›#Ï
gı¶V^ ºÔVs_ ºÔVA´D.
9. ÿk§ ÂVF¬ÔΩ¬ÔV™ \ÚÕm >BVˆ¬zD √V¸¶Ï
÷[¸ΩR‚ g© ÷Õ]BV ∂Á\Õm^· ÷¶D á ¿È˛ˆ.
10. ÷Õ]B WR‚ˆº™V gF° Á\BD ∂Á\Õm^· ÷¶D á
º>M \Vk‚¶D º\Ô \ÁÈ.

161
xÁ™kÏ.A.∂x>V
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ
ÿ√Vm WÏkVÔ mÁ≈
∂ıV g>Ïi Ô_Ÿˆ, ∂ıVÂÔÏ, ÿƒ[Á™-40
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D
1. ÿ√VÚπB_ ®[√m \M> sÚ©√∫ÔÁ· √u§•D, ∂Ák WÁ≈°
ÿƒFB©√|D √u§•D g´V•D ŒÚ ƒJÔ ∂§sB_ gzD.
2. ∂´∑ ŒÚ ƒx>VB›]uz ∂]Ô ÂÈD ˛Á¶¬Ôfl ÿƒFB ºkı|D.
∂Ák ∂ÉB_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™©√|D.
3. ÿ√VÚπB_ ŒÚ sÁÈ› yÏ\V™D √u§B ∂§sB_, ÂT™
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ŒÚ √sB_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D. sÁÈÔ^ √\VÔfl
ÿƒK›>©√|˛[≈™.
4. ÿ√VÚπBo[ ÷È¬Ô›Á> kÁ´BÆ›>kÏ / ÿ√VÚπB_
ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ·•D xÁ≈BVÔ ŒÚ∫˛Á›>kÏ / ∂ÉB_
ÿ√VÚπBo[ >ÕÁ> ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶kÏ á g¶D ¸t›.
5. ÿƒ_k›Á> ∂Á¶k]KD, ∂>Á™ √B[√|›mk]KD ∞u√|D
∏´flƒÁÔ^ √u§ ∂§kº> ÿ√VÚπB_ ®[≈kÏ á g¶D ¸t›.
6. ÂV|Ôπ[ ÿƒ_kD (An Enquiry into the nature and causes of wealth of
Nations) ®[≈ A›>Ô›Á> g>D ¸t› ®ø]•^·VÏ.
7. g_‡∏´| \VÏ≠_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ºÔV‚√V|Ô^ ®[≈ ±o_ ∂kÏ
\M>–Á¶B kVµ¬ÁÔl[ ∂[≈V¶ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ·© √u§
ÿ√VÚπB_ g´VFÕm ÌÆ˛≈m ®[√Á> kÁ´BÆ›>VÏ.
8. g_‡∏´| \VÏ≠o[ ÂÈ ÷È¬ÔD (Weltare Economics)
E≈Õ>>VÔ s·∫˛Bm.
9. g_‡∏´| ÿƒ_k›Á>© √u§ \‚|º\ g´VF˛≈m ®[√Á>
∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·s_ÁÈ. ÿƒ_k›Á>© √u§ g´VFkÁ>s¶
\M>Á™© √u§ g´VFkº> ÷[§BÁ\BV>m ®[≈ ÔÚ›Á>
x>[Á\©√|›]™VÏ.
10. ÂT™ ÿ√VÚπB_ ÷È¬ÔD / ˛Á¶©√ÚÁ\ / √u≈V¬zÁ≈
÷È¬ÔD ®[√m ÷ÈB™¸ ÷´V∏[ƒ[.
11. ÷ÈB[¸ ÷´V∏[ƒ[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂§sBo[ ÷B_AD ∂>[
E≈©AD √u§B ŒÚ Ô‚|Á´ÁB >\m ±o_ ÷È¬Ô\VÔ
>Õm^·VÏ.
162
12. ÷ÈB[¸ ÷´V∏[ƒM[ ÿ√VÚπB_ EÕ>Á™BV™m
sÚ©√∫Ôº·V|D, ˛Á¶©√ÚÁ\•^·, \Vu≈ kaÔπ_
√B[√¶›>¬Ô ƒV>™∫Ôº·V|D ÿ>V¶ÏA^· \M> Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ
ÔÁ·© √u§
13.ƒVxºk_ƒM[ ÷È¬ÔD ®[√m ÂT™ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ÷È¬ÔD
gzD.
14. \VuÆ© √B[√V|Á¶B √u≈V¬zÁ≈BV™ k·∫ÔÁ·©
√B[√|›] ƒx>VBD ®ÀkVÆ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬˛≈m ®[√m √u§•D,
√ı¶∫ÔÁ·•D √ËÔÁ·•D >uÔVÈ, ®]ÏÔVÈ OÔÏ°¬ÔVÔ
®ÀkVÆ cu√›] ÿƒF˛[≈m ®[√m √u§•D √lKD ŒÚ ƒJÔ
∂§sBºÈ ÿ√VÚπBÈVzD.
15. ÿ√VÚπBo_ 4 ∏ˆ°Ô^ cı|. ∂Ák 1.OÔÏ°, 2.cu√›],
3. √ˆ\Vu≈D 4. √˛Ï°.
16. ÂT™ ÔVÈ›]_ ÿ√VÚπB_ ∂§QÏÔ^ ÿ√VmW] ®[≈ A]B
∏ˆÁk•D ºƒÏ›m^·™Ï. ÷ÁkÔ^ Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ
ƒVÏÕm^·™.
17. \M> sÚ©√∫ÔÁ· WÁ≈° ÿƒFkm OÔÏ° (Comsumptiion)
®™©√|D.
18. ÿƒ_k›Á> cÚkV¬z>_ ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^√|D ÷m √B[√V‚Ω[
g¬ÔD ®[ÆD ÿ√VÚ^√|D. √B[√V| ®[m sÚ©√›Á> WÁ≈°
ÿƒF•D √ı¶›][ gu≈_ gzD. ÷ÁkºB cu√›]
(Production)
19. √B[√V| J[Æ kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ák kΩk √B[√V| (Form utility)
÷¶©√B[√V| (Place Utility) ÔVÈ©√B[√V| (Time Utility).
20.√ˆ\Vu≈D (Exchange) √ı¶∫Ô^ \u≈ √ı¶∫Ô”¬ÔVÔºkV
∂_Èm √›]uÔVºkV \Vu§¬ ÿÔV^·©√|˛[≈™. √ı¶\VuÆ
xÁ≈l_ √ı¶∫Ô^ √ı¶∫Ô”¬ÔVÔ √ˆ\Vu§¬
ÿÔV^·©√|˛[≈™.
21.√˛Ï° (Distribution) ®[√m WÈD, cÁw©A, JÈ>™D,
ÿ>Va_xÁ™° g˛B cu√›] ÔV´ËÔÁ·© √B[√|›]
ÿƒ_kD cu√›] ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m. ÂV[z cu√›] ÔV´ËÔ”D
ÿkÀºkÆ √ËÔÁ· º\uÿÔV^k>V_ ∂ku§uz ÔV´Ë ª]BD
kw∫Ô©√|˛≈m.
22.ÿƒ_k\V™m ÔV´ËÔ”¬zˆB ª]B\V™ kV´D, Ìo, k‚Ω,
÷ÈV√D g˛Bku§uz© √˛ÏÕ>π¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
163
23.ÿ√VmW] ®[√m ∂É[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© √ËÔÁ·© √u§Bm
(∂É[ k´°áÿƒÈ° gzD) kˆs]©A, ÿ√VmflÿƒÈ°,
ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ º√V[≈kuÁ≈ c^·¶¬˛Bm.
24.√T¬ÔD (Inflation) ®[√m ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ sÁÈ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
cBÏÕm ÿÔVıº¶ º√Vkm>V[ √T¬ÔD ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ( ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ cu√›]ÁB s¶ √
∂·° ºkÔ\VÔ cBÚº\BV™V_ ∂∫z √T¬ÔD ∞u√|D)
25. ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ( Reserve Bank of India )
√›Á> ∂flE‚| ÿkπl|kÁ>ºBV ∂_Èm k∫˛Ô^
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD Ô¶[ ∂·Ák¬ Ô‚|©√|›>V\_ ÷ÚÕ>VºÈV.
√©Aw¬ÔD ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›]ÁB s¶ ºkÔ\VÔ cBÏÕm
√T¬ÔD ∞u√|D.
26.ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›] ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ºkÔ\VÔ cBÚD
ƒ\B›]_, \¬Ôπ¶xD kV∫zD ƒ¬] ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬zDº√VmD
√T¬ÔD ∞u√|D.
27.√kV‚¶D (Deflation) ®[√m ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ sÁÈ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
zÁ≈Õm ÿÔVıº¶ º√VkÁ>›>V[ √kV‚¶D ®[Æ
∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.
28.ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›] zÁ≈•Dº√Vm \¬Ô^
ºkÁÈkVFÁ√ ÷w©√Ï. ÷>™V_ ∂kÏÔπ[ kV∫zD ƒ¬]
zÁ≈Õm ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ º>Ák•D zÁ≈•D. \¬Ôπ[ º>Ák
zÁ≈•D º√Vm ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ sÁÈÔ”D zÁ≈•D ÷Ák
√kV‚¶D ∞u√¶ ÔV´\VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m.
29.º>¬ÔWÁÈ (Stagflation) ®[√m ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ TµflE•D,
√T¬ÔxD ºƒÏÕº> kÕ>V_ ∂>uz
30.k·ÚD ÂV|Ôπ_ cu√›]ÁB cBÏ›mD ºÂV¬Ô›]_ √
∂π©Á√ cBÏ›] g™V_ ∂>uºÔu√ ÿ√VÚ^ cu√›]
cB´s_ÁÈ ®[≈V_ ∂>uz
31. kÚkVF Ô¬z (Revenue account) ®[√m ∂É[ √‚ÿ¤‚
÷´ı| ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ∂ku§_ 1. kÚkVF
Ô¬z, 2. x>_ Ô¬z (Capital Account) kÚkVF Ô¬˛_
∂É[ kÚkVFÔ”D ÿƒÈ°Ô”D ÷Ú¬˛≈m.
32. ∂É[ kÚkVF Ô¬˛_ J[Æ ∏ˆ°Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák
1.kˆkÚkVF 2.kˆl_ÈV> kÚkVF 3. ∂´∑ ÿ√ÚD ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^
(Grants) .
164
33.kˆkÚkVF ®[√m kÚ\V™kˆ, cu√›]kˆ, ∑∫Ôkˆ,
c^π‚¶Ák gzD.
34. kˆl_ÈV> kÚkVF ®[√m ∂´∑ WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÈV√D ∂´∑
√ËÔ”¬z ÿ√≈©√|D sÁÈ, ∂´∑ mÁ≈Ô^ s]¬Ô©√|D
∂√´V>D.
35.∂´∑ ÿ√ÚD ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^ ®[√m ÷›>ÁÔB kÚkVFÔ^ ®_ÈVD
∂´∑¬z ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ˛Á¶›m¬ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú¬zD. ÷Ák
∂Á™›mD ∂É[ ÿƒVÕ> kÚkVFÔ^ gzD.
36.∂É[ ÿƒÈ°Ô^ ®[√m ÂV[z kÁÔBVÔ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD ∂Ák.
1.∂´∑ ªaBÏÔπ[ ƒD√·D, {F∆]BD 2. \VMBD
3. Ô¶–¬z ÿƒK›mD k‚Ω 3. √VmÔV©A ÿƒÈ°Ô^ c^π‚¶
÷[–D √È
37. ∂´∑ >[–Á¶B ÿƒVÕ> kÚkVÁB¬ ÿÔVı| ∂´∑ >[
ÿƒÈ°ÔÁ· ÿƒFmÿÔVı¶V_ √u≈V¬zÁ≈ ÷_ÁÈ ®[≈
∂Ï›>›Á> ÿÔVı¶m.
38. kÚkVÁB s¶ ÿƒÈ° ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú¬zD √‚ƒ›]_ ÷Õ> kÚkVF
Ô¬z √u≈V¬zÁ≈ (Revenue ideficit) ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D.
39. x>_ Ô¬z (Capital Account) ®[√m ∂É[
√‚ÿ¤‚Ω_ ŒÚ √z] x>_ Ô¬ÔVzD. x>_Ô¬˛_ ÷´ı|
∏ˆ°Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák, 1.kÚkVF, 2.ÿƒÈ° gzD.
40.\VWÈ ∂´∑Ô”¬z ∂´∑ WÆk™∫Ô”¬z ∂_Èm ∂´∑
ªaBÏÔ”¬z¬ ÿÔV|›> Ô¶[ÿ>VÁÔ ]ÚD√© ÿ√ÆkÁ> x>_
Ô¬˛_ kÚkVBVÔ Ák¬Ô©√|D.
41.∂´∑ ÿ√ÆD ∂Á™›m¬ Ô¶[Ô”D (c^ÂV‚| \uÆD ÿkπÂV‚|
Ô¶[Ô^) x>_ Ô¬˛_ kÚkVBVÔ ÷Ú¬zD.
42. x>_ Ô¬˛_ c^· ÿƒÈ° ∂´∑¬z ∞>Vkm kÚ\V™›Á>ºBV
∂_Èm ÿƒV›Á>ºBV ~‚Ω›>´ºkı|D.
43. ÿ√Vm W]l_ (Public Finance) ®[√m >M\M>–¬zD ∂´∑¬zD
c^· ∂ÉB_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ÿ>V¶ÏA √u§B skV>D gzD.
44.ÿ√Vm›mÁ≈ ÿ√VÚπB_ (Public Sector Economics) ∂_Èm
ÿ√Vm© ÿ√VÚπB_ (Public Economics) ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D.
45.ÿ√Vm W]l_ ∂É[ ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ· ÂV[z kÁÔ
ºÂV¬Ô∫Ôπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD. 1.k·∫ÔÁ·
]≈Á\BVÔ √B[√|›> >MBVÏ á ÿ√Vm› mÁ≈Ô”¬z Œm¬ˇ|
165
ÿƒFkm (Allocation of Resources) 2. k·ÏflEl[ √È[
∂Á™kÚ¬zD ˛Á¶›>_ (Distribution of benefits).
3. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∞u≈ ÷≈¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ƒ\Vπ›m ŒÚ
WÁÈ>[Á\lÁ™ ∂Á¶>_ ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB kz©√m (Stablility of
the Economic) 4.>MBVÏ mÁ≈ ÿ√Vm ÂÈ–¬z √V]©∏_ÈV>
Ûw_ÔÁ·•D WÆk™ ∂Á\©AÔÁ· cÚkV¬z>_ (Regulatory
Function).
46.W]¬ÿÔV^ÁÔ (Fiscal Policy) ®[√m ∏[kÚ\VÆ c^·™ ∂Ák.
1.ÿ√VmflÿƒÈ° 2. ÿ√VmkÚkVF 3.ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ 4. W]
WÚkVÔD \uÆD 5. Ì‚¶V‚E xÁ≈ (\›]Bá\VWÈ W] c≈°Ô^).
47. ÿ√Vm W]l[ c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ ÷Ú©√Ák nÕmkÁÔBVÔ
c^·™. ∂Ák, 1.ÿ√VmflÿƒÈ° 2.ÿ√VmkÚkVF 3.ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[
4.W] WÚkVÔD \uÆD 5. Ì‚¶VflE xÁ≈ (\›]Bá\VWÈ W]
c≈°Ô^).
48. ÿ√Vmfl ÿƒÈ° ®[√m ÂT™ ∂´∑ ŒÚ ÂÈ ∂´∑ ∂É[
∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔBV™m ∂É[ W] g>V´∫ÔÁ· √_ºkÆ
k·ÏflE √ËÔ”¬ÔVÔfl ÿƒÈ° ÿƒFkº>BVzD.
49.ÿ√VmkÚkVF ®[√m ∂´∑ ÿ√Æ˛[≈ kÚkVF gzD. ∂É[
kÚkVF kÚ\V™›Á> ÿ√ÚÔfl ÿƒFkmD, kˆs]©∏[
ÿÔV^ÁÔÔÁ·© √u§•D ∂>º™V| ƒD\Õ>©√‚
∏´flƒÁ™ÔÁ·•D ƒVÏÕ>>VÔ ÿÔVı¶m. ÿ√VmkÚkVBV™m
kˆkÚkVF, kˆ ∂_ÈV> kÚkVBVÔ ÿÔVı¶m.
50.ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ ®[√m ÿ√Vm \¬Ôπ¶tÚÕm ∂´∑ ÿ√ÆD
Ô¶[Ô”¬z© ÿ√Vm¬Ô¶[ ®[Æ ÌÆkÏ.
51. ∂É[ kÚkVBV™m ∂É[ ÿƒÈÁk¬ ÔV‚ΩÈD zÁ≈kVÔºk
c^·m. ÷>™V_ ∂´∑ c^ÂV‚| \uÆD ÿkπÂV‚| Ô¶[Ô^
kV∫zk>uz cÕ>©√|˛≈m.
52. c^ÂV‚| Ô¶[ ®[√m ∂´∑ ÿ√Vm \¬Ôπ¶tÚÕmD, kËÔ
k∫˛Ôπ¶tÚÕmD, Á\B k∫˛Ôπ¶tÚÕmD Ô¶[ ÿ√Æk>VzD.
53. ÿkπÂV‚|¬ Ô¶[ ®[√m cÈÔ k∫˛, √[™V‚| W] WÆk™D
\uÆD ∂B_ ÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÿ√Æ˛[≈ Ô¶™VzD.
54. W] WÏkVÔD ®[√m k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· kΩkÁ\›>_,
cÚkV¬z>_, Œ©√π›>_ \uÆD √V´V”\[≈D,
ƒ‚¶\[≈∫Ôπ_ >V¬Ô_ ÿƒF>_, >Ë¬ÁÔ ÿƒF>_ ∏[™Ï
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈©√|›m>_ gzD.
166
56.Ì‚¶V‚E W] ®[√m ÿ√VmW]l[ ŒÚ c‚∏ˆºk Ì‚¶V‚E
W]BVÔ c^·m.
57. Ì‚¶V‚E ∂Á\©∏_ c^· \›]B, \VWÈ \uÆD c^”Ï ∂´∑Ô^
ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕm ÿƒB_√|˛[≈ W] c≈° xÁ≈Ô^ √u§
ÌÆ˛≈m.
58.kˆ (Tax) ®[√m kˆÔ^ JÈD ÿ√≈©√|˛[≈ kÚ\V™º\
ÿ√Vm kÚkVl[ x¬˛B kÚ\V™\VzD.
59.ŒÚ zΩ\Ô[ (∂_Èm) ŒÚ WÆk™D ∂´∑¬z¬ Ô‚¶VB\VÔfl
ÿƒK›>¬ ÌΩB ŒÚ ÿƒK›mÁÔºB kˆ ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D.
60. kˆÔ^ ÂV[z kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ák, 1. ºÂÏxÔ \uÆD \Á≈xÔ
kˆÔ^, 2.s˛> kˆs]©A xÁ≈, k·ÏT>xÁ≈, º>FT>xÁ≈,
*>k·ÏT> xÁ≈, 3. \]©A¬Ì‚| kˆ (VAT) 4. Œ[Æ ∂_Èm
√È>´©√‚¶ kˆÔ^ ºÂÏxÔ \uÆD \Á≈xÔ kˆÔ^ ®[√m ºÂÏxÔ
kˆ ®[√m BVÏ *m kˆ s]¬Ô©√‚¶º>V ∂kº´ kˆ
ÿƒK›mk>VzD.
61.ºÂÏxÔ kˆ¬ÔV™ ÂV[z kˆÔ^ c^·™. ∂Ák 1. kÚ\V™kˆ,
2. ÿƒV›mkˆ 3.ÿkz\]kˆ 4. yÏÁk kˆ
62. \Á≈xÔ kˆ ®[√m ŒÚkÏ *m kˆs]¬Ô©√‚| \uÿ≈VÚkÏ
√z]BVÔºkV (∂_Èm) ºkÆkˆfl ∑Á\ÁBfl ∑\©√k´VÔ c^·™Ï
63. \Á≈xÔkˆ¬ÔV™ kˆÔ^ ®[√m 1. su√Á™kˆ 2.∑∫Ôkˆ.
64. \›]B \uÆD \VWÈ ∂´∑Ôπ[ kˆÔ^ ®[√m ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_
∂Á\©Afl ƒ‚¶›][√Ω \›]B \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô”¬z kˆÔ^ s]›m
kÛo¬zD cˆÁ\Ô^ kw∫Ô©√‚|^·™.
65.\›]B ∂´∑¬z¬ ÷ÚxÁ≈Ôπ_ kÚ\V™D ˛Á¶¬˛≈m. ∂Ák
1.kˆ ƒVÏÕ> kÚ\V™D 2.kˆ ƒV´V> kÚ\V™D gzD.
66.kˆƒVÏÕ> kÚ\V™D ®[√m ºk·VıÁ\ kÚ\V™D >sÏ›m ∏≈
kÚ\V™∫Ôπ[ *>V™ kˆÔ^, WÆk™∫Ôπ[ *>V™ kˆÔ^,
ÿƒÈT™∫Ô^ *>V™ kˆÔ^, ÿƒV›m¬Ô^ *>V™ kˆÔ^,
∂[√π©A kˆÔ^, ÿƒ_k kˆÔ^, JÈ>™›][ *>V™ kˆÔ^,
gB›yÏÁk kˆÔ^, ∑∫Ô›yÏ°Ô^ (∞uÆ\], ÷≈¬z\] kˆÔ^).
66. \›]B kˆƒV´V kÚkVFÔ^ ®[√Ák W]ƒVÏ √ËÔ^, k‚Ω
kÚkVFÔ^, ÷ÈV√ √∫zÔ^, ÿ√Vm©√B[, √ËÔ^, ƒJÔ
ƒx>VB© √ËÔ^ \uÆD ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ √B[ √ËÔ^.
167
68. \VWÈ ∂É[ JÈD s]¬Ô©√|D kˆÔ^ 1.WÈkÚkVF,
2.x›]Á´›>V^ kˆÔ^, ¿]\[≈ Ô‚¶D \uÆD √]°¬
Ô‚¶∫Ô^, 3. gB›yÏÁkÔ^ º√V[≈ √_ºkÆ kˆÔ^ c^·™.
69. s˛> kˆs]©A ÂV[z xÁ≈Ô^ c^·™. ∂Ák, 1. s˛> kˆ
s]©A xÁ≈ (Proportional Tax) 2. k·ÏT> kˆs]©A xÁ≈
(Progressive Tax) 3. º>F° T> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Degressive Tax)
4. t> k·ÏT> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Regressive Tax).
70. s˛> kˆ s]©A (Proportional Tax) xÁ≈ ®[√m kÚ\V™D
∂]Ô\V™VKD zÁ≈Õ>VKD kˆs]©∏_ \Vu≈D ∞u√¶Vm.
(∂Á™kÚ¬zD Œº´ \V]ˆBV™ kˆs˛>D s]¬Ô©√|D)
71. k·ÏT> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Progressive Tax) ®[√m kˆl[
∂Ω©√Á¶ >·D ∂]Ôˆ¬zDº√Vm, kˆ s˛>xD ∂]Ôˆ¬˛[≈m.
kÚ\V™D cBÏk>V_ kˆs˛>xD ∂]Ôˆ¬zD.
72. º>F° T> kˆs]©A xÁ≈ (Regressive Tax) ®[√m kÚ\V™D
cBÚDº√Vm ÿƒK›>ºkıΩB kˆ s˛>D zÁ≈Õ>V_ ∂m º>F°
T> kˆ ®™©√|D.
73.t> k·ÏT> kˆs]©AxÁ≈ (Degressive Tax) ®[√m s˛>xÁ≈
kˆ s]©A k·ÏT> kˆs]©A g˛B ÷´ı|D ºƒÏÕ> ÔÈÁkºB
t> k·ÏT> kˆs]©√VzD.
74.k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D ÷´ı| kÁÔ©√|D ∂Ák. 1. ƒ\WÁÈ
k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D 2. ƒ\™u≈ k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D g˛B™.
75.ƒ\WÁÈ k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D (Balanced Budget) ®™©√|D. ∂É[
]‚¶t¶©√‚¶ ÿƒÈ°Ô”D kÚkV•D ƒ\\VÔ ÷Ú©∏[ ∂m
ƒ\WÁÈ k´°áÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D ®™©√|D.
76.ƒ\™u≈ k´° ÿƒÈ°› ]‚¶D (un-Balanced Budget) ∂É[
kÚkVF ÿƒÈÁks¶¬ ÌΩ™VKD (∂_Èm) ∂É[ ÿƒÈ°
kÚkVÁB s¶ ∂]Ô\V™VºÈV ÷´ı|º\ ƒ\™u≈ k´° ÿƒÈ°›
]‚¶D ®™©√|D (√u≈V¬zÁ≈ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶D)
77. ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D (National Income) ÷Õ]BVs_ \›]B A^πlB_
∂Á\©A Ô¬˛|˛≈m.
78. ÂV‚Ω_ {´VıΩ_ cu√›] ÿƒFB©√|D ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \uÆD
√ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›> \]©A ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D gzD.
79. ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚπB_ ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ ÂV‚Ω[ kÚ\V™›Á>
∂·°ºÔVÈVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
168
80.ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] (Gross National Product, GNP) ®[√m ŒÚ
ÂV‚| \¬Ô·V_ c^ÂV‚ΩKD ÿkπÂV‚ΩKD cu√›]
ÿƒFB©√|D ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›> \]©A.
81. ∂ÕÂV‚| \¬Ô·V_ ŒÚ kÚ¶›]_ (~‚ΩB kÚ\V™D) cu√›]
ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÿkπX|Ôπ[ (√ı¶∫Ô^ + √ËÔ^) \]©Á√¬
z§©√m ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›]BVzD.
82. ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m c^ÂV‚Ω[ cu√›]
ÿƒFB©√|D ({´VıΩ_ ) ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›> \]©A
gzD.
83. ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ÿ\V›> cu√›] áÿkπÂV‚ΩoÚÕm
~‚¶©√‚¶ WÔ´ kÚ\V™D gzD.
84. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] loÚÕm º>F\V™D
º√V[≈ EÈkuÁ≈ ¿¬˛B ∏[ ˛Á¶¬zD √ \]©A WÔ´ ÂV‚|
cu√›]BVzD.
85. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] á º>F\V™D.
86. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›]loÚÕm
º>F\V™D º√V[≈ EÈkuÁ≈ ¿¬˛B ∏[ ˛Á¶¬zD √ \]©A
c^ÂV‚| cu√›]BVzD.
87. WÔ´ c^ÂV‚| cu√›] = ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] á º>F\V™D.
88. >ÈV kÚ\V™D ∂_Èm >M Â√ˆ[ ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›]
®[√Á> \¬Ôπ[ kVµ¬ÁÔ >´›Á> cÏ›mD ŒÚ ÔÚsBVzD (>ÈV
kÚ\V™D ®[√m ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚¶ cu√›]ÁB ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ
ÁB¬kz›m ˛Á©√>VzD).
89. ∂É[ √‚ÿ¤‚ ƒˆBVÔ WÏk˛¬Ô©√|Ô˛≈>V ®[√Á> >Ë¬ÁÔ
∂]ÔVˆ (E ∞. ˜)
90. ∂É[ √‚ÿ¤‚ √V´V”\[≈D Œ©A ÿÔV^”D º√Vm ∂´∑ kˆ
kÚkVF ~‚|D ∂]ÔV´›Á> W] ƒ‚¶D ®[ÆD ÿƒÈ° ÿƒF•D
∂]ÔV´›Á> >™>V¬˛¬ÿÔV^ ƒ‚¶D ®[≈ ƒ‚¶\VÔ \Vu§¬zΩB´∑
>ÁÈkÏ Œ©A>K¬z ∏≈z ∂´∑¬Ôz ∂–©√©√|D.
91. W] ƒ‚¶D. ÿƒÈ° ÿƒF•D ∂]ÔV´V>›Á> ƒˆBVÔ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈
√|›>©√|˛≈>V ®[√Á> ÔıÔVË©√m >V[ >ÁÈÁ\ Ô¬z
>Ë¬ÁÔ ∂]ÔVˆ ( ∞ E ∞ ˜)
92. ∂É[ W] WÏkVÔD ÿ√Vm Ô¬z zøs[ √ˆÊÈÁ™¬z ∏[
xΩkÁ¶•D.
169
93. ÿ√VmÔ¬z zøsuz \¬Ô·ÁkloÚÕm 15
cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”¬zD \VWÈ∫Ô·ÁkloÚÕm 7 cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”D
º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô√|kVÏÔ^.
94. ÿ√VmkVÔ ®]Ï¬ Ô‚EloÚÕm ŒÚkÏ ÿ√VmÔ¬z¬ zøsuz›
>ÁÈk´VÔ WBt¬Ô©√|kÏ.
95. ÿ√Vm¬ Ô¬z zøs[ √>s ÔVÈD{Ï gı¶VzD.
96. \›]B ∂É¶D c^· ∂]Ô W] kÚkVloÚÕm ÷ÚÕ> \VWÈ
∂´∑¬z º>ÁkBV™ W]ÔÁ· kw∫Ô √ˆÕmÁ´ ÿƒFkm>V[
W]¬zøkVzD.
97 \›]B ∂É[ W]ÁB \VWÈ∫Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB ∏ˆ›m¬ ÿÔV|¬zD W]
zøkVzD.
98. \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ W] 29 \VWÈ∫Ô”¬z ®ÀkVÆ ∏ˆ›m
ÿÔV|¬Ô √‚¶ ºkı|D ®[≈ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ kw∫zkm W] zøs[
x¬˛B Ô¶Á\BVzD.
99. W]zø nÕm gı|Ô”¬z ŒÚxÁ≈ zΩB´∑› >ÁÈk´V_
Wt¬Ô©√|D. (÷Õ]B ∂ÉBÈÁ\©A Ì‚¶›>Ω[ s] 280)
100 W]¬zø› >ÁÈkÏÔ^
W]¬zø gı| >ÁÈkÏ ÿƒB_√V‚| ÔVÈD
x>_ 1951 ºÔ.E.WºBV˛ 1952á1957
÷´ı¶Vkm 1956 ºÔ.ƒÕ>V™D 1957á1962
J[≈Vkm 1960 ∂ºƒV¬ z\VÏ 1962á1966
ÂV[ÔVkm 1964 ∏.s. ´VÎ\[™VÏ 1966á1969
nÕ>Vkm 1968 \ÔVTÏ ]BV˛ 1969á1974
g≈Vkm 1972 ºÔ.∏´D\V™Õ>ÿ´‚Ω 1974á1979
∞wVkm 1977 º¤.®D ÿƒÈ‚ 1979á1984
®‚¶Vkm 1983 ŒF.∏.ƒkV[ 1984á1989
Œ[√>Vkm 1987 ®[.ºÔ,∏ƒV_ºk 1989á1995
√›>Vkm 1992 ºÔ.E.√Õ› 1995á2000
√]º™V´Vkm 1998 ∞.®D.z¸‘ 2000á2005
√[M´ı¶Vkm 2003 E.´∫Ô´V¤[ 2005á2010
√]J[≈Vkm 2007 s¤F ®È ºÔ[vÏ 2010á2013
√]™V[ÔVkm 2012 ºkbºÔV√V_ 2015á2020

170
101. k∫˛Ô^ ÔV©¨| WÆk™∫Ô^ k·ÏflE W] WÆk™∫Ô^
x>‹‚| WÆk™∫Ô^ >´ ƒV[Æ WÆk™∫Ô^ √´¸√´ W]Ô^ √È
k∫˛l_ÈV> WÆk™∫Ô^ ®™ √È WÆk™∫Ô^ c^·™.
102. W] ƒÕÁ>l_ √fl ƒÕÁ> ®[ÆD ƒÕÁ>Ô^ c^·™.
ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ ƒÕÁ>Ô^ º√V_ ÷Ák ŒÚ ÷¶›>oÚÕm ÷B∫z√Ák
gzD.
103. W] WÆk™∫Ô^ √›]´∫Ô^ W] ƒÕÁ>Ô^ Œø∫z xÁ≈
∂Á\©AÔ^ ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ ®™ ÷ÁkBV°D W] ∂Á\©AÔ^ gzD.
104. ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ\V›> º>EB kÚ\V™D ∂ÕÂV‚| \¬Ôπ¶D ®©√Ω
√˛ÏÕ>π¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈m ®[√Á> ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›][ kÚkVF
√˛Ï° ®[˛º≈VD.
105. kÚkVF ∞u≈›>Vµ°ÔÁ· ÂV‚ΩK^· kÆÁ\l[ ∂·°
√_ºkÆ ∏ˆ° \¬Ô”¬˛Á¶l_ c^· kÚ\V™ ∞u≈›>VµsÁ™
∂·° √È xÁ≈l_ Ô¬˛ÈVD.
106. ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ √ \]©Á√ \uÿ≈VÚ ÂV‚Ω[ √›][ ∂·s_
ÌÆkm ∂[MBfl ÿƒÈkVË \VuÆ s˛>D
107. kVµ¬ÁÔl[ tÔ zÁ≈Õ>√‚ƒ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ· ¬Ì¶
kV∫Ô ÌΩB º√V]B kÚ\V™D ÷_ÈV> WÁÈ kÆÁ\BVzD
108. ∂´∑¬ÔVÔ ÷Õ]BVs[ kÆÁ\lÁ™ \]©∏|D
109. ŒÚ ÂVÁ·¬z 2250 ÔºÈVˆ c° ÿ√≈› º>ÁkBV™ ÿƒÈ°›
ÿ>VÁÔlÁ™ kÆÁ\¬ºÔV| ®™ x>o[ kÁ´BÆ›]ÚÕ>™Ï.
110. kÆÁ\¬ºÔV| ®[√Á> ]‚¶¬zø ÂÔÏA≈›m¬z 2400 ÔºÈVˆ
˛´V\ A≈›m¬z 2100 ÔºÈVˆ ®™ 1973á74 \Vu§BÁ\›>m.
111. ]‚¶¬zø >[–Á¶B k_KÂÏ zø¬Ô§[ √ˆÕmÁ´l[
∂Ω©√Á¶l[ nÕ>Vı|¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ [ OÔÏºkVÏ ÿƒÈs™©A^π
sk´›Á> ÿÔVı| kÆÁ\l_ c^º·VÁ´ ®ıË¬ÁÔlKD >ÁÈ
®ıË¬ÁÔ s˛>›]KD Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.
112. ]‚¶¬zø \VÏfl 15. 1950 cÚkV¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
113. ]‚¶¬zø ÂV‚Ω[ nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· ÷BuÆD ŒÚ
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ WÆk™ ∂Á\©A.
114. ÂV‚Ω[ Œ‚| ÿ\V›> ƒJÔ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ º\D√V‚ΩÁ™ ∂Á¶km
º√V[≈Ák ]‚¶¬zøs[ ºÂV¬Ô∫Ô·VzD,
115. ∏´>\Ï ]‚¶¬zøs[ >ÁÈk´VÔ°D ºÔ∏™‚ ∂Á\flƒÏ
∂Õ>¸][ ŒÚ mÁ›>ÁÈkÚD E≈Õ> ÿ√VÚπB_ ∂§QÏÔ^
ƒJÔ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE¬z ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B \Vu≈ mÁ≈Ôπ[
∂Á\flƒÏÔ^ cÆ©∏™ÏÔ·VÔ°D ÷Ú©√Ï.
171
116. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE (Economic Growth)
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE ®[√m ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_
cu√›]BVzD √ı¶∫Ô^, √ËÔπ[ cBÏÁk•D ∂>[ sÁ·kVÔ
ÂV‚| kÚ\V™›]KD, >ÈV kÚ\V™›]KD ∞u√|D cBÏÁkfl ∑‚Ω¬
ÔV‚|D.
117. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈D (Economic Development)
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈D ®[√m cu√›] ∂Á\©∏KD
√_ºkÆ mÁ≈Ô”¬z c^C|ÔÁ· Œm¬ˇ| ÿƒFk]KD ∞u√|D
\Vu≈∫ÔÁ· cÏ›mk>VzD. (˛ıΩ_ ÿ√ÏÔÏ)
ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ÿ\FkÚ\V™›]_ Â_È ∞u≈›Á> ∞u√|›>¬ÌΩB
ŒÚ ÿƒB_ WÔµflEºB ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ x[º™u≈\VzD.
118. kÆÁ\ á kÆÁ\ºÔV| (Poverty-line)
ŒÚ \M>[ clÏ kVµk>uz ∂k–¬z ŒÚ ÂVÁ·¬z
ƒ´VƒˆBVÔ 2400 ÔºÈVˆ c°D, ÂÔÏA´∫Ôπ_ 2100 ÔºÈVˆ
∂·°^· c°D, º>Ák©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> ∂·° c°
˛Á¶¬ÔV>kÁ™ kÆÁ\l_ ÷Ú¬˛≈V[ ®[ÆD, kÆÁ\¬ ºÔV‚Ωuz¬
ˇµ ÷Ú¬˛≈V[ ®[ÆD ÌÆ˛º≈VD.
119. ƒÕÁ>© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D (Market Economy)
ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ®[™ ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB ºkı|D.
®ÀkVÆ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB ºkı|D ®[√Á> ƒÕÁ>l[ º>Ák,
∂π©A g˛BkuÁ≈ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| yÏ\VM¬zD
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂Á\©Á√ ƒÕÁ>© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™ ∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.
120. √© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D (Money Economy)
ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂Á\©∏_ ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁ·
\]©∏|k>uzD, kV∫zk>uzD, su√>uzD, Ô¶[ kV∫zk>uzD,
Ô¶[ ∂π©√>uzD, √D x¬˛B √∫z k˛¬zº\BV™V_
∂©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D √© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®™©√|D.
121. ∏≈©A T>D (Birth Rate)
{´Vı| ÔVÈ›]_ gl´D Â√ÏÔ”¬z ®›>Á™ zwÕÁ>Ô^
∏≈¬˛[≈™ ®[√Á>¬ z§©√m ∏≈©A T>D gzD.
172
122. ÷≈©A T>D (Death Rate or Mortality)
{´Vı| ÔVÈ›]_ gl´D Â√ÏÔ”¬z ®›>Á™º√Ï
÷≈¬˛[≈™Ï ®[√Á>¬ z§©√m ÷≈©A T>D.
123. \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂¶Ï›] (Density of Population)
ŒÚ ƒm´ ˛ºÈV*‚¶Ï WÈ©√´©∏_ kE¬zD \¬Ôπ[
®ıË¬ÁÔÁB \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂¶Ï›] ®[˛º≈VD.
124. √V_ s˛>D (Sex Ratio)
ŒÚ √z]l_ 1000 gıÔ”¬z ®›>Á™ ÿ√ıÔ^
÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[–D s˛>D √V_ s˛>\VzD.
125. kBm √Vz√V| (Age Compostiion)
ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl_ √È>´©√‚¶ kBmÁ¶ºBVˆ[
∏ˆ°ÔÁ·›>V[ kBm √Vz√V| ®™¬ z§©∏|˛º≈VD.
126. ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] (GDP-Gross Domestic Product)
ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ®_ÁÈ© √´©A¬z^ ŒÚ Ô¬ˇ‚| gıΩ_
cu√›] ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÷Æ]© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ √\]©º√
∂ÕÂV‚| ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ®™©√|D.
127. WÔ´ c^ÂV‚| cu√›] (NDP)
WÔ´ c^ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ ®_ÁÈ¬z^ {Ï
gı| ÔVÈ›]_ cu√›] ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÷Æ]© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD
√ËÔπ[ \]©∏oÚÕm º>F\V™ \]©Á√ ¿¬˛B∏[ ˛Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD
√ \]©√VzD.
128. ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›]
ÿ\V›> ÂV‚| cu√›] ∂_Èm ÿ\V›> ∂·s¶©√|D ÿ\V›>
\]©A gzD. ÷]_ ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ~‚¶©√|D WÔ´¬ ÔV´Ë
kÚ\V™xD ∂¶∫zD.
129. WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] (N.N.P)
WÔ´ ÂV‚| cu√›] ®[√m ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ {Ï
gı|ÔVÈ›]_ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÷Æ]© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD
√ËÔπ[ \]©∏oÚÕm º>F\V™ \]©Á√ ¿¬˛B ∏[ ˛Á¶¬Ô©
ÿ√ÆD √\]©√VzD.
173
130. ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D
ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®[√m ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ ŒÚ kÚ¶ ÔVÈ›]_
cu√›]BVzD ®_ÈV© √ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ ÿ\V›>
\]©√VzD. ∂>Vkm ÔV´ËÔπ[ \]©∏_ Ô¬˛¶©√‚¶ WÔ´ ÂV‚|
cu√›]ºB (N.N.P. at factor cost) ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®™ ÿ√VmkVÔ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
131. ÷ÚmÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>´D
ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ OÔÏ°›mÁ≈, cu√›]› mÁ≈ g˛B
÷´ı| mÁ≈Ô^ \‚|º\ ÷B∫z\Vl[ ∂©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›Á>
÷ÚmÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®[˛º≈VD.
132. ÂV[z mÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D
ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›]_ OÔÏ°, cu√›], ∂´∑ \uÆD
∂B_ÂV‚| kVËÔD g˛B ÂV[z mÁ≈Ô”º\ ÷B∫z\Vl[
∂©ÿ√VÚ·V>V´›Á> ÂV[z mÁ≈© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´D ®[˛º≈VD.
133. WÔ´ ∂B_ ÂV‚| ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D
ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÂVD ÿ√ÆD ÔV´Ë kÚkVF¬zD, ÂVD
ÿkπ ÂV|Ô”¬z ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkıΩB ÔV´Ë kÚkVF¬zD c^·
ºkÆ√Vº¶ ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ~‚¶©√|D WÔ´ ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D
∂_Èm WÔ´ ∂B_ÂV‚| ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D gzD.
134. >M \M> kÚ\V™D (Personal Income)
>MBVÏ kÚ\V™D á ÿ>Va_ WÆk™∫Ôπ[ kÚ\V™kˆ á
>MBVÏ mÁ≈ ºƒt©A á ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm WÆ›] Ák¬Ô©√‚¶ WÔ´
kÚ\V™D.
135. >MBVÏ kÚ\V™D (Private Income)
>MBVÏ mÁ≈ kÚ\V™›m¶[ 1. ÂV‚| Ô¶[ k‚Ω, 2.ÿkπ
ÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ~‚¶©√|D WÔ´ ÔV´Ë kÚ\V™D 3.∂´∑
WÚkVÔ›]¶tÚÕm ÿ√ÆD Â¶©A \VuÆ kÚ\V™D \uÆD
4.ÿkπÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÿ√ÆD Â¶©A \uÆD kÚ\V™D g˛BkuÁ≈fl
ºƒÏ›>V_ ˛Á¶©√m >MBVÏ kÚ\V™D gzD.
136. WÔ´ \Á≈xÔ kˆ
ŒÚ √ı¶›][ *m s]¬Ô©√‚¶ kˆloÚÕm ∂>uz ∂´∑
∂π›> √ c>sÁB Ôa›>V_ ∂©√ı¶›][ sÁÈl[ WÔ´
174
cBÏÁk¬ Ôı¶§BÈVD. ÷ÀsÁÈl[ WÔ´ ∂]Ôˆ©º√ WÔ´ \Á≈xÔ
kˆ ®™©√|˛≈m.
ŒÚ WÆk™D ÿƒK›m˛[≈ \Á≈xÔkˆ¬zD WÆk™D ÿ√u≈
√ c>s¬zD c^· ºkÆ√Vº¶ WÔ´ \Á≈xÔ kˆBVzD.
137. WÁÈBV™ sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D (National Income at
constant price)
{Ï gı| ÔVÈ›]_ ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©√‚¶
√ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ \]©Á√ ∂Ω©√Á¶ gıΩ_ WÈsB
sÁÈÁB¬ ÿÔVı| Ô¬ˇ| ÿƒF>V_ ˛Á¶¬Ô© ÿ√ÆD \]©A
WÁÈBV™ sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®™©√|D.
138. Â¶©A sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D (National Income at
current price)
{Ï gı| ÔVÈ›]_ ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω_ cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©√‚¶
√ı¶∫Ô^ \uÆD √ËÔπ[ \]©Á√ ∂∫ÔVΩl_ ∂ÀkVıΩ_
WÈ°D sÁÈl[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ Ô¬ˇ| ÿƒFm ˛Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√ÆD
\]©A Â¶©A sÁÈl_ ÂV‚| kÚ\V™D ®™©√|˛≈m.
139. >ÈV kÚ\V™D (Per Capital Income)
ŒÚ ÂV‚ΩK^· ƒ´Vƒˆ \M>M[ ƒ´Vƒˆ gı| kÚ\V™D
∂ÕÂV‚Ω[ >ÈV kÚ\V™D ®™©√|D.
ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ z§©∏‚¶ gıΩ[ ÿ\V›> kÚ\V™›Á>

∂ÕÂV‚Ω[ ∂ÀkVıΩ[ ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl[
®ıË¬ÁÔBV_ kz¬Ô¬ ˛Á¶¬zD ÿ>VÁÔºB >ÈV kÚ\V™D ®™
∂Áw¬˛º≈VD.
ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ\V›> gı| kÚ\V™D
>ÈV kÚ\V™D =
ÂV‚Ω[ ÿ\V›> \¬Ô‚ÿ>VÁÔ
140. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ]‚¶t|>_ (Economic Planning)
{Ï ∂]ÔV´©ØÏk\V™ ∂Á\©A, ∂Á¶B ºkıΩB
z§¬ºÔV^Ô^ BVÁk ®[√Á> ∂Æ]l‚| kÁ´BÆ›m ÿ>π°√|›],
∂¬z§¬ ºÔV^ÔÁ· ®Fmk>uÔV™ ka xÁ≈ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›]¬
ÌÆkm ÿ√VÚ·V>V´› ]‚¶t|>_ gzD.
175
141. ºƒt©A (Savings)
kÚ∫ÔVÈ ÿƒÈsuÔVÔ°D kÚ∫ÔVÈ º>ÁkÁB WÁ≈°
ÿƒFk>uzD kÚ\V™›]_ ŒÚ √z]ÁB ®|›m Ák©√º> ºƒt©A
gzD.
142. x>‹| (Investmet)
ºƒt©A ÿƒFB©√‚¶ kÚ\V™© √z]ÁB ŒÚ ÿ>VaÁÈ
g´D∏¬ÔºkV, ÷Ú¬˛[≈ ÿ>VaÁÈ sˆkÁ¶Bfl ÿƒFBºkV ∂_Èm
cu√›] Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· º\uÿÔV^·ºkV √B[√|›]™V_
∂flºƒt©A x>‹| gzD.
143. x>uÔÚs© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ (∂_Èm) cu√›]© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ (Capi-
tal goods or Investment goods)
\u≈ ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ cu√›]¬z¬ ÔV´\VÔ s·∫zD ∂_Èm
c>sBVÔ ÷Ú¬zD ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ x>u ÔÚs© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ ∂_Èm
cu√›]© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ ®™©√|D. (c>V´D ÷BÕ]´∫Ô^, ÔÚsÔ^)
÷BÕ]´∫Ô”D ÔÚsÔ”D \u≈ ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁ· cu√›]fl ÿƒFB©
√B[√|˛[≈™.
144.º>F\V™D (Depreciation)
cu√›] Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ”¬ÔVÔ WÁÈBV™ JÈ>™›]_ ŒÚ
√z] ÿƒÈs¶©√|˛≈m. EÈ WÁÈBV™ cu√›]¬ ÔÚsÔ^ º>FÕm
√B™u≈>V˛ s|D. ÿ>Va_ O‚√ xÁ≈ \VÆ>_Ôπ™V_ EÈ ÔÚsÔ^
√ÁwB™kV˛ √B™u≈>V˛ s|D ÷kuÁ≈ºB º>F\V™D ®[˛º≈VD.
145. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE T>D (Rate of Economic Growth)
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE T>D ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[ º>EB kÚ\V™›]_
∞u√|D \VÆ>_ T>\VÔ ÿ√VmkVÔ ƒ>T>›]_ z§¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
º>EB kÚ\V™›]_ \VÆ>_ ∂·°
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE = $100 T>D
º>EB kÚ\V™D
146. √∑Á\© A´‚E (Green Revolution)
ƒ*√ ÔVÈ›]_ (1960 Ôπ_) ÷Õ]B ºk·VıÁ\ cu√›]l_
∞u√‚¶ ÿ√ÚD \Vu≈∫Ô^ √∑Á\© A´‚E ®™©√|˛≈m.
176
147. A^πlB_ (Statistics)
A^πlB_ ®[√m sk´∫ÔÁ· ºƒÔˆ›>_, kÁÔ©√|›m>_,
s·¬ÔD >Ú>_, √z›>VF° ÿƒF>_ g˛B™ √u§B ∂§sBÈVzD.
(˛´V¬¸¶[ & ÿÔ·¶[).
148. ÷Á¶WÁÈ (Median)
ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆK^· cÆ©AÔ^ ∂>[ >[Á\¬ºÔu√
kˆÁƒ©√|›>©√‚¶V_ ∂>[ Á\B √z]l_, ∂>[ ÿ√BÚ¬ºÔu√
∂Á\Õ]Ú©√m ÷Á¶WÁÈ ®™©√|˛≈m. (R K[ ÿƒ·).
149. √z] \]©AÔ^
÷Á¶WÁÈºBV| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÔV_\∫Ô^ √][\∫Ô^,
±uÆ\∫Ô^ g˛BÁk √z] \]©AÔ^ ®™©√|˛[≈™.
150. √][\∫Ô^
kˆÁƒ©√|›>©√‚| √›m √VÔ∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ŒÀÿkVÚ
√VÔ›][ \]©AD ÷Á¶WÁÈ º√V[º≈ \]©∏¶©√|>_ √][\∫Ô^
gzD.
151. ±uÆ\∫Ô^
kˆÁƒ©√|›>©√‚| ±Æ √VÔ∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ŒÀÿkVÚ
√VÔ›][ \]©AD ÷Á¶WÁÈ º√V[º≈ \]©∏¶©√|D ±uÆ\∫Ô^
gzD.
152.nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^
]‚¶¬ Ôt≠[ (Planning Commission) z§›m ÷Õ]B
∂ÉB_ ƒ‚¶›]_ z§©AÔ^ ®m°D ÷_ÁÈ. \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák
yÏ\V™›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ‚¶xÁ≈ ƒV´V ŒÚ
∂Á\©º√ (Exta Constitutional and Non-Statutory Body) ]‚¶¬
Ôt≠[.
1.1950á÷_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ]‚¶¬Ôt≠M[ >ÁÈkÏ ∏´>\º´.
]‚¶¬ Ôt≠M[ mÁ› >ÁÈk´VÔ°D, ∏≈ cÆ©∏™ÏÔÁ·•D
\›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák WBt¬˛≈m.
2.÷Õ]BVs_ nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^, x[™V^ ºƒVsB›
RMBM[ \V]ˆlºÈºB (Model) cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™.
177
3.‘÷Õ]B ]‚¶t¶o[ >ÕÁ>’ (Father of Indian Planning)
®[Æ E≈©∏¬Ô©√|√kÏ ®D.s¸ºk¸k´FBV. Planned Economy
for India ÷k´m AÔµÿ√u≈ ±_.
1. x>ÈVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1951 á 56)
1. ¿Ï©√Vƒ™ kƒ], ¿Ït[ ]‚¶∫Ô^ º√V[≈ skƒVBD ƒVÏÕ>
]‚¶∫Ô”¬z x¬˛B›mkD ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. √¬´V, N´Vz‚, º\‚˘Ï ∂Á¬Ô‚|Ôπ[ Ô‚|\V™D
÷›]‚¶ ÔVÈ›]ºÈºB mk∫Ô©√‚¶™.
2.÷´ı¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1956 á 61)
º>EB kÚkVÁB 25 ƒ>s˛>D cBÏ›mkº> ÷›]‚¶›][
x¬˛B ÷È¬z. ∂Ω©√Á¶ \uÆD Ô™´Ô› ÿ>Va_Ô^ k·ÏflE¬z
x¬˛B›mkD kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
∏ÈVF, mÏÔVØÏ, ‘ÏºÔÈV ÷ÚDA ®‡z ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^
\uÆD ÿ√´DØÏ ÷´l_ ÿ√‚Ω› ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ g˛BÁk
÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™.
3.J[≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1961 á 66)
‘∑B º>Ák ØÏ›]’ ®[√>uz x[–ˆÁ\ kw∫˛Bm. c°
>VMB cu√›]l_ >[MÁ≈° ∂Á¶>_ ÷]_ x¬˛B ÷¶D ÿ√u≈m.
1. 1962á÷_ Ê™V°¶[ ∞u√‚¶ º√V´V_ ]‚¶D º>V_s
∂Á¶Õ>m.
2. ‘>VMB∫ÔÁ· √VmÔV©º√VD’ ]‚¶D ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m (1965).
3. ‘√∑Á\© A´‚E’ ∂§xÔ\V™m (1965).
4.{´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1966 á 69)
1965á÷_ √V˛¸>V–¶[ ∞u√‚¶ º\V>_ \uÆD √Úk¬ ÔVuÆ
ÿ√VF›>>V_ ∞u√‚¶ k≈‚E, ‘√Vl[ \]©A TµflE, sÁÈkVE cBÏ°
º√V[≈ ÔV´∫Ô·V_ z§©∏‚¶ ÔVÈ ®_ÁÈ¬z^ ÂV[ÔVD ]‚¶›Á>
mk∫Ô ÷BÈV\_ º√V™m. ÷Á>B|›m 1966 x>_ 1969 kÁ´lÈV™
ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ J[Æ kÚ¶› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (Three Annual Plans)
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™.
sÁÈkVE zÁ≈Õ>m. {´Vı|› ]‚¶ ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ √∑Á\©
A´‚El[ sÁ·kVÔ ºk·Vı A´‚E ∞u√‚| c°© ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[
cu√›] ∂]Ôˆ›>m.
178
5.ÂV[ÔVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1969 á 74)
kVµ¬ÁÔ >´›Á> cBÏ›m>_, ƒJÔ ¿]•¶[ ÌΩB k·ÏflE
º√V[≈kuÆ¬z x[–ˆÁ\ kw∫Ô©√‚¶m. kÚ¶ k·ÏflE ÷È¬z 5.7
ƒ>s˛>\VÔ WÏl¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1. s¤B ÂÔ´D, ºƒÈD, sƒVÔ©√‚Ω™D ÷ÚDA ®‡z
ÿ>VauƒVÁÈÔ^ WÆk©√‚¶™.
2. ÷Õ]Bá√V˛¸>V[ º√VÏ (1971), k∫˛Ô^ º>EB\B\V¬ÔD
(1969), x>_ ∂bzı| ºƒV>Á™ º√V™≈Ák
÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB WÔµÕ>™.
6.nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1974 á 79)
kÆÁ\ Œa©A, ÿ>Va_ k·ÏflE º√V[≈kuÆ¬z
x¬˛B›mkD ∂π¬Ô©√‚¶m. º>EB kÚkVF k·ÏflE 5.5 ƒ>s˛>D
®[Æ ÷È¬z WÏl¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1. ÷Ú√m ∂Dƒ› ]‚¶D (1975) ∂§xÔ©√|›>© √‚¶m.
2. 1978á÷_ ÿ\V´VÏ˜ º>ƒVF >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ¤™>V ∂´ƒV_
]‚¶D WÆ›>©√‚¶m.
3. cÚ·_ ]‚¶D (1978á80) (Rolling Plan) ¤™>V ∂´ƒV_
ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶m. º>EB¬ ˛´V\©A≈ ÷Á·QÏÔ”¬ÔV™
ºkÁÈkVF©A √luE› ]‚¶D ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶m. (1979).
7.g≈VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1980 á 85)
kÆÁ\ Œa©A¬ÔVÔ ∂]´Ω Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔÁ· º\uÿÔV^”>_
÷>[ x¬˛B ÷È¬z.
1. º>EB ª´Ô ºkÁÈkVF©A› ]‚¶D, ŒÚ∫˛ÁÕ> ª´Ô
k·ÏflE› ]‚¶D (1980), ºkÁÈ kVF©A cÆ]› ]‚¶D g˛BÁk
ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶™.
8.∞wVD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1985 á 90)
tÔ ºkÔ\V™ c° >VMB cu√›] k·ÏflE, ºkÁÈkVFÁ√
∂]Ô©√|›m>_ º√V[≈Ák ∞wVD ]‚¶›][ x¬˛B ÷È¬zÔ^.
1. ‘¤k«Ï º´VÎÔVÏ ºBVÎ™V’ (1989) ÿƒB_ √|›>©√‚¶m.
2. ‘ºkÁÈ¬z c°› ]‚¶D’ ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶m.
9.{´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^ (1990 á 92)
\›]l_ ∞u√‚¶ WÁÈBu≈ ∂ÉB_ ÛµWÁÈBV_ z§©∏‚¶
179
ÔVÈ¬ ÿÔ|°¬z^ ®‚¶VD ]‚¶›Á> mk∫Ô ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ®™ºk
1990á91, 1991á92 ÔVÈ Ô‚¶∫Ôπ_ ÷´ı| {´Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^
ÿƒB_√|›>©√‚¶™. ÷Ákl´ı|º\ ®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][
kÁ´BÁ≈¬z‚√‚º¶ ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>™. A]B ÿ√VÚ·V>V´¬
ÿÔV^ÁÔ ÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ >V[ ∂§xÔD ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
10.®‚¶VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1992 á 97)
ÿ>Va_mÁ≈ÁB ÂT™©√|›m>_ ÷›]‚¶›][ x¬˛B
÷È¬z. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE ∂]ºkÔ ÂÁ¶º√V‚¶m.
11.Œ[√>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (1997 á 2002)
÷Õ]B ∑>Õ]´›][ 50ágD kÚ¶›]_ Œ[√>VD ]‚¶D
ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m. ∑›>\V™ zΩ¿Ï kw∫Ô_, ∂Ω©√Á¶ ∑ÔV>V´ kƒ]ÁB
º\D√|›m>_, mk¬ÔWÁÈ¬ Ô_sÁB sˆ°√|›m>_, ∞ÁwÔ”¬z
T‚|kƒ] c>s, zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z ƒ›m° kw∫Ô_, ˛´V\∫ÔÁ·
x¬˛B WÁÈÔ”¶[ ÷Á›>_, ÿ√Vmkw∫Ô_ ∂Á\©Á√
∞ÁwÔ”¬z º\KD √B[√|D s>›]_ \Vu§BÁ\›>_ ®[Æ ‘∞ø
∂Ω©√Á¶ s≠B∫Ô”¬z’ (Seven Basic Minimum Services)
]‚¶D x[–ˆÁ\ kw∫˛Bm.
12.√›>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2002 á 07)
kÚ¶ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ k·ÏflE ®‚| ƒ>s˛>›Á> ®‚|>_ ®[√m
x¬˛B ÷È¬z. ÷Õ> ÷È¬z ®‚¶©√¶s_ÁÈ ®[≈VKD 7.8 ƒ>s˛>D
kÁ´ k·ÏflE s˛>D ∂Á\Õ>m. ÷mkÁ´lÈV™ ∂Á™›m
]‚¶∫Ô”¶[ Œ©A ºÂV¬zDº√Vm tÔ ∂]Ô ˜Ω∏ k·ÏflE
÷¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]ºÈºB ®‚¶©√‚¶m.
Am©∏¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷Ú√m ∂Dƒ› ]‚¶D ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m.
13. 11ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2007 á 12)
∂Á™›m mÁ≈ÔÁ·•D c^·¶¬˛B k·ÏflEºB x¬˛B
÷È¬z.
1. c^ÂV‚| cu√›] k·ÏflE s˛>D 9 ƒ>s˛>\VÔ ∂]Ôˆ›>_.
2. >M Â√Ï kÚ\V™›Á> 2016á17¬z^ ÷´‚Ω©√V¬z>_.
3. ºk·VıÁ\ k·ÏflE s˛>›Á> ÂV[z ƒ>s˛>\VÔ
cBÏ›m>_.
4. 7 ºÔVΩ ºkÁÈkVF©AÔÁ· cÚkV¬z>_.
5. zwÕÁ> ÷≈©A s˛>›Á> gl´›m¬z Œ[Æ ®[≈
s˛>›]_ zÁ≈›>_.
180
6. ∂Á™›m ˛´V\∫Ô”¬zD t[ kƒ], ƒVÁÈ kƒ],
ÿ>VÁÈº√E kƒ] ∞u√|›m>_.
14.12ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D (2012 á 17)
tÔ ºkÔ\VÔ k·ÏflE, ∂Á™›Á>•D c‚√|›]B k·ÏflE,
WÁÈ›> º\D√V| (Faster Growth, Inclusive Growth, Sustainable
Growth) º√V[≈ÁkºB ÷›]‚¶›][ x¬˛B ÷È‚EB∫Ô^.
1. 12ágD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D Œ[√m ƒ>s˛> ÿ√VÚ·V>V´
k·ÏflEÁB ÷È¬ÔVÔ ÿÔVı|^·m.
2. 12ágD ]‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_ 9 ƒ>s˛> k·ÏflEÁB ®‚¶
ºkı|\V™V_ ∂>uz ŒÀÿkVÚ mÁ≈•D ƒˆBV™ k·ÏflE
ƒ>s˛>xD, ƒJÔ›mÁ≈ 8 ƒ>s˛>xD, k·ÏflE ÷È¬ÁÔ ∂Á¶B
ºkı|D ®[≈V_ ∏[kÚ\VÆ ∂§BÈVD.
12ágD ]‚¶¬ÔVÈ ÷È¬zD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D
mÁ≈ √[Mÿ´ı|
skƒVBD, k™D, *[k·D 4.0
∑´∫ÔD 8.0
cu√›], t[ƒV´D, ®ˆkV• 9.8
¿Ï√˛Ï\V™D 8.5
Ô‚|\V™D 10.0
kVË√D, º√V¬zk´›m, >Ôk_ÿ>V¶ÏA 11.0
W], ÷[Û´[¸ 10.0
ƒJÔD, ƒJÔºƒÁk 8.0
ÿ\V›> c^ÂV‚| kÚkVF 9.0
ÿ>Va_ 9.6
ºƒÁk›mÁ≈ 10.0
153.nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫Ô^
1. 11ágkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ ÔVÈ ∂·° :
2007á2012.
2. nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· cÚkV¬zkm ]‚¶¬zø.
3. ]‚¶¬zøs[ x>_ mÁ›>ÁÈkÏ z_ƒVˆÈV_ ÂÕ>V.
4. nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· x>[ x>ÈVÔ ÿƒB_√|›]B
ÂV| á íBV.
5. ]‚¶¬zø cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ gı| á 1950 \VÏfl 15.
181
6. 5ágkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ E≈©A z§©∏‚¶
ÔVÈ›]uz {´Vı|¬z x[º√ xΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m.
7. ®‚¶Vkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ ÔVÈD 1992 á 1997.
8. ÷´ı¶Vkm nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶›][ ∏[√u≈©√‚¶
∂bzxÁ≈ á ‘\ÔÈ ºÂV∏¸ ∂bz xÁ≈’.
9. ÷Õ]BVs_, ]‚¶t|>_ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD á ƒJÔ ¿]•¶[
ÌΩB k·ÏflE.
10. kÆÁ\ Œa©A¬z x¬˛B›mkD ∂π›> nÕ>Vı|›
]‚¶D á nÕ>VD nÕ>Vı|› ]‚¶D.
154.\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ
÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ á 121,05,69,573
º√Ï. ÷]_ gıÔ^ á 62,31,21,843 º√Ï;
ÿ√ıÔ^á58,74,47,730 º√Ï.
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ ∂]ÔD \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD:
c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD á 19,98,12,341.
2. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD : E¬˛D á
6,10,577.
3. tÔ ∂]ÔD \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \›]B g‚E© √z] :
]_o á 1,67,87,947.
4. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ \›]B g‚E©
√z] : ÷È‚ƒ› y° á 64,473 º√Ï.
155.\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ √´k_
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ© √´kÁÈ© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´l_ ÿ\V›> \¬Ôπ_
∑\VÏ 68.8 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ˛´V\∫ÔπKD, 31.2 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï
ÂÔ´∫ÔπKD kE¬˛[≈™Ï.
1. gıÔπ_ ∑\VÏ 68.6 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ˛´V\∫ÔπKD,
31.4 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ÂÔ´∫ÔπKD kE¬˛[≈™Ï.
2. ÿ√ıÔπ_ 69.1 ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ˛´V\∫ÔπKD, 30.9
ƒ>s˛>D º√Ï ÂÔ´∫ÔπKD kE¬˛[≈™Ï.
156.gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D
÷Õ]BVs[ gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D gl´D gıÔ”¬z
943 ÿ√ıÔ^.
182
1. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \VWÈD : ºÔ´·D.
÷∫ºÔ 1000 gıÔ”¬z 1,084 ÿ√ıÔ^ c^·™Ï.
2. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ \VWÈD :
«ˆBV™V (879/1000).
3. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \›]B g‚E© √z] :
Amflºƒˆ (1037/1000).
4. gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ \›]B g‚E©√z]
: ¶V\[ á Á¶R (618/1000).
157.\¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD
÷Õ]BVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD ƒ.˛.*.¬z 382 º√Ï.
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ∂]Ô\V™ \VWÈD :
¨ÔVÏ. ÷∫ºÔ ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.¬z 1,106 º√Ï kE¬˛[≈™Ï.
2. \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \VWÈD : ∂ÚVflƒÈ©
∏´º>ƒD (17/ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.)
3. ÷Õ]BVs_ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \›]B
g‚E© √z] : Am]_o (11,320/ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.)
4. \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> \›]B g‚E© √z] :
∂Õ>\V[ WºÔV√Ï (461/ŒÚ ƒ.˛.*.)
158.®ø›>§°
÷Õ]BVs_ ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ \¬Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ :
76,34,98,517 (73 ƒ>s˛>D). ÷]_ gıÔ^ : 48,26,53,540 (80
ƒ>s˛>D); ÿ√ıÔ^ : 28,08,44,977 (64.6 ƒ>s˛>D).
1. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ c^· \VWÈD ;
ºÔ´·D. 94 ƒ>s˛>D.
2. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ¬ zÁ≈kVÔ c^· \VWÈD :
¨ÔVÏ. (61.8 ƒ>s˛>D).
3. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ c^· \›]B g‚E©
√z] : ¶V\[áÁ¶R (87.1 ƒ>s˛>D).
4. ®ø›>§° ÿ√uº≈VÏ tÔ¬ zÁ≈kVÔ c^· \›]B g‚E©
√z] : Amflºƒˆ. (85.8 ƒ>s˛>D).
159.gıÔ^
tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ gıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD : ºÔ´·D.
(96.01 ƒ>s˛>D).
183
1. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ gıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD:
¨ÔVÏ (71.2 ƒ>s˛>D).
2. tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ gıÔ^ c^· \›]B g‚E©
√z] : ¶V\[ Á¶• (91.5 ƒ>s˛>D).
160.ÿ√ıÔ^
tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD : ºÔ´·D
(92.01 ƒ>s˛>D).
1. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ c^· \VWÈD:
¨ÔVÏ. (51.5 ƒ>s˛>D).
2. tÔ ∂]Ô ®ø›>§° ÿ√u≈ ÿ√ıÔ^ c^· \›]B g‚E©
√z] : ∂Õ>\V[ á WºÔV√Ï y°Ô^ (82.4 ƒ>s˛>D).
161.2011 ÿƒ[ƒ¸ >´kˆÁƒl_ \VWÈ∫Ô^
>´kˆÁƒ \¬Ô^ÿ>VÁÔ √´©A \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD ®ø›>§°
1. c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD 1.´V¤¸>V[ 1.¨ÔVÏ 1.ºÔ´·D
2. \ÔV´ViΩ´D 2.\›]B© ∏´º>ƒD 2.º\.k∫ÔV·D 2.tºƒV´D
3. ¨ÔVÏ 3.\ÔV´ViΩ´D 3.ºÔ´·D 3.]Â´V
4. º\.k∫ÔV·D 4.gÕ]´D 4.c.∏. 4.ºÔVkV
5. gÕ]´D 5.c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD 5.«ˆBV™V 5.N\Vflƒ_
6. \›]B© ∏´º>ƒD 6.¤Dx & ÔVi*Ï 6.>tµÂV| 6.\ÔV´ViΩ´D
7. >tµÂV|7.z¤´V› 7.E¬˛D
11. >tµÂV| 8. >tµÂV|
162.ÿƒ[ƒ¸ ÷Õ]BV
1. 2011 ÿƒ[ƒL[ x›]Á´fl ÿƒV_ Â\m ÿƒ[ƒ¸. Â\m
®]ÏÔVÈD (Our Census, Our Future) ®[√>VzD.
2. ∏©´kˆ 9ágD º>] ÷Õ]BVs_ ÿƒ[ƒ¸ ]™D.
163.ÿƒ[ƒ¸ ÷Õ]BV á 2011
1. ÷Õ]BVs[ ®ø›>§° á 73%.
2. ÷Õ]BVs[ \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD á ƒ.˛.*.¬z 382 Â√ÏÔ^.
3. ÷Õ]BVs[ gı á ÿ√ı s˛>D á 943%.
4. \¬Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD zÁ≈Õ> \VWÈD ∂ÚVƒÈ©∏´º>ƒD
(17 º√Ï).
5. ÷Õ]BVs[ √›>Vı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ k·ÏflE á 17.7%
(2001 á 2011).

184
6. tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ k·ÏflE ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD á
ÂVÔÈVÕm á 0.6%.
7. ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ k·ÏflE ÿÔVı¶ \VWÈD á
º\ÔVÈBV á 27.9%.
8. ®ø›>§° ∂]Ôx^· \›]B g‚E© √z] á ÷È‚ƒ›y° á
91.8%.
9. 2011 ÿƒ[ƒL[ x›]Á´fl ÿƒV_ á ‘Â\m ÿƒ[ƒ¸, Â\m
®]ÏÔVÈD’.
10. 2011 ÷_ Â¶›>©√‚¶ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A á
15ágkm \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A.
164.k∫˛Ô^
÷Õ]BÏ ŒÚk´V_ WÏk˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ k∫˛,
‘∂°› kVË√ k∫˛’. ÷m 1881á÷_ ÿƒB_√¶ g´D∏›>m. 1894á÷_
√fiƒV© ºÂ≠™_ √V∫¬ cÚk™m. 1906á÷_ mk∫˛B ∑º>E ÷B¬ÔD
∞´V·\V™ kVË√ k∫˛Ô^ cÚkVÔ ª¬Ô\π›>m.
1. 1920á÷_ k∫ÔV·D, √D√VF, ÿ\‚´V¸ ®–D J[Æ \VÔV

k∫˛Ô”D Œ[§Á¬Ô©√‚| 1921 ÷_ ÷D¨ˆB_ k∫˛
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. ÷Õ> ÷D¨ˆB_ k∫˛ºB 1955 ÷_ ¸º¶‚ √V∫¬ g‡©
÷Â]BVkVÔ \V§Bm.
1.÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛
1934 ÷[ ˆƒÏÀ √V∫¬ g‡© ÷Õ]BV ƒ‚¶©√Ω (1920 ÷D¨ˆB_
k∫˛fl ƒ‚¶›]_ ]Ú›>∫Ô^ ÿƒFB©√‚| 1934 ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛fl
ƒ‚¶D cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m) 1935 ∞©´_ Œ[≈VD º>] ˆƒÏÀ √V∫¬ g‡©
÷Õ]BV ∂]ÔV´›]_ kÕ>m. ÷Õ]BVs_ Ô´[E ºÂV‚|Ô^ ∂flƒΩ¬zD
∂]ÔV´›Á>© ÿ√uÆ^· Œº´ k∫˛ ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ºB.
1. 1949 ¤™kˆ Œ[≈VD º>] ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛
º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l[ x>_ ÔkÏ™Ï Œ.®.¸t›. ÷Õ]B´V™ x>_
ÔkÏ™Ï L.Ω.º>ix¬.
3. 1959 ÷_ ∞ø ƒ©EΩ k∫˛Ô^ º>EB \B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™. 1969
185
…ÁÈ 19 ÷_ º\KD √]™V[z k∫˛Ô^ º>EB
\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™. ∏[™Ï 1980á÷_ º\KD ∞ø k∫˛Ô^
º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™.
4. k∫˛Ô^, ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l_ x>‹| ÿƒFm^· W]¬z
(Cash Reserve) kw∫Ô©√|D k‚ΩºB ‘ˆkÏ¸
ˆ©º√Vº´‚’.
5. ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ∂´∑¬z kw∫zD Ô¶–>sl[ ÿ√BÏ Ways and
Means Advance.
2.>MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^
÷Õ]BVs_ 1920á¬z© ∏≈z>V[ √È >MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^
∏´√È\Vl™. ∂©º√Vm √V∫¬ g‡© ÿ√∫ÔV_, √V∫¬¸ g‡© √VDº√,
√V∫¬ g‡© ÿ\‚´V¸ ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ >MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^ ÿƒB_√‚|
kÕ>™. ∏[™Ï ÷ÁkBÁ™›mD ŒÚ∫˛Á¬Ô©√‚| ÷D¨ˆB_
k∫˛BVÔ ÿƒB_√¶› ÿ>V¶∫˛™.
ÂV‚Ω_ ÷©º√Vm ÿƒB_√‚| kÚD EÈ >MBVÏ k∫˛Ô^,

º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶ k∫˛Ô”¬z WÔ´VÔ kVΩ¬ÁÔBV·ÏÔÁ·¬
ÿÔVı|^·™.
3.k∫˛Ô^
1. 1921á÷_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷D¨ˆB_ k∫˛l[ >uº√VÁ>B
ÿ√BÏ á ¸º¶‚ √V∫¬ g‡© ÷Õ]BV.
2. k∫˛Ô^ º>EB \B\V¬Ô_ : 1969 …ÁÈ 19á÷_ 14
k∫˛Ô”D, 1980á÷_ ∞ø k∫˛Ô”D º>EB
\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶™.
3. k∫˛Ô^, ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l_ x>‹| ÿƒFm^· W]¬z
kw∫Ô©√|D k‚Ω á ˆkÏ¸ ÿ´©º√V º´‚ (Reverse
Reporate).
4. ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ á 1935 ∞©´_ 1.
5. ÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ º>EB\B\V¬Ô©√‚¶ ÂV^ á 1949
¤™kˆ 1.
6. ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛l[ x>_ ÷Õ]B ÔkÏ™Ï á L.Ω.º>ix¬.
7. ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[ x>o_ ∞Ω®D kƒ]ÁB
∂§xÔ©√|›]Bm k∫˛ á®fl.®¸.∏.E. k∫˛ (1987).
8. ÷Õ]B Ú√VFÔπ[ ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶ cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á
c>Bz\VÏ.
186
9. √›]uÔV™ >M ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶¬ ÿÔVı¶
ÂV|Ôπ[ kˆÁƒl_ ÷Õ]BVs[ ÷¶D á nÕm.
10. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ k∫˛ á 1770á÷_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_
mk∫Ô©√‚¶ ] √V∫¬ g‡© ÷Õm¸>V[ k∫˛.
1. 1770 ÷_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ mk∫Ô©√‚¶ ‘> √V∫¬ g‡©
NÕm¸>V[’ ®[√º> ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ k∫˛.
2. ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ∞.Ω.®D. kƒ]ÁB ∂§xÔD
ÿƒF>m ®fl.®¸.∏.L. k∫˛ºB (xDÁ√, 1987).
11. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ© ÿ√ÚD kVË√ k∫˛ ¸º¶‚ √V∫¬
g‡© ÷Õ]BV.
12. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB >MBVÏ k∫˛ ICICI k∫˛.
165.÷Õ]B ‘√VF
÷Õ]BVs_ ŒÚ ‘√VF Ô´[E >s´ ∞Á™B ∂Á™›m¬
Ô´[EÔ”D, ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛BV_ ∂flƒΩ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. 1996 ÷oÚÕm
ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ] ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ÿkπl¶
g´D∏›>m. ÷©º√Vm 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000 ‘√VF
ºÂV‚|Ô^ ÷Õ>› ÿ>V¶ÏkˆÁƒl_ ÿkπl¶©√‚| kÚ˛≈m.
nÕm ‘√VF x>_ ∞Á™B ∂Á™›m¬ Ô´[EÔπKD ∂ÉB_
ƒ‚¶›][ ®‚¶Vkm ∂‚¶kÁl_ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈ 17 º>EB ÿ\VaÔπ_
∂>[ \]©A ∂flƒΩ¬Ô©√‚|^·m. Ô´[El[ ÷¶m √¬Ô √V™o_
∂ƒVt, k∫ÔVπ, z¤´V›], Ô[™¶D, ÔVi*ˆ, ÿÔV∫ÔM, \ÁÈBV·D,
\´V›], ºÂ√Vπ, ŒˆBV, √fiƒV∏, ƒ\¸˛Ú>D, >tµ, ÿ>K∫z, cÚm
®[–D kˆÁƒl_ 15 ÿ\VaÔ”D, Ô´[El[ ∏≈ √z]Ôπ_ g∫˛ÈD
\uÆD ÷Õ] ÿ\VaÔπKD \]©A z§©∏¶©√|˛≈m.
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ ‘√VF ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ∂flƒΩ›> mk¬ÔÔVÈ
√V∫zÔ^ : √V∫¬ g‡© NÕm¸>V[ (1770 á 1832),
ÿ¤™´_ √V∫¬ ÷[ ÿ√∫ÔV_ ∂[‚ ¨ÔVÏ (1773 á 1775),
ÿ√∫ÔV_ √V∫¬ (1784 á 1791).
2. 1861 ÔV˛> ÂVBfl ƒ‚¶›][ JÈD Ô´[E ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ·
∂flƒΩ›m ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´D ÿ√Æ˛≈m ÷Õ]B ∂´∑.
3. ŒÚ ‘√VF ºÂV‚| >sÏÕ> ∞Á™B ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ∂flE|km
÷Õ]B ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ºB. ºÂV‚|¬Ôπ_ ÁÔÿBV©√D ÷|kmD
ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ÔkÏ™º´.
187
4. ŒÚ ‘√VF ºÂV‚| ÷Õ]B ∂´ƒV_ ∂flƒΩ¬Ô©√|km. ÷]_
W]fl ÿƒBÈÏ ÁÔÿBø›]|˛≈VÏ.
5. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÂV[z ÂVB kVÏ©√¶fl ƒVÁÈÔ^ (Mint),
÷´ı| k∫˛ ºÂV‚| ∂flƒÔ∫Ô^, ÷´ı| ÿƒ¬Rˆ‚Ω ÔV˛>
gÁÈÔ^ ÿƒB_√‚| kÚ˛[≈™.
6. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ ÂVB kVÏ√¶fl ƒVÁÈ, xDÁ√ : ÷Õ]BVs[
tÔ© √wÁ\BV™ ÂVB kVÏ©√Ô∫ÔπÿÈV[Æ, 1829á÷_
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷∫ºÔ ÂVB∫Ô”¶[ √>¬Ô∫Ô”D
kVÏ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
7. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ kVÏ©√¶fl ƒVÁÈ, ÿÔV_Ô›>V: 18ágD
±u≈VıΩ_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ ÂVB kVÏ©∏¶∫Ô^ √È
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷ku§_ Œ[Á≈ ÂT™©√|›] ∂o©ØÏ
t[‚ ®[–D ÿ√Bˆ_ 1952 ÷_ ŒÚ ÂVB kVÏ©∏¶D
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ∏u√V| ÷m ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ t[‚ ÿÔV_Ô›>V
®™© ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈D ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
8. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ kVÏ©√¶fl ƒVÁÈ, Á«]´V√V› : 1903 ÷_
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂] ÂT™ ÂVB kVÏ©∏¶D
÷m.
9. ‘√VF ºÂV‚| ∂flƒÔD ÂVE¬, \ÔV´ViΩ´D : 1928 ÷_
ÿƒB_√¶ g´D∏›>m. √_ºkÆ \]©AÁ¶B ‘√VF
ºÂV‚|¬Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ ∂flE¶©√|˛[≈™.
10. ÿƒ¬Rˆ‚Ω ÔV˛> gÁÈ, º«Vƒ∫ÔV√V›, \›]B© ∏´º>ƒD:
√È kÁÔ©√‚¶ ÿƒ¬Rˆ‚Ω gk∫ÔÁ· ∂flƒΩ¬zD
÷ÕWÆk™D 1968á÷_ ÿƒB_√¶› mk∫˛Bm.
11. ºÂV‚ x›>´ı o‚ : ∂]Ôˆ›m kÚD k∫˛ ºÂV‚|Ôπ[
√B[√V‚|¬z c>°D kÁÔl_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷´ı| A]B
∂flƒÔ∫Ô^. ÔÏÂV¶Ô \VWÈD Á\ÛÏ, º\uz k∫ÔV· \VWÈD
ƒ_º√VM g˛B ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ∂Á\Õm^· ÷Às´ı|
∂flƒÔ∫Ô”D, ‘√VýB ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ºÂV‚ x›>´ı otÿ¶‚’
®–D ∂Á\©∏[ Ô‚|©√V‚Ω[ ˇµ ÿƒB_√‚| kÚ˛≈m.
‘√VF
1. ‘Ú∏BV’ ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ ÷Õ]BVs_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ
ÂVB›Á> ∂§xÔD ÿƒF>kÏ á ÿ≠Ï≠V.
2. ‘Ú∏BV’ ŒÚ ÿk^π ÂVBD.
188
3. ÿ≠Ï≠V ÔVÈ›]_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ >∫Ô ÂVBD á ‘ÿ\V«Ï’.
4. Ô´[E ºÂV‚|¬ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´›Á> ∂´∑¬z
kw∫˛B ∏ˆ‚œi ƒ‚¶D á ÔV˛> ÂVBfl ƒ‚¶D (1861).
5. ∑>Õ]´ ÷Õ]BVs_ A]B ÂVB ∂Á\©A ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_
kÕ> ÂV^ á 1950, gÔ¸‚ 15.
6. k∫˛ ºÂV‚Ω_ ÁÔÿBV©√t‚¶ x>_ ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛ ÔkÏ™Ï á
º¤D¸ ÿ¶FÈÏ.
7. ÷Õ]BVs_ ÂVB∫ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´D √Á¶›>m
á \›]B ∂´∑.
8. ÷Õ]BVs_ k∫˛ ºÂV‚|ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ∂]ÔV´D
√Á¶›>m á ˆƒÏÀ k∫˛.
‘√VF¬z A]B ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X|
9.∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV (¶VÈÏ), ∏ˆ‚¶[ (√°ı‚), nº´V©∏B RMB[
ÂV|Ô^ (Rº´V), ¤©√V[ (ÿB[) º√V[≈ ÂV‚| ÂVB∫Ô”¬ÿÔ_ÈVD
(Currency) >M›>M ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X|Ô^ cı|. ∂Õ>
kˆÁƒl_ ÷©º√Vm ÷Õ]B ‘√VF¬zD A]B ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶
\›]B ∂´∑ ∂§xÔ©√|›]•^·m. ÷›m¶[ ÂVB›]uÔVÔ >M
∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X| ÿÔVı|^· cÈ˛[ nÕ>Vkm ÂVBD ®[≈
E≈©Á√ ÷Õ]B ‘√VF ÿ√uÆ^·m.
10.xDÁ√ n.n.Ω. ÁBfl ºƒÏÕ> c>Bz\VÏ (÷kÏ >twÔ›Á>¬
ºƒÏÕ>kÏ) ®[√k´V_ kΩkÁ\¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷Õ> ∂Á¶BV·¬ z§X‚Á¶,
2010, …ÁÈ 15ágD º>] \›]B ∂Á\flƒ´Ák ∂∫ˇÔˆ›>m.
166.√∫zfl ƒÕÁ>
÷Õ]BVs_ ÷Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√MÔ^ ƒ‚¶D 1850á÷_
∂§xÔ©√|›>©√‚¶m. ÷Á>B|›m ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ √∫zfl
ƒÕÁ>BV™ √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ> 1875á÷_ cÚkV™m (gEBVs[
x>_ √∫zflƒÕÁ> ®[≈ E≈©AD ÷>uzı|). ÷Á>B|›m 1894á÷_
∂Ô\>V√V› √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>•D, 1908 ÷_ ÿÔV_Ô›>V √∫Ôfl ƒÕÁ>•D
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶™. º>EB© √∫zfl ƒÕÁ> (National Stock Ex-
change - NSE) 1992 ÂkD√ˆ_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1. 1875 ÷_ The Native Share and Stock Brokers Asso-
ciation ®[–D ÿ√BˆºÈºB ÷m ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶m. 1956á÷_ >V[
÷>uz WÁÈBV™ ∂∫ˇÔV´D kw∫Ô©√‚¶m.
189
Ω.®¸. ∏Á>V¸ ∂[‚ ÔDÿ√MºB (DSP) √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>l_
√‚ΩBo¶©√‚¶ x>_ ÔDÿ√M.
2. √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>l[ x¬˛B √∫z z§X‚ÿ¶ı ∏®¸÷
(BSE) ÿƒ[ÿƒ¬¸. ∂>Vkm Bombay Stock Exchange Sensitive
Index ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬ÔD. >uº√Vm 30 ÔDÿ√MÔ^ ∏®¸÷
ÿƒ[ÿƒ¬L_ √‚ΩBo¶©√‚|^·™.
3. √∫zfl ƒÕÁ> WAÏ y√¬ ÿ\Vº«VMºB ‘ÿƒ[ÿƒ¬¸’ ®[≈
ÿƒV_ÁÈ x>[x>ÈVÔ √ˆÕmÁ´ ÿƒF>kÏ. cÈ˛[ √›>Vkm ÿ√ˆB
√∫zflƒÕÁ> √D√VF √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>.
1.ÿƒ∏
÷Õ]B© √∫z ƒÕÁ>ÔÁ·¬ Ô‚|©√|›mD ∂Á\©A.

Securities and Exchange Board of India ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬Ôº\ ÿƒ∏
(SEBI). ÷m 1992 ∞©´_ 12á÷_ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. >ÁÈÁ\BÔD :
xDÁ√.
2.W‡©Ω
º>EB© √∫zfl ƒÕÁ>l[ x¬˛B √∫z z§X|>V™ W‡©Ω

(SEPCNX Nifty).nD√m ÔDÿ√MÔ^ W‡©Ωl_ √‚ΩBo¶©√‚|^·™.
167.∂[MB x>‹|
A]B ÿ√VÚ·V>V´¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ŒÚ √z]BVÔ ÷Õ]BVs_

∂ÕWB x>‹| ºkÔ\VÔ ∂]Ôˆ›m kÚ˛≈m. ∂[MB x>‹|
÷Õ]BVsuz^ kÚD ÷´ı| x¬˛B WÁÈÔ^: 1.ºÂ´Ω ∂[MB x>‹|
(Foreign Direct Investment) 2.W] WÆk™∫Ô^ kaBV™ x>‹|
(Investment through Financial Institution).
1. ∂[MB x>‹‚Á¶ ~Ï©√>uÔVÔ 2003 ∏©´kˆ 18á÷_
∂[MB x>‹‚| ª¬zs©A ∂Á\©A (Foreign Investment Pro-
motion Board) cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. ÷Õ]BVsuz kÚD ºÂ´Ω ∂[MB x>‹‚Ω[ ÿ√ÚD √z]•D
ÔD©R‚¶Ï ƒV‡©‚ºkÏ, t[™b© ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ c‚√‚¶ ®È¬‚ˆÔ_
ÿ√VÚ^ >BVˆ©A› mÁ≈ÔÁ· Á\Bt‚º¶ kÚ˛≈m. ÷>uÔ|›m
kÚkm ÿ>VÁÈ› ÿ>V¶ÏA› mÁ≈.
190
1.x>‹‚| gÁBD
x>‹‚| WÆk™∫Ô”¬z gº´V¬˛B\V™ ÛµWÁÈÁB
∞u√|›mD ºÂV¬Ô›m¶[ 2004 ΩƒD√ˆ_ x>‹‚| gÁBD
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ> J[Æ cÆ©∏™Ï gÁBD
W]BÁ\flƒÔ›][ ˇµ ÿƒB_√‚| kÚ˛≈m.
2.∑>Õ]´ kVË√© √z]
kVË√fl ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ ƒV>V´\VÔ ƒÕ]¬zD >Á¶ÔÁ·
sÈ¬˛ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶ kVË√© √z]. ÷Ák Export Processing
Zone ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ EPZ √z]
z¤´V›][ Ôı‚ÈVs_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. 1965 ÷_ mk∫Ô©√‚¶
Ôı‚ÈV ∑>Õ]´ kVË√ Á\BD gEBVsºÈºB x>_ Á\BD.
3.E≈©A© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶ÈD
∞uÆ\] ª¬zs©A, c^ÂV‚|, ∂B_ÂV‚| x>‹|ÔÁ·
ª¬zs›>_, ∂Ω©√Á¶ Ô‚¶Á\©A º\D√V|, ºkÁÈ kVF©AÔÁ·
∂]Ôˆ©√m º√V[≈kuÁ≈ ºÂV¬Ô\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m
>V[ Special Economic Zone.
1.÷Õ]BVs_ 2000 gı| ∞©ó_ E≈©A© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´
\ı¶È¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m. 2005 …M_ E≈©A©
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶Èfl ƒ‚¶D >Mfl ƒ‚¶\V™m.
2.E≈©A© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶È∫Ô^ ∂Á\©√>uÔV™
sı©√∫Ô^ ƒD√Õ>©√‚¶ \VWÈ ∂É¶D ƒ\Ï©∏¬Ô©√‚¶
ºkı|D.
3.÷Õ]BVs_ gÕ]´© ∏´º>ƒ›]_ tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ E≈©A©
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \ı¶È∫Ô^ c^·™.

191
G. >tµkV[
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, Ô_sB_ mÁ≈
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD, k_ÈD >fiƒV∆Ï
5. AslB_
1.ÛˆB \ı¶ÈD
ÛˆB–D ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u§kÚD ®‚| ºÔV^Ô”D (A>[,
ÿk^π, Øt, ÿƒÀkVF, sBVw[, ƒM, •º´™¸, ÿÂ©ΩR[,)
∂kuÁ≈fl ∑u§kÚD mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô”D ∂¶∫˛Bº> ÛˆB \ı¶ÈD.
÷kuÆ¶[ ±uÆ¬Ô¬ÔV™ kV_ Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ô”D, gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™
Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ô”D ÔV©√|˛[≈™. √V_ kπ \ı¶È›]oÚÕm 3000
x>_ 33,000 Œπ kÚ¶ ÿ>VÁÈs_ ÛˆB \ı¶ÈD ∂Á\Õm^·m.
1.(2006á÷_ Aj‚º¶V ºÔV^ >z]ÁB ÷w©√>uz x[AkÁ´

ÛˆB \ı¶È›]_ Œ[√m ºÔV^Ô^ ÷ÚÕ>™.)
2.s‚¶D : 13,84,000 ˛.*. Øtl[ s‚¶›Á>© º√V_ 109 \¶∫z
3.kBm : 450 ºÔVΩ gı|Ô^ ÿ\V›> g•‚ ÔVÈD : 1000 ºÔVΩ

gı|Ô^.
4.®ˆBVu≈_ ÿkπ©√V| : ÿ\V›>D : 4$10 KW . Øt¬z kÚkm :

kV•\ı¶ÈD ÷_ÁÈÿBM_ : 1,400 W/m2 kV• \ı¶È›Á>¬ Ô¶Õ>
∏[ : 240 W/m2
5.ÿk©√WÁÈ : c^Á\B›]_ 1.5 ºÔVΩ 0K. AÈ™VzD √´©∏_ (Œπ¬

ºÔVƒD) : 5770 0K Ô]´k Œπk‚¶D : 15 ÷È‚ƒD 0K
6.ÛˆB–¬z ∂Ú˛_ c^· ºÔV^Ô·V™ A>[, ÿk^π, As \uÆD

ÿƒÀkVF g˛B™ tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ ÿk©√ WÁÈloÚÕm zπÏÕm
cÚkV™Ák. ÷>™V_ ÷Ák ]¶¬ ºÔV·∫Ô·VÔ¬ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
÷ku§_ Eo¬ÔV[, ÷ÚDA º√V[≈ >Vm¬Ô^ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
192
ÛˆBMoÚÕm ÿ>VÁÈs_ c^· ºÔV^Ô^
cBÏÿk©√WÁÈÁB ∂Á¶BVm zπÏÕ> kV• WÁÈlºÈºB ∑w[Æ
kÚ˛[≈™. ÷Ák ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÍoBD, Á«Ω´¤[ g˛B kV•›
>M\∫ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ÁkBVÔ¬ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
2.A>[ (Mercury)
1.ÛˆB–¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛K^· ºÔV^.
2.s‚¶D : 4,880 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 3,302,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : ÷_ÁÈ
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 58,6462 ÂV‚Ô^
6.ÛˆBÁ™ ŒÚ xÁ≈fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 87,469 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 57,909,175 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : +166.850 C
9.\Ë¬z 1,76,000 ˛.*. ºkÔ›]_ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u§kÚk>V_ 10.÷m
ºkÔD tzÕ> ºÔV^ ®™ ∂§B©√|˛≈m.
3.ÿk^π (Venus)
1.Øt¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛_ c^· ºÔV^.
2.s‚¶D : 12,103.6 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 48,690,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : ÷_ÁÈ
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 246.16 ÂV‚Ô^
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 243.0187 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 10,82,08,930 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : +456.850 C
9.∂·sKD, ®Á¶lKD ØtÁB© º√V[§Ú©√>V_ ÷m Øtl[
10.÷´‚Á¶ ˛´ÔD ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
4.Øt (Earth)
1.kˆÁƒxÁ≈l_ ÛˆBMoÚÕm J[≈Vk>VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·m.
2.s‚¶D : 6,794 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 59,720,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : Œ[Æ
193
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 23 \Ë, 56 6.Wt¶D
4.091 sÂVΩÔ^
7.ÛˆBÁ™ ŒÚ xÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 365 ÂV‚Ô^, 8 \Ë, 8.48
Wt¶D, 45.51 sÂVΩ.
9.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 14,96,00,000 ˛.*.
10.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : 150 C
11.Øt >[Á™›>Vº™ ∑uÆk>V_ √ÔKD, ÷´°D, ÛˆBÁ™fl 12.∑uÆD
∑wuEBV_ √Úk ÔVÈ∫Ô”D ∞u√|˛[≈™.
13.Øtl[ ∂fl∑>ı| 231/3 0 ƒˆÕm^·m.
14.Øt º\u˛oÚÕm ˛w¬z xÔ\VÔ ∂>[ ∂fl∑› >ıΩ_ ∑w_˛≈m.
5.ÿƒÀkVF (Mars)
1.EÔ©A¬ ºÔV^ ®™©√|˛≈m.
2.s‚¶D : 6,794 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 6,421,900,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : ÷´ı|
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ƒ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 1.025957 ÂV^, 25.1
sÂVΩ.
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 686,98 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 22,79,40,000 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : á166.850 0 C
9.ØtÁB© º√VÈºk ÿƒÀkVl[ √Ô_ á ÷´°Ô”¬zD Œº´ ÔVÈ
∂·°>V[.
6.sBVw[ (Jupiter)
1.®Á¶ tzÕ> ºÔV^
2.s‚¶D : 1,42,984 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 18,986,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 63
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ƒ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : Œ[√m \Ë, nD√m
Wt¶D, x©√m sÂVΩ
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 11 kÚ¶D, 314 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 77,28,00,000 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : +19.860 C

194
9.tÔ© ÿ√ˆB EÔ©A ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô^ (Great Red Spot) ÿÔVı¶
˛´ÔD.
10.÷m º¤VsB[ ˛´ÔD ®[ÆD (Jovian) ∂§B©√|˛≈m.
7.ƒM (Saturn)
1.tÔ°D ∂¶Ï›] zÁ≈Õ> ˛´ÔD
2.s‚¶D : 1,20,536 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 5,684,600,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 34
5.>[Á™› >Vº™ ŒÚxÁ≈ ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 10 \Ë 34 Wt¶D
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 29 kÚ¶D 168 ÂV^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 26,725,400 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : á139.50 C
9.tÔ©ÿ√ˆB mÁ¬ºÔV^ Á¶‚¶V[
10.ÛˆB \ı¶È›][ kπ\ı¶ÈD ÿÔVı¶ Œº´ mÁ¬ºÔV^
ƒMl[ Á¶‚¶V[.
11.÷>Á™fl ∑u§ kÁ·B∫Ô^ c^·™ ®[Æ Ôı|∏Ω›>kÏ
12.ÔooºBV. ‡©º´t¸‘¸, Á¶‚¶V[, ΩºBVı, º>Õ]¸,
13.÷BV¨‚¶¸, Í©, W\V¸, √Vıº¶V´V, ÔV_©ºvV, √V[, ∂‚È¸,
ˆBV, ÿ«È[ º√V[≈ ˛º´¬Ô A´V¬ Ô>V√V›]´∫Ôπ[ ÿ√BÏÔº·
ƒMl[ mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô”¬z ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
8.•º´™¸ (Uranus)
1.÷>Á™ kπ\ı¶È›][ *Á>[ kV• c^·m.
2.s‚¶D : 51.118 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 868,320,000,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 27
6.ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 84 kÚ¶D 4 ÂV‚Ô^
7.ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 2,87,09,72,200 ˛.*.
8.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : á197.15 0 C
9.1781 ÷_ ƒÏ s_oBD «VÏ≠_ ÷Á> Ôı| ∏Ω›>VÏ.
10•º´™L_ 98 ƒ>T>xD Á«‚´¤–D, ÍoBxD >V[.
11.÷>[ ∂fl∑ >ı| 98 0 ƒˆÕ]Ú©√>V_ ÷m ∑w_˛[≈ (Rolling)
∂_Èm ƒVFÕ]Ú¬zD (Lying) ºÔV^ ®™°D ∂§B©√|˛≈m.
÷]_ *Á>M[ ∂]Ô\VÔ ÷Ú©√>V_ ÷m √flÁƒ•D, ¿ÈxD ÔÈÕ>
W≈›]_ c^·m.

195
9.ÿÂ©ΩR[ (Neptune)
1.¿È W≈¬ ºÔV^.
2.s‚¶D : 49,522 ˛.*.
3.®Á¶ : 1,024,700,000,000 ¶[Ô^
4.mÁ¬ºÔV^ : 13
ŒÚ xÁ≈ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u≈ gzD ÔVÈD : 164 kÚ¶D 298 ÂV‚Ô^
ÛˆBMoÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ #´D : 4,49,82,52,900 t.o. ˛.*.
6.ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿk©√ WÁÈ : 200.50 C
7.1846 ÷_ ¤V[ ÔVo ®[√kº´ ÷Á>¬ Ôı|∏Ω›>kÏ
8.÷Á> ÿkÆ∫ÔıV_ ÔV ÷BÈVm.
10.ºÔV^Ô^
1.ÛˆBM[ ÔVÕ>©AÈ›]oÚÕm sÈ˛ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑u§¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD kV[ cÚıÁ¶Ôº· ºÔV^Ô^. ÷Ák ®‚|. ÷Ák
WÈÿkπ ºÔV^Ô^ (Terrestrial Planets) \uÆD kV• ºÔV^Ô^
(Gaseous Planets) ®™ ÷´ı¶VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
WÈÿkπ ºÔV^Ô^ : A>[, ÿk^π, Øt, ÿƒÀkVF.
kV• ºÔV^Ô^ : sBVw[, ƒM, ÿÂ©ΩR[, •º´™¸.
2.mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô^ : A>[ \uÆD ÿk^π¬z \‚|D mÁ¬
ºÔV^Ô^ ÷_ÁÈ. Øt á 1, ÿƒÀkVF á 2, sBVw[ á 60, •º´™¸á27,
ÿÂ©ΩR[ á 13 ®[Æ mÁ¬ ºÔV^Ô^ ∂Á\Õm^·™.
11.ÛˆB¬ z|D√D
1. ÛˆB¬ z|D√›][ ÿ\V›> ºÔV^Ô^ 8 (2006á÷_
Aj‚º¶V ÷Õ> √‚ΩBo_ ÷ÚÕm ÿkπºBu≈©√‚¶m).
2. Ek©A ºÔV^ ®™©√|km á ÿƒÀkVF.
3. Øt¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛K^· Â‚ƒ›]´D á ÛˆB[
4. ƒÕ]´MoÚÕm Œπ ØtÁB kÕ>Á¶B gzD ÔVÈD á
1.3 s™VΩÔ^
5. ÛˆB Œπ ØtÁB kÕ>Á¶B gzD ÔVÈD á 8.2 Wt¶D
6. ÛˆB \ı¶È›][ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ºÔV^ á sBVw[
7. tÔ¬ zπ´V™ ºÔV^ á •º´™¸
8. tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ mÁ¬ºÔV^ÔÁ· ÿ√uÆ^· ºÔV^ á
sBVw[
196
9. ÛˆB Œπl_ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ ∏´]√o¬zD ºÔV^ á
∑¬˛´[
10. ÔΩÔV´ ]Áƒl_ ÛˆBÁ™fl ∑uÆD ºÔV^ á T™¸.
12.∏´√fiƒD
1. ∏´√fiƒ c≈√›] z§›> x¬˛B E›>VÕ>D á ÿ√ÚÿkΩ©A
ÿÔV^ÁÔ
2. ∏´√fiƒ›]_ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ ∂¶∫˛•^· JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^ á
Á«‚´¤[
3. ÛˆB¬z|D√>Á> c‚√|›]B Â‚ƒ›]´ \ı¶ÈD á √V_ÿkπ
T]
4. √V_ÿkπ T]¬z tÔ ∂Ú˛K^· Â‚ƒ›]´ \ı¶ÈD á
g[‚º´V*¶V
5. Øt•D, ∞Á™B ºÔV^Ô”D ÛˆBÁ™ ∑u§ kÚ˛[≈™
®[Æ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ÔÚ›m ÿkπl‚¶kÏ á ºÔV©√Ï W¬Ô¸
6. √V_ÿkπl_ ÛˆB[ ÷¶Dÿ√uÆ^· √z] á ŒˆB[ ÁÔ
7. ∏´√fiƒ›]_ ÷mkÁ´ Ôı| ∏Ω¬Ô©√‚¶kuÆ^ tÔ
ÿ>VÁÈs_ c^· ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^ á zkVƒÏÔ^
8. kVMB_ ∂§QÏ ¸œ√[ «V¬˛[L[ ∏´√È A›>ÔD á ∞
©Z© N¸¶ˆ g© Á¶D
9. ÛˆBÁ™© º√V[≈ Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ôπ[ ®ˆÿ√VÚ^ ®ˆÕ> ∏[
~Ï©A sÁƒBV_ ∑Ú∫zkº> á Ek©A¬ ºÔV·D
10. ÂT™ ∏´√fiƒ ∂§sBo[ >ÕÁ> ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|√kÏ á
ÔooºBV Ôoo.
13.As© √Vz√V|Ô^
1.Asl[ º\u√´©A ÂV[z ºÔV·∫Ô·VÔ √z¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
∂Ák :
2.√VÁ≈¬ºÔV·D (Litho sphere) : Øtl[ º\u√´©∏_ ÔV©√|D
WÈ©√z]Ô^ \‚|\_ÈVm Ô¶o[ ∂Ω©√|ÁÔÔ”D ∂¶∫˛Bm.
3.¿Ï¬ºÔV·D (Hydrosphere) : Ô¶_Ô^, Â]Ô^, ∞ˆÔ^ x>ÈV™
¿Ï©√´©AÔ^ ∂¶∫˛B √z].
4.kπ\ı¶ÈD (Atmosphere) : WÈ ¿Ï√´©AÔÁ·© º√VÏ›] As
ÛµÕm WuzD ÔVuÆ \ı¶ÈD.
5.clÏ¬ºÔV·D (Bioshere) : º\u ÿƒV[™ x>_ J[Æ ºÔV·©
√z]Ôπ_ clˆ™∫Ô^ kVøD √z]ÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛Bm.
197
14.√VÁ≈¬ ºÔV·D
√VÁ≈Ô^ #·VÔ© ÿ√VΩÕ]¶ kVMÁÈ (Weather), ÔVÈWÁÈ
(Climate), ~´©√>D (Humidity), ÷|¬zÔπ_ ºkÏ OÁw›m© √´°D
>Vk´∫Ôπ[ k·ÏflE º√V[≈ √È ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ cıÿ¶[≈VKD
kVMÁÈ© √Úk \Vu≈∫Ôπ[ √∫z \Ô›>V™m. ºÔVÁ¶ ÿklo_
Û¶V™ √VÁ≈Ô^ ]œÏ \Áwl_, ]œÿ´™¬ zπÏs¬Ô©√|D º√Vm
ÿkΩ©A søÕm ˇ§s|˛[≈™. gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ gı|Ô^
÷ÕWÁÈ ¿Ω›>V_ ∂Ák ÿÂVÆ∫˛fl EÆ mÔ^Ô·VzD. ∂ÀkVº≈
√VÁ≈Ô”¬z Â|s_, ÷|¬zÔπ_ º>∫˛ WuzD >ıßÏ zπÏ
ÔVÈ›]_ cÁ≈Õm √M¬Ô‚ΩÔ·V˛ sˆkÁ¶•D º√VmD √VÁ≈Ôπ_
ˇ≈_ ÿkΩ©A søD. ÷©√Ω Œ[Æ¬ÿÔV[Æ ÿ\flƒ\V™ EÁ>°Ô·V_
\ı WÁ≈Õ> WÈ©√´©A cÚkV™m.
√VÁ≈¬ºÔV·›][ c^·Á\©Á√ J[≈VÔ kÁÔ©√|›>ÈVD.
1.Ô™u √VÁ≈Ô^ (Igneous Rocks) - Asl[ c^

√z]loÚÕm cÚ˛B “\V¬\V” √VÁ≈¬ zwDAÔ^ ÿkπBV˛
cÁ≈k>V_ Ô™u √VÁ≈Ô^ º>V[§™. Asl[ A≈Ël_ ∑\VÏ 95
sø¬ÔV|D ÷ÀkÁÔ© √VÁ≈Ô^ >VD. ÷ku§KD J[Æ ∏ˆ°ÔÁ·¬
ÔVÈVD. ˛´VÁ™‚ (Granite) ®–D ÔÚ∫Ô_; “ÿ√ƒV_‚” (Besalt)
®–D tÚm©√VÁ≈, ®ˆ\ÁÈ© √VÁ≈ ®[√™ ∂Ák. ®_ÈV¬
Ôı¶∫ÔπKD ∏´>V™\VÔ› ÿ>[√|km ÔÚ∫Ô_ √VÁ≈Ôº·. Ô¶_
∂Ω›>·›]_ c^·Ák ÿ√ÚD√VKD “√ƒV_‚” kÁÔ. ®ˆ\ÁÈ©
√VÁ≈Ô^, zxÆD ®ˆ\ÁÈ ¨flE ÿkπ›>^π© √VÁ≈¬ zwDAÔ·V_
cÚkVl™.
2.√Ωk© √VÁ≈Ô^ (Sedimentary Rocks) - Ô¶_
∂Ω›>·∫Ôπ_ ÔV©√|D ∂|¬Ô|¬ÔV™ √Ωk∫Ô·V_ g™Ák
√Ωk© √VÁ≈Ô^. ÷Ák Øt º\_ÿ√VÚ¬˛_ ∑\VÏ 5 sø¬ÔVº¶
∂¶∫˛lÚ©∏–D, WÈ©√´©∏[ x¬ÔV_ √VÔxD √´Õm ˛¶¬˛≈m.
ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂]Ô x¬˛BD kVFÕ>Ák ÷Õ>©
√Ωk©√VÁ≈Ô^. WÈ¬Ôˆ, ®ıÿF \uÆD sÁÈºB§B
ÔM\∫Ôπ[ sÁ· WÈD.
3.cÚ\Vu≈© √VÁ≈Ô^ (Metamorphic Rocks) -
√VÁ≈Ô^ º>V[ÆD Ô›]ºÈºB ÿkDÁ\, cBÏ ∂ø›>D ∂_Èm
198
ºk]B_ sÁ™›]≈[ ÷ku≈V_ cÚ›]ˆÕm cı¶V™ √VÁ≈ÔÁ·
cÚ\Vu≈© √VÁ≈Ô^ ®[˛º≈VD. ƒV[Æ ∑ıVDA¬Ô_ (Lime
Stone).
15.\ÁÈÔ^
º>Vu≈›Á> ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| \ÁÈÔÁ· ÂV[z
kÁÔÔ·VÔ© ∏ˆ©√mı|. ∂Ák ;
1.\Ω©A \ÁÈÔ^ (Fold Mountains) - ∂ø›>›]™V_
kÁ·Õm \ΩÕm cÚkV™Ák. cÈ˛[ cB´\V™ \ÁÈÔ^
∂Á™›mº\ ÷›>ÁÔB sÁ·kV_ WtÏÕ>ÁkºB.
2.>|©A \ÁÈÔ^ (Block Mountains) - As© √´©∏_
søÕ> sˆƒ_ ∂_Èm ˇ≈_ÔÁ· Œ‚ΩB √z]Ô^ ÿƒ∫z›>VÔ
cBÏÂÿ>øk>[ sÁ·kVÔ º>V[§BÁk. ÷Ú √¬ÔxD >VµÕ>
∏´º>ƒ∫Ô^ ÿÔVı|. \›]l_ ÿÂΩBm cBÚD ÂÈ© √z]ºB >|©A
\ÁÈBV˛≈m. √VÏ©√>uzfl ƒˆs[§fl ÿƒ∫z›>VÔfl ÿƒm¬˛B ∑kÏ
\V]ˆ ÷Ú¬zD.
3.®ˆ\ÁÈÔ^ (Volcanic Mountains) - zx§ ÿkΩ¬zD
c‚√VÁ≈¬ zwDAÔ^ kaÕm ∑uÆ©A≈∫Ôπ_ √ΩÂmBÏÕm
ÿÔ‚ΩBVk>V_ ®ˆ\ÁÈ¬ z[ÆÔ^ ®ø˛[≈™. ∂ku§[ ÌD∏B
cflEl_ kVFº√V_ k‚¶¬za° Œ[ÆD ÔV©√|D.
4.EÁ>Õ> \ÁÈÔ^ (Residual Mountains) - EÈ \ÁÈÔ^
√Úk \Vu≈∫Ôπ™V_ EÁ>Õm, gÆÔπ™V_ ∂ˆ¬Ô©√‚| º>FÕm
ÿkÆD º\‚| WÈ\VÔ \‚|D ÔV©√|D. ÷kuÁ≈ºB EÁ>° \ÁÈÔ^
®[˛º≈VD.
16.y°Ô^
cÈÔ› y°Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D J[Æ ÿ√ÚD ∏ˆ°Ô”^
∂¶¬ÔÈVD. ∂Ák:
Ôı¶›y°Ô^ (Continental Islands) - ®[√™ ∏ˆ‚Ωi
y°¬ Ì‚¶∫Ô^ ∂_Èm W• ‡ÿ√·ı‚ÈVÕm º√VÈ Ôı¶∫Ôπ[
∂Úzfl ∑uÆk‚¶V´›]uz^ ∂Á\Õ>Ák. ÷›y°Ô^
∂ıÁ¶lK^· Ôı¶∫Ôπ[ WÈsB_ Ô‚¶Á\©∏Á™©
ÿ√u§Ú¬zD.
Ô¶uy°Ô^ (Oceanic Islands) - Ô¶_Ôπ[ \VÏ∏_
xÁ·›>Ák. ÷kuÆ¬z© √¬Ô›m¬ Ô¶uÔÁ´l[ WÈ© √ıAÔ^
∂≈ºk ˛Á¶BVm. ÿ√ÚD√VKD Ô¶o[ ∂Ω\ÁÈÔ^ ∂_Èm Ô¶o[
199
∂Ω ®ˆ\ÁÈÔπ[ cflƒ WÈ©√´©AÔº· cBÏÕm ¿Ï \‚¶›]uz º\_
÷ÀkÁÔ› y°Ô·V·Ô› ÿ>ˆ˛[≈™.
√k·› y°Ô^ (Coral Islands) √k·©ØflEÔ^ (Coral Pol-
yps) ®–D ŒÚ kÁÔ¬ Ô¶_ OıblˆÔ·V_ cÚkV™Ák.
÷À°lˆÔ^ Ì‚¶∫ Ì‚¶\VÔºk zΩlÚ¬zD. ÷Õ> OıblˆÔ^
÷≈Õ>mD ÷ku§[ ƒ¶È∫Ô^ AuÆÔ^ º√V_ ÿ√Ú∫ ÿÔV›mÔ·VÔ©
√¶ÚD. ÷Ák Ô¶_ \‚¶›]uz º\ÿÈøÕm cBÚD º√Vm y°Ô·VÔ
cÚ\VÆ˛[≈™.
17.√VÁÈk™∫Ô^
√VÁÈk™∫Ô^ J[Æ kÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD. ∂Ák :
ÿk©√© √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ (Hot deserts) : ÷Ák ÿk©√ \ı¶È›]_
ÔV©√|D √VÁÈk™∫Ô^. g©∏ˆ¬ÔVs_ ∂º´∏B[, Â*©,
ÔVÈ«Vˆ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ ÷>uz c>V´∫Ô·VzD.
zπÏ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ (Cold deserts) : ÷Ák ÿk©√
\ı¶È›]_ Ô¶_ \‚¶›]oÚÕm ∂]Ô cB´›]_ ÷Ú©√Ák. \ÁÈ›
ÿ>V¶ÏÔπ[ ∂ΩkV´∫Ôπ_ ÷mº√V[≈ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^
cÚkVkmı|. √Ôo_ ∂]Ô ÿk©√D ÔV©√‚¶VKD ÷´s_ Â_È
zπÏ kV‚|D. gıΩ_ 25 ÿƒ.*.¬zD zÁ≈kV™ \Áw ÿ√F•D. ÷Õ>
s> ÔVÈWÁÈ ÔV´\VÔ ∞´V·\V™ ÿƒΩ ÿÔVΩÔ^ ÷∫ºÔ
k·Ï˛[≈™. \›]B gEBVs_ ºÔV∏, ÿ>[ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs_
√‚¶ºÔVMB[ º√V[≈Ák EÈ zπÏ √VÁÈk™∫Ô^.
mÚk √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ (Polar deserts) : ∂ı¶VÏΩÔV,
RºíBV, k¶ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs[ k¶√z], ˛Z[ÈVÕm º√V[≈ ÷¶∫Ôπ_
c^· √M WÁ≈Õ> √VÁÈk™∫Ô^ ÷Õ> ÷™›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ>Ák.
÷∫ºÔ kÚ¶›]uz 38 ÿƒ.*. ¬zD zÁ≈kVÔºk \Áw ÿ√F˛≈m. ∞º>V
√M ÿ√Fkm º√VoÚ¬zD. ÿk©√© √VÁÈk™∫ÔÁ·© º√VÈ \_
∂]Ô ∂·s_ ÔV©√¶Vs‚¶VKD √VÁ≈Ô^ ÷Ú¬zD. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ>
∂·s_ clˆ™∫Ô”D ÔV©√|D. cÈ˛_ ƒÔV´V √VÁÈk™›Á>
s¶°D k≈ı¶ √z]ºB ∂ı¶VÏΩÔV.
18.√VÁÈk™∫Ôπ_ ÔVÈWÁÈ
cBÏÕ> √‚ƒ ÿk©√WÁÈ 58 Ω˛ˆ ÿƒ_¥B¸ kÁ´fl ÿƒ_KD.
zπÏ Á\™¸ 88 Ω˛ˆ ∂_Èm ∂>uzD ˇºw ÿƒ[Æs|D.
√VÁÈk™∫Ôπ_ 259 t.*.¬z º\_ \Áw ÿ√Fk]_ÁÈ.
200
19.Ô¶_Ô^
Øt©√´©∏[ 70.8 sø¬ÔV| Ô¶_Ô^. ÷ku§_ 144.5 ºÔVΩ
Ô™ ˛.*. ¿Ï WÁ≈Õm^·m. ÷]_ 97.3% ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ÔπKD,
kÁ·z¶V¬ÔπKD, *] 2.7% √M©∏´º>ƒ∫ÔπKD, ∞ˆÔπKD,
Â]ÔπKD, Øt¬ ÔΩlK\VÔ W´D∏•^·™.
Øt k´ÈVu§[ g´D√›]oÚÕº> ¿ˆ[ ∂·° ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
\Vu≈D ®m°D ÷_ÈV\_ ÷ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m. g™V_ ÔVÈWÁÈÔπ_
∞u√|D \Vu≈∫Ô”¬z ∞u√ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ÔπKD ∞ˆÔπKD ¿ˆ[
∂·° Ì¶ºkV zÁ≈BºkV ÿƒF•D. zπÏ ÔVÈ∫Ôπ_ Ô¶_ ¿Ï √M©
∏´º>ƒ∫Ô”¬zfl ÿƒ_˛≈m. ∂©º√Vm √M©√z]Ô^ ∞ˆÔ^
º√V[≈ku§_ ¿ˆ[ ∂·° ∂]Ôˆ¬˛≈m. WÈD ÿk©√\Á¶•Dº√Vm
√M© ∏´º>ƒ∫ÔπoÚÕm cÚzD ¿Ï Ô¶ÁÈ ∂Á¶˛≈m.
Ô¶_ ¿ˆ_ 3.5% c©A ÔÈÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ∂›m¶[ zº·Vˆ[,
ºƒVΩBD, ÿ\¬Ã¥BD, ÔÕ>ÔD, ÔV_EBD, ÿ√V‚¶VEBD, Aº´Vt[,
¸º¶VMBD, ÿ√V´V[ ®[√Ák•D ÔÈÕ]Ú¬˛[≈™. E§B ∂·s_
ÔVÏ√[, Eo¬ÔV[, ∂KtMBD, Ajˆ[, ∂ºBVΩ[ º√V[≈Ák•D
ÔÈÕm^·™.
√E∏¬, ∂‚ÈVıΩ¬, ÷Õ]BV, gÏΩ¬ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_Ô·VÔ©
∏ˆ›m^·™Ï. ÷Õ>© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_Ôπ_ Ô¶_Ô^ (Seas), sˆz¶V¬Ô^
(Bays), kÁ·z¶V¬Ô^ (Gulfs) \uÆD ÷>´ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_ c‚Az
xÔ∫Ô^ (Inlets) g˛B™ ∂¶∫zD.
√E∏¬ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶ºÈ cÈ˛_ tÔ©ÿ√ˆBmD ÿ>V[Á\
kVFÕ>m\VzD. cÈ˛ºÈºB gwD ÌΩB (11,516 *‚¶Ï) (Mindanao
Deep) tı¶Vº™V gw©√z] ÷∫z^·m. cÈ˛ºÈºB ∂]Ô
®ıË¬ÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ y°¬Ì‚¶∫Ô^ ÿƒ§Õm ÔV©√|kmD
÷∫z>V[.
÷´ı¶Vk>VÔ ∂·su ÿ√ˆBm 20.9 sø¬ÔV|
As©√´©√·Ák¬ ÿÔVı¶ ∂‚ÈVıΩ¬ ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_.
J[≈Vkm tÔ© ÿ√ˆB Ô¶_ ÷Õ]B© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶_. ÷m
Ô[MBVz\ˆ x>_ ÿ>[mÚk›]_ ∂ı¶VÏΩ¬ Ô¶_ kÁ´
sˆÕm^·m.
gÏΩ¬ ®[√m ∂ÁÈT∑D ƒx›]´º\ ÷_ÁÈ ®™ÈVD. k¶
mÚk›Á>fl ∑u§© √¶ÏÕ> ÷©√z]l_ zπÏÔVÈ›]_ >ıßÏ
cÁ≈Õm √M¬Ô‚ΩBV˛s|D.
201
20.gÆÔ^
cÈ˛[ tÔ ¿·\V™ ÷´ı| gÆÔ^ ÿ>[ ∂‚ÈVıΩ¬
ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶o_ ºƒÚD ∂º\ƒV[ \uÆD \›]B >Á´¬Ô¶o_ ÔÈ¬zD
ÁÂ_ gzD.
21.kπ\ı¶ÈD
AsÁB© √VmÔV¬zD Ôkƒ© º√VÏÁk kπ\ı¶Èº\. ÛˆB
ÿkDÁ\ÁB•D ŒπÁB•D t>©√|›] As¬z^ ∂–©∏ Ák©√]_
kπ\ı¶È›][ √∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ÷]K^· {ºƒV[ (Ozone)
√¶ÈD ÛˆBMoÚÕm kÚD ∂√VBÔ´\V™ A≈ª>V¬ Ô]Ï© √z]ÔÁ·
c§fiE cÈ˛[ clˆ™∫Ô^ ∂aBV\_ √VmÔV¬˛≈m.
ÔVu≈ø›>D ®[√m Asl[ ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ A^πl[ º\_
ÔVu§[ xø ®Á¶•D ª‚|D ∂ø›>º\.
kπ\ı¶ÈD ÿkÀºkÆ kπ\∫Ô·VKD (Gases)
¿´Vsl™VKD WÁ≈Õm^·m.
As¬z º\_ 50 ˛.*. cB´D kÁ´lÈV™ kπ\ı¶È›]_
∑\VÏ 78% ÁÂ‚´¤–D, 21% g¬E¤–D, tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ∂·°Ôπ_
gÏÔV[, ÔVÏ√[áÁ¶ág¬Áƒ| WBV[, ÍoBD, *›º>[ º√V[≈
kπ\∫Ô”D ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_ ∂¶∫˛lÚ¬˛[≈™.
22.º\Ô∫Ô^
º\Ô∫ÔÁ· ∂ku§[ º>Vu≈ kΩsuºÔu√© √ÈkV≈VÔ©
∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD.
“E´¸” (Cirrus) º\Ô∫Ô^ kÁ·B_ ØflEÔ^ º√V[Æ
∑Úı¶Ák. ∑\VÏ 12 ˛.*‚¶Ï cB´D kÁ´ √´s WuzD.
“zxÈ¸” (Cumulus) ÷™D k‚¶kΩk¬ zsB_Ô·VF
cÚı| ]´ı¶Ák.
“¸¶´V¶¸” (Stratus) º\Ô∫Ô^ gÔVB›]_ E>§¬˛¶¬zD
√fi∑ x˛o™∫Ô^.
WD√¸ (Nimbus) ÔVÏº\Ô∫Ô^ >V[ √B∫Ô´ ÷Ω\Áwl[
JÈ¬ÔÚ¬Ô^.
23.kπ\ı¶ÈD
‚º´Vº√V¸‡∏BÏ (Troposphere) ®–D ÿk©√D >Ë°ÆD
]Ú©√ \ı¶ÈxD ∂>[ º\_ ‚º´Vº√V√V¸ (Tropopause) ®–D
]Ú©√ ÷Á¶© √z]•D ∂¶∫˛Bm.

202
¸‚º´Vº¶V¸‡∏BÏ (Stratosphere) ®–D ÿk©√flÊ´|¬z
\ı¶ÈxD ∂>[ º\_ ¸‚´Vº¶V√V¸ (Stratopause) ®–D ∂|¬z
÷Á¶©√z]•D ÿÔVı¶m.
ÿ\ºƒV ¸‡∏BÏ (Meso phere) ®–D ÷Á¶ \ı¶ÈxD
∂>[ º\_ ÿ\ºƒV√V¸ (Mesopause) ®–D ÷Á¶© √z]•D
∂¶∫˛Bm.
∂B™ \ı¶ÈD (Ionosphere) ∂_Èm ÿk©√ \ı¶ÈD
(Thermosphere).
A≈\ı¶È›]uz (Exosphere) ∂©√V_ s·∫zkm
ÔVÕ>\ı¶ÈD (Magnestosphere) ÷>[ ®_ÁÈBVÔ› ]Ôµkm
ÔVÕ> ÷Á¶©√z] (Magnetopause). kπ \ı¶È›]uz ÿkπºB
c^· ÔVÕ> \ı¶Èº\ Asl[ ºkoBVzD.
24.>tµÂV| ÔVÈWÁÈ (Climate)

1. kVMÁÈ (Weather) : ŒÚ ÷¶›]_ ŒÚ ÂV^ WÈ°D
>‚√ÿk©√ WÁÈ √u§ sk´∫Ô^ (ÿk©√WÁÈ, ∂ø›>D, ~´©√>D,
\Áw ∂·°) g˛BÁk √u§B sk´∫Ô·VzD.
2. ÔVÈWÁÈ (Climate) : ∞≈¬zÁ≈B 30 kÚ¶D x>_ 150
kÚ¶D kÁ´lÈV™ ŒÚ ÷¶›][ ƒ´Vƒˆ kVMÁÈ ∂Õ> ÷¶›][
ÔVÈWÁÈ ®[˛º≈VD.
3. >tµÂV‚Ω[ Â‚ÔV‚Ω©√Ω ŒÚ kÚ¶›][ ÂV[z √Úk∫Ô^.
1. ƒ™kˆ á \VÏfl á k≈ı¶ kVMÁÈ / ÔVÈWÁÈ
2. ∞©´_ á º\ á ÿk©√ kVMÁÈ / ÔVÈWÁÈ
3. h[ á ÿƒ©¶D√Ï á ÿ>[º\uz© √ÚkÔVÈD.
4. ∂¬º¶V√Ï á ΩƒD√Ï á k¶˛w¬z© √ÚkÔVÈD.
25.\Áw ƒVÏÕ> \ÁÈ© ∏ˆ°Ô^

1. 1948áKD, 1953áKD >tµ \VWÈD \ÁwÁB Ák›m
k‚¶V´∫Ô·VÔ© √Vz√|›>©√‚¶m. ∂>uz© ∏≈z
√Vz√|›>©√¶s_ÁÈ.
2. k¶˛w¬z √Úk∫Ôπ_ (North East mansoon) ÿ√F•D
\Áw Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ kÚ¶VÕ]´ \ÁwB·s_ 60%
c^ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ 40% ÔË›m^·™Ï.
3. ÿ√ÚkVˆBV™ \Áw ∂¬º¶V√Ï á ÂkD√ˆ_ ÿ√F˛[≈m.

203
4. c^ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_ ∂¬º¶V√ˆ_ Â_È \Áw ÿ√Va˛[≈m.
5. Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫ÔπºÈV ÂkD√ˆ_ >V[ Â_È \Áw
ÿ√Va˛[≈m.
26.>twÔ›]_ \Áw©∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ 5 √z]ÔÁ·© ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD

1. k¶¬z¬ Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^
ÿƒ[Á™, ºkŸÏ, ÔVfiEA´D, sø©A´D, ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ,
Ô¶ŸÏ, >fiƒV∆Ï, ÂVÔ©√‚Ω™D, ]ÚkV‘Ï, Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶, ƒ´Vƒˆ
\ÁwB·° á 635 t.*.
2. ÿ>uz Ô¶uÔÁ´ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^

EkÔ∫ÁÔ, ´V\ÂV>A´D, #›m¬zΩ, ]ÚÿÂ_ºko,
Ô[MBVz\ˆ á ƒ´Vƒˆ \ÁwB·° á 457 t.*.
3. c^ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^
\mÁ´, º>Ã, sÚmÂÔÏ, ]ı|¬Ô_, ]ÚflE´V©√^π, Ô‘Ï,
ÿ√´D√ŸÏ á ƒ´Vƒˆ \ÁwB·° á 381 t.*.
4. A≈\ÁÈ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^
ÂV\¬Ô_, ºƒÈD, >Ú\Aˆ, ~º´V|, ºÔVBDA›#Ï ƒ´Vƒˆ
\ÁwB·° á 280 t.*.
5. ¿È˛ˆ \ÁÈ \Vk‚¶∫Ô^

1.ƒ´Vƒˆ \ÁwB·° á 507 t.*.
2.tÔ ∂]Ô ÿk©√WÁÈ ÿÔVı¶ ºkMuÔVÈxD tÔ¬
zÁ≈Õ> ÿk©√WÁÈ ÿÔVı¶ zπÏÔVÈxD Øtl_ WÈk¬ÔV´D
(Reason for hot summer & cold winter).
As >™m ∂flE_ 231/2 ƒVFÕ> kıD ∑w_˛[≈m.
º\KD {Ï gıΩ_ \VÏfl, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï \V>∫Ôπ_ AslÁ¶¬
ºÔV‚Ω[ *mD …[ \V>D k¶ ∂‚ƒ\V™ (Tropic of cancer) (231/2
k¶¬z) *mD ΩƒD√Ï \V>xD, ÿ>[ ∂‚ƒ\V™ \Ô´ ºÔV‚Ω[ (Tropic
of capricorn) (231/2 ÿ>uz) *mD ÛˆBM[ Ô]ÏÔ^ ÿƒ∫z›>VÔ
sø˛[≈™.
®™ºk \VÏfl x>_ ÿƒ©¶D√Ï kÁ´ ∞≈¬zÁ≈B {Ï gıΩ_ 7
\V>∫Ô^.
1. ÿk©√ kVMÁÈ¬ ÔVÈD á \VE á ÁkÔVE

204
2. ÿ>[º\uz© √ÚkÔVÈDá gË á A´‚¶VE
3. ]Ú©A© √ÚkÔVÈD á n©√E á ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ
4. zπÏ kVMÁÈ¬ ÔVÈD á \VÏÔa á Á>
27.>twˆ[ gÆ √Úk∫Ô^
>twÏÔ^ ∂Ô©ÿ√VÚ^ WÔµflE¬zˆB ÿ√Vø]Á™
÷ÚkÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ›>™Ï. ∂Ák ÿ√ÚD ÿ√Vøm (®) EÆ ÿ√Vøm.
ÿ√ÚDÿ√Vøm ®[√m {Ï gıΩ[ 6 √Úk∫Ô^.
EÆÿ√Vøm ®[√m {Ï ÂVπ[ 6 ÌÆ√V|Ô^.
1. ÔVÏ¬ÔVÈD á gkË, A´‚¶VE
(gÔ¸| á ∂¬º¶V√Ï)
2. zπÏ ÔVÈD á n©√E, ÔVÏ›]ÁÔ
(Ì]Ï) (∂¬º¶V√Ï á ΩƒD√Ï)
3. x[√M¬ÔVÈD á \VÏÔa, Á>
(ΩƒD√Ï á∏©´kˆ)
4. ∏[ √M¬ÔVÈD á \VE, √∫zM
(∏©´kˆ á ∞©´_)
5. ÷·ºkMuÔVÈD á E›]Á´, ÁkÔVE
(∞©´_ á …[)
6. xm ºkMuÔVÈD á gM, gΩ
(…[ á gÔ¸|)
28.>tµÂV‚Ω[ \ık·D
1. kı¶_ \ı (Alluvial soil)
2. Ôˆƒ_ \ı (Black soil)
3. ÿƒD\ı (Red soil)
4. mÚ¬Ô_ \ı (Laterite soil)
5. ckÏ\ı (Saline soil)
29. kı¶È \ı
1. ÔV©√|D ÷¶D >fiƒV∆Ï, ]ÚkV‘Ï, ÂVÔ©√‚ΩD,
sø©A´D, Ô¶ŸÏ, ]ÚÿÂ_ºko \uÆD Ô[MBVz\ˆ
\Vk‚¶∫Ô^. (\uÆD Ô¶ºÈV´© √z]Ôπ_ ÿ¶_¶V √z]Ô”D
205
ÔV©√|˛≈m) Write it from
2. ÔV©√|D ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ∑ıVDA, ÿ√V‚¶VEBD,
ÿ\¬ÃEBD zÁ≈kV™ ÁÂ‚´¤[, √V¸√´ ∂tÈD
3. √lˆ¶©√|D √lÏÔ^ : √lÏÔ^ ÿÂ_, ÔÚDA, kVÁw, \fiƒ^.
30. Ôˆƒ_ \ı
1. ÔV©√|D ÷¶D : ºÔVBDA›#Ï, ÷´V\ÂV>A´D, ]ÚflE,
Am¬ºÔV‚Á¶ \uÆD >fiƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶∫Ô^.
2. ‡˜©ƒD ÔÈÕ> ÔÚ©A \ı ÔV©√|D ÷¶D : √^·¶D,
ÿ√V^·VflE, c|\ÁÈ©º√‚Á¶ k‚¶∫Ôπ_
3. ÔV©√|D ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ∂KtMBD, ∑ıVDA, \¬ÃEBD,
ÿ√V‚¶VEBD
4. zÁ≈kV™ ƒ›m : ÁÂ‚´¤[
5. √lÏÔ^ : √Ú›], ºƒV·D, ÔV_ÂÁ¶ c°, (Fodder) ÔDA
31.ÿƒD\ı
1. ÔV©√|D \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ : \›]B \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ cBÏflƒ›mD,
ª‚¶flƒ›mD zÁ≈kV™ c^·™.
2. ÷D\ı ¿Á´ ºkÔ\VÔ c§fi∑D >[Á\ cÁ¶Bm. g™V_
~´©√>›Á>› >¬Ô Ák›m¬ÿÔV^”D >[Á\ zÁ≈°.
3. ÔV©√|D ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ∑ıVDA ƒ›m E§>·°
4. zÁ≈kV™ ƒ›m : \¬ÃEBD, √V¸√´¸.
32. mÚ¬Ô_ \ı
1. ÔV©√|D \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ : ]Úk^jÏ, ÔVfiEA´D, >fiƒV∆Ï.
2. ƒ›m¬Ô^ : ÷ÚDA g¬Áƒ| ÔÈÕm ÔV©√|˛≈m.
3. cÚkVzD ÷¶D : ∂]Ô \Áw ÿ√Va•D k≈ı¶
ÿk©√ÔVÈxD c^· cBÏÕ> √z]Ôπ_ cÚkV˛[≈m.
- Leaching ¬z c^·V¬z˛≈m. (ƒ›m zÁ≈>_)
33.ckÏ\ı
1. ÔV©√|D ÷¶D : kΩÔV_ kƒ]zÁ≈kVÔ°D, gsBV>_
∂]Ô\VÔ°D ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD √z]Ôπ_ ÔV©√|˛≈m.
206
34.>tµÂV‚ΩK^· ÔV|Ô^
1. ¿È˛ˆ \uÆD √wM \ÁÈÔ^ g˛Bku§_ 1000 á 1500
*‚¶Ï cB´›]_ ~´\ÁÈ¬ÔV|Ô^ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
2. t> ÿk©√ \ı¶È \ÁÈ¬ÔV|Ô^ : ¿È˛ˆ, gÁ™\ÁÈ
\uÆD √wM \ÁÈÔπ_ ∞≈¬zÁ≈B 1500 *‚¶Ï cB´›]uz
º\_ ~´ t> ÿk©√ ÔV|Ô^ ÔV©√|˛[≈™. ÷Ák
>VµkV™, ∂¶ÏÕ> \uÆD zÁ≈Õ> k·ÏflE•Á¶B ÔV|Ô^
gzD.
÷∫z Œ‚|ıËÔ^ (Epiphter) √VE kÁÔÔ^ (Mosses)
\uÆD ÿ√´Ë (ferms) ÿkzkVÔ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
3. ÿk©√ \ı¶È k≈ı¶ √∑Á\¬ÔV|Ô^ : ÷Ák >tµÂV‚Ω[
Ô¶uÔÁ´© √z]Ôπ_ \‚|D ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
4. x‚A>Ï¬ÔV|Ô^ : ¿ı¶ k≈ı¶ ÔVÈxD zÁ≈Õ> \Áw
ÿ√Va°D c^· √z]Ôπ_ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
5. \V∫zº´VÀ ÔV|Ô^ : ˛w¬z Ô¶uÔÁ´l_, ºk>V´ËBD
\uÆD ∏flƒVk´D √z]Ôπ_ ÔV©√|˛≈m. ÷∫ºÔ ∑Õ>ˆ
\´∫Ô^ ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
35.ÔV|Ôπ[ √´k_
1. ÔV|Ô^ ∂]Ô\VÔ c^· ÷¶D : º\uz \Vk‚¶∫Ô^, ƒÀkVm
z[ÆÔ^ c^· ºkŸÏ \uÆD ºƒÈD \Vk‚¶∫Ô^ ¿È˛ˆ
\Vk‚¶›]_ √V] √´©√·s_ ÔV|Ô^
ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
2. ÔV|Ô^ zÁ≈kVÔ c^· ÷¶D : ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ \Vk‚¶∫Ôπ_
5% zÁ≈kV™ ÔV|Ô^ c^·™.
3. tÔ¬ zÁ≈Õ> ∂·s_ ÔV|Ô^ c^· >fiƒV∆Ï \Vk‚¶D
(∂>Vkm 1%)
36.\´∫Ô^
1. ƒÕ>™ \´∫Ô^ : >Ï\Aˆ, ºƒÈD, ºkŸÏ
2. ÔΩ™ \´∫Ô^ : ºÔVBx›#Ï, ¿È˛ˆ, Ô[MBVz\ˆ
3. ®ˆÿ√VÚ·VÔ© √B[√|D \´∫Ô^ : \mÁ´, ºÔVBx›#Ï,
]ÚÿÂ_ºko.
4. ÷´©√Ï º>V‚¶∫Ô^ Ô[MBVz\ˆ \Vk‚¶D.
5. ÔuØ´, Á>È \´∫Ô^ : ¿È˛ˆ \Vk‚¶D.
207
6. ]ÚÿÂ_ºko, sÚmÂÔÏ \uÆD º\uz› ÿ>V¶ÏflE
\ÁÈl[ ˇµflƒˆ°Ô^ á y¬zflE ÿƒFB c>°D \´∫Ô^.
7. ∂]Ô ¿Á´ ºƒt¬zD \´∫Ô^ : ∂´ƒ\´D, ÂVk_\´D,
√ÈV\´D, ÿÂ_o\´D.
37.Ôı¶∫Ô^
1. cÈ˛[ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB Ôı¶D á gEBV
2. cÈ˛[ tÔfl E§B Ôı¶D á g¸]ºóBV
3. ÷Úı¶ Ôı¶D ®™©√|km á g©∏ˆ¬ÔV
4. √VÁÈk™∫Ôº· ÷_ÈV> Ôı¶D á nº´V©√V
5. ÂV|Ôº· ÷_ÈV> Ôı¶D á ∂ı¶VÏΩ¬ÔV
6. tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ÿÔVı¶ Ôı¶D á gEBV
7. tÔ¬zπ´V™ Ôı¶D á ∂ı¶VÏΩ¬ÔV
8. Øtl[ OÁ´X´_ ®™©√|D ∂º\ƒV[ gÆ ∂Á\Õm^·
Ôı¶D á ÿ>[™V©∏ˆ¬ÔV
9. nº´V©√V, gEBV g˛B ÷ÚÔı¶∫ÔπÈVÔ √´s•^· ÂV|
á íBV
10. cÈ˛[ ∏´√È\V™ ƒ\B∫Ô^ √Èku§[ >VBÔD á gEBV.
38.¤ÈƒÕ]Ô^
1. ÷Õ]BVÁk•D, ÷È∫ÁÔÁB•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á √V¬
¤ÈƒÕ]
2. ÿ\‚´V¸ \VÔV ∏ˆ‚œi ÔkÏ™Ï ƒÏ.´V√Ï‚ √V¬˛[ ÿ√Bº´
√V¬ ¤ÈƒÕ]¬z Û‚¶©√‚|^·m.
3. ´V\Ï √VÈD (g¶D¸ ∏ˆ‚Î) >tµ ÂV‚Ω[ >–iºÔVΩ¬zD á
÷È∫ÁÔl[ >ÁÈ\[™VÚ¬zD ÷Á¶l_ ∂Á\Õm^·m.
4. ÿ>[ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk•D, ∂ı¶VÏΩÔVÁk•D ∏ˆ¬zD tÔ©
ÿ√ˆB ¤ÈƒÕ] á ‚º´¬ √VºvÎ
5. Ô™¶VÁk•D, ˛Z[ÈVÕÁ>•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á º¶s‚
¤ÈƒÕ]
6. Ôıßˆ[ OÁwkVl_ ®™©√|D ¤ÈƒÕ] á
√V©.®_.\V[ÿ¶©
7. íBVÁk•D ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á ÿ√ˆ∫
¤ÈƒÕ]
208
8. ÷Õ]B© ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶ÁÈ•D, ∂´∏¬Ô¶ÁÈ•D ÷Á¬zD
¤ÈƒÕ] á \ÈV ¤ÈƒÕ]
9. ∏ˆ‚¶Á™•D, ∏´V[Áv•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á º¶VkÏ
¤ÈƒÕ]
10. g©∏ˆ¬ÔVÁk•D, nº´V©√VÁk•D ∏ˆ¬zD ¤ÈƒÕ] á
˜©´V_¶Ï ¤ÈƒÕ].
39.√VÁÈk™∫Ô^
1. cÈ˛[ tÔ k≈ı¶ Øt á ∂‚¶ÔV\V √VÁÈk™D
2. kÚ¶›m¬z 250 t.*¬zD zÁ≈kVÔ \Áw ÿ√Va•D
√z]Ô^ á √VÁÈk™∫Ô^
3. Øtl[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB √VÁÈk™\VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©√|D Ôı¶D á
∂ı¶VÏΩÔV
4. cÈ˛[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ÿk©√ √VÁÈk™D á ƒ«V´V
5. √VÁÈk™∫ÔÁ·© √u§B √Ω©A á Eremology
6. cÈ˛[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ÛˆB t[ƒV´›]‚¶D á ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs[
ÿ\V¤VÀ √VÁÈk™›]_ ÿƒB_√|˛≈m
7. gEB¬ Ôı¶›][ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB √VÁÈk™D á ∂º´∏B
√VÁÈk™D
8. tÔ ∂]Ô ÂV|ÔπÈVÔ √´Õm ˛¶¬zD √VÁÈk™D á ƒ«V´V
9. >VÏ √VÁÈk™D ÷¶Dÿ√u≈ ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ô^ á ´V¤¸>V[,
√fiƒV©, «ˆBV™V, z¤´V›
10. ∏´√È\V™ ¿ÈD √VÁÈk™D ∂Á\Õm^· ÂV| á ®˛©m
40.c°© A´‚EÔ^
1. √∑Á\© A´‚E á ºk·VıÁ\
2. ÿkıÁ\© A´‚E á √V_ ÿ√VÚ‚Ô^
3. ƒVD√_ A´‚E á x‚Á¶
4. ÿ√V[ A´‚E á √w∫Ô^
5. \fiƒ^ A´‚E á ®ıÿF s›m¬Ô^
6. ¿È©A´‚E á Ô¶_ ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
7. ∏∫¬ A´‚E á \VtƒD
8. ∏ÿ´·[ A´‚E á \ÁƒV´V ®ˆƒ¬]
209
9. ‘√∑Á\© A´‚E’ ®[≈ √>›Á> cÚkV¬˛BkÏ á s_oBD
ÔVıº¶
10. √∑Á\© √´‚EÁB x>[ x>ÈVÔ ∂§xÔ© √|›]B ÂV| á
ÿ\¬EºÔV.
41.÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫Ô^
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ Ô¶uÔÁ´ºBV´\VÔ ∂Á\Õm^· \VWÈ∫Ôπ[
®ıË¬ÁÔ á Œ[√m.
2. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ ∂]Ô\VÔ º>lÁÈ cu√›] ÿƒF•D \VWÈD
á ∂ƒVD.
3. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ ∂]Ô ÔVÈD ÔVÈM g]¬Ô›]uz
g‚√‚ΩÚÕ> \VWÈD á ºÔVkV.
4. g∫˛È›Á> \‚|º\ ∂KkÈÔ ÿ\VaBVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ Œº´
÷Õ]B \VWÈD á ÂVÔVÈVÕm.
5. cÚkV™ ÂVπoÚÕm ÷[ÆkÁ´ \msÈ¬z ∂\o_
÷Ú¬zD \VWÈD á z¤´V›.
6. ¤Dx á ÔVi*Ï \VWÈ›][ ∂Kk_ ÿ\Va á cÚm.
7. ÷Õ]B \VWÈ∫ÔπºÈºB c^jÏ kw¬z ÿ\VaÔ^ tÔ
∂]Ô ∂·s_ º√ƒ©√|D \VWÈD á ∂ÚVflƒÈ© ∏´º>ƒD.
8. ∂]Ô\V™ \VWÈ∫Ô”¶[ ®_ÁÈ© √˛ÏÕm ÿÔV^”D
\VWÈD á c›]´© ∏´º>ƒD.
9. ÷Ú>ÁÈ ÂÔ´x^· Œº´ ÷Õ]B \VWÈD á ¤Dx á ÔVi*Ï.
10. J[Æ √z]Ô”¬z (÷´ı| \VWÈD + ŒÚ \›]B
g‚E©√z]) ÿ√VmkV™ >ÁÈÂÔ´D á ƒıΩÔÏ.
42.\›]B g‚E© √z]Ô^

1. √VıΩflºƒˆ RMB[ ∏´º>ƒ›][ √z]Ô^ √´s•^·
\VWÈ∫Ô^ á >tµÂV|, gÕ]´V, ºÔ´·D.
2. ÷Õ]BVs_ tÔ¬ zÁ≈kV™ kV¬ÔV·ÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶
ºÈV¬ƒÁ√› ÿ>Vz] á ÷È‚ƒ›y°.
3. ÷Õ]BVs[ ÿ>[ºÔVΩBV™ ÷Õ]´V xÁ™ ∂Á\Õm^·
y° á ∂Õ>\V[ W¬ºÔV√Ï.
4. ƒıΩÔÏ ÂÔ´›Á> ]‚¶t‚| kΩkÁ\›>kÏ á ∏ÿ´fi∑ Ô‚Ω¶
kΩkÁ\©√V·Ï á ‹ ÔVÏØEBÏ.

210
5. ]_o¬z º>EB >ÁÈÂÔ´©√z] ∂Õ>¸m kw∫˛B ∂ÉB_
ƒ‚¶›]Ú›>D á 69ágD ]Ú›>D.
6. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB \›]B g‚E© √z] á ∂Õ>\V[
W¬ºÔV√Ï.
7. ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔfl E§B \›]B g‚E© √z] á ÷È‚ƒ›y°.
8. ®ø›>§° ∂]Ôx^· \›]B g‚E© √z] á ÷È‚ƒ›y°.
9. ÷Õ]BVs[ \´Ô>›y° á ∂Õ>\V[ W¬ºÔV√Ï y°Ô^.
10. ƒ‚¶© º√´Ák ÿÔVı¶ Œº´ \›]B g‚E©√z] á Amflºƒˆ.
43.Ô_s
g∫˛ºÈBÏ ÷Õ]BVs_ >D g‚EÁB sˆ°√|›]B ÔVÈ
Ô‚¶›]_, ÷Õ]B¬ Ô_s ®[√m ÿƒDÿ\VaÔÁ·© √l_km
®[√>VÔºk ÷ÚÕ>m.
1. 1781 ÷_ kV´[º«¸Ω∫Ô_ Ô_Ô›>Vs_ ŒÚ \>´«V
∂Á\›>VÏ. ÷∫z ÿ√ÏEB[ \uÆD ∂´∏ ÿ\VaÔ^
Ôu∏¬Ô©√‚¶™.
2. √™VÉ_ 1791 ÷_ ŒÚ ƒ\¸˛Ú> Ô_Ÿˆ mk∫Ô©√‚¶m.
3. ˛w¬˛Õ]B¬ ÔDÿ√M¬z º>ÁkBV™ Es_
√ËBV·ÏÔ”¬z© √luEBπ¬zD ‡º√VÏ‚ s_oBD
√luE¬ Ô_Ÿˆ 1800 ÷_ ÿk_ÿÈ¸o ∏ÁkV_
mk∫Ô©√‚¶m.
4. ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ ∏Ás[ √ˆÕmÁ´Ôπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ 1835
\VÏfl ∞wVD º>] g∫˛ÈD ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂KkÈÔ ÿ\VaBVÔ
∂§s¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1.ƒVÏ‚¶Ï ƒ‚¶D (1813)

÷Õ]BVs_ ÂT™ Ô_sxÁ≈¬z ŒÚ kΩkD ÿÔV|›>m.
2.«ı¶Ï Ôt≠[ (1882)

ˆ©√[ ∏Á ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]_ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ Ô_s Ôt≠[
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. Ôt≠[ >ÁÈkÏ ƒÏ s_oBD «ı¶Ï. ÿƒÔı¶ˆ
√Ω©AÔÁ·¬ z§›>º> Ôt≠M[ x¬˛B E√Vˆ∑Ô^. ∂Ω©√Á¶¬
Ô_sl[ ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∂´ºƒ ∞uÿ≈|¬Ô ºkı|D, ˛´V\©A≈¬
211
Ô_sÁB x¬˛B Ô_s ¿º´V‚¶›m¬z ÿÔVı| kÚ>_, ÿ√ı Ô_s¬z
x¬˛B›mkD kw∫z>_ º√V[≈Ák•D ÷]_ ko•Æ›>©√‚¶™.
3.÷Õ]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶D (1904)

1. ÂV‚| WÏkVÔ›Á> \‚|t[§, Ô_s ∂Á\©Á√•D ∂É[
Ô‚|©√V‚Ω_ ÿÔVı| k´ºkı|D ®™ sÚD∏B ÔÏv[ ∏Á 1901 ÷_
EDÈV \ÔVÂV‚Á¶¬ Ì‚Ω™VÏ. ÷]_ ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶
\ºƒV>V¬Ôπ_ √È°D (150) √È›> ®]Ï©Á√ ƒÕ]›>Á>B|›m 1902
÷_ ƒÏ >V\¸ ´Vo (Raleigh) >ÁÈÁ\l_ ŒÚ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[
∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. ÷]_ ÁƒBm ⁄Áv[ ∏_˛´L, zÚ>V¸ √V™Ï˜ ®–D
÷´ı| ÷Õ]B cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈™Ï.
3. ÷¬Ôt‚Ωl[ √ˆÕmÁ´ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ 1904 ÷_ ÷Õ]B©
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔfl ƒ‚¶›Á> ∂§s›>VÏ ÔÏv[ ∏Á.
4. √Ω©A \uÆD gF°Ô”¬z x¬˛B›mkD ÿÔV|›>_;
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ôπ[ k´Dÿ√_ÁÈÁB WÏl©√]_ ∂´∑ ÿ√ÚD
√∫z k˛›>_; >MBVÏ Ô_ŸˆÔ”D ∂É[ Ô|Á\BV™
Ô‚|©√V‚Ωuz^ kÚ>_ º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B ∂Dƒ∫Ôπ_ EÈ.
4.∏©´kˆ \ºƒV>V (1913)

÷Õ]BVs_ ®ø›>§s[Á\ÁB ∂ÔuÆD ÿÔV^ÁÔ
kz¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D ®[√Á> ÿÔV^ÁÔ ∂·s_ ∏ˆ‚œi ∂´∑
∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı¶m.
5.vV‚ÈÏ Ôt≠[
cBÏÔ_s¬z x¬˛B›mkD ∂π›> ÷¬Ôt≠[ 1917á19
ÔVÈÔ‚¶∫Ôπ_ WBt¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1. ƒÏ ∂∑º>Vi xÔÏ˜, ¶V¬¶Ï EBV°y[ ∂«\m ®–D ÷´ı|
÷Õ]B© ∏´]W]Ô^.
2. 12 kÚ¶∫Ô^ ÿ>V¶ÚD ÿ\‚ˆzºÈ≠[ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
÷[¶Ï*ΩB‚, ∏[A √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s ®[–D ∂Á\©A; √_ÔÁÈ¬
Ô_s¬ÔV™ √Ω©AÔÁ· J[Æ kÚ¶∫Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ›>_; √V¸ ºÔVÏ¸,
«V™Ï¸ ºÔVÏ¸ ®[≈ √Vz√V|; ÿ√ıÔ^ Ô_s¬ÔVÔ >M ∂Á\©Á√
cÚkV¬z>_ º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B √ˆÕmÁ´ gzD.
212
6.«VÏº¶V¬ Ôt‚Ω 1929
1919 ƒ‚¶©√Ω Ô_s›mÁ≈ *>V™ >™m Ô‚|©√V‚Á¶ ÁÔ
ÔøsB \›]B ∂´∑, ∂Á> \VÔV ∂É[ ÿ√VÆ©A¬z ÁÔ\Vu§Bm.
\VÔV ∂´∑Ô^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô Ô_s xBuEÔ^ ®Á>•D ÿƒFBV>
º√V]KD, >MBVÏ gÏk›>V_ √^πÔ^, Ô_ŸˆÔ^ ®Ë¬ÁÔ
ÿ√Ú˛™.
1. ÷m z§›m g´VFk>uÔVÔ 1929 ÷_ ƒÏ ∏o© «VÏº¶V¬
>ÁÈÁ\l_ ŒÚ Ôt‚Ω ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
2. mk¬Ô Ô_s¬z ∂]Ô x¬˛B›mkD, E≈Õ> \VkÏÔÁ·
\‚|D cBÏWÁÈ© √^π¬z ∂–©√ ºkı|D º√V[≈Ák Ôt‚Ωl[
x¬˛B √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^ gzD.í
7.º>EB¬ Ô_s
1937 ÷_ ¶V¬¶Ï vVˇÏ⁄Áƒ[ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ ÷¬Ôt‚Ω.
‘ÁÂ >VoD’ ®™© √´kÈVÔ ∂Áw¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s z§›>
√V¶›]‚¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´BÁ≈ ÿƒFB ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m.
(÷Õ]B ∑>Õ]´›]uz© ∏[ (1947) ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s z§›>
÷Õ>› ]‚¶D \›]B, \VWÈ ∂´∑Ô·V_ ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√‚¶m.
8.ƒVÏÿ¤[‚ ∂§¬ÁÔ 1944

ƒÏ ¤V[ ƒVÏÿ¤[‚ >ÁÈÁ\l_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷›]‚¶D
÷∫˛ÈVÕ]_ ∂Á¶B©√‚¶ Ô_s x[º™u≈∫Ô^ ÂVu√m
kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z^ ÷Õ]BVsKD ∂Á¶B©√¶ ºkı|D ®[√Á>
ko•Æ›m˛≈m.
1. g´D√ mk¬Ô Ô_s 3 á 6 kBm zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z :

2. gÆ x>_ á 14 kBm kÁ´lÈV™ ∂Á™›m¬
zwÕÁ>Ô”¬zD ÷Èkƒ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s.
3. 11 á 17 kB]uz‚√‚¶, º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶ \VkÏÔ”¬z gÆ
kÚ¶ cBÏWÁÈ© √^π¬ Ô_s.
4. º\MÁÈ© √Ω©A xΩÕm, º>ÏÕÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶
\VkÏÔ”¬z J[Æ kÚ¶ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ¬ Ô_s á
º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B √ˆÕmÁ´Ôπ_ EÈ.
213
9.√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[Ô^
¶V¬¶Ï.®¸.´V>V˛Úi[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ 1948á÷_
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[ cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ
√Ω©AÔπ[ √_ºkÆ ∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·•D ∂ÈE g´VFÕm, º>Ák©√|D
\Vu≈∫ÔÁ· √ˆÕmÁ´©√º> ÷¬Ôt‚Ωl[ ºÂV¬ÔD.
10.Ôt≠[ √ˆÕmÁ´Ô^
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ ƒJÔ, ∂ÉB_ k´ÈVu§[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_
Ô_sl[ ÷È¬zÔ^ WÏl¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.
2. gEˆBÏÔπ[ >´›Á> º\D√|›> >M kz©AÔ^ Â¶›>©√¶
ºkı|D; ºkÁÈ ƒD√·D ÔVÈ›]uºÔu√ \Vu≈©√¶ ºkı|D;
g´VFflEÔÁ· ª¬zs¬Ô ŒÀÿkVÚ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›]KD
g´VFflE¬ÿÔ™ >M ‡ÿ√ºÈV¥©AÔ^ ∞u√|›>©√¶ ºkı|D.
ÿ>VauÔ_s¬z ∂]Ô x¬˛B›mkD ÷Õ]BVs[ ∂Á™›m©
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫ÔÁ·•D º\u√VÏÁkl¶°D, º>Ák©√|D W] c>s
kw∫Ô°D √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ \VMB¬ zø cÚkV¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.
11.x>oBVÏ Ôt≠[ (1952)

ÿƒÔı¶ˆ Ô_s xÁ≈√u§ g´VFÕm ∂§¬ÁÔ >´,
WBt¬Ô©√‚¶ Ôt≠[. ÷>[ >ÁÈkÏ ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ
mÁºkÕ>´VÔ ÷ÚÕ> ¶V¬¶Ï.∞.ÿÈ’\∑kVt x>oBVÏ. 1953
÷_ Ôt≠[ >™m ∂§¬ÁÔÁB ƒ\Ï©∏›>m.
12.ºÔV›>Vˆ Ôt≠[ (1964)

÷>[ >ÁÈkÏ L.®¸.ºÔV›>Vˆ, ŒÚ º>EB Ô_s¬
ÿÔV^ÁÔÁB kz›>π›>_, √_ºkÆ √Ω©AÔπ[ √Ω©√ΩBV™
º\D√V‚Ωuz º>ÁkBV™ √ˆÕmÁ´ÔÁ· ∂´∑¬z kw∫zkm
º√V[≈Ák ÷>[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD. 1966÷_ Ôt≠[ ∂§¬ÁÔ >V¬Ô_
ÿƒF>m.
13.º>EB¬ Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ

1985 ÷_ \›]B ∂É[ EÕ>Á™l_ cÚ©ÿ√u≈
÷¬ÔÚ›>V¬Ô›m¬z 1986 ÷_ √V´V”\[≈D Œ©A>Èπ›>m.
]≈Õ>WÁÈ, ÿ>VÁÈWÁÈ¬ Ô_s; 10+2+3 √Ω©A xÁ≈ÁB ÂV|
xøÁ\•D ∂§xÔ©√|›]Bm.
214
14.ºÂ≠™_ Ô°[E_ g‡© ‘´_ ÷[¸‚ΩR‚
ÔVÕ]˜l[ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ Ô_s (ÁÂ>VoD) ®–D ÔÚ›>V¬Ôº\
÷¬Ôt≠[ cÚkV¬Ô›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶. xÁ≈ƒV´V Ô_s kaBVÔ
>[MÁ≈° ÿ√u≈ ŒÚ ƒJÔº\ ÷>[ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ºÂV¬ÔD.
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[ >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï.®¸.´V>V˛ÚiM[
√ˆÕmÁ´›>√Ω 1949 ÷_ x>_ ∏ˆ° mk∫˛Bm. NCRT ÷[
>ÁÈÁ\BÔD Á«]´V√V›..
15.√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ \VMB¬ zø
÷Õ]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ¬ Ô_sÁB º\D√|›mD ºÂV¬Ô›]_
cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m.
1953 ΩƒD√Ï 25 ÷_ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ Ô_s ∂Á\flƒ´VÔ
÷ÚÕ> ÿ\·ÈV™V ∂A_ ÔÈVD gvV› ÷Á>› mk¬˛ Ák›>VÏ. 1956
÷_ ∂]ÔV´ ØÏk\VÔ WÈs_ kÕ>m.
•˜L (UGC) ŒÚ >[™V‚E ∂Á\©A. ŒÚ >ÁÈkÏ, mÁ›
>ÁÈkÏ, √›m cÆ©∏™ÏÔ^ ÿÔVı¶ WÏkVÔ ∂Á\©Á√ WBt©√m
\›]B ∂´ºƒ. ∂´∑ √>sl_ ÷_ÈV> ŒÚkº´ ÷>[ >ÁÈk´VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô
ºkı|D ®[√m WB]. >ÁÈkˆ[ √>s¬ÔVÈD nÕm kÚ¶∫Ô^;
mÁ› >ÁÈkÏ \uÆD cÆ©∏™ÏÔ”¬z J[Æ kÚ¶∫Ô^.
•˜Lál[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ WÆk©√‚¶ ]_o ‘WR¬πBÏ
ƒl[¸ Á\BD’ (1984) ÂV‚Ω[ x>_ ÷[¶Ï RMkÏE‚Ω Á\BD.
÷[¶Ï RMkÏE‚Ω ÿƒ[¶Ï ‡√VÏ ∂¸¶´Vt ∂[‚
∂¸‚º´V∏E¬¸, Ø™V; ÷[¶Ï RMkÏE‚Ω ÿƒ[¶Ï ‡√VÏ
÷[¶ÏºÂ≠™_ ¸¶œ¸, Á«]´V√V› º√V[≈Ák ∏≈ ÷[¶Ï
RMkÏE‚Ω Á\B∫Ô^.
1. •.˜.L.¬z Á«]´V√V›, Ø™V, º√V√V_, ÿÔV_Ô›>V,
ÿÔ·ÔV›], ÿ√∫ÔjÚ ®–D gÆ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ k‚¶V´¬
˛Á·Ô”ı|.
2. ÷Õ]BVs_ 20 \›]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ô”D, 215 \VWÈ
√_ÔÁÈ¬Ôw∫Ô”D, 100 >[™V‚E
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ∫Ô”D c^·™.
3. 17,000 Ô_ŸˆÔ^ \uÆD 1,800 ÿ√ıÔ^ Ô_ŸˆÔ^
÷ku§[ ˇµ ÷B∫˛ kÚ˛[≈™.
215
4. •˜Ll[ x>_ >ÁÈkÏ ¶V¬¶Ï ƒVÕ] ¸k‘© √‚ÂVÔÏ
(1953 á 55).
5. xø √>s¬ÔVÈ›Á>•D ØÏ›]BV¬˛B x>_ >ÁÈkÏ
E.Ω.º>ix¬
¶V¬¶Ï.\[º\VÔ[ E∫ºÔ •.˜.L. >ÁÈk´VÔ ÷ÚÕm ÂV‚Ω[
∏´>\´V™ x>_ Â√Ï gkVÏ.
16.÷Õ]B[ ÷[Û‚R‚ g© ÿ¶¬™VÈ˜ (n.n.Ω.¬Ô^)

∂§sB_ ÿ>Va_O‚√ gF°›>·›]_ ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ
c[™> Ô_s WÆk™∫Ôº· ÷Õ]B[ ÷[¸‚R‚ g‡© ÿ¶¬™VÈ˜
®™©√|D n.n.Ω. WÆk©√‚¶m.
1. ®[.gÏ. ƒÏ¬ÔVÏ Ôt‚Ω √ˆÕmÁ´Ôº· n.n.Ω. cÚkV¬Ô›][
∂Ω©√Á¶. 1950 ÷_ º\uz k∫ÔV·›][ Ô´¬Øˆ_ ÂV‚Ω[
x>_ n.n.Ω. WÆk©√‚¶m.
2. n.n.Ω. ®[–D ÿ√BÁ´ √ˆÕmÁ´›>kÏ ÿ\·ÈV™V ∂A_
ÔÈVD gvV›.
17.÷Õ]B[ ÷[¸ΩR‚ g© º\º™VÎÿ\[‚ n.n.®D.

WÏkVÔsB_ √Ω©AÔ”¬ÔV™ ÷Õ]BVs[ tÔ c[™> Ô_s
WÁÈB∫Ô^. ÷Õ]B[ ÷[¸ΩR‚ g‡© º\º™Îÿ\[‚ ®™©√|D
n.n.®D. Ô^.
1. ∂«\>V√V› (1961), Ô_Ô›>V (1961), ÿ√∫ÔjÏ (1973),
È¬º™V, ÷Õ#Ï (1998), ºÔVa¬ºÔV| (1998) ®–t¶›]_
n.n.®D.Ô^ c^·™.
2. ÷Ák \›]B \M>k· º\D√V| ∂Á\flƒÔ›][ ÿƒÔı¶ˆ
∂[‚ «BÏ ®…ºÔ≠[ mÁ≈l[ ºÂ´Ω¬
Ô‚|©√V‚Ωuz‚√‚¶Ák.
18.¤k«Ï ÂºkV>BV s›BVÈBD

1986á_ A]B Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ŒÚ √z]BVÔ mk∫Ô©√‚¶
Ô_s› ]‚¶D.
1. ÂV‚Ω[ ∂Á™›m \Vk‚¶∫ÔπKx^· ]≈[ tzÕ>
\VkÏÔÁ· ÷™D Ôı| ∂kÏÔ”¬z cBÏÕ> Ô_s
kw∫zkº> ÷>[ ºÂV¬ÔD.
216
19.]≈Õ> WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD
1970 Ôπ_ ]_o ¤k«ÏÈV_ ºÂÚ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ
mÁºkÕ>Ï ˜. √VÏ›>ƒV´]l[ >ÁÈÁ\lÈV™ Ô_s¬ Ôt≠[
>BV´V¬˛B ∂§¬ÁÔºB ]≈Õ>WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›]uz ka
ºÔVoBm.
1. 1982 ÷_ gÕ]´V \VWÈ›]_ ÷Õ]BVs[ x>_ ]≈Õ> WÁÈ©
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD WÈs_ kÕ>m.
20.÷Õ]´V ÔVÕ] º>EB ]≈Õ> WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD (IGNOU)

1985 ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 20 gD º>] ]_oÁB >ÁÈÁ\l¶\VÔ¬
ÿÔVı| mk∫Ô©√‚¶m.
ÿ>VÁÈ#´ √Ω©AÔ”¬z x¬˛B›mkD >ÚD ‘÷¬º™V’
cÈ˛[ ÷´ı¶Vkm tÔ© ÿ√ˆB ]≈Õ> WÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD.
º>EB ®ø›>§°¬ ÔwÔD

1986á÷_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ º>EB Ô_s¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔl[ ŒÚ
√z]BVÔ ‘º>EB ®ø›>§°¬ÔwÔD’ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚¶m. √]Á™Õm x>_
x©√›Á>Õm kB]uz‚√‚¶ ®ø›>§kuº≈VÚ¬z ®ø›>§∆‚|kº>
÷>[ ºÂV¬ÔD.

217
R. gÆxÔD
c>s º√´VEˆBÏ, ÔË>› mÁ≈
ÿ√ˆBVÏ \ËBDÁ\ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD,
k_ÈD, >fiƒV∆Ï.
A^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A

(Collection of data)
®|›m¬ ÿÔVı¶ sƒV´Á¬z ∞u≈ A^π sk´∫ÔÁ·
ºƒÔˆ›>_ A^πlB_ gFs[ x>u√ΩBVzD. ÿ√VmkVÔ A^π
sk´∫Ô^ ºƒÔˆ©√>uz Â¶›>©√|D gFsuz tzÕ>© √fl
ÿƒÈ°D, ¿ı¶ ÔVÈxD, √Èˆ[ cÁw©AD º>Ák©√|˛≈m. ®™ºk
A^π sk´∫Ô^ ºƒÔˆ¬zD º√Vm W>V™\VÔ°D ÿ>πkV™
ÿÔV^ÁÔ•¶[ ÿƒB_√¶ ºkı|D.
A^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈Ô^

(Methods of Collection of data)
A^π sk´ ºƒÔˆ©A xÁ≈Ô^ x>_ WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

(Primary Data), ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´D (Secondary Data)
®™ ÷Ú kÁÔBVÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. gFkV·´V_ ∂_Èm
∂kÚÁ¶B ∏´]W]Ô·V_ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|D A^π
sk´∫Ô^ x>_ WÁÈ© A^πsk´∫Ô^ ®™©√|˛[≈™.
∂ÀkV§[§, ∞uÔ™ºk ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚| ÿkπl¶©√¶ c^· A^π
sk´∫ÔπoÚÕm ®|¬Ô©√|D sk´∫Ô^ ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π
sk´∫Ô^ gzD.
218
c>V´\VÔ :
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ¬z Ô¬ÿÔ|©A zøs™´V_

ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈ sk´∫Ô^ ∂¬zøsuz x>_ WÁÈ©A^π
sk´∫Ô^ gzD. ∂Àsk´∫ÔÁ· \u≈kÏÔ^ √B[√|›]™V_
∂Ák ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô·V˛[≈™.
x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^: (Primary data)
ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ gFsuÔVÔ gFkV·´V_ ∂_Èm ∂k´m

√ËBV·ÏÔ·V_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈ A^π
sk´∫Ô^ x>_WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^ gzD.
c>V´\VÔ :
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A zøkV_ (Population Census

Committee) \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|km x>_ >´© A^π
sk´∫Ô^ gzD.
÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô^ : (Secondary data)
x[º√ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚| ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ ∂_Èm

ÿkπl¶©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô^ ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π
sk´∫Ô^ gzD. ÷©A^π sk´∫Ô^ {Ï gFs[ JÈD
ÿkπkÚk>V_ ÷´ı¶VD >´\VÔ (Second hand) ∂Á\˛[≈m.
÷ÁkÔÁ·© √B[√|›mDº√Vm tzÕ> Ôk™D º>Ák©√|˛[≈m.
÷´ı¶VD >´ A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ :
(Sources of Secondary data)
÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ g>V´∫ÔÁ·

÷ÚkÁÔÔ·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
219
∂Ák ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ (Published Sources) g>V´∫Ô^
ÿkπl©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ (Unpublished Sources)
®™©√|˛[≈™.
ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ g>V´∫Ô^ : (Published Sources)

ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^:
1. ∂´ƒV_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶Ák (Official Publication)
2. ∂´∑D >M Â√ÚD ºƒÏÕ> WÆk™∫Ô^ (Semi- Official)
3. >M Â√´V_ ÿkπl¶©√‚¶Ák ®[Æ J[Æ kÁÔl_

∂Á\˛[≈™.
∂É[ ÿkπX|Ô^ (Official Publications)
∂´∑ ÔÈ©AÁ¶B WÆk™∫Ôπ[ ÿkπX|Ô^:
ÿkπl¶©√¶V> g>V´∫Ô^ : (Unpublished Sources)
®_ÈV© A^π sk´∫Ô”D ÿkπl¶©√|k]_ÁÈ.

ÿkπl¶©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô^ c^·™. ∂´∑ \uÆD >M
∂]ÔVˆÔ^ Ák›]Ú¬zD √]ºk|Ô^ g´VFflE ∂Á\©AÔπ[
gF°Ô^, ÿ>Vauƒ∫Ô∫Ôπ[ z§©AÔ^ º√V[≈Ák ÷]_
∂¶∫z˛[≈™.
kÁÔ©√|›m>KD ∂‚¶kÁl|>K
∂‚¶kÁl|>KD D : (Classification and
Tabulation)
A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›m>_ : (Classification of data)
ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ √_ºkÆ ÷™∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ›m
kÁÔ©√|›>©√|˛[≈™. kÁÔ©√√|›mD xÁ≈Ô^ A^π
sk´∫Ô^ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|D x[™º´ WÏl¬Ô©√¶ ºkıΩB
Œ[≈VzD.
220
ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂ÁkÔπ[, √_ºkÆ
kÁÔBV™ >[Á\Ô”¬ºÔu√ √_ºkÆ ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ (Classes)
√Vz√V| ÿƒF•D xÁ≈¬z kÁÔ©√|›m>_ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
c>V´\VÔ : ŒÚ kz©∏_ √Ω¬zD \VkÏÔÁ· kB][

∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂_Èm \]©ÿ√ı ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∏ˆ©√Á>¬
Ì≈ÈVD.
kÁÔ©√|›m>o[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of Classification)
kÁÔ©√|›m>_ ∏[kÚD kÁÔÔπ_ ∂Á\˛[≈m,
1. ÷¶D ∂_Èm AslB_ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_

(Spatial or Geographical Classification)
2. ÔVÈkVˆBVÔ kÁÔ©√|›m>_ (Chronological

Classification)
3. √ıAÔπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ kÁÔ©√|›m>_ (Qualitative

Classification)
∂‚¶kÁl|>_ : (Tabulation)
ºƒˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ ∞º>–D ŒÚ kÁÔl_

kÁÔ©√|›>©√‚¶V_>V[ ∂Á> ÂVD AˆÕm ÿÔV^· xΩ•D.
®™ºk, ®›>ÁÔB gFsKD kÁÔ©√|›m>_ x>o¶D ÿ√Æ˛[≈m.
A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ÿkπl|k]_ ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ ŒÚ
xÁ≈BVzD ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ x¬˛B© √ıÁ√ ÿkπ©√|›mD
xÁ≈l_ ∂§sB_ ka ƒVÏÕ> xÁ≈ºB ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_
gzD.
A^π sk´ ∂‚¶kÁ (Statistical Tables) ®[√m A^π

sk´∫ÔÁ· ºÂÏ kˆÁƒBVÔ°D (Rows) WÁ´ kˆÁƒBVÔ°D
(Colums) Œø∫ÔVÔ ∂Á\¬zD ∂Á\©√VzD.
221
A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂ku§[ √ıAÔ”¬zD,
∂·°Ô”¬zD ∞u≈kVÆ √_ºkÆ kz©AÔ·VÔ √Vz√V|
ÿƒF>∏[, ŒÀÿkVÚ kz©∏uzD ŒÀÿkVÚ W´_ (Colums)
÷Ú¬z\VÆ √‚ΩB_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛[≈m, √_ºkÆ kz©AÔÁ·
ƒVÏÕ> ®ıË¬ÁÔÔ^ ∂>uzˆB E§B Ô‚¶∫Ôπ_
®ø>©√|˛[≈™.
∂‚¶kÁl[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of tables)
∂‚¶kÁ ∂ku§[ >[Á\Ô”¬zD, √B[√V| Ô”¬zD

∞u≈ kÁÔl_ ÷Ús>\VÔ kÁÔ©√|›>©√|˛[≈™.
ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ (General Purpose Table)
ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ®[√m tÔ°D sˆkV™√‚ΩBÈVzD.

gF°¬ÔVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚|^· sk´∫Ô^ BV°D xøÁ\BVÔ
÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈m. ÷m ®ı sk´∫ÔÁ·¬
ÿÔVı¶ ŒÚ √‚ΩBÈVÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m. ÷]oÚÕm gFsuÔV™

s·¬Ô›Á> ®π]_ ÿ√≈ xΩBVm.
2. >M ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ ∂_Èm ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚ΩB_ (Special

Purpose Table or Summary Table)
ŒÚ >M©√‚¶ ºÂV¬Ô›]uÔVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛[≈ √‚ΩB_

>M ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩBÈVzD. ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩBooÚÕm ŒÚ
z§©∏‚¶ ºÂV¬Ô›]uz º>ÁkBV™ sk´∫ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı| >M
ºÂV¬z √‚ΩB_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ÷©√‚ΩB_ º>ÁkBV™
sk´∫ÔÁ· \‚|D √B[√|›> ∑Ú¬Ô\VÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|k>V_
∑Ú¬Ô©√‚ΩB_ (Summary Table) ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

222
÷©√‚ΩBo_ Œ©∏¶ √¶ ºkıΩB √ıAÔ^ ∂|›>|›m
z§©∏¶©√|k>V_ ∂kuÁ≈ ®π]_ Œ©∏‚| ∂§B xΩ˛[≈m.
∂‚¶kÁl[ cÚk kÁÔÔ^: (Forms of Table)
∂‚¶kÁÔ^ ∂>[ cÚk›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_

∏[kÚ\VÆ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
®πB ∂‚¶kÁ: (SimplehTable) A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ŒÚ

√ı∏[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ kÁÔ©√|›] ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›mkm ®πB
∂‚¶kÁ gzD. ÷m sk´ √ıA WÁÈ ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_
gzD (Descriptive Table).
c>V´\VÔ:
ŒÚ ªˆK^· \¬ÔÁ· gı, ÿ√ı ®[≈ ÷Ú

kÁÔÔ·VÔ© ∏ˆ›m ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ ®πB ∂‚¶kÁ
gzD.
2. ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ : (Complex Table)
÷´ıΩuz º\u√‚¶ √ıAÔπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ∂‚¶kÁ

∂Á\©√m ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁBVzD. ÔÈÁk ∂‚¶kÁ ÷Ú ka
∂‚¶kÁÔ·VºkV (Two Way Table), xÀka
∂‚¶kÁÔ·VºkV (Three Way Table), √_ka
∂‚¶kÁÔ·VºkV (Main Fold Table) ∂Á\˛[≈m.
ÿ√VmkVÔ kÁÔ©√|›mk]_ ∂¶∫˛•^· √ıAÔπ[
®ıË¬Á¬z ∞u≈kVÆ ∂‚¶kÁ ∂Á\˛[≈m.
223
ŒÚ √_ka ∂‚¶kÁ ∏[kÚD kÁÔl_ ÷Ú¬zD.
÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ ys√›m √u§B sk´∫Ô^ ÔV‚¶©√‚|^·™.
√_ka ∂‚¶kÁ (Manifold table)
y s√›m sk´∫ÔÁ· ÔV‚|D ÿkuÆ ∂‚¶kÁ:
∂‚¶kÁl[ √z]Ô^ : (Parts of table)
ÿ√VmkVÔ ®_ÈV ∂‚¶kÁ¬zD ®ıË¬ÁÔ ∂·sÈV™

sk´∫ÔÁ· ºÂÏkˆÁƒ \uÆD WÁ´kˆÁƒ xÁ≈l_
kÁÔ©√|›>©√‚¶>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. A^π sk´ ∂‚¶kÁ
∏[kÚD x¬˛B\V™ √z]ÔÁ· ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈m.
®ı. (Table number)

1. ∂‚¶kÁ kˆÁƒ ®ı
ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂‚¶kÁ¬zD kˆÁƒ ®ıÔ^ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√¶

ºkı|D. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ®ı kˆÁÔBVÔ ∂Á\Õ>>VF ÷Ú¬Ô
ºkı|D.

224
2. ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ÿ√BÏ: (Title of the Table)
ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂‚¶kÁ¬zD ŒÚ >ÁÈ©A ÷Ú¬Ô

ºkı|D. ∂‚¶kÁl[ >ÁÈ©A ∑Ú¬Ô\VÔ°D ∂º> ƒ\B›]_
s·¬Ô\VÔ°D ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ®π]_ ∂Á¶BV·D Ôı|
ÿÔV^k>uÔVÔ ∂‚¶kÁ¬z› >ÁÈ©A >´©√|˛[≈m.
3. >ÁÈ©A : (Caption)
>ÁÈ©A ®[√m WÁ´kˆÁƒl[ ÿ√BÁ´¬ z§¬˛[≈m.

WÁ´ kˆÁƒ¬z› mÁ >ÁÈ©AÔ”D >´ ºkı|D.
4. ºÂÏkˆÁƒl[ >ÁÈ©AD ∂Á\©AD: (Stub)
A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ >[Á\ÔÁ·© ÿ√VÆ›m ∂Ák

ºÂÏkˆÁƒlKD, ∂Ô´ kˆÁƒlKD ∂_Èm ∂·° kˆÁƒlKD
∂Á\›m¬ ÿÔV^·ÈVD. ºÂÏkˆÁƒ¬zˆB >ÁÈ©AÔ”D ºkı|D.
5. c¶_√z] (Body)
∂‚¶kÁl[ c¶_ √z]l_ ®ıÔ^ z§¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD.

÷m ∂‚¶kÁl[ x¬˛B© √z]BVzD.
6. ∂Ω¬z§©A: (Footnote)
A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ JÈ g>V´D ∂Ω¬z§©∏_

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D.
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D (Diagrams and Graphs)
A^πlBo[ x¬˛B© √Ë E¬ÔÈV™ A^π sk´›Á> ®πB

kÁÔl_ ∂π©√>VzD. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· kÁÔ©√|›m>_
225
\uÆD ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ g˛BkÁk ÷ku§uÔVÔ
ÁÔBV·©√|˛[≈m.
A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ®π]_ Œ©∏¶°D s·¬Ô°D

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D (Diagrams), kÁ´√¶∫Ô”D (Graphs)
c>°˛[≈™.
A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂π›>_: (Presentation of

Data)ddddddddddddddd
ddddddddddddddd
ÿ√VmkVÔ, s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ √V\´ \¬ÔÁ·•D √Ω›>kÏÔÁ·•D

®π]_ ÔkÚD >[Á\•Á¶B™. tÔ E¬ÔÈV™ A^π
sk´∫ÔÁ·•D s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ®π>V¬˛ ƒV>V´ \M>[Ì¶
∂kuÁ≈ AˆÕm ÿÔV^·fl ÿƒF˛[≈m. ÷¬ÔV´›>V_
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ \uÆD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ JÈD A^π sk´∫ÔÁ·
∂π©√m (Presentation of data) E≈©∏¶D ÿ√Æ˛[≈m.
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^: (Types of diagrams)
A^π sk´ gF°Ô”¬z ∞u√ √È kÁÔBV™

s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.
∂ÁkÔπ_ x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ^,
1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Bar diagrams)
2. ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Rectangular diagrams)
3. ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Square diagrams)
4. k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Pie diagrams)
5. cÚkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Pictograms or

cartograms)
226
1. √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Bar Diagrams)
A^π sk´ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^

ÿ√ÚD ∂·s_ √B[√|›>©√|˛[≈™.
÷Ák kÁ´k>uz ®π>V™Ák. ®›>ÁÔB sk´›Á>•D √‚Á¶

s·¬Ô©√¶›][ JÈD z§©∏¶xΩ•D.
®M–D, A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ >[Á\¬z ∞u√ ÷ÀkÁ´√¶∫Ô^

kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.
√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^
( ∂ ) >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
( g) Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
( ÷ ) ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
( ~ ) ƒ>T>©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
®[≈ ÂV[z kÁÔÔπ_ c^·™.
√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^:
(Types of Bar diagrams)
∂. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D (Simple Bar Diagram)
A^πlB_ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

tÔ°D ®π>V™>VzD. ŒÚ \V§lÁ™ ÔV‚¶ (Variable) ÷m
√B[√|˛≈m. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ˛Á¶©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
(Horizontal Diagram) ®[≈ kÁÔlKD ÿƒ∫z›m© √‚Á¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D (Vertical Bar diagram) ®[≈ kÁÔlKD
∂Á\BÈVD.
227
÷Às·¬Ô© √¶›]_ ƒ\ ∂ÔÈ›m¶[ ÌΩB √È √‚Á¶Ô^
ÔV©√|˛[≈™. ÷©√‚Á¶Ôπ[ ¿·∫Ô^ ∂Ák z§¬˛[≈
\V§Ôπ[ \]©A¬z ƒ\\VÔ ÷Ú¬zD. ®_ÈV© √‚Á¶Ô”D ƒ\
÷Á¶ÿkπl_ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD.
>M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: s·¬ÔD (Illustration of Simple bar
diagram)
∏[kÚD ∂‚¶kÁl_ EÈ ÂV|ÔπoÚÕm ÷≈¬z\]
ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÿ√VÚ‚Ôπ[ \]©AÔ^ >´©√‚|^·™. ÷©A^π
sk´∫ÔÁ· >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶›]_ kÁ´Ô.
g. Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D: (Multiple Bar Diagram)
Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ sk´∫ÔÁ· Œ©∏¶ ºkıΩB ÷¶∫Ôπ_

®_ÈVD ÷›>ÁÔB s·¬Ô© √¶∫ÔÁ· √B[√|›>ÈVD. Œ©AºÂV¬Ô
ºkıΩB ÿ√VÚ^Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ¬z ∞u≈√Ω Ì‚|©√‚Á¶
√¶∫ÔÁ· ∂|›>|›m kÁ´Õm Œ©∏¶ ºkı|D. ÷Ú √‚Á¶Ô^
JÈD z§¬Ô©√|˛[≈ s·¬Ô©√¶›]uz ÷Ú √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
(Double Bar Diagram) ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. J[Æ

228
√‚Á¶Ô^ JÈD z§¬˛[≈ s·¬Ô©√¶›]uz x©√‚Á¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷>uz Ì‚|©√‚Á¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D (Compound Diagram or Multiple
BarhDiagram)h®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷ÀkÁÔ s·¬Ô©√¶›][ JÈD
tÔ ∂]Ô\V™ sk´∫ÔÁ· z§©∏¶ xΩ˛[≈m.
Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D s·¬ÔD : (Illustration of Multiple
bar diagram)
∏[kÚD ∂‚¶kÁl_ ÔV‚¶©√‚¶ sk´∫Ô”¬z
Ì‚|©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´Ô.

229
÷. ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D (Component Bar Diagram (or)
Subdivided Bar Diagram)
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ \V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔ^ √È ÌÆÔ·VÔ ∂_Èm
√z]Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ©∏[ ∂>uz kÁ´B©√|D s·¬Ô©√¶D
ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶\VzD. ÷Às·¬Ô© √¶›][ √‚Á¶Ô^
√_ºkÆ ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. c>V´\VÔ, ŒÚ ÂV‚Ω[
ÿ\V›> \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔl_ gı, ÿ√ı ®[≈ ÷ÚÌÆÔ^
c^·™. ÷kuÁ≈ s·¬Ô ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´BÈVD.
c>V´D
c>V´D: ∏[kÚD sk´∫ÔÁ· ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶›][
JÈD ÔV‚|>_

230
(~~) ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D : (Percentage)
ŒÀÿkVÚ \V§l[ √_ºkÆ ÌÆÔπ[ \]©AÔ^ ƒ>T>
∂·kVÔ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ>V_ ƒ>T>© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
kÁ´B©√¶ ºkı|D. ®_ÈV \V§Ô”¬zD cˆB √‚Á¶Ô^ ƒ\
¿·x^·ÁkBVÔ kÁ´B©√¶ ºkı|D. ŒÀÿkVÚ \V§lKD
c^· ÌÆÔ”¬ºÔu√ ∂>uzˆB© √‚Á¶Ô”D √È ÌÆÔ·VÔ©
∏ˆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ÷›>ÁÔB© √¶∫ÔπoKÚÕm √_ºkÆ
ÌÆÔπ[ Œ©AÁ\ \]©Á√ (Relative Value) ∂§Õm ÿÔV^·
xΩ˛≈m.
ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD: (Illustration of
Percentage Bar Diagram)
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· s·¬Ô© √¶›]_ kÁ´Ô.

231
÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^: (Two Dimensional Diagram)
√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶›]_ ¿·D (Length) \‚|D

ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈m. ∂ÔÈD (Width) Œº´ ∂·kVÔ ∂Á\¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
÷>uz \V≈VÔ ¿·xD ∂ÔÈxD s·¬Ô©√¶›]_ ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈™.
÷m ÷Ú √ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Two-Dimensional) ∂_Èm
√´©√·° s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Area Diagrams) ®™©√|˛[≈™. ÷Ú
√ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ·VÔ,
1. ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^
2. ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^
3. k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ c^·™.
ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D: (Rectangular Diagram)
ŒÚ ÿƒÀkÔD ¿·D, ∂ÔÈD ®[≈ ÷Ú √¬Ô∫ÔÁ·¬

ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ÔV‚|˛[≈ º√Vm ÷Ák
÷´ı|D Ô¬˛_ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^·©√|˛≈m, ÷ÚkÁÔBV™
A^π sk´∫Ô^ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈º√Vm ∂Ák ÿƒÀkÔ
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ z|D√ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶∫Ô^, ÷Ú ]‚¶¬
ÔVÈ∫ÔÁ· Œ©∏|>_ g˛BkuÁ≈ z§©∏¶© √B[√|˛[≈™.
ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô© √¶›][ s·¬ÔD: (Illustration Of

Rectangular Diagram)
ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´k>uz ÷Ú kÁÔBV™ A^π

sk´∫Ôπ[ ÿ\V›>›]oÚÕm ÷Às´ıΩuz\V™ s˛>D (Ratio)
Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m, ÷Às˛>›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÷Ú
ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ôπ[ ∂ÔÈD ∂Á\›m¬ ÿÔV^·©√|˛[≈m. ÷Ú
ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ôπ[ ¿·D (length)100%\VÔ Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^·©√‚|
√_ºkÆ ÿƒÈs™∫Ô”D ∂]_ c‚∏ˆkVÔ¬ ÔV‚¶©√‚|^·m.
232
÷Ú z|D√∫Ôπ[ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶ \]©AÔÁ·¬ ÔV‚|D ÿƒÀkÔ

s·¬Ô©√¶D.
ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D (Square Diagram)

ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ \V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔ^ Œ[Æ¬ÿÔV[Æ ∂]Ô
s›]BVƒ›]_ ÷ÚÕ>V_ ƒm´∫Ôπ[ JÈD \V§Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB
c^· Œ©AÁ\ÁB ÔV‚¶ xΩ˛≈m. ƒm´∫Ôπ[ √¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ∂Ák
z§©∏|˛[≈ \V§Ôπ[ \]©∏[ kÏ¬Ô JÈ∫Ô”¬z
(SquaregRoot) ƒ\\VÔ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^· ºkı|D. ®_ÈV
ƒm´∫Ô”D Œº´ ∂Ω¬ºÔV‚Ω[ º\_ ÷Ú¬z\VÆ kÁ´B ºkı|D.

233
ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D á s·¬ÔD (Illustration of Square Diagram )
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´Ô.
Ô_KVˆ Á\BD º>Ï° ®ø]BkÏÔ^
]ÚflE, >fiÁƒ, AmÁÔ 400, 625, 900
÷>uÔV™ kÏ¬ÔJÈ∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 20, 25, 30 gzD.

÷Ák ƒm´∫Ôπ[ √¬Ô ∂·kVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| ƒm´∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√¶
ºkı|D. ƒm´∫ÔÁ· kÁ´km tÔ°D ÔΩ™\V™>VÁÔBVKD
÷´ı| ƒm´∫Ôπ[ √´©√·°ÔÁ· ƒˆBVÔ Œ©∏¶ xΩBV>>VKD
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D √B[√|›mk]_ÁÈ.
k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ (Pie Diagram or Circular Diagram)
\V§ÔÁ· (Variables) √‚Á¶Ô·VÔ kÁ´Õm ÔV‚|kÁ> s¶

\V§Ôπ[ ∂·°¬z› >zÕ> √´©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ k‚¶∫ÔÁ·
kÁ´Õm ÔV‚|km ®π>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. k‚¶∫Ô·VÔ kÁ´B©√|D
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”¬z k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷Ú
√ˆ\V s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ (TwofDimensionsfDiagrams) ∂]Ô
x¬˛B›mkD kVFÕ>m k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ gzD. ÿÔV|¬Ô©
√‚|^· \V§Ô^ ŒÀÿkV[ÆD ŒÚ k‚¶›][ JÈD z§©∏¶©
√|˛[≈m. k‚¶∫Ôπ[ √´©√·°Ô^ \V§Ôπ[ ÿ\V›>
\]©AÔπ[ s˛>∫Ôπ_ ÷Ú¬Ôºkı|D. \V§Ôπ[
c‚ÌÆÔÁ· (Subdivision) k‚¶©√z]¬z^ z§©∏¶ ºkı|D.
√È \V§ÔÁ· z§©∏|˛[≈ k‚¶∫Ô^ ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_
kÁ´B©√¶ ºkı|D. k‚¶›]_ k‚¶ ºÔV©√z]l_ ŒÀÿkV[ÆD
ŒÚ \V§ÁB¬ z§¬˛[≈m.
k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”¬ÿÔ™ >Mfl E≈©A ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. √È

√z]ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ ŒÚ \V§l_ ŒÚ √z]ÁB \uÿ≈VÚ
234
√z]ºBV| Œ©∏‚| √VÏ©√>uz k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôº·
tÔ°D ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ÁkBVzD. k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D s·D
√´∫ÔπKD, ÔıÔV‚ElKD ÿ√ˆmD √B[√|›>©√|˛[≈™.
∂Ák ÿ√Vm \¬Ôπ[ √VÏÁkÁB ÔkÏÕm ÷ø©√º>V|, ∂kÏÔ·m
ÔÚ›Á>•D ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈m.
z§©√VÔ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ JÈD z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈ W]

√u§B sk´∫Ô^ \¬Ô^ \™]_ gw\VÔ √]Õms|˛[≈™.
®M–D k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´kmD k‚¶ √z]l[
√´©AÔÁ· Œ©∏|kmD ƒuÆ ÔΩ™\V™ ÿƒBÈVzD.
k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´>_: (Pie Digram)
ŒÚ k‚¶D ∂>–Á¶B Á\B›]_ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈

ºÔV›][ ∂·° 360 Ω˛ˆ gzD. √_ºkÆ ÌÆÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶
\V§l[ ÿ\V›> \]©Á√ 360 Ω˛ˆ ƒ\\V¬˛ ÿÔV^· ºkı|D.
∏≈z ŒÀÿkVÚ Ì§[ \]©∏[ ∂·Ák √VÁÔ (Degree) ∂·s_
\Vu§¬ÿÔV^· ºkı|D. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÌÆ¬zD c^· √VÁÔ¬ ºÔu√
k‚¶›Á> √_ºkÆ √z]Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆ›m¬ ÔV‚¶ ºkı|D. k‚¶›][
ŒÀÿkVÚ √z]ÁB•D ºkÆ√|›mD kÁÔl_ √È kı∫Ô^
∂_Èm kΩk∫Ô^ (Design) ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkı|D. ŒÀÿkVÚ
kıxD ®Á>¬ z§¬˛[≈ÿ>[√Á> k‚¶ s·¬Ô© √¶›][
∂Ú˛_ z§©∏‚|¬ ÔV‚¶ ºkı|D.
\V]ˆ:
∏[kÚD A^π sk´›]uzˆB ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶D

kÁ´Ô.
c° 63%, ºƒV©A -19% , kV¶ÁÔ -12% ,

ÿ√Vømº√V¬z 6%
235
ÿƒFxÁ≈:
c° 63% , 63/100 360 = 227 Ω˛ˆ
ºƒV©A -19%, 19/100 360 = 68 Ω˛ˆ
kV¶ÁÔ - 12%, 12/100 360 = 43 Ω˛ˆ
ÿ√Vømº√V¬z -6%, 6/100 360 = 22 Ω˛ˆ
cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ : (Pictograms)
EÈkÁÔ© A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· EÈ E§B √¶∫Ôπ[ JÈD

kÁ´Õm s·¬zkm cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ô^ gzD.
c>V´\VÔ:
t]kıΩÔ^, ¸Ì‚¶Ï º√V[≈ku§[ cu√›] ∂·Ák

t]kıΩÔ^, ¸Ì‚¶Ï g˛B √¶∫ÔÁ· kÁ´Õm s·¬ÔÈVD.
cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ôπ[ JÈD ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈ √¶ s·¬Ô›]uz cÚkÔ
s·¬Ô©√¶D ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. \V§Ôπ[ \]©A¬z› >¬ÔkVÆ
∂ku§[ cÚkD kÁ´Õm ÔV‚¶©√|˛[≈m. cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ôπ[
JÈD º>V´VB \]©AÔÁ·ºB ÿ√≈ xΩ˛≈m.
236
ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ s·¬Ô©√¶›Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|›>_ (Choice Of A
Suitable Diagram)
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ôπ_ √ÈkÁÔBV™ÁkÔ^ c^·™. ÷ku§_
®Á> º>ÏÕÿ>|©√m ®[Æ A^π sk´›][ >[Á\ÁB•D,
BVÚ¬ÔVÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D kÁ´B©√|˛[≈ ÿ>[√Á>•D ÿ√VÆ›m
∂Á\˛[≈m.
1. >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
s·¬Ô©√¶D: ÿ\V›>›]_ c^· \VÆ>_ÔÁ· ÔV‚¶
√B[√|›>©√¶ÈVD.
c>V´\VÔ,
1. ÷Õ]BVs_ √È \VWÈ∫Ôπ[ ºÔVmÁ\ cu√›]ÁB

ÔV‚¶ ÷ÀkÁÔBV™ √¶D kÁ´B©√¶ÈVD.
2. ÿ\V›>›Á>•D ÌÆÔπ[ ∂·°ÔÁ·•D, (Component)

ÔV‚¶ ÌÆ√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D √B[√|›>ÈVD.
3. ÌÆÔπ[ \]©∏_ c^· ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ ÔV‚¶ ∂º>

ƒ\B›]_ ÿ\V›>D x¬˛B›mkD ÿ√≈V> WÁÈl_ Ì‚|©√‚Á¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D (Multiple Bar) √B[√|›>©√¶ÈVD.
4. ÌÆÔπ[ Œ©AÁ\ \]©∏_ (RelativeValue) c^·

ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ s·¬Ô ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D ÿ√VÚ›>
\V™>VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m.
5. ÌÆÔ^ ∂]Ô ®ıË¬ÁÔloÚ¬˛[≈ º√Vm k‚¶
s·¬Ô©√¶D tÔ°D ÿ√VÚ›>\V™m.
ÿ\V›>›Á>•D Œ©AÁ\ s˛>›Á>•D ÔV‚¶ k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
∂]ÔD √B™π¬ÔÌΩB>VzD.
\u≈ kÁÔBV™ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ ∂]Ô\VÔ
√B[√|›>©√¶Vs‚¶VKD EÈ z§©∏‚¶ >[Á\ÔÁ·
s·¬zk>uÔVÔ cÚkÔ© √¶∫Ô^, A^π sk´©√¶∫Ô^,

237
(Cartogram) ƒm´∫Ô^,
ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ º√V[≈
s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô”D {´·suz √B[√|˛[≈™.
kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ (Graphs)
A^πlB_ gFs_ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´km º√VÈ

kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™. kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ A^πlB_
sk´∫ÔÁ· ƒˆBVÔ, \uÆD ÿ>πkVÔ ÔV‚|˛[≈™. kÁ´√¶∫Ô^
kÁ´km ®πm. gF°¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ ∂]Ô\VÔ
√B[√|›>©√|˛[≈™. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ (Time Series)
\uÆD ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ (Frequency distribution)
g˛BÁkÔπ[ ÷B_AÔÁ·© √u§ ∂§k>uz kÁ´√¶∫Ô^
tÔ°D c>sBVÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™.
kÁ´√¶∫Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of Graphs)
kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ ÔVÈDƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒl[ (Timefseries)

÷B_AÔÁ· s·¬zk>uzD WÔµÿkı √´k_ÔÁ·
s·¬zk>uzD kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.
1. ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ kÁ´√¶D : (Time Series Graph)
ÔVÈD ƒVÏ ÿ>V¶ÏkˆÁƒl[ ÷B_AÔÁ· s·¬zk>uz

kÁ´B©√|D kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ ÔVÈDƒVÏ ÿ>V¶Ï kˆÁƒ kÁ´√¶∫Ô^
®™©√|˛[≈™. ÷ÀkÁ´√¶›]_ Xk∂flE_ ÔVÈxD, Yj∂flE_
\V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔ”D z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈™. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔVÈ›]uzD
cˆB \]©AÔ^ A^πBVÔ kÁ´√¶›]_ z§¬Ô©√‚| ∂©A^πÔ^
ºÂÏ ºÔV|Ô·V_ ÷Á¬Ô©√|˛[≈™.
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ kÁ´√¶D Œ[Æ

kÁ´√¶›>Vπ_ (Graph Paper) kÁ´Ô.
238
kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ JÈD Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ \V§Ôπ[ \]©AÔÁ·

z§©∏‚| kÁ´Õm Œ©∏‚|© √VÏ¬ÔÈVD. c>V´\VÔ, ÷Ú
gı|Ôπ_ ºÔVmÁ\ cu√›]lÁ™ z§›m kÁ´√¶D
kÁ´Õm ÷´ıÁ¶•D Œ©∏‚| ∂§BÈVD.
2. ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ s·¬zD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^: (Frequency
Graph)
{Ï ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kÁÈ (FrequencygDistribution)
s·¬Ô© √¶\VÔ z§©∏|D xÁ≈¬z ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ´√¶D
®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷ku§_ ÂV[z kÁÔÔ^ c^·™. ∂Ák,
1. ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶D (Line Graph)
2. √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ (Histograms)
3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD (Frequency Polygon)
4. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV| (Frequency Curve)
239
1. ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶D (Line Graph)
ºÔV‚|Úk©√¶D ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ √È ºÔV|ÔÁ·¬
ÿÔVı¶m. ÷¬ºÔV|Ô^ ŒÀÿkV[§[ ¿·xD ŒÀÿkVÚ
∏ˆsKD c^· ∂ÁÈÿkıËuz ƒ\\VÔ ∂Á\•D. ºÔV|Ô^
(Line) ∏ˆs[ Â|©A^πloÚÕm ÿƒ∫z›>VÔ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈m.
ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶Dás·¬ÔD (Illustration of Line Graph)
∏[kÚD ∂‚¶kÁ¬ÔV™ ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶D kÁ´Ô.
2. √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔD (Histograms) :

∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_Ôπ[ kÁ´√¶ kÁÔÔ^ √´k_
ÿƒÀkÔD ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ √´kÈVÔ© √B[√|›>©√|˛[≈m.
∏ˆ° ÷Á¶ÿkπl_ º\_ kÁ´B©√|D ÿƒÀkÔ© √‚Á¶Ô·V_
240
g™ √¶D ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D gzD. ÷]_, ∂ÁÈÿkı
√´ko[ ∏ˆ° ®_ÁÈÔ^ (ClassgBoundries) BV°D kˆÁƒBVÔ
˛Á¶BflE[º\_ (Xpaxis) z§¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ∏ˆ° ÷Á¶ÿkπÔπ[
º\_ (Classkintervals) ŒÀÿkVÚ ∏ˆ°Ôπ[ ∂ÁÈÿkıÔ”¬z
ƒ\\V™ √´©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈™.
÷ÀkVÆ kÁ´B©√|˛[≈ ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ô^ ∂¶∫˛B kÁ´√¶›]uz
√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© √¶D s·¬ÔD: (Illustration of Histogram)
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· ∂ÁÈÿkı √´kK¬ÔV™ √´k_
ÿƒÀkÔD kÁ´Ô. (ºÂÏ ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶›]uÔV™ A^π sk´›Á>
ÿÔVı| √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ©√¶D kÁ´B©√‚|^·m.
3. ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD : (Frequency Polygon):

√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ© (FrequencyhPolygon) √¶›][ ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÿƒÀkÔ›][ º\_A≈›][ Â|©A^πÔÁ· ºÂÏºÔV|Ô·V_
÷Á›>V_ ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m. ÷>[
241
∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÔÚ›m ŒÚ ∏ˆsK^· ®_ÈV Â√ÏÔπ[ \]©AD
∂©∏ˆs[ Á\B ∂·Ákfl ∑u§ zsÕ]Ú¬zD ®[√º> gzD.
÷›>ÁÔB √È √¬Ô∫ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√>V_ √È √¬Ô
cÚkÔ∫Ô^ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ÷Õ> cÚk∫Ô^
∂ÁÈÿkıÔÁ· z§©√>V_ ∂m ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD ®™°D
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
√´k_ ÿƒÀkÔ∫ÔÁ·¬ ÔV‚ΩKD ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔV∫Ôπ[
ÈD Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ÔÁ· ÿ>πkVÔ Œ©∏‚|
∂§B xΩ•D. (x[ >´©√‚|^· A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™
∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ· ºÔV| ∏[kÚ\VÆ ∂Á\˛≈m).
4. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV| (Frequency Curve)

√_ºÔV ÿƒÀkÔ∫Ôπ[ Á\B©A^πÔÁ·
ºÂÏºÔV|Ô·V_ ÷Á©√>uz √]ÈVÔ ®πBº>VÏ Œø∫ÔV™
ºÔV‚Ω™V_ ÷Á›>V_ {Ï kÁ·ºÔV| ˛Á¶¬zD. ÷ÀkÁ· ºÔV|
∂ÁÈÿkıÁ¬ z§©√>V_ ÷m ∂ÁÈÿkıkÁ·ºÔV|
®[≈Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈m.

242
Á\B© √z]ÁB ÷Á¬˛[≈º√Vm ∂ÁÈÿkı
√_ºÔV›][ √´©Á√•D ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV‚Ω[ √´©√·°D
ƒ\\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV‚Á¶ ÿƒÀkÔ©√¶D
kÁ´Õm ∂>[ *m kÁ´BÈVD ∂_Èm ºÂ´ΩBVÔ°D kÁ´BÈVD.
∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV‚Ω[ JÈD ∂ÁÈÿkı √´ko[

xÔ‚¶·Ák \]©∏¶ÈVD. ∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ´√¶D ÔË>©
A^πlBo_ E≈Õ>ÿ>VÚ √∫z k˛¬˛[≈m. ∂ÁÈÿkı
kÁ·¬ºÔV|Ô^ ƒ\flÊ´VÔ ∂Á\•D º√Vm ∂m ƒ\flÊÏ
kÁ·ºÔV|Ô^ (Normal Curve) ®™ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
x[ >´©√‚|^· A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ kÁ·ºÔV|

∏[kÚ\VÆ ∂Á\˛≈m.
\V]ˆs™VsÁ¶:
1. gFkV·´V_ ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|D A^π sk´∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m?
(A) x>_ WÁÈ© A^π sk´D.
(B) ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D

243
(C) J[≈VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D
(D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.
sÁ¶: (A)x>_
x>_ WÁÈ©A^π sk´D
2. x[º√ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚| ÿkπl¶©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ ®ÀkVÆ

∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈m?
(A) x>_ WÁÈ© A^π sk´D
(B) ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D
(C) \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬ÿÔ|©A
(D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.
sÁ¶: (B) ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ© A^π sk´D
3. ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∂ku§[ √_ºkÆ kÁÔBV™

>[Á\ºÔu√ √È ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ √Vz√V| ÿƒF•D xÁ≈¬z ®[™
ÿ√BÏ?
(A) ∂‚¶kÁl|>_ (B) kÁÔ©√|›m>_
(C) s·¬Ô©√¶D (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.
sÁ¶: (B) kÁÔ©√|›m>_
4. gF°¬ÔVÔ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√‚|^· sk´∫Ô^ ∂Á™›mD

xøÁ\BVÔ z§©∏¶©√|km ®m?
(A) >MºÂV¬z©√‚ΩB_ (B) ÔÈ©A ∂‚¶kÁ
(C) ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_ (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ
sÁ¶: ( C) ÿ√Vm ºÂV¬z© √‚ΩB_

244
5. Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ sk´∫ÔÁ· Œ©∏¶ √B[√|D s·¬Ô©√¶D
®m?
(A) >M©√‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
(B) Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
(C) ƒ>T> √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
(D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ
sÁ¶: (B) Ì‚|© √‚Á¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D
6. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· E§B √¶∫Ôπ[ JÈD s·¬zk>uz ®[™

ÿ√BÏ?
(A)k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D (B) ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D
(C) cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^ (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.
sÁ¶: (C) cÚkÔ©√¶∫Ô^
7. Œ[Æ¬z º\u√‚¶ ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ÔÁ· ÿ>πkVÔ Œ©∏¶

c>°km ®m?
(A) ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD (B) √´k_ ÿƒÀkÔD

(C) ºÔV‚|Úk© √¶D (D)∂ÁÈÿkı kÁ·ºÔV|.
sÁ¶: (D) ∂ÁÈÿkı √_ºÔVD
8. ÷Ú z|D√∫Ôπ[ k´° ÿƒÈ° ]‚¶ \]©AÔÁ· ÔV‚¶ c>°km

®m?
(A) ƒm´ s·¬Ô©√¶D (B) k‚¶ s·¬Ô©√¶D

(C) ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D (D) ÷ku§_ ∞mt_ÁÈ.
sÁ¶: (C) ÿƒÀkÔ s·¬Ô©√¶D
245
Á\B WÁÈ© º√V¬z ∂·ÁkÔ^:
(Measures of Central Tendency or Averages):
tÔ© ÿ√ˆB ∂·s_ ºƒÔˆ›> A^π sk´∫Ô^

kÁÔ©√|›m>_ JÈxD ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›m>_ JÈxD
∑Ú¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ô^ s·¬Ô©√¶∫Ô^
\uÆD kÁ´√¶∫Ô^ JÈD kÁ´Õm ÔV‚|km A^π sk´∫ÔÁ·
Œ©∏‚| √VÏ©√>uz kƒ]BVÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m.
A^πlB_ gFs[ x¬˛B ºÂV¬ÔD ÿ√ÚD ÿ>Vz]BV™

A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ c‚ÔÚ›Á> ∂·Õm ÌÆ›>¬Ô ŒÚ >M
\]©Á√ Ôı|∏Ω©√m gzD. ÷ÀkVÆ ŒÚ ÿ>Vz]l[
Á\B¬ÔÚ›Á> ∂_Èm Á\B WÁÈ©º√V¬˛Á™ ∂·Õm Ì≈›>¬Ô
{Ï ∂·Ák Á\B WÁÈ©º√V¬z ∂·Ák ∂_Èm ƒ´Vƒˆ (Average)
®™ÈVD.
ƒ´Vƒˆl[ kÁÔÔ^ : (Types of Average)
ƒ´Vƒˆ √_ºkÆ xÁ≈Ôπ_ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.

∂©√_ºkÆ xÁ≈Ô”¬zºÔu√ √_ºkÆ kÁÔBV™ ƒ´VƒˆÔ^
c^·™. ÷kuÆ^ A^π sk´ gF°¬z ÿ√ˆmD √B[√¶¬
ÌΩB>VÔ ∏[kÚD kÁÔÔ^ ∂Á\˛[≈™.
1. Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ (Arithmetic Mean)

2. ÷Á¶WÁÈB·° (Median)
3. xÔ‚¶·° (Mode)
4. ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Geometric Mean)
5. ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ (Harmonic Mean)
6. WÁ≈l‚¶ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Weighted Average)
246
1. Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ (Arithmetic Mean)::
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· \]©AÔπ[ ÿ\V›>¬ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔÁB

∂D\]©AÔπ[ ÿ\V›> ®ıË¬ÁÔBV_ kz›m ˛Á¶¬zD \]©A
Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ gzD.
Ì‚|flƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : (Calculation of Arithmetic

Mean):
A^π sk´› ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ∞u≈√Ω ƒ´Vƒˆ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

ÿ√VmkVÔ,
1. √z¬Ô©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô^ (Rawfdata)
2. ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ (Discrete Frequency

Distribution)
3. ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ∂ÁÈÿkı √´k_ (ContinuousfFrequency

Distribution) ®[≈ √ÈkuÆ¬zD ƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛¶ÈVD.
ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|km ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ \uÆD ∑Ú¬Ô\V™
kaxÁ≈ g˛B ÷ÚkÁÔÔπ_ ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m.
1. √z¬Ô©√¶V> A^π sk´›]uÔV™ Ì‚|fl ƒ´Vƒˆ ∂_Èm >M

cÆ©A› ÿ>Vz] (Mean for ungrouped data or Individual
Observation)
Û›]´D (Formula):
x=
x1 + x2 + ...... + xn
∂_Èm x=
∑x
N N
x = Ì‚|fl ƒ´Vƒˆ

247
N= ÿ\V›> cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ
∑ x = ÿ\V›> \]©AÔ^
ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ (Direct Method)
1. \V]ˆ¬Ô¬z:
ŒÚ kz©∏K^· nÕm \VkÏÔπ[ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^

xÁ≈ºB 100, 90, 80, 70, 60 ÷ku§uÔV™ ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ıÔÁ·
Ô¬˛|Ô.
yÏ° :
kz©∏[ ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı =
= = 80
Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ = 80
∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ka xÁ≈ : (Short - cut Method)
Û›]´D : (Formula) :
x = A+
∑d
N
x = Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ
A = ªÔfl ƒ´Vƒˆ (Assumed mean)

∑d =
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· \]©∏uzD ªÔfl ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD ÷Á¶ºB
c^· sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ (Deviations).
248
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z :
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ Ì‚|flƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|Ô.
yÏ°:

249
Û›]´D (Formula)
x = A+
∑d
N
10
= 60 + = 61
10
Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ = 61
2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ Ì‚|flƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|>_
(Calculation of Arithmetic mean for Discrete Series)
ºÂ´Ω xÁ≈ (Direct method)
Û›]´D (Formula)
x = A+
∑ fx
N
f = ∂ÁÈÿkı
N = ∂ÁÈÿkıË[ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ
∑ fx \uÆD [ ÿ√Ú¬z› ÿ>VÁÔl[

Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 2
∏[kÚD sk´∫Ô”¬z Ì‚|flƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.
\]©ÿ√ı 20 25 30 35 40
\VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 05 10 12 08 05

250
yÏ°:
\VkÏÔπ[ fx
\]©ÿ√ı (x)
®ıË¬ÁÔ (f)
20 05 100
25 10 250
30 12 360
35 08 280
40 05 200
N = 40 ∑ fx = 1190
Ì¶|flƒ´Vƒˆ = x =
∑ fx = 1190 = 29.75
N 40
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°: (Median)
A^πlBo_ ƒ´Vƒˆ¬z ∂|›>√ΩBVÔ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°

x¬˛B›mkD kVFÕ> Œ[≈VzD. ŒÚ ÿ>Vz]l_ c^·
cÆ©AÔÁ· ∞ÆkˆÁƒBVÔºkV ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒBVÔºkV
®ø]™V_, ∂]_ \›]l_ c^· cÆ©A ÷Á¶WÁÈ gzD.
÷Á¶WÁÈÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : (Calculation of Median)
ƒ´VƒˆÁB© º√V[Æ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°D ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π

sk´∫Ô”D (Rawhdata), ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD
(Discrete series), ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD
Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.

251
1. >M›ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ∂_Èm ÿƒ©√M¶V A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z
÷Á¶WÁÈ Ô¬˛|>_ (Computation of Median for
individual series or Raw data)
Û›]´D:
 N + 1  km
÷Á¶WÁÈ =   cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 2 
N = ÿ\V›> cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

>M›ÿ>V¶Ú¬z ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©A Ô¬˛|Dº√Vm ∏[kÚD
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈ÁB© ∏[√u≈ ºkı|D.
1. A^π sk´∫ÔÁ· ∞ÆkˆÁƒ ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_
kˆÁƒ©√|›> ºkı|D.
2. Û›]´›Á>© √B[√|›] ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©Á√ Ô¬˛¶
ºkı|D.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 1. ∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Á¶WÁÈ
\]©Á√ ÔVıÔ.
®Á¶ (˛.˛´VD) 150 130 125 160 100 120 140
yÏ°:
cÆ©AÔ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
®Á¶ 150 130 125 160 100 120 140
∞ÆkˆÁƒ 100 120 125 130 140 150 160

252
 N + 1  km
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = Md =   cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 2 
 7 + 1  km
Md =   cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 2 
÷Á¶WÁÈ = 4 km \]©A = 130

2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ (Median for Discrete
series)
 N +1 km
Û›]´D Md =   cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 2 
N = ∂ÁÈÿkıË[ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 2
∏[kÚD 46 Â√ÏÔ”Á¶B ®Á¶l[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·Ák
Ô¬˛|Ô.

253
 N + 1  km
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° : Md =  2  cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 
 46 + 1  km
Md =  2  cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 
= 23.5 km cÆ©∏[ \]©A

÷Á¶WÁÈ = 23.5 km cÆ©∏[ \]©A = 130
3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ (Median for

Continuous series)
Ô¬˛|D xÁ≈:
1) zs° ∂ÁÈÿkı Ô¬˛¶ ºkı|D (c.f)
2) ®Õ> z§©∏‚¶ √´ko_ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ÷Ú¬zD ®[√Á>
N
  ®[≈ Û›]´›][ JÈD Ô¬˛¶ ºkı|D.
2
3) Û›]´›Á>© √B[√|›] ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©Á√ Ô¬˛¶

ºkı|D.
Û›]´D: (Formula)
N − c. f
÷Á¶WÁÈ = l + 2 xc
f
= ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆs[ ˇµ ®_ÁÈ

N = ÿ\V›> cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

254
c.f = ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆ°¬z xÕÁ>B ∏ˆs[ zs°

∂ÁÈÿkı
= ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆs[∂ÁÈÿkı
c = ÷Á¶WÁÈ© ∏ˆs[ ÷Á¶ÿkπ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Á¶WÁÈ \]©Á√ Ô¬˛|Ô.
\]©ÿ√ı 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

\VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 4 6 10 15 8 7
yÏ°:
N − c. f
÷Á¶WÁÈ = l + 2 xc
f
25 km cÆ©A
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = 40á50 ∏ˆs_ c^·m.

255
gÔºk,
÷Á¶WÁÈ =
= 43.33
xÔ| (Mode)
xÔ| A^πsk´ gF°Ôπ_ √B[√|˛[≈ ŒÚ Á\B©
º√V¬z ∂·kVzD. ∂Ω¬ÔΩ º>V[≈¬ÌΩB ∂·°
(Freqently)b®[Æ ÷Á>¬ Ì≈ÈVD. xÔ| tÔ ∂]Ô ∂·°
∂ÁÈÿkı (Frequency) ÿÔVı¶ ∂·Ák¬ z§©√>VzD.
xÔ‚Á¶ Ô¬˛¶_: (Calculation of Mode)
\u≈ ƒ´VƒˆÔÁ·© º√VÈ √z¬Ô©√¶V> A^π sk´∫Ô”D
(Ungroupedfdata) ∂_Èm >M› ÿ>Vz]¬zD (Individual
Series) ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ ÿ>Vz]¬zD ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÿ>Vz]¬zD xÔ|
Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ xÔ‚¶·Ák Ô¬˛|Ô.
Ìo (‘√Vl_): 100, 150, 120, 100, 120, 130, 120, 110, 120.
yÏ°:
÷]_ 120 ∂]Ô >¶ÁkÔ^ kÕ]Ú©√>V_ xÔ‚¶·° 120
gÔ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛≈m. ÷´ı| ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ \]©AÔ^
Œº´ ®ıË¬ÁÔl_ ]ÚD√› ]ÚD√ kÕ>V_ ÷´ı| ∂_Èm
∂>uz º\u√‚¶ xÔ|Ô^ ˛Á¶¬˛[≈™.

256
1. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ xÔ|: (Mode for Discrete

series) :
ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ∂ÁÈÿkı √´ko_ √VÏ›> ∂·sºÈºB ∂]Ô
∂ÁÈÿkıÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|^· ÷™D ∂>[ xÔ‚¶·kVzD.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 2
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z xÔ| ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
÷]_ ∂]Ô ∂ÁÈÿkı cÁ¶Bm 15, ∂Õ> cÆ©∏[ \]©A
14. ®™ºk, xÔ| 14 ®™ Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.
ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬z xÔ| Ô¬˛|>_ :
(Determination of Mode for Continuous Series)
Û›]´D:
xÔ| =
÷]_, = xÔ|© ∏ˆs[ ˇµ ®_ÁÈ
= xÔ|©∏ˆs[ ∂ÁÈÿkı
= xÔ|© ∏ˆ°¬z ∂|›>© ∏ˆs[ ∂ÁÈÿkı
= xÔ|© ∏ˆ°¬z xÕÁ>B ∏ˆs[ ∂ÁÈÿkı

c = xÔ|© ∏ˆs[ ∏ˆ° ÷Á¶ÿkπ

257
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ xÔ| ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
xÔ|© ∏ˆ° : 20-30
xÔ| = =
= 25.714
ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ (Geometric Mean)

‘n’ cÆ©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶ ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ ®[√m
∂›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ c^· ®_ÈV cÆ©AÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[ n km
kÏ¬Ô JÈ\VzD (Root).
Û›]´D:
G.M = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

258
(i.e) G.M = Antilog of
ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_ : (Calculation of Geometric

Mean)
>M›ÿ>Vz] (Individual Series)
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.
nÕm Â√ÏÔπ[ ®Á¶: 100, 120, 140, 85, 110 (˛.˛)
yÏ°:
GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ

259
= ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ
= ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ ( 2.0392 )

GM = 109.4
2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>Vz]l[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB Ô¬˛|>_:
(Calculation of Geometric mean for discrete series) ;
Û›]´D:
GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 2
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬z ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.
yÏ°:

260
ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ
= ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ = 23.93
ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ : (Geometric mean for

continuous series)
Û›]´D:
GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´VƒˆÁB ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:

261
 ∑ f log x 
ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ = Anti log  
 N 
GM = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ =
ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ ƒ´Vƒˆ = 23.9247
÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ (Harmonic Mean)

÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ ®[√m ŒÚ √´ko_ c^· \]©AÔπ[ >ÁÈˇµ
\]©AÔπ[ ƒ´Vƒˆl[ >ÁÈˇµ \]©√VzD. ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^·
\]©AÔ^ (a, b, c, d,…….n) ®[≈V_, ÷>[
N
÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ = 1 1 1
+ + ..... +
a b n
1. >M›ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ Ô¬˛|>_

(Computation of Harmonic Mean for Individual Series)
Û›]´D:
N
H .M =
1 1 1
+ + ..... +
a b n
(∂_Èm)

262
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z 1 :
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷Áƒflƒ´VƒˆÁB ÔVıÔ.
20, 25, 40, 30, 35.
yÏ°:
÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ (H.M)
÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ 28.25

263
2. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ Ô¬˛¶_

(Calculation of H.M. for Discrete Series)
Û›]´D
Û›]´D::
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 2
yÏ°:

264
÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ
÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ = 20.33
3. ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV™ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ (Calculation of

Harmonic Mean for Continuous Series)
Û›]´D:
÷Áƒfl ƒ´Vƒˆ =
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 3

265
yÏ°:
H.M = =
H.M = 20.33
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1
1. x›m ®[√kÏ >[–Á¶B J[Æ zwÕÁ>Ô”¬zD
xÁ≈ºB ‘.500, ‘.400, ‘.600 ÿÔV|¬˛[≈VÏ. gÔºk ƒ´Vƒˆ
ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿ>VÁÔl[ Ì|>_
ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ>VÁÔ = ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ zwÕÁ>Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ
yÏ°:
500 + 400 + 600

ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ>VÁÔ = ááááááááááááááááá = 500
3
ƒ´Vƒˆ ÿ>VÁÔ = ‘. 500

266
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2
ŒÚ \Vk[ nÕm √V¶∫Ôπ_ ÿ√u≈ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^
xÁ≈ºB 50, 40, 60, 80 \u≈D 55. ®™ºk, ∂Õ> \VkM[
ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı ®[™?
\]©ÿ√ıÔπ[ Ì|>_ 50 + 40 + 60 + 80 + 55
ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı = ááááááááááááááááááá = --ááááááááááááááááááááá
√V¶∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 5
= 57
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 3
ŒÚ kz©∏_ c^· \VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 65.
∂kÏÔ^ ÔË>©√V¶›]_ \‚|D ÿ√u≈ ƒ´Vƒˆ \]©ÿ√ı 50 ®M_,
∂kÏÔ^ ÔË>© √V¶›]_ ÿ√u≈ ÿ\V›> \]©ÿ√ı ®[™?
yÏ°:
ÿ\V›> \]©ÿ√ıÔ^
ƒ´Vƒˆ = ááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
\VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ
ÿ\V›> \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ = ƒ´Vƒˆ $ \VkÏÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ

= 50 $ 65
= 3250
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 4
ŒÚ \Vk[ ÂV[z √V¶∫Ôπ_ ÿ√u≈ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^
xÁ≈ºB 50,ï60, 62 \uÆD 48. ®™ºk, ∂kM[ ƒ´Vƒˆ
\]©ÿ√ı 55 gzD. gEˆBÏ ∂Õ> \VkM[ ÂV[z √V¶›]KD
xÁ≈ºB 10 \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ ∂]ÔD º√V‚¶V_ ∂Õ> \VkM[ A]B
ƒ´Vƒˆ ®[™?

267
yÏ°: Ì‚¶©√‚¶ \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ xÁ≈ºB 60, 70, 72, \uÆD 58.

Ì‚¶©√‚¶ \]©ÿ√ıÔπ[ Ì|>_ 60 + 70 + 72 + 58
ƒ´Vƒˆ = ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá = ááááááááááááááááá
√V¶∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ 4
= 65
®™ºk, ŒÀÿkVÚ \]©ÿ√ıb¶[ 10 \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ Ì‚Ω™V_

ƒ´VƒˆlKD 10 \]©ÿ√ıÔ^ Ì|D.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5
ŒÚ kz©∏_ c^· 40 \VkÏÔπ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ kBm 20.
∂Õ> kz©∏_ c^· gEˆBˆ[ kBÁ>¬ Ì‚|D º√Vm ƒ´Vƒˆ 21
gÔ \VÆ˛[≈m ®M_, ∂Õ> gEˆBˆ[ kBm ®[™?
yÏ°:
40 \VkÏÔπ[ ÿ\V›> kBm = 40 $ 20 = 800 gı|Ô^.
gEˆBˆ[ kBÁ>¬ Ì‚Ω™V_ ÿ\V›> kBm = 41 $ 21 = 861
gı|Ô^
gEˆBˆ[ kBm = 861 - 800 = 61 gı|Ô^.
z§©A:
40 \VkÏÔ”¶[ gEˆBÁ´¬ Ì‚Ω™V_ ®ıË¬ÁÔ = 41.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 6
ŒÚkÏ >fiÁƒloÚÕm ]ÚflE¬z \Ë¬z 50 ˛.*
ºkÔ›]_ ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. ∂kÏ ]ÚD√°D \Ë¬z 30 ˛. * ºkÔ›]_
>fiÁƒÁB ∂Á¶˛[≈VÏ ®M_, ∂kˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD (Average
Speed) ®[™?

268
yÏ°
yÏ°:
ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD =
ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD = = 37.5 km/hr
∂kˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ ºkÔD = 37.5 km/hr

÷Á¶WÁÈ:
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 7
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ÔVıÔ.
58, 62, 66, 60, 61, 65, 69.
yÏ°:
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔÁ· ∞Æ ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_ ®ø]™V_,
Â| ®ıV™m ÷Á¶WÁÈ gzD. ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[
∞ÆkˆÁƒ : 58, 60, 61, 62, 65, 66, 69.
gÔºk, ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = 62
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 8
ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ÔVıÔ.
14, 8, 22, 25, 15, 10, 12, 16
yÏ°
yÏ°: ∞Æ kˆÁƒ = 8, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 25
÷Á¶WÁÈ = = 14.5
gÔºk, ÷Á¶WÁÈ = 14.5.

269
xÔ|
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 9
ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ xÔ| ÔVıÔ.
2, 4, 6, 4, 2, 6, 6.
yÏ°: ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıË_ ®ı 6 \‚|D J[Æ xÁ≈ kÕm^·m.
®ı 2, ÷´ı| xÁ≈•D, ®ı ÂV[z, 2 xÁ≈•D kÕm^·m.
gÔºk, xÔ| = 6.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 10
14, 12, 15, 10, 18, 15, 15, 18, 15, 16 ®[≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xÔ| ®[™?
yÏ°;
®ı 15 á ÂV[z xÁ≈
®ı 18 á ÷´ı| xÁ≈
\u≈ ∂Á™›m ®ıÔ”D ŒÚxÁ≈ kÕm^·m.
gÔºk xÔ| = 15.
ÿ√Ú¬zfl ƒ´Vƒˆ:
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 11
ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚|^· ®ıÔ”¬z ÿ√Ú¬zfl ƒ´Vƒˆ ÔVıÔ.
2, 4, 16 \uÆD 32.

270
yÏ°:
Û›]´D:
G.M = ®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ
®]Ï \¶¬ÁÔ =
= 7.999 ≅ 8.0
÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ:
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 12
ˇºw c^· ®ıÔ”¬z ÷Áflƒ´Vƒˆ ÔVıÔ.
8, 3, 4, 5 \uÆD 2.

271
yÏ°:
Û›]´D:
1
2 H.M =
H.M = = 3.551
z§©A : (x¬˛B
x¬˛B Û›]´∫Ô^ Important Formula)
1. ƒ´Vƒˆ = (3 ÷Á¶WÁÈ á xÔ|).
2. ƒ´Vƒˆ á xÔ| = 3 (ƒ´Vƒˆ á ÷Á¶WÁÈ).

2
3. ÷Á¶WÁÈ = xÔ| + (ƒ´Vƒˆ á xÔ|).
3

272
4. xÔ| = ƒ´Vƒˆ á 3 (ƒ´Vƒˆ á ÷Á¶WÁÈ).

5. ÷Á¶WÁÈ = ÷´ı¶VD ÔV_\V™D.
6. Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ , ÿ√Ú¬zfl ƒ´Vƒˆ \uÆD ÷Áƒflƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD c^·
c≈°.
A.M ≥ GM ≥ HM
\VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø (Co-efficient of Variation)
]‚¶sÈ¬Ô›Á> ƒ´Vƒˆl[ ÿ\V›> \VÆ√V¶VÔ ®|›m¬ ÿÔVı|
Ô¬˛¶©√|D ƒ´Vƒˆl[ ƒ>T> \VÆ√V| \VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø gzD.
\VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø ÔVbD kVF√V|.
÷]_, , x ®[√Ák >´©√‚¶ A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD

\uÆD ƒ´Vƒˆ gzD.
\VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔøÁk ƒVÏA› ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ®™°D ∂Áw¬ÔÈVD.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1
ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ \VÆ√V‚|¬ÿÔø 60 % \uÆD ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 15
gzD. ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
\VÆ√V‚|¬ÿÔø =

273
60 = 100
x = 100
= 25
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2
100 º√Ï ÿÔVı¶ zøs[ ƒ´Vƒˆ cB´D 165 ÿƒ.* \uÆD
\VÆ√V‚|¬ÿÔø 3.5%. ∂kÏÔ^ cB´›][ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD ®[™?
yÏ°
®™ºk, ∂kÏÔ^ cB´›][ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD = 5.775.

E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ (Measures of Dispersion)
E>≈_ ∂·Ák á s·¬ÔD:
ƒ´VƒˆÁB ∑u§ cÆ©AÔπ[ E>≈_ >[Á\ÁB© √u§B
∂·Ák E>≈_ ∂·ÁkBVzD. ∂>Vkm {Ï √´ko[ ƒ´VƒˆÁB

274
∑u§ ∂©√´ko[ cÆ©AÔ^ E>§¬ ˛¶¬zD >[Á\ E>≈_ ∂_Èm

√´°ÁÔ (Dispersion) ®™©√|˛[≈m. ÷Á> E>≈_ >[Á\ (Degree
of Scatter) ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬ÔÈVD.
E>≈_ ∂·Ákl[ kÁÔÔ^: (Different Measures of

Dispersion)
E>≈_ ∂·ÁkÔ^ √È c^·™. ∂ku§_
x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ·Vk™,
1. Tfl∑ (Range)
2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD (Quartile Deviation)
3. ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ( Mean Deviation)
4. >´sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD g˛B™
x¬˛B\V™ÁkÔ·VzD.
1. Tfl∑: (Range)
E>≈_ ∂·°Ôπ_ ÔË©√>uz tÔ ®πÁ\BV™m.
tÔ©ÿ√ˆB cÆ©A¬zD (Largestgitems) tÔfl E§B cÆ©A¬zD
(Smallest items) ÷Á¶ºB c^· ºkÆ√V‚Ωuz Tfl∑ ®_ÁÈ ®[Æ
ÿ√BÏ.
tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ®ı á tÔfl E§B ®ı
Tfl∑¬ÿÔø = áááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ®ı + tÔfl E§B ®ı
Tfl∑¬ÿÔø: (Co-efficient of Range)
Co-efficient of Range =

275
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 1
ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔ”¬z Tfl∑ \uÆD Tfl∑¬ÿÔø ÔVıÔ.
2, 8, 4, 3, 12
yÏ° :
Tfl∑ =
Tfl∑ = 12 - 2 = 10
Tfl∑¬ÿÔø =
Tfl∑¬ÿÔø = 0.7143.
2. ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD: (Quartile Deviation)
“ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD ®[√m ÷´ı| ÔV_\V™∫Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB
c^· ºkÆ√V‚Ω_ √V] ” ®[Æ kÁ´BÆ¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ÷m Q.D
®[≈ ®ø›>V_ z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈m.
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD =
ÔV_\V™∫Ô”¬˛Á¶ºBBV™ ºkÆ√V| ÔV_\V™ ÷Á¶ÿkπ

(InterjQuartilegRange) ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ®™ºk
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô›Á> ÔV_\V™ ÷Á¶ÿkπl_ √V] (Semi–
Inter\Quartile Range) ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬ÔÈVD.
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô ÿÔø

276
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 2
∏[kÚD ®ıÔ”¬z ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD \uÆD ÔV_\V™
sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔø ÔVıÔ.
2 ,7, 3, 8, 5.
yÏ°:
Q3 − Q1
2
 N +1 6
km km
=  \]©A =   \]©A
 4  4
= (1.5) \]©A
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔ^ ∞ÆkˆÁƒl_ 2, 3, 4, 7, 8
= = 2.5
 3( N + 1)  km  3(5 + 1)  km
=   \]©A =  
 4   4 
= (4.5) km \]©A
= = 7.5
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD = = 2.5
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô ÿÔø = = 0.5.

277
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 3
∏[kÚDA^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬ÔD \uÆD
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔø ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:

278
= 37.333
Q3 − Q1 37.333 − 22.5
2
=
2
= 7.4165
Q3 − Q1 37.333 − 22.5
ÔV_\V™ sÈ¬Ô ÿÔø = = = 0.2479
Q3 + Q1 37.333 + 22.5
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD (Mean Deviation)

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ®[√m ŒÚ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm Ô¬˛¶©√|D
sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ gzD. ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD
Ô¬˛|Dº√Vm cÆ©AÔπ[ sÈ¬ÔD ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕº>V,
÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕº>V ∂_Èm xÔ‚ΩoÚÕº>V
®|¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm
®|¬Ô©√‚¶V_ E≈Õ> xΩ°ÔÁ· >Ú˛[≈m. ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›][
\]©Á√ Ô¬˛|Dº√Vm ºÂÏÔËB (Positive), ®]ÏÔËB
(Negative) z§Ô^ >sÏ¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ®_ÈV \]©AÔ”D
ºÂÏÔËB\VÔ ®|›m¬ ÿÔV^·©√|˛≈m.
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: (Calculation of Mean
Deviation)
∑D
Û›]´D: M.D
N
; ∑ D = ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂_Èm xÔ|
∂·s[ sÈÔ›][ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ.

N = ÷™∫Ôπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 4
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›Á>
(∂) ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·soÚÕmD,
(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕmD Ô¬˛|Ô.
®Á¶Ô^: 90, 100, 125, 115, 110.

279
yÏ°: (∂) ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_ ;

(Calculation Of Mean Deviation from Median)
®Á¶ ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm
(∞Æ kˆÁƒl_) sÈ¬ÔD (D = 110)
90 20
100 10
110 0
115 5
125 15
∑ x = 540 ∑D = 50
Mean Deviation = ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD = M.D =

∑D
∑ND+ 1  N
 
 2 
= ÷Á¶WÁÈ sÈ¬Ô›][ Ì‚|›ÿ>VÁÔ ± z§ >sÏ¬Ô
ºkı|D
N = cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ
km
÷Á¶WÁÈ = cÆ©∏[ \]©A
 N +1
÷Á¶WÁÈ =  
km
cÆ©A = 3 km cÆ©A
 2 
gÔºk, 3ákm cÆ©∏[ ∂·° 110.

50
÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD = = 10
5

280
(g) ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:

(Calculation of Mean deviation from Mean)
ƒ´Vƒˆ = ∑x
x=
N
; ∑ x = 540, N =5
540
x= = 108
5
gÔºk, ƒ´Vƒˆ = 108.
ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬ÔD (A=108)

®Á¶
D
90 18
100 8
125 17
115 7
110 2
∑D = 52
ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD =

∑D = = 10.4
N

281
ÿ>V¶ÏEBu≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD: (Calculation of Mean

Deviation for Discrete series)
Û›]´D:
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD =
∑fD
N
÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm sÈ¬ÔD \uÆD

∂ÁÈÿkıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬z› ÿ>VÁÔ,
∑f = ÿ\V›> ∂ÁÈÿkı.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 5
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫¬ÔV™ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›Á>
÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕmD, ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕmD Ô¬˛|Ô.
∑fD= X 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6
F 2 4 9 18 27 25 14 1
yÏ°: ÷Á¶WÁÈloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:
. D fD
20 02 02 06 12
18 04 06 04 16
16 09 15 02 18
14 18 33 0 0
12 27 60 02 54
10 25 85 04 100
08 14 99 06 84
06 01 100 08 8
N=100 ∑ f D = 292

282
 N + 1 km  100 + 1  km
÷Á¶WÁÈ =   cÆ©A =   cÆ©A
 2   2 
= 50.5 km cÆ©A = 12
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD =
∑f D =
292
= 2.92
N 100
ƒ´Vƒˆ = x =
∑ fx =
1200
= 12
N 100
ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_: (Calculation of

Mean Deviation from Mean)
D ; (D = 12 − x) fD
20 02 40 8 16
18 04 72 6 24
16 09 144 4 36
14 18 252 2 36
12 27 324 0 0
10 25 250 2 50
08 14 112 4 56
06 01 006 06 06
N=100 ∑ fx = 1200 ∑ f D = 224
ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD :

224
(Mean Deviation from Mean) = = 2.24
100

283
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔø (Coefficient of Mean Deviation)

ŒÚ √´ko[ ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô›Á> ∂m ®Õ> ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm
ÿ√≈©√‚¶º>V ∂Õ> ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ ÿÔVıº¶ kz›m ∂flƒ´Vƒˆ
sÈ¬Ô›]uzˆB ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ÿÔø Ô¬˛¶©√|˛[≈m.
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬Ô¬ ÿÔøsuÔV™ Û›]´D:
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·soÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛¶©√‚¶V_,
ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔÿÔø = áááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° (Median)
Ì‚|fl ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛¶©√‚¶V_,

ƒ´Vƒˆ sÈ¬ÔÿÔø = áááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááááá
Ì‚|fl ƒ´Vƒˆ (Mean)
]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ∂_Èm >´sÈ¬ÔD: (Standard Deviation)

˛º´¬Ô ÿ\Val_ ®[≈ ®ø›>V_ z§¬Ô©√|D ]‚¶
sÈ¬ÔD E>≈_ ∂·Ák¬ z§¬zD tÔfl E≈Õ> ∂·ÁkBVzD.
]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_: (Calculation of Standard
Deviation)
>M›ÿ>Vz] (Individual Series): >M› ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶
sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|k]_ ÷Ú xÁ≈Ô^ c^·™.
1. sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ®|©√m.
(Deviation taken from Actual Mean)
2. ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|©√m.
(Deviation taken from Assumed Mean)

284
cıÁ\BV™ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|›m ]‚¶

sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_.
Û›]´D : =
∑d 2
; = ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ;
N
∑d 2
= sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ kÏ¬Ô› ÿ>VÁÔ
N = cÆ©AÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔ.
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z : 6
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ÔVıÔ.
kÚ\V™D : 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
yÏ°:
kÚ\V™D X = 70
(
d2 = X − X )
2
d =x− x
40 -30 900
50 -20 400
60 -10 100
70 0 0
80 10 100
90 20 400
100 30 900
∑ X =490 ∑ (X − X ) = 0 ∑ (X − X ) = 2800
2

285
∑X =
X= N
= 70
∑ (x − x )
2
= 2800
= = 20
N 7
]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = 20
ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm sÈ¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ®|›m ]‚¶

sÈ¬Ô›Á> Ô¬˛|>_:
Û›]´D
∑d  ∑d 
2
490 2
= − 
7 N  N 
 
∑ d = ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm cÆ©AÔπ[

sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|› ÿ>VÁÔ
∑d 2
= ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm cÆ©AÔπ[
sÈ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ kÏ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|› ÿ>VÁÔ
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 7
∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á>¬ Ô¬˛|Ô.
\]©ÿ√ı: 50, 40, 60, 90, 95, 70, 80.

286
yÏ° :
d = x − A; d = x − 60 d2
50 -10 100
40 -20 400
60 0 0
90 30 900
95 35 1225
70 10 100
80 20 400
∑ d = 65 ∑d
2
= 3125
∑d  ∑d 
2 2 2
3125  65 
= −   =
 −   = 18.979
N  N  7  7
S.D = 18.97
ÿ>V¶ÏflEBu≈ ÿ>V¶Ú¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ÔVb>_:

(Calculation of Standard Deviation for Discrete Series)
Û›]´D
∑d  ∑d 
2 2
σ= − 
N  N 
 

287
\V]ˆ¬Ô¬z: 8 ∏[kÚD A^π sk´∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô

\]©Á√ Ô¬˛|Ô.
kÚ\V™D : x 10 12 17 21 26
f 2 4 8 5 1
yÏ°:
ª˛¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒ´VƒˆloÚÕm ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD Ô¬˛|>_:
10 2 -7 -14 098
12 4 -5 -20 100
17 8 0 0 000
21 5 4 +20 080
26 1 +9 +9 081
N = 20 ∑ fd = 5 ∑ fd 2
= 359
∑d  ∑d 
2 2 2
359  − 5 
σ= −   =
 −  = 4.16
N  N  20  20 
σ = 4.16

288
√luE¬ Ô¬z:
1 ) 15, 18, 15, 16, 14, 12, 15, 10, 18, 15 ®[≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xÔ| ®[™?
a) 15 b) 18 c) 0 d) 6
2) 3, 7, 5, 10, 8, 12 ÷ku§[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ®[™?
a) 7 b) 8 c)7. 5 d) 1
3) 8, 5, 4, 9, 11, 17 ®[≈ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ xÔ| ®[™?
a) 1 b) 0 c) 9 d) xÔ|
÷_ÁÈ.
4) 10, 12, 25, 14, 52, 8 ®[˛≈ A^πÔπ[ Tfl∑ (Range) ®[™?
a) 44 b) 60 c) 13 d) 12.14
5) nÕm ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 4, ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıb¶–D 5 g_

ÿ√Ú¬Ô¬ ˛Á¶¬zD A]B ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD ®[™?
a) 20 b) 4 c) 25 d) 9
6) Tfl∑ ®™©√|km?
a) cBÏÕ> \]©A $ zÁ≈Õ> \]©A
b) cBÏÕ> \]©A + zÁ≈Õ> \]©A
c) cBÏÕ> \]©A ÷ zÁ≈Õ> \]©A
d) cBÏÕ> \]©A - zÁ≈Õ> \]©A
7) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶cÆ©AÔÁ· ∞Æ kˆÁƒ ∂_Èm ÷≈∫z kˆÁƒl_
®ø>,k∂ku§[ Â| cÆ©∏[ \]©A ®™©√|km BVm?
a) Ì‚|flƒ´Vƒˆ b) xÔ| c) ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° d) Tfl∑

289
8) ˇºw ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° ®[™?

15 , 18, 9 , 12 , 10 , 25, 13.
a)15 b) 12 c) 13 d) 10
9) Â¶¬Ô ÷BÈV> WÔµflEl[ WÔµ>Ô° ®[™?
a) 1 b) 0 c)2 d) 1/2
10) 50 A^π sk´∫Ôπ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ 25, ∂ku§[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 5
®M_, kÏ¬Ô∫Ôπ[ Ì‚|› ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?
a)1250 b) 6250 c)32500 d) 250
11) ŒÚ ÿ>V¶ˆ[ \VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø 70% \uÆD ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 12.6
®M_, ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´VƒˆÁB¬ ÔVıÔ.
a) 18 b) 88.2 c) 30%
d) ÷ku§_ ®m°t_ÁÈ.
12) nÕm ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD 3.12 ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıb¶–D
3n¬ Ì‚¶ A]B ®ıÔπ[ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD ®[™?
a) 6.12 b) 3.12 c) 18.12 d) 9.36
13) √›m ®ıÔπ[ Ì|>_ 550 ∂ku§[ ]‚¶sÈ¬ÔD 9 ®M_,
∂ku§[ sÈ¬Ô kÏ¬Ô ƒ´Vƒˆ ®[™?
a) 3 b) 81 c) 500 d) 55
sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:
1. (A) xÔ| ®[√m ∂]Ô xÁ≈ ÔV©√|D cÆ©A gzD. 15 ®[≈
®ı 4 xÁ≈, 18 ®[≈ ®ı 2 xÁ≈•D kÕm^·m. gÔºk xÔ|
15.
2. (C) ∞Æ kˆÁƒ 3, 5, 7, 8,10,12 ; ÷ÁWÁÈB·° = 7.5.

290
3. (D) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂Á™›m ®ıÔ”D ŒÚ xÁ≈>V[

kÕm^·m. ®™ºk xÔ| ÷_ÁÈ.
4. (A) Tfl∑ = tÔ©ÿ√ˆB \]©A á tÔflE§B \]©A = 52 - 8 = 44.
5. (A) ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıÁ•D ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ®ıV_ ÿ√Ú¬Ô
]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›Á>•D ∂º> ®ıV_ ÿ√Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
®™ºk ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = .
6. (D) Tfl∑ ®[√m cBÏÕ> \uÆD zÁ≈Õ> \]©AÔπ[

s›]BVƒD.
7. (C) ÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·°
8. (C) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ ∞ÆkˆÁƒ : 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 25
÷Á¶WÁÈ ∂·° = 13
9 (B) ŒÚ ÂVB›Á> ∑ı|Dº√Vm ®ı 5 ˛Á¶¬z\V?
˛Á¶¬ÔVm. ®™ºk Â¶¬Ô ÷BÈV> WÔµflEl[
WÔµ>Ô° = 0.
10 (C)
σ2 =
∑ x − (x )
2
2
∑x 2
− (25)
2
5 =
2
50

291
25 + 625 =
∑x 2
50
∑x 2
= 50 × 650 = 32500
σ 12.6
11. (A) \VÆ√V‚|¬ ÿÔø (C.V) = × 100 = × 100 = 18
x 70
®™ºk, ÿ>V¶ˆ[ ƒ´Vƒˆ = 18
12. (B) ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ı–¶–D, ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ®ıÁ¬

Ì‚Ω™V_ ∂>[ ]‚¶ sÈ¬Ô›]_ \Vu≈D ∞u√¶Vm.
]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = 3.12
X 13. (B) ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD = var iance
sÈ¬Ô kÏ¬Ô ƒ´Vƒˆ = ( ]‚¶ sÈ¬ÔD )2 = 92 = 81
ƒ>T>D (Percentage)
ƒ>T>D ®[√m ±uÆ¬z ®Àk·° ®[√º> gzD.

50
c>V´\VÔ
c>V´\VÔ, 50% ®[√Á> ®™ ®ø>ÈVD.
100
0.6 6
0.6% ®[√Á> ®™°D ®™°D ®ø>ÈVD.
100 1000
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1
20á_ 5 ®[√m ®›>Á™ ƒ>T>D?

292
yÏ°:
 5 
ƒ>T>D =  ×100  % = 25%
 20 
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2
‘.4000- _, 15% ®Àk·° ‘√VF?
15
‘√VF = × 4000 = 600
100
®™ºk, ‘.4000 á _ 15% ®[√m ‘.600/-n¬ z§¬zD.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 3
ŒÚ mË¬ÔÁ¶l_ ‘.20,000/-¬z mË ®|›>V_ 5% >^”√Ω

®™ ÿƒV[™V_, ®Àk·° ‘√VF >^”√Ω ÿƒFkVÏÔ^?
yÏ°:
5
>^”√Ω = × 20000 = 1000
100
®™ºk, ‘.1000 n >^”√Ω ÿƒFkVÏÔ^.
÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^:
9 Aál[ kÚ\V™D B-l[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶ R% ∂]ÔD

®M_, B-l[ kÚ\V™D Aál[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶

293
 R 
 × 100  0 0 zÁ≈°.
 100 + R 
9 A ál[ kÚ\V™D B ál[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶ R %

zÁ≈° ®M_, Bál[ kÚ\V™D Aál[
 R 
kÚ\V™›Á>s¶  × 100  0 0 ∂]ÔD.
 100 − R 
®|›m¬ÔV‚|:4
Ajl[ kÚ\V™D B -l[ kÚ\V™›Á> s¶ 20 ƒ>T>D ∂]ÔD
®M_, B ál[ kÚ\V™D A l[ kÚ\V™›Á> s¶ ®Àk·°
ƒ>T>D zÁ≈°?
17 0 0 yÏ°:
 R   20 
 × 100  0 0 =  × 100  0 0 ( R = 20 0 0 )
 100 + R   100 + 20 
= 16.667 0 0 ≅ 17 0 0
®™ºk, B-l[ kÚ\V™D Aál[ kÚ\V™›Á>s¶ zÁ≈°.
®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 5
ŒÚ Áƒ¬˛π[ sÁÈ 15% cBÏ˛≈m. ÷m ÿ>ˆBV\_ ŒÚkÏ

Áƒ¬˛π[ √ÁwB sÁÈÁB Ô¬˛_ Ák›m √D ÿÔVı|
ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. ®™ºk, ∂kÏ ÿÔV^x>ÁÈ (Áƒ¬˛π[
®ıË¬ÁÔÁB) ®›>Á™ ƒ>T>D zÁ≈¬Ô ºkı|D?

294
yÏ°: Áƒ¬˛π[ sÁÈ 15% cBÏ˛[≈m.
R=15%
 R   15  1500 1
 × 100  0 0 =  × 100  0 0 = = 13 0 0
 100 + R   100 + 15  115 23
1 0
®™ºk, ∂kÏ Áƒ¬˛π[ ®ıË¬ÁÔÁB 13 0 zÁ≈¬Ô
23
ºkı|D.
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ Ô¬z

Ô¬z:
ŒÚ ˛´V\›]_ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ >uƒ\BD P ®[Ô. ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D

R% \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ∂]Ôˆ¬zD ®[≈V_,
n
 R 
l‘n’\kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z© ∏≈z \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ= P 1 + 
 100 
P
‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z x[A \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ =
(
1+ R
100
n
)
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 6
ŒÚ ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 7000 º√Ï. ∂Õ> ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^

ÿ>VÁÔ ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D 4% ∂]Ôˆ¬˛[≈m ®[≈V_, 2
gı|Ô”¬z© ∏≈z ∂Õ>¬ ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®[™?
P
yÏ°: ‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z© ∏≈z \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ =
(1 + R100) n

295
÷∫z, n = 2 gı|Ô^, R = 4% P = 7000
2
\¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = 7000 1 + 4  = 7571.2 ≅ 7571
 100 
®™ºk, 2 gı|Ô”¬z© ∏≈z, ∂Õ> ˛´V\›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ

7571.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 7
{Ï ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 44,100 º√Ï. ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^

ÿ>VÁÔ ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D 4% cBÏ˛≈m ®[≈V_, 2
gı|Ô”¬z x[A ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®Àk·° º√Ï?
yÏ° :
P
‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z x[A \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ =
(
1+ R
100
)n
÷]_ , P = 44100, n = 2, R = 4%
44100
/ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = = 40772.92 ≅ 40773
(
1+ 4
100
2
)
®™ºk, 2 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ =
40773 º√Ï.

296
º>F\V™¬ Ô¬ˇ|Ô^ (Depreciation)
ŒÚ ÷BÕ]´›][ >uº√VÁ>B sÁÈ P ®[Ô. ∂m ºkÁÈ

ÿƒFk>V_ ŒÀÿkVÚ gı|D ∂>[ sÁÈ zÁ≈•D ®[≈V_,
n
‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z ∏≈z, ÷BÕ]´›][ sÁÈ = P 1 − R 
 100 
P
‘n’ kÚ¶∫Ô”¬z x[A, ÷BÕ]´›][ sÁÈ =
(
1− R
100
n
)
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 8
ŒÚ kı› ÿ>VÁÈÔV‚E ÿ√‚ΩÁB ŒÚkÏ ‘.8100¬z

kV∫z˛[≈VÏ. ∂>[ º>F\V™ ƒ>T>D gı|¬z 10% ®[≈V_,
∂Õ> kı›ÿ>VÁÈÔV‚Eÿ√‚Ωl[ sÁÈBV™m
(i) 3 gı|Ô”¬z© ∏[A ®[™?
(ii) 3 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ®[™?
yÏ°
kı›ÿ>VÁÈÔV‚Eÿ√‚Ωl[ >uº√VÁ>B sÁÈ = 8100
º>F\V™ ƒ>T>D = 10%
(i) 3 gı|Ô”¬z ∏[ ∂>[ sÁÈ

n 3
 R   10 
= P 1 −  = 8100 1 −  = 5904.9 ≅ 5905
 100   100 

297
(ii) 3 gı|Ô”¬z x[A ∂>[ sÁÈ

P 8100
= = 11111.11 ≅ 11111
=
(
1− R
100
n
) (
1 − 10
100
3
)
®™ºk, sÁÈ 3 gı|Ô”¬z ∏[A ‘.5905, sÁÈ 3
gı|Ô”¬z x[A ‘. 11111.
√luE Ô¬zÔ^:
1) 50 × x = 25 0 0 800 ®M_, x \]©A ®[™?
a) 4 b) 5 c) 3 d) 6
x + 30 0 0 2) 50% of of 210 ®M_, x -[ \]©A ®[™?
a) 18 b) 72 c) 50 d) 36
3) 75án ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ®ıË[ 75% c¶[ Ì‚|Dº√Vm ∂Õ>

z§©∏‚¶ ®ı ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m ®M_, ∂Õ> ®ı ®m?
a) 75 b) 150 c) 200 d) 300
4) A -[ \]©A B [ \]©∏_ 80% ®[≈V_, A [ \]©∏[ ƒ>T>D

®[™?
a) 100% b) 110% c) 125% d) 150%

298
5) ŒÚ ±ÈÔ›]_ 20% A›>Ô∫Ô^ g∫˛ÈD ƒVÏÕ>Ák.

*>x^·ÁkÔπ_ 50% A›>Ô∫Ô^ >tµ ƒVÏÕ>Ák. \u≈ ÿ\Va
A›>Ô∫Ô^ 800 c^·™. ®™ºk, ®›>Á™ >tµÿ\Va A›>Ô∫Ô^
±ÈÔ›]_ c^·™?
a) 1000 b) 500 c) 300 d) 800
6) ŒÚkˆ[ ƒD√·D 50% zÁ≈¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ∏[A ∂kˆ[ ƒD√·D

50% cBÏ›>©√|˛[≈m ®[≈V_, ∂kÏ ∂Á¶km ÷ÈV√\V?
∂_Èm Âi¶\V?
a) 25% ÷ÈV√D b) 25% Âi¶D c) ÷ÈV√xD ÷_ÁÈ

Âi¶xD ÷_ÁÈ d) 2.5% Âi¶D.
7) ŒÚ ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ gıΩuz 15% cBÏ˛≈m. 1998-D

kÚ¶D ∂Õ> ÂÔ´›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ 10000 gzD. ®™ºk, 2000
á D kÚ¶›][ \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ ®Àk·°?
a) 13000 b) 14000 c) 13225 d) 14225
8) ŒÚ ÿƒÀkÔ›][ ¿·D 20% cBÏ›>©√|˛[≈m. ∂>[ ∂ÔÈD

20% zÁ≈¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. ÷Õ> \Vu≈∫Ô·V_ √´©A ®›>Á™
ƒ>T>D zÁ≈•D?
a) 16% b) 40% c) 0% d) 4%

299
9) ŒÚ ƒm´›][ ŒÀÿkVÚ √¬ÔxD 25% cBÏ›>©√|˛[≈m

®[≈V_, ∂>[ √´©A ®Àk·° ƒ>T>D ∂]Ôˆ¬zD?
a) 100% b) 50% c) 56.25% d) 2%
10) 30% of 90 = 27 ®M_, x-[ \]©A ®[™?

x
a) 0 b) 1 c) 27 d) 25%
sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:
1. (a)
25 × 8
/ x= =4
50 × x = 25 0 0 800 = 50
50x = 25 × 8
50 30
2. (b) ×x+ × 90
100 100
x = 2 × 36 = 72
3.(b) ∂Õ> ®ı = x ®[Ô.
75
× x + 75 = x
100
75 × 100
x= = 300
25
/ ∂Õ> ®ı = 300.

300
80
4.(c) A = B ; 100A = 80 B
100
B 5
=
A 4
5
/ ƒ>T>D = × 100 = 125 0 0
4
5) (b) g∫˛È A›>Ô∫Ô^ 20%
*>x^·Ák = 100-20 = 80%
>tµ A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 50% ; *>x^·Ák = 50% of 80

50
= × 80 = 40 0 0
100
\u≈ ÿ\Va A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 100- (20+40) = 100 - 60 = 40%
40% A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 800
®™ºk, >tµ A›>Ô∫Ô^ = 40% = 800
6) ŒÚkˆ[ ƒD√·D = ‘. 100 ®[Ô. 100 - [ 50% =

50
×100 = ‘. 50
100
®™ºk, ∂kˆ[ zÁ≈¬Ô©√‚¶ ƒD√·D = ‘. 100 - 50 = ‘. 50
50
50 [ 50% = × 50 = ‘. 25
100

301
®™ºk, ∂kˆ[ cBÏ›>©√‚¶ ƒD√·D ‘. 50 + 25 = ‘. 75.

∂kÏ ∂Á¶Õ> Âi¶D = ‘. 100 - 75 = 25.
25
Âi¶ ƒ>T>D = × 100 = 25 %
100
7) 1998-D gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = 10000
gı|¬z cBÏ° ƒ>T>D = 15%
2000áD gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ

2 2
 15   115 
= 100001 +  = 10000  = 13225
 100   100 
®™ºk, 2000 á D gı| \¬Ô^ ÿ>VÁÔ = 13225.
x× y
8). (D) x + y =
100
x = 20, y = −20,
√´©A = 4%
x× y
9) (C) x + y =
100
x = y = 25 0 0
25 × 25
x = 25 + 25 + = 56.25
100

302
30
10) (B) × 90 = 27 x
100
27 x = 27
x =1
*.ÿ√V.\. \uÆD *.ÿ√V.k

*.ÿ√V.k.
*.ÿ√V.\. ®[√m *flEÆ ÿ√Vm \¶∫z ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬ÔD gzD.

÷Á> g∫˛È›]_ LCM (Least Common Mutliple) ®[√Ï.
∂>Vkm ÷´ı| ∂_Èm ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ √_KÆ©A¬ ºÔVÁkl[
*flEÆ ÿ√Vm \¶∫z ®[√m ∂ÀsÚ (∂) ∂>uz º\u√‚¶
√_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkÔ·VKD xøkm\VÔ kz√¶¬ÌΩB tÔ¬
zÁ≈Õ> ÿ√VmkV™©√ΩÁB¬ ÿÔVı¶ √_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkBVzD.
÷>–Á¶B cBÏ√Ω cÆ©∏[ ÿÔøs[ z§BV™m ∂ÀsÚ
√_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ô_ √ÈM[ cBÏ√Ω cÆ©∏[
ÿÔøs[ z§ÁB cÁ¶B>VÔ ÷Ú¬zD.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 1
5, 15, 20, 30 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ LCM ®[™?
yÏ°:
5 5 15 20 30
31 3 4 6
21 1 4 2
1 1 2 1

303
LCM = 5 × 3 × 2 × 2 = 60
®™ºk 5, 15, 20, 30 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ LCM 60 gzD.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2
[ LCM ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
12 ( x − 1) = 2 2 × 3( x − 1) ®™ ®ø>ÈVD.
3 3
15 ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) = 5 × 3( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ®™ ®ø>ÈVD.

2 2
®™ºk, LCM = 2 2 × 3 × 5 × ( x − 1)3 × ( x + 2 )2
12 ( x − 1) , 15 ( x − 1)( x + 2 )= 60 ( x − 1)3 ( x + 2 )2
3 2
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 3
6 x 2 y, 9 x 2 yz, 12 x 2 y 2 z
g˛Bku§[ LCM ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
6x2 y = 2 × 3× x2 y
9 x 2 yz = 32 x 2 yz
12 x 2 y 2 z = 2 2 × 3 × x 2 y 2 z

304
®™ºk, LCM = 2 2 × 32 × x 2 y 2 z
= 4×9× x2 y2 z
LCM = 36x 2 y 2 z
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 4
96, 108, 280 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ LCM ®[™?
yÏ°:
2 96 108 280
2 48 54 140
2 24 27 70
3 12 27 35
4 9 35
/ LCM = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 9 × 35 = 30240
( ∂_Èm )
108 = 2 2 × 33
280 = 23 × 5 × 7
/ LCM = (25 × 33 × 5 × 7 ) = 30240

305
*.ÿ√V.k. *©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›]

*.ÿ√V.k.(*©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›]):
*.ÿ√V.k.. ®[√m *©ÿ√Ú ÿ√Vmkz›] ®[√>[ ∑Ú¬ÔD
gzD. ÷Á> g∫˛È›]_ HCF (HighestdCommonmFactor)
®[√Ï. ∂>Vkm ÷´ı| (∂) ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ (∂)
√_KÆ©A¬ºÔVÁkÔπ[ ®_ÈV ÿ√Vm kz›]ÔÁ·•D tÔ©ÿ√ˆB
∂|¬ÁÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶mD ∂Õ> ∂|¬˛[ ÿÔøkV™m tÁÔ
®ıVÔ°D ÷Ú¬˛[≈ ÿ√Vm kz›]>V[.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5
5, 15, 20, 30 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ HCF ®[™?
yÏ°:
5 5 15 20 30
1 3 4 5
HCF = 5
/ ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 5
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 6
25, 35, 45 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ HCF ®[™?
5 25 35 45
5 7 9
HCF = 5 (*]ÁB ®|¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm)

306
(∂_Èm)
25 = 52
35 = 5 × 7
®™ºk, HCF = 5 (∂Á™›m ®ıÔπKD ÿ√VmkV™ ®ı).
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 7
x 3 − 9 x 2 + 23x − 15, 4 x 2 − 16 x + 12 g˛Bku§[ HCF ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
f ( x ) = x 3 − 9 x 2 + 23x − 15 ®[Ô.
g ( x ) = 4 x 2 − 16 x + 12 ®[Ô.
( )
= 4 x 2 − 4 x + 3 ®™°D ®ø>ÈVD.
x −5
x 2 − 4x + 3 x 3 − 9x 2 + 23x − 15
x 3 − 4 x 2 + 3x
− 5x 2 + 20x − 15
− 5x 2 + 20x − 15
0
HCF = x 2 − 4 x + 3

307
÷´ı| x¬˛B s]Ô^ :
1. ÷´ı| ®ıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[ = (∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ LCM) $

(∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ HCF).
2. ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ HCF g™m ∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ LCM

- I ®©º√VmD *]l[§ kz¬zD.
®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 8
÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 12. ∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[ LCM = 180. ŒÚ
®ı 36 ®M_, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ®m?
yÏ°;
\uÿ≈VÚ ®ı = áááááááááááááá
ŒÚ ®ı
12 × 180
= = 60
36
®™ºk, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı = 60.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 9
÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 99. ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔ^ 198, 1386 gzD.
®M_, ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ LCM ®[™?
yÏ°;
÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[
= ááááááááááááááááááááááááááááóóóóó

308
198 × 1386
LCM = = 2772
99
®™ºk, LCM = 2772 gzD.
∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF \uÆD LCM Ô¬˛|>_:
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF

ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ HCF
= ------------------------
√z] ®ıÔπ[ LCM
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ LCM
ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ LCM

= ------------------------
√z] ®ıÔπ[ HCF
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 10
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCFá n¬ ÔVıÔ.
8 22 10
, , .
18 81 27
yÏ° : ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[ HCF
2 8 22 10
4 11 5
/ HCF = 2

309
√z] ®ıÔπ[ LCM

3 18 81 27
3 6 27 9
32 9 3
2 3 1
/ LCM = 3 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 162
ÿ>Vz] ®ıÔπ[
®™ºk, ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF = ááááááááááááááááááááááááá
√z] ®ıÔπ[ LCM
2
2 ®™ºk, ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ HCF =
162
162
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 11
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ LCM n¬ ÔVıÔ.
20 15 60
, ,
105 90 75
yÏ°: ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[ LCM
5 20 15 60
2 4 3 12
32 3 6
22 1 2
1 1 1
LCM = 5 × 2 × 3 × 2 = 60

310
√z]Ôπ[ HCF :
5 105 90 75
3 21 18 15
7 6 5
H C F = 5 × 3 = 15
®™ºk, ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[™ ®ıÔπ[ LCM
√luE Ô¬zÔ^:
1) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ÁkÔπ[ LCM ®[™?

2 3 × 3 × 5, 2 4 × 5 × 7
a) 24 × 3 × 5 × 7 b) 23 × 5 × 7
c) 27 × 3 × 52 × 7 d) 212 × 3 × 52 × 7
1 2 3 4
2) , , , ÷ÁkÔπ[ HCF ®[™?
2 3 4 5
1
a) b) 60 c) 1 d) 40
60
3) ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 28 ∂ku§[ LCM = 84

ŒÚ ®ı = 28 ®[≈V_, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ®[™?
a) 84 b) 28 c) 56 d) 1

311
4) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[ HCFán¬ ÔVıÔ.
12, 18, 24, 54
a) 6 b) 2 c) 3 d) 216
5) ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ LCM g™m ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ HCF º√V_

nÕm \¶∫z ∂]ÔD. º\KD LCM n•D HCF n•D Ì‚Ω™V_
300 ˛Á¶¬˛[≈m. ŒÚ ®ı 125 ®[≈V_, \uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ®[™?
a) 175 b) 150 c) 625 d) 100

6 ) ÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ ÿ√Ú¬Ôu√È[ 1600, ∂ku§[ HCF = 5 ®M_,
LCM ®[™?
a) 8000 b) 1600 c) 5 d) 320
7) ÂV[z ÔΩÔV´∫Ô^ \Ë Œo¬zD ºÂ´∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 5

s™VΩÔ^, 10 s™VΩÔ^, 15 s™VΩÔ^, 20 s™VΩÔ^. ÷Õ> ÂV[z
ÔΩÔV´∫Ô”D ºƒÏÕm Œº´ ºÂ´›]_ ŒÚ \Ë ºÂ´›]_ ®›>Á™
xÁ≈ Œo¬zD?
a) 60 xÁ≈ b) 1 xÁ≈ c) 2 xÁ≈ d) 30 xÁ≈
8) 24 ]´V‚Áƒ Ô[ÆÔÁ·•D, 18 kVÁw Ô[ÆÔÁ·•D, 12 ÔÚDA

Ô[ÆÔÁ·•D ŒÚ skƒVl kV∫z˛[≈VÏ. ∂Õ> Ô[ÆÔÁ· ∂Õ>
skƒVl >[ º>V‚¶›]_ kˆÁƒ (Row) xÁ≈l_ Â|˛[≈VÏ.
ŒÀÿkVÚ kˆÁƒlKD Œº´ \V]ˆBV™ Ô[ÆÔÁ· \‚|D
Â|˛[≈VÏ ®M_, ∂kÏ zÁ≈Õ>m ®›>Á™ kˆÁƒÔπ_ Â|kVÏ?
a) 5 kˆÁƒÔ^ b) 6 kˆÁƒÔ^ c) 9 kˆÁƒÔ^ d) 10

kˆÁƒÔ^.

312
sˆkV™ sÁ¶Ô^:
1. (A) 23 × 3 × 5 , 2 4 × 5 × 7
/ LCM = 2 4 × 3 × 5 × 7
2. (A) ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[ HCF
11 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
/ HCF = 1
√z]Ôπ[ LCM
22 3 4 5
1 3 2 5
/ LCM = 2 × 3 × 2 × 5 = 60
®™ºk, HCF = 1
60
3. (A)
HCF x LCM
\uÿ≈VÚ ®ı ----------------
ŒÚ ®ı
28 × 84
= = 84
28

313
4. (A)
ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ıÔπ[
5. (C) ÿÔV|¬Ô©√‚¶ ŒÀÿkVÚ ®ıÔπ[ tÔ©ÿ√ˆB

∂|¬zÔÁ· ®ø>ºkı|D.
6. (D)
1600
LCM= = 320
5
7. (A)
LCM =

314
ÂV[z ÔΩÔV´∫Ô”D Œº´ ºÂ´›]_ Œo¬Ô 60s™VΩÔ^ º>Ák.

60 s™VΩÔπ_ 1 xÁ≈ Œo¬zD.
/1 \Ë ºÂ´›]_ (60 × 60 s™VΩÔ^) xÁ≈Ô^
8.(C)
6 24 18 12
4 3 2
24, 18,12 g˛B ®ıÔπ[ HCF = 6.
24 18 12
kˆÁƒ xÁ≈Ô^ = + + = 4 + 3 + 2 = 9 kˆÁƒÔ^.
6 6 6
Ratio and Proportion

s˛>D \uÆD s˛>©√|›m>_:
®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 1
÷Ú ®ıÔ”¬˛Á¶ºB c^· s˛>∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 3 : 7.

∂ku§[ *.ÿ√V.k 210. gÔºk, ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔÁ·¬ ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
÷Ú ®ıÔ^ \uÆD 7 x ®[Ô.

3 x \uÆD 7 x [ *.ÿ√V.k.
3 × 7 × x = 21x

315
gÔºk, ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔ^ 30 \uÆD 70.
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 2
\uÆD ®M_, [ \]©A ®[™?

yÏ°:
gÔºk,
®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 3
®M_, A : C ®[™?
yÏ°:
\uÆD
\uÆD

316
gÔºk, A : C = 5: 3.
®|›m¬ÔV‚|: 4
®M_, [ \]©Á√¬ ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
gÔºk,
®|›m¬ÔV‚| : 5.
÷Ú ®ıÔπ[ s˛>∫Ô^ xÁ≈ºB 2 : 3. ŒÀÿkVÚ
®ıÔ”¶–D 10 Ì‚¶©√|˛≈m. gÔºk, ∂Õ> ®ıÔπ[
s˛>∫Ô^ 4 : 5. ∂Õ> ÷Ú ®ıÔÁ·¬ ÔVıÔ.
yÏ°:
÷Ú ®ıÔ^ \uÆD ®[Ô.
ƒ\[√V| (1) \uÆD (2) n yÏ¬Ô,
gÔºk, ÷Ú ®ıÔ^ 10 \uÆD 15.

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1

MILEST ONE RESEAR

x>_ √]©A : ÿƒ©¶D√Ï á 2016

√¬ÔD : 300 √¬Ô∫Ô^

cˆÁ\ : Á\_¸º¶V[ ˆƒÏﬂ ∂Ô¶t

ÿkπX| : TISSL Publication

ISBN No. : 978-93-80132-16-7

∂ﬂE‚º¶VÏ : ]Úk^”kÏ g©ÿƒ‚ ∏ˆı¶Ï¸

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

÷©√Á¶ º>Vu˛[ ®©√Á¶ ÿk_KD ®[≈ ÿÂﬁ∑Æ]

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

√V¶›]‚¶D ÿ√Vm› >tµ ( ÿÔV^z§› º>Ïsuz)

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

2. ∂≈±_Ô^ ÂVÈΩBVÏ, ÂV[\Ë¬ÔΩÁÔ, √wÿ\Va

3. ÔD√´VBD-ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^ º\uºÔV^Ô^,

4. A≈ÂV˚Æ- ∂ÔÂV˚O, Âu§Á, zÆÕÿ>VÁÔ,

6. ÿ√ˆBA´VD - ÂVÈl´ ]ÀsB©∏´√Õ>D -

8. \º™V[\ËBD - √VﬁƒVo ƒ√>D - zl_ √V‚| - ÷´‚|≈

9. ƒ\B x[º™VΩÔ^ ∂©√Ï, ƒD√Õ>Ï, ∑Õ>´Ï, \VË¬Ô

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

1. √V´]BVÏ, √V´]>Vƒ[, ÂV\¬Ô_ ÔsQÏ, Ôs\Ë º>EB

2. \´A¬ÔsÁ>: xΩB´ƒ[, kVË>Vƒ[, ∑´>V,

3. Am¬ÔsÁ> - Â.∏ﬂƒJÏ›], E.∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, >ÚxEk´Vx,

4. >ta_ ÔΩ> ÷È¬˛BD - ÂV‚z§©A. ºÂÚ - ÔVÕ] - x.k -

5. ÂV¶Ô¬ÔÁÈ - ÷Áƒ¬ÔÁÈ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

6. >ta_ EÆÔÁ>Ô^ >ÁÈ©A- gEˆBÏ-ÿ√VÚ›m>_.

7. ÔÁÈÔ^ - Eu√D - {sBD - º√ﬂ∑ - ]Á´©√¶¬ÔÁÈ

9. cÁ´ÂÁ¶ - \Á≈\ÁÈBΩÔ^, √ˆ]\VuÔÁÈQÏ,

10. c.ºk.ƒVtÂV> nBÏ, ÿ>.ÿ√V.*™V‚E ∑Õ>´™VÏ,

11. º>kºÂB©√VkVÏ - ∂Ô´x>o, √VkÈº´Æ ÿ√Úﬁ

12. ˜.• º√V© - T´\VxMkÏ >tµ›ÿ>Vı| E≈©A› ÿ>V¶ÏÔ^

13. ÿ√ˆBVÏ- ∂ıV -x›m´V\o∫Ô› º>kÏ- ∂Dº√›ÔÏ-

14. >twÔD - ªÚD º√ÚD, º>Vu≈D \Vu≈D √u§B ÿƒF]Ô^.

15. cÈÔ·VsB >twÏÔ^ E≈©AD - ÿ√ÚÁ\•D - >tµ© √Ë•D

16. >tµÿ\Val_ ∂§sB_ EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ÿƒF]Ô^.

17. >tµ \Ôπˆ[ E≈©A - ∂[M ÿ√ƒı‚ ∂DÁ\BVÏ,

18. >twÏ kËÔD - ÿ>V_oB_ gF°Ô^ -Ô¶u√B∫Ô^

19. cºk \ÚÕm - ºÂVF yÏ¬zD JoÁÔÔ^ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™

20. ƒ\B© ÿ√VmÁ\ cÏ›]B >V•\V™kÏ, ÷´V\o∫Ô

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

ÿku§¬zD º>V_s¬zD EÆ s›]BVƒD

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

81. ÿ>VÁÔ WÁÈ› ÿ>V¶Ï : ÿ√BÏﬂ ÿƒV_ºÈV|

82. sÁ™›ÿ>VÁÔ : ÔVÈD ÔV‚|D ÷Á¶WÁÈ•D, ÿ√Bÿ´ﬂƒ

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

k_o™D tÔV ÷¶∫Ô^

218. ®økVF› ÿ>V¶ˆ_ k_o™D tÔVm

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

1. ]Ú¬z≈”¬z ∂|›>√ΩBVÔ º√Vu≈©√|D ¿]±_

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

TNPSC s™V- sÁ¶ ÁÔºB|

2. ÷Õ]B ∂´EBÈÁ\©Aﬂ ƒ‚¶D

2. ∏‚¸ ÷Õ]BV ƒ‚¶D á 1784

3. ÷Õ]B ∂´∑ﬂ ƒ‚¶D á 1858