Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
UNITED KORAPUT
(B.C. to 1250AD)
DAS KORNEL
First published 2017
@ Das Kornel 2017
All rights reserved. No parts of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of
the author and the publisher.
ISBN 978-93-5288-893-1
Dr. Das Kornel was born in a Punjabi family at Jeypore (Koraput district) in
Odisha State of India on 18th August 1948. His family came down during 1870
from Amritsar to Jeypore, then was under the Agency area of Visakahpatam in
Madras Presidency and Jeypore as a State ruled by the Suryavamsi family; they
have few documents since 1892. Dr.Kornel is a qualified Veterinarian with
specialization in Animal Genetics and exercised his profession uptill 1999.He had
an excellent accademic carrier and had earned Honours to his degree and 3
University Goldmedals and several prizes. He worked with Government of India
in various positions since 1971 and took Voluntry retirement from the post of
Director, CCBF in 1999.He was instrumental in establishing Indo-Australian
Sheep Breeding Project, Hissar and Central Cattle (Jersey) Breeding Farm,
Sunabeda, Government of India. He had established Frozen Semen Bank and
Embryo Transfer Laboratory in CCBF, Sunabeda. He has worked with DANIDA
as Danida Advisor for 10 long years and was the Programmee Coordinator (IC-
SDC) Indo-Swiss Natural Resource Management Programme, Odisha for 4 years.
Dr. Kornel has grassroots level experience of 25 years in Rural Sector
Development.- Project and Programmes, especially the Poverty alleviation
programmee areas in tribal dominant districts of Odisha. His early education and
most service period were spent in Koraput district and for brief period in Bastar
i
district but from last eight years he is working with poor tribals of Mayurbhanj
and Kenojhore districts of Odisha. He is associated as a Consultant to GALVmed,
Scotland since 2009. The programmee is associated with two lakh fifty thousand
house holds in Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar district tribal families spread across16
blocks of the said districts. The skills to raise small animals particularly the back
yard poultry through trained Community Animal Health Workers is the strategy
to alleviate poverty here. Some how, the life and culture of tribals fascinated him
and thus he went deep into the subject. He has published about 44 papers in
Animal Science and few books in Farming Systems, Socio-anthropology etc. and
notably, Tribal Crops - Livestock Farming Systems in South-East India.
Manohar Publishers, New Delhi. (2006). Tribal Culture Heritage and Cult
.Gutob Gadaba Tribe of Orissa, (1999c) Modern Book Depot, Bhubaneswar;
Tribal Culture. Koya Tribe in Transition, A.P.H.Publishing Corporation, New
Delhi, (2006).This is a work based on Koya tribe of Malkangiri, Koraput, and the
Bangladesh refugees who settled there. The study is spread across 22 years, and
observations on Koyas to meet the challenges due to sudden influx of a modern
world society have been detailed. Kornel started working on the livestock bio-
diversity of Orissa as early as 1975 and in 1999 he published a book titled,
Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources in Orissa, and in 2006 along with
Prof. S.C.Móhapatra and Prof. R.M.Acharya published the Indigenous Poultry
Genetic Resources of Orissa, and Sheep and Goat Genetic Resources of
Orissa: A Survey Report with Government of Orissa. He has also published a
work entitled, Livestock and Poultry Dynamics in Tribal life based on the
tribals of Koraput. Kornel also published two volumes of e-books entitled,
Culture Heritage History and Historiography in Dandakaranya (BC to
1250AD)– vol. I, & vol. II – (2010). This is a detail work on tribal culture, local
religion set up, history of people and history of Dynasties that ruled the region
and the Historiography that was awaiting discovery here in United Koraput and
Bastar districts of Orissa and Chhattisgarh states. Kornel and Dr. Giridhar
Gamang published a detail work named, Lost Jaina Tribes in Trikalinga. This
work depicts the former day Jaina tribals of Koraput and the monuments and
antiquities that are found in the district. Das Kornel was the lead consultant to
prepare the Livestock Policy and Plan of Chhattisgarh Government and it
was approved by the CG governmemt and was also implememnted. Kornel
worked for three years with FAO in India as FAO Associate Professional to
South Asia Pro Poor Livestock Policy Programme (a joint initiative of NDDB
and FAO) New Delhi. He was the author of Poultry Sector Country Review---
- India for FAO, Rome in 2008. Das Kornel is a reputed International
consultant in Backyard Poultry Development and he is well known for his
pioneering work on Biodiversity of Livestock and Poultry Resurces in
Odisha.
ii
PREFACE
Dandakaranya as known from Ramayana has been well defined and documented.
The united Koraput district is a part of Dandakaranya of Ramayana fame. There
are 62 tribal groups in Orissa and out of that 51 are in united Koraput district
alone that constitutes 82 percent of the total tribal groups.The Tribals of united
Koraput, represent to a wide stock of origin, and may have come down from
various regions with time. They represent Austro-asiatic, Dravidian and Indo
Aryan and mixed origin. They have maintained their own tribe group identity
through various measures as social discipline and social orders.
For all practical puroses this book mentions Koraput means United Koraput
district i.e. Koraput, Nabrangpur, Rayagada and Malkangiri districts of Orissa.
This volume has been carved out of the two volumes of Culture Heritage History
and Historiography in Dandakaranya (BC to 1250AD), authored by Das Kornel as
the request for separate volume of Tribal People History of Koraput grew.
This book is mainly focuses the ‘Dyanasty History in united Koraput from BC to
1250 AD”. I have published another volume separately that gives insight into
‘Peoples History in Koraput’.
Many dynasties invaded Koraput and ruled. They made history. They are
Kharavella, Ikshvakus, Mayurias, Vakatakas, Nala, Western Chalukya, Cholas,
Rastrakutas, Western Gangas, Pitribhktas, Panduvamsis, Pallvas, Konas, Telugu
Chodas, and Kalachuris of Tripuri, Nagas or Chhindaka dynasty, Mathras and
many more minor dynasties. The dynasties of Eastern Ganga and Eastern
Chalukyas origined from Koraput district and ruled Kalinga and Andhradesa,
respectively for long years. Kharavella established Risi Khebri of Hathigumpha
fame and derived its man power for military from Korput then known as
Vidydhar abode. It was the Atavi of Emperor Asoka.
Nala dynasty ruled from Podagada of Umerkote, Nadapur was the centre of
activity for many dynasty for centuries. Cholas had their headquarter at An-chola-
gumma and An-chola also carved out Purvadesa and ruled it. The former in
Tentulikhunti block of Nabrangpur and the later An-chola in the boarder of
Borigumma. Chakrakote of Koraput block remained the bone of contention to W.
Chalukyas, Cholas and Nagavmsis and many. It now stands as ruins. Bhairab
singpur of Borigumma stands silent with its history of the past. Kalyan Singpur
was the capital of Western Chalukyas of Kalyan branch in Koraput.
iii
The Koraput was also a part of Kalinga and was also known as Giri Kalinga and
Paschima Kalinga in the pages of history. This was also the country of Trikalinga.
This was also well known as Telinga and more so in Budhist literature.
The tribal children are now going to schools and many are in Asram schools. The
tribals have their identity and the future generation shall search their culture,
history and their roots. This book will help them. Their history and roots shall
give them the required strength to march in the process of development safely and
in dignified manner. History will guide them. They shall not be lost.
The history was built from the history that was recorded in the neighbouring
Andhradesa, Kalinga, and the South Kosala and others. This took about 30 years
of work. The inscriptions related were thoroughly studied and interpreted where
required. The incidences like marching of army and capitals, dynasties ruling for
time and period were considered for inference. After thorough study of relevant
history texts a detail study of specific Dynasties was taken up along with study of
original inscriptions as far possible in context to united Koraput district region as
defined in the book. It was the personal advice of renowned Orissan historian of
repute, Prof. Manamanth Das to make field studies to write history, otherwise it
shall be like many others whose works did not last long; similarly Dr. S.N.
Rajaguru was of the opinion that history should have evidences from inscriptions
or else it will be a story only. So the above advices were carefully followed to
carve out this piece of the history. Most important contribution was due to Prof.
Somsekhar Rao and Dr.Kolleru Suryanarayana of Visakahapatnam who willingly
gave hours to discuss the relevant history and historical evidences being close to
Orissa and in particular the South Orissa history. They also suggested the authors
and books of concern to my study which saved lot of my study time. In many
instances they were ready to make available inscriptions and photocopies of
articles when requested by me. This was very useful because I could save time.
However my knowledge of anthropology in particular in context to Koraput and
Bastar and practical experiences due to my birth in Jeypore, Orissa and by luck I
had spent most of professional carrier in the region was most helpful to derive
many things of interest, more so my knowledge of Tribal languages and culture
was of significant advantage in the direction.
This book starts with’Introduction of history in Koraput’ for the benefits of the
reader. It gives introduction to the dynasties that came here or dynasties that were
born here and ruled along with important events of history that took place.
iv
more widely in Dandakaranya from BC to 1250AD. This will give a clear
perception of history that the people of Koraput witnessed in the past.
Historigrapical change incorporates new evidence and new way of looking at the
existing history reports. Findings of new coins, inscriptions, archaeology, links
historical and socio-linguistics along with aspects of oral-traditions have enriched
knowledge of new history. In recent years history has increasingly drawn more
evidence from archaeology.
Orissa still houses a large number and range of societies and some of them are
still very primitive. This living pre-history, underlines the continuity of cultural
survivals. Attempts have been made here to bring the cross discipline like ethno-
archaeology to correlate ethnographic findings with history. Thus field work has
been the basis to bring together all elements of interest to form the history of the
region and has been reported.
The archaeology and inscriptions where available have been incorporated and
reported. Two sepearte volumes entitled Jaina antiquities & monuments in
Koraput and Hindu and Budhist antiquities monuments in United Koraput,
respectively is being published. The authors are Das Kornel and Dr. Giridhar
Gamang.
Some how the beginning was from limited early works of Robert Sewell on
archaeology in (Rayagada) Koraput, a detail study of Edgar Thurston and
Rangachari and later works of many independent researchers including G.
v
Ramdas of Jeypore and Hira Lal from Bastar contributed to development of
anthropology and history in Koraput.
This work could not have completed without the encouragement of Dr. Giridhar
Gamang. Dr. Gamang does not need introduction; he had represented the Koraput
constituency for 9 times as Member of Parliament. He being a tribal himself has
deep love and respect as well as knowledge of the local Koraput culture and
tradition of the people and was very keen to record it; so that the future generation
can maintain the values. We both were associated since early 70s and had several
serious discussions on history, culture and heritage that the people have built
since centuries in Koraput-Bastar. Koraput remained special to both us, not
because we were born here but the people and their broad approach to life, their
rich heritage value full of poetry, songs of life, dances and music fascinated most.
I was practicing a profession for my living and twice I had to change it, so mostly
the little free time and holidays that was available to me was devoted to these
studies and research. In due course of time, it is natural to lose interest because
many new issues creep up in life but luckily his inspirations and interest in the
subject always renewed my interest. I am grateful to him. After long years of
struggle this piece of work has come to this shape. I hope in future many will take
forward this subject and more knowledge will enrich it.
In future, I hope collaboration in the field of Koraput culture; history will come
up with new partners from Chhattisgarh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh
and Orissa Universities and Research Institutions to enrich the field. There is an
urgent need to collect the Tribal Folklores and poetry that are sung at home in
festivals and in paddy fields by ladies for further study. Equally, there is a great
deal to explore the caves of Koraput that will shed more light on religion and
history and will also enhance the future tourism prospects in Koraput.
Conservation of archaeological finds through private-public partnership should
come in future as part of their social responsibility.
Das Kornel
Bhubaneswar
November 2017.
vi
ABBREVIATIONS USED
ARSIE Annual report of South Indian Epigraphy
ASI Archaeological Survey of India
CII Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
DHNI Dynastic History of Northern India
EI Epigraphia Indica
Epi.Carn. Epigraphia Carnatika
EA Epigraphia Andhrika, Hyderabad
IA Indian Antiquary
IE Indian Epigraphy by D.C. Sircar
IHQ Indian Historical Quarterly
IO Inscriptions of Orissa by S. N. Rajaguru
Ins. Inscriptions
JAHRS Journal of Andhra Historical Research Society,
Rajahmundry
JAIH Journal of Ancient Indian History Edi. By D.C. Sircar
JAS Journal of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta
JASB Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta
JBORS Journal of the Bihar Research Society, Patna
JKHRS Journal of the Kalinga Historical Research Society,
Bolangir
JNSI Journal of the Numismatic Society of India, Calcutta,
Bombay and Varanasi
JOR Journal of Oriental Research, Madras
JORS Journal Orissa Research Society
JRAS Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and
Ireland, London
JRASB Journal of Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta
MAR Mysore Archaeological Department
OHRJ The Orissa Historical Research Journal, Bhubaneswar
PHAI Political History of Ancient India by H. C. Raychoudhury,
Calcutta
PIHC Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
RE Rock Edict (of Aasoka)
SI Studies in Indology by V.V. Mirashi
Sel. Ins. Select Inscriptions by D.C.Sircar
SII South Indian Inscriptions
SRE Special Rock Edicts
vii
Contents
INTRODUCTION OF HISTORY IN KORAPUT ............................................. 1
DANDAKARANYA .......................................................................................... 1
Geographical location of Dandakaranya ......................................................... 1
Geographical Changes in Dandakaranya ........................................................ 2
Creative literature and knowledge in United Koraput ........................................ 4
EMERGING STRUGGLE FOR EMPIRE AND REGIONAL KINGDOMS IN
PENINSULA & UNITED KORAPUT .................................................................. 6
Mauryas in South India ....................................................................................... 6
Eastern Gangas in Trikalinga ............................................................................ 10
Kubja Vishnuvardhana I: (Saka 526- C. 544-45) founder of Eastern
Chalukyas ...................................................................................................... 11
Chola dynasty.................................................................................................... 13
Rajendra I to Kulottunga I ............................................................................ 14
Kulottunga I as Prince in Koraput –Bastar ....................................................... 15
Chakrakote ........................................................................................................ 16
Ancient Dandakaranya and Changing Geography: ............................................... 19
Koraput-Bastar-Kalahandi .................................................................................... 19
Physical Landscape ....................................................................................... 21
Epigraphic notes on Dandakaranya .............................................................. 24
Sangdrusne parichita bhuva dandakaranya bhagaha (29) ................................. 26
Puranic List of Rivers and Dandakaranya ............................................................ 26
TRILINGA, TELINGA AND TRIKALINGA -KORAPUT CONTEXT ........ 31
Historians and their views on Trikalinga ...................................................... 40
A T A V I .......................................................................................................... 45
VIDYADHARA TERRITORY ........................................................................ 48
NISADHA......................................................................................................... 50
MAHAKANTARA AND KANTARA............................................................. 53
CHAKRAKOTE ............................................................................................... 55
GIRIKALINGA ................................................................................................ 57
MASUNIDESA ................................................................................................ 58
KALINGA ........................................................................................................ 60
SOUTH KOSALA ............................................................................................ 66
DESIA DESA IN KORAPUT .......................................................................... 68
Lord Mahavira in Kalinga and Koraput ........................................................ 69
Ikshvakus ...................................................................................................... 70
Kalinga Emperor Kharvela in Koraput ......................................................... 70
Eastern Chalukyas in Trikalinga and Jainism ............................................... 70
Chhindaka Nagas of Chakrakote .................................................................. 71
viii
KALINGA EMPEROR, KHARAVELA AND PRESENT KORAPUT DISTRICT
............................................................................................................................... 75
Kharavela and Rsi Khibira of Koraput as of Hathigumpha inscription: ........... 81
Kharavela’s Chief Queen from Vaijraghara (present Wairagarh of modern
Chanda District of Maharashtra) ................................................................... 82
Kharavel’s second queen from Simhapatha .................................................. 82
Kharavela’s Vidyadhara abode and Koraput district .................................... 83
Geneology of Kharavela ............................................................................... 84
SAMUDRAGUPTA’S SOUTHERN EXPEDITION AND MAHAKANTARA
COUNTRY ........................................................................................................... 91
RAMAGIRI ........................................................................................................ 101
Location of Ramagiri of Kalidasa ................................................................... 104
THE WESTERN CHALUKYAS AND CHAKRAKOTE, DAKISHNA
KOSALA, KALINGA AND VENGI ................................................................. 115
Jayasimha II conflict with the Cholas ......................................................... 116
Somesvara I ................................................................................................. 117
Vikramaditya VI ......................................................................................... 118
Gangakunda, Vengi and Chakrakuta .......................................................... 118
KALYAN SINGPUR.......................................................................................... 122
Devagiri....................................................................................................... 122
DEVAGIRI REMAINS ...................................................................................... 124
IKSHVAKUS AND PRESENT DISTRICT OF KORAPUT ............................ 133
NALA DYNASTY IN KORAPUT KALAHANDI AND BASTAR DISTRICTS
............................................................................................................................. 137
Chronological account of Nala Kings ......................................................... 138
Nala Dynasty Inscriptions, Copper plates and Numismatics evidence ....... 140
Podagada Stone inscription of Skandavarman, son of Bhavadatta ............. 145
The Nala Rulers .......................................................................................... 146
Archeological Remains of Nalas ................................................................ 150
Religion and Archeology evidence ............................................................. 154
Art and Architecture and Remnants of Nalas in Podagada......................... 156
NALA REMAINS IN PODAGADA .................................................................. 160
PITRIBHAKTAS AND PITA BHATTRAS OF KORAPUT-BASTAR ........... 167
VAKATAKAS .................................................................................................... 169
PANDUVAMSIS OF SOUTH KOSALA .......................................................... 170
Lineage ........................................................................................................ 170
Territories under the Dynasty ..................................................................... 170
Udayana .............................................................................................................. 172
Mahasiva Tivara.................................................................................................. 174
Candragupta ........................................................................................................ 174
Harsagupta .......................................................................................................... 175
ix
Sivagupta Balarjuna ............................................................................................ 175
EASTERN CHALUKYAS OF VENGI ............................................................. 178
Southern Expeditions .................................................................................. 186
Amma I, Vikramaditya II and Yuddamalla II ( A.D. 921-927) .......................... 190
Chalukya Bhima II (A.D. 927-945) .................................................................... 191
MATHARAS ...................................................................................................... 195
Rajendra I the Conqueror of Purvadesa ..................................................... 199
Rajendra I and Indraratha of Somavamsin.................................................. 202
Virarajendra and Eastern Ganga ................................................................. 207
Virarajendra and nephew Prince Rajendra Chola of Eastern Chalukya in
Chakrakotam ............................................................................................... 208
Battle between Virarajendra and Vikarmaditya in Chakrakuta .................. 209
Jayasimha II of Western Chalukya and Sakkarakottam ............................. 210
Kulottunga Chola I and his stay in Koraput-Bastar Region ........................... 211
Kulottanga I’s sons ruling Vengi ................................................................ 222
Rajaraja II, Velanati Chief Gonka II-Kalinga invasion and Anantavarma
Chodaganga................................................................................................. 225
Kalinga wars ............................................................................................... 226
Pradhani Family of Nowrangapur and relation to Eastern Gangas and
Chola 233
PURVADESA..................................................................................................... 239
ANCHOLAGUMMA ..................................................................................... 242
ANCHALA ..................................................................................................... 244
GUMMA AND HISTORY ............................................................................. 247
EASTERN GANGA ........................................................................................... 248
Eastern Gangas and Western Gangas in Trikalinga ........................................ 258
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS RELATED TO EASTERN GANGA IN
DANDAKARANYA .......................................................................................... 264
WESTERN GANGAS, EASTERN GANGAS: KALINGA AND TRIKALINGA
(KORAPUT), KOSALA AND KONGA COUNTRY ....................................... 271
Relationship of Western Ganga and Eastern Ganga ....................................... 273
The Western Gangas and Koraput district ...................................................... 278
Rastrakutas and Western Gangas: Kalinga, Chitrakuta and Eastern
Chalukyas .................................................................................................... 282
Trikalinga, Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi ......................................................... 284
SOMAVAMSIS AND KORAPUT .................................................................... 290
Kathargada and Somavamsis .......................................................................... 295
NAGA OR CHHINDAKA DYNASTY OF CHAKRAKOTA .......................... 297
Epigraphic records of Nagas or Chhindaka dynasty ................................... 300
Coins of Nagas ............................................................................................ 301
Seals ............................................................................................................ 302
x
Genealogy ................................................................................................... 304
Political History .......................................................................................... 305
Relation between Kalinga, Utkala, Dakshina Kosala, Dahala, Chedi and
Nagavamsi....................................................................................................... 307
Somesvara I and Janamejaya II of Kalachuri and Telugu Chodas ............. 308
Defeat of Naga kings in the hands of Jajalladeva I of Kalachuri................ 309
Rashtakuta Kings in Dahala and Chakrakotte ................................................ 309
NAGAVAMSI CHAKRAKOTE AND ITS LOCATON ............................... 314
NARAYANA TEMPLE, JEYPORE .................................................................. 319
BARASUR IN BASTAR DISTRICT ................................................................. 321
Dantwada in Bastar district ......................................................................... 321
KALACHURIS OF TRIPURI ............................................................................ 323
Kalachuris of Ratnapur (7) and invasion of Chakrakota and South Kosala ... 323
TELUGU CHODA IN CHAKRAKOTA AND SOUTH KOSALA .................. 326
Genealogy of Telugu Chodas of Bastar and South Kosala ......................... 328
ARCHAEOLOGY REMAINS OF BASTAR .................................................... 329
TELUGU IN DANDAKARANYA .................................................................... 332
Andhri ............................................................................................................. 333
TRILINGA AND TELINGA IN KORAPUT CONTEXT ................................. 334
Garh Dhanora and Telingi .............................................................................. 338
DYNASTIES IN SOUTH KALINGA................................................................ 341
The Matsys of Oddadi A.D. 1200-1470.......................................................... 341
PALLAVAS OF VIRAKUTA ............................................................................ 344
GANGAS OF JANTARNADU .......................................................................... 348
NANDAPUR ...................................................................................................... 351
Silavamsi Kings of Nandapur as per Inscriptions ....................................... 353
Hathigumpha Record and King Nanda ....................................................... 355
Pravhavati Gupta and Nandapur-Nandvardana .......................................... 356
Nanda or Nandodbhava family Ruling Jeypore-Nandapur ......................... 357
Nandivarman Pallavamalla and Nanndigrama............................................ 358
Bhatiporlu inscription and Nandapuram ..................................................... 359
Vyghraraja in Jeypore forest tract ............................................................... 359
Some Jaina Inscriptions and Trikalinga ...................................................... 359
Chalukyas of Vemulavada and Subaie (Nandapur) .................................... 361
Patasivaram inscription of the Chalukya king Tribhuvnamalla Vira.......... 362
Kalachuris of Tripuri as Trkalingadhipati................................................... 362
Kalachuris of Ratnapur and Nandavalli ...................................................... 362
Krishana Deva Raya of Vijayanagar Empire in Nandapur ......................... 363
Nandapur from People’s Account ................................................................... 364
Pandya Dynasty and Chellia Poraja or Konda Poraja in Koraput District . 364
Eastern Gangas in Trikalinga ...................................................................... 365
xi
Eastern Chalukya in Trikalinga .................................................................. 365
Amma I, Vikramaditya II and Yuddamalla II (922-935) .................................... 366
Nadupuru in Pottapi-nadu ........................................................................... 368
Western Gangas in Kalinga (Nandapur) and Konga................................... 369
NANDAPUR ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS ............................................. 377
BHAIRABA SINGAPUR ................................................................................... 383
ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS IN BHAIRABA SINGAPUR..................... 386
INDEX ................................................................................................................ 389
xii
Dynasty History of United Koraput 1
DANDAKARANYA
United Koraput was with in the territory of Dandakaranya.The name
Dandakaranya derives from an alleged identity with the ‘Dandak forest’ of the
epic ‘Valmiki Ramayana’, where the demon Dandak held his sway. Epic of
Ramayana speaks that Lord Rama spent his precious 13 years in Dandakaranya
until the abduction of the Goddess Sita.
Dandakaranya region between 17. 50’-20. 30’ N and 80. 15’-84. 0’ E occupy
about 89,078 square Kms that comprises of three states, e.g. the Bastar district of
Madhya Pradesh, the Koraput and Kalahandi districts of Orissa as well as some
parts of Andhra Pradesh including Yellavaram and eastern half of Chodavaram
(Rampachodavaram) tahasils of East Godavari district, Chintapalli and Paderu
tahasils of Visakhapatnam district and Salur and Parvatipuram tahasils of
Srikakulam districts. The region extends for about 480 Kms from east to west and
320 Kms from north to south.
In the Ramayana, Lord Rama tells his brother Lakshman on their way to
Agastya‘s asrama as to how Agastya rendered the earth habitable by
overpowering a demon. This may be indicative that the Aryan occupation of
Dandakaranya happened due to Agastya’s success against the asuras and Tataka
and her husband Sunda. The great forest of Dandakaranya had become unfit for
human habitation because Bhargava had cursed it. Agastya’s presence brought
back the fertility to soil; rains came and became fit for living of several groups of
Aryan sages (rishis).
The mountains and plateau of central India including the Dandakaranya, with
their dense forests, tended to get bypassed by migrants and settlers for many
centuries. The major settlements were along the more frequented routes from the
northern plain south wards to the Deccan. These settlements made only a
1
Dynasty History of United Koraput 2
marginal impact on the forest dwellers until later centuries when encroachments
into the forests for timber and elephants, as well as cultivable land, became more
common. Central India was regarded as the major habitat of ‘tribal societies’ and
forest peoples, even though such societies were scattered throughout the
subcontinent. Pockets of these continue to the present.
The major part of evidence to Dandakaranya so far has come from geography and
location of rivers, hills that continued appearing from Ramayana to many Purano
and literature.
The ancient history-geographical identity of undivided Koraput, parts of
Kalahandi districts of Orissa, and partly the undivided Bastar district of Madhya
Pradesh now in Chhattisgarh as has been found in various inscriptions, literature
is denoted as Dandakaranya and from time to time many dynasties who ruled the
area in part or full carved principality and was known by the following names
Atavi
Nisadha
Vidyadhara territory
Kantara and Mahakantara
Trikalinga
Telinga
Chakrakote,
Masunidesha
Jharakhanda
Purvadesa
Girikalinga
Paschimakalinga and
Konga
2
Dynasty History of United Koraput 3
These represented fully or a small principality curved in the main land. The
South Kosala appeared as distinct land.
Sometimes this land came in as full or partial into the territory of Kalinga,
sometime into Vengi occupation and South Kosala dominion.
Several of the Southern dynasties came in to the present undivided Koraput and
Bastar and won the said country and or carved small feudatory for them. They
occupied the land thus owned or were compelled by their natural enemy kings.
This has been seen with the Maurya Chandra Gupta, Samudra Gupta,Kharavela,
Vakatakas,Western Gangas, Western Chalukyas, Eastern Gangas, Cholas, and
Telugu Chodas mainly and even by Eastern Chalukya (Vengi)’s and so many
others, may be Haihaya, Pallavas, Hoysalas and Rastrakuttas.
Apart from kings forming kingdom, the religion interception did occur from time
to time in the past centuries. The Jainism, Buddhism, Saivism and Vaishnavism
in its original and modified sects, came into this land and established.
It has been recorded that there are 51 scheduled tribes inhibiting Koraput
district alone of the total 62 tribes recorded in Orissa. That implies 82 percent of
the tribes group live in united Koraput alone. There is still more to redefine the
tribes of Koraput.
Bagata, Baiga, Banjara or Banuari; Bathudi, Bhottada or Dolada; Bhuiya or
Bhuyan; Bhumia, Bhumij, Binjhal, Birhor, Bondo Poraja, Chenchu, Dal, Dharua,
Didayi, Gadaba; Gandia, Gond or Gondo; Ho, Halva, Jatapu, Juang, Kawar,
Kharia or Kharian; Khond, Kond or Kandha including Nanguli Kandha & Sitha
Kandha;. Kisan, Kol, Kolha, Koli including Malhar, Kondadora, Kora, Korua,
Kotia, Koya, Lodha, Madia, Mahali, Matya, Mirdhas, Munda, Munda Lohara or
Munda Mahalis, Mundari, Omanatya, Parenga, Paroja, Pentia, Rajuar, Santal,
Saora, Savar, Saura or Sahora; Shabar or Lodha; Sounti and Tharua.
The Kondh, Sabara, Koya, Gadaba, Bhattra, Gond, Bhumia and Poraja are the
major tribe groups of Koraput district. The following distribution as denoted does
not count very minor tribes.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 4
Poetry as prose in Sanskrit was valued by elite, the court and aristocracy, they
thus gave support. The oldest Sanskrit inscription that is found is the one standing
at the Podagada of Umerkote in Koraput district. It was engraved by Nala dynasty
king during 5th century A.D. It is well evident from the inscription that Sanskrit
was the language of Nala court.
Mahakabi Kalidasa of Ujjain (c.A.D. 400). an extraordinary dramatist and poet
composed in Sanskrit, who is said to have composed Meghaduta (Cloud
Messenger) in Ramagiri located in Koraput district of Orissa. Many eminent
scholars have given their views basing on the geography and historical settings of
the time.
Poet Kalidasa describes in Raghuvamsa, canto X, how Vishnu lying on the great
serpent in the ocean of milk with Laxmi gently rubbing his feet. was born as
Dasaratha’s son for Ravana’s destruction; while Vakataka Queen Pravavati-gupta
(5th Century), the atyanta-bhagavad-bhakta daughter of Chandragupta II, was
worshiper of Bhagavat Ramagirisvamin( literally, the lord of Ramagiri ) who
seems to be no other than Ram, son of Dasaratha. The suggestion is supported by
the reference in Kalidasa’s Meghaduta to the foot-prints of Raghupati (Rama
Dasrathi) on the Rama-giri
Ugradityacarya, a Jaina teacher composed medieval medical text entitled
Kalyana-Karaka at Ramagiri in Tri-kalinga. The Tri-kalinga country has been
identified to be Bastar-Kalahandi- Koraput region.Ugradityacarya lived in 770-
840 A.D. and it is said that Ugradityacarya studied the science under his Guru,
Sri Nandin at Mount Ramagiri. Ramagiri is described to be beautiful hill adorned
with many Jaina caves, temples etc
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 5
5
Dynasty History of United Koraput 6
6
Dynasty History of United Koraput 7
7
Dynasty History of United Koraput 8
8
Dynasty History of United Koraput 9
The founder of the Chalukya line was Pulakesin I. Pulakesin I’s son,
Kirtivarman I (566-7 A.D) extended kingdom by war against Kadambas of
Banavasi, Mauryan of Knokan and the Nalas who ruled Bastar and Jeypore
Agency.
The Western Ganga rulers Durvinita gave one of his daughters in marriage to
Pulakesin, and she became the mother of Vikramaditya I.
Pulakesin II made his younger brother Vishnuvardhana yuvaraja and left him
in-charge of the capital and set into an extensive campaign of the eastern Deccan.
He subdued South Kosala and Kalinga. After return, Pulakesin II (621 A.D)
sent Vishnuvardhana to rule over the Andhra Country as Viceroy. He with the
approval his brother found the Eastern Chalukya dynasty that ruled the Telugu
country for over five centuries thereafter.
In about 500 A.D. a new kingdom named Trikalinga was evident from the
Jirjingi copper plate. J.K.Sahu wrote,” The ruler of the Eastern Gangas was
established in the hilly region of Bastar after the fall of the Nalas at the close of
the 5th century A.D. The dynasty is so called because Indravarman, its founder,
belonged to the Ganga ruling family of Karnataka which after this came to be
known as Western Gangas. Indravarman like Sarbhraja was probably a General in
the army of Harisena Vakataka and was allowed to rule the hilly region which
was the original country of the Nalas. He asserted independence after the sudden
fall of Vakataka power.”
The Eastern Gangas of Kalinganagara traced their descent from the Western
Gangas who claimed belong to Ikshvaku family; perhaps of Nagrjunikonda .The
founder of the Western Ganga line was Kongunivarman or Madhava I who
probably ruled 300-400 A.D. with his capital at Kolar. Durnvita (540-600)
conquered Punnad (South Mysore) and Kongudesa and maintained friendly
relation with Chalukyas. However, the Kukkanur plate of Marasimha I during
968-69 indicates the presence of Western Gangas in Dhavala visaya and
Gangapati-. The marriage between Santikara I of Bhauma king of Orissa and
Tribhuvana Mahadevi, daughter of Rajamalla I of Western Ganga dynasty of
Mysore, who ruled from 817-835 A.D. Prior to this inscription the relationship of
Bhauma Kings and Western Gangas, is well established.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 10
received first the submissions of South Kosala and Kalinga and then made his
younger brother Vishnuvardhana yuvaraj leaving him incharge of the capital, he
started an extensive campaign of conquest in the Eastern Deccan (10)
The northern part of Koraput district and eastern part of Bastar district including
southern Dakshina Kosala area was under the Mahakantara and Kantar zone. Thus
in 4th century itself, Samudragupta Maurya crossed the kingdom during his
southern military expedition. A detail political history has been given in the Nala
chapter of this book. However, it can be said in short that, there has been
speculations as regards the identification of the enemy who defeated the Nalas
and destroyed Puskari, who was afterwards destroyed by Skandavarman. As
there was apparently a struggle between the Nalas and Vakataka of the main
branch and the enemy was identified with Prithvisena 11, who claims to have
twice restored the fallen fortune of his family. Skandavarman may also have been
the Panduvamsi king Nanna of South Kosala who had occupied the whole of
Western Madhya Pradesh and is indicated in an inscription at Bhandak. The
Chalukya king Kirtivarman I (AD 567 to 597) who claims to have subdued the
Nalas some times represented his old enemy of the Chalukyas and to destroy their
residences (Nilaya) and thus possibility it has got its name Podagada.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 11
The Chipurupalli grant indicates that Kubja Vishnuvardhana was in Kalinga, very
near the capital Kalinganagara, at the time of making this grant, probably fighting
Indravarman III, son of Gunarnava, the Eastern Ganga king of Kalinga. It was
probably that Kubja Vishnuvardhana died during the wars in Kalinga in the
southern part of Visakhapatnam.
The Madras Museum plates of the king Vishnuvardhana I were dated 684,
expressed by a chronogram possibly in 634 corresponding to A.D. 21 November
721. The Timmapuram plates of Vishnuvardhana I. Vishamasiddhi were
discovered from village Timmapuram in the Saravasiddhi taluka of
Visakhapatanam district in Madras Presidency. The plate was deciphered by Rai
Bahadur Venkayya and reported by Prof. E. Hultzsch. This finding is of great
significance to present Koraput district as it is.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 12
The grant’s donnees are not mentioned by name, but simply stated to have been
forty Brahmanas of the Chhandoga School. E. Hultzsch wrote. “ The object of the
grant was some land seems to be referred to in the Chipurupalle plates of
Vishnuvardhana I, and the name has been read doubtfully as ‘Puki-Vishaya’; but,
if the facsimile can be trusted. The engraver has written in reality Plaki-vishaye,
which may be meant for Palaki-vishaya.” The learned author had not identified
the village ‘Kumulura’ too.
In the 9th century the Pallavas succumbed to a combined attack from the Pandyas
and their southern neighbours and those tributary to them such as the Chola.In the
same period, Chola Adity I slew Aparajita and that was the end of the Pallava rule
of Tondanad and whole of the Pallava Kingdom became Chola territory.
The Cholas emerged as the dominant power in the south and thus Tamil identity
forged in the peninsula. This was a period in south Indian history filled with
corpus of inscriptions. It was a classical age of Cholas; it drew less on political
authority move on the institution development with cultural reforms. Social
institutions, religion, fine arts dominated the society and influence on South East
Asia was evident. The core region of the control was Cholamandalam, the
around Tanjavur up to the eastern ward, the Coromondal
Kirtivarman II was the last ruler of Chalukya of Badami. His power was
steadily undermined by the Rastrakuta prince Dandidurga. Dandidurga
subdued the Gurjarjs of Malwa, the rulers of Kosala, Kalinga and Telugu
Chodas of Srisailaim country
The Cholas came in conflict with the declining Rastrakutas, who were replaced
by Chalukyas of later period – rising to power in Western Deccan. The Deccan
was divided into small Kingdoms, and Cholas were occasionally at war. The
Yadavas of Devagiri (north Deccan), Kakatyas of Warangal were strengthening;
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 13
Chola dynasty
Towards the middle of the 9th century, a Chola chief conquered region of
Tanjavur, the heart of Tamilham. In 907 A.D. Parantaka I, the first Chola dynasty
ruler came to power and ruled almost half a century. He captured Madurai, the
capital of Pandyas. The hostility between Pandyas and their allies Sri Lanka thus
lasted for several decades.
But Parantaka I saw defeat under the hands of Rastrakutas and lost the recently
acquired northern districts of Chola kingdom. On the other hand Rastrakutas was
losing ground due to Chalukyas who were once their subordinates. In the
confusion the Cholas recovered the lost territories from Rastrakutas.
Rajaraja I (985 – 1014 AD) the Chola power firmly established and his son and
successor, Rajendra, consolidated the Chola kingdom in next half a century.
Rajaraja attacked the alliance between Cheras of Kerala, Sri Lanka and Pandyas
in order to break the trade monopoly held by these kingdoms with west Asia. By
that time Arab traders had established in the west coast of India. The Cholas and
later Chalukyas went on war to control the rich province of Vengi.
Rajaraja I ruled jointly with his father for 2 years, and succeeded him in 1014.
The policy of expansion continued with the annexation of Vengi from Chalukyas.
Campaign against Sri Lanka and Kerala continued.
Rajendra set out his nest expedition to the north, marching through Kalinga
(Orissa) to reach the banks of Ganges. On way, in Vengi, the Chola forces
defeated Vijayaditya and conquered the country and processed north towards
Kalinga, probably because the Eastern Ganga ruler Madhukamarnava (1019-
38) had sided with Jayasimha. After seducing Kalinga the armies proceed to
further north to Ganges. But with the advance of Chola army to north, trouble
broke out in the rear and thus Rajendra I marched towards north and camped on
the banks of Godavari and tried to secure the safe return of his army back. He
celebrated the coronation of his nephew Rajaraja on 16th A.D. 1022.
It is said that he carried holy water from Ganges back to his capital. He then
began his overseas campaign involving navy and army against the kingdom of
Shrivijaya in South east Asia. The campaign was successful, and trade interest of
Cholas with China – India was secured.
Rajendra then refocused his attention to conflicts within the peninsula, the
Chalukyas reviving their interest to control Vengi. A Chola raid into heart of
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 14
Chalukya territory, Kalyani was witnessed, and the same was avenged in 1050
A.D. by Chalukya king. The Cholas were generally aided by the Eastern
Chalukyas which drew closer to Cholas by marriage alliances until at last one
ruler Kulottunga I occupied both the Chola and Vengi thrones. The victorious
army joined him soon after.
The Chola ascendancy was weaning by the later part of 12th century AD. The
Yadavas, Hoysalas and Kakatiyas were gaining strength over the gradual
weakling Cholas. The main attack on the Cholas was from the west came from
Hoysalas, the Pandya kings of Madurai, the old hostilities revived. This lead the
Chola defense, in both western and southern boarders.
As the 13th century A.D came, Chola power that wakened significantly. Hoysala
king had inflicted much damage to Chola kingdom.
Rastrakutas, further north in the western Deccan were gradually unseated by their
subordinates, the Silaharas. They attained full power and gained monopoly our
trade and were known as ‘Lords of the West’.
Rajendra I to Kulottunga I
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 15
Somevara I of Western Chalukya was an able diplomat and great warrior of his
times.
Somesvara I was succeeded by his eldest son Somevara II, but Virarajendra took
over the throne from his brother. Vijayaditya made his submission to
Virarajendra and ruled Vengi as his feudatory.
Virarajendra married his two daughters, one to Vikramditya of W. Chalukya and
the other to Eastern Ganga prince Rajaraja. Vikramaditya IV ruled
independently the southern half the empire. This led to the settlement of eternal
feud between Cholas and the Chalukyas for sometime
Kulottunga I defeated Vikramaditya at Nangili in Kolar district and annexed
Gangavadi. But Somesvara who co-operated Kulottunga I by attacking
Vikramaditya’s rear was the worst suffer. He fell in the hands of Vikramaditya
who threw him into prison and proclaimed himself King (1076). Kulottunga
witnessed problems with Pandya and Kerala countries and Ceylon
At time of Kulottunga’s father’s death, his uncle Vijayaditya made himself the
king of Vengi kingdom and kept prince Rajenrdra II (Kulottunga I) out of his
inheritance. Thus alone and unaided Rajendra sought a life of adventure across
Vengi frontier in the land of Cakrakuta (Koraput-Bastar) and overcame the
treachery of his enemies, captured herds of elephants, levied tributes from the
Nagavamsi king, Dharvarsa of Chakrakuta. Rajendra spent best part of his
life in Koraput-Bastar from 1063-1070 A.D. He carved out for himself a small
dominion beyond it in the Puvadesa, even if he did not gain full control over
Chakrakote state and annexed parts of the Purvadesa to it. After making peace
with his uncle Vijayaditya; and after the death of Saktivatman II, he bided his
time hoping that in some manner he might gain the Chola throne for himself. He
is said to have made his mark in Vayirkaram and Sakkrakkottam. This attracted
invasion of Vikramaditya against Vengi and Chakrakote that was countered by
Virarajendra’s campaign culminating in the battle of Bezwada that ended at
Chakrakote. So Virarajendra and his army marched across Kalinga up to
Mahendragiri mountain and beyond Chakrakote.
At the death of Virarajendra, Vijaditya II pronounced his rightful claim to throne
of Vengi and expelled Vijayaditya. On the other hand, Vikramaditya the
Chalukya king installed Adhirajendra formally on the Chola throne but the Chola
king lost his life in a popular rising and the vacant throne was Chola was captured
by Rajendra II (Kulottunga I)
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 16
As it appears from historical accounts, Chakrakote was the bone of contention and
the south dynasties and the west made efforts to occupy the country.
Chakrakote
The Chakrakote has been mentioned in many inscriptions and various authors
have given their arguments to identify the region and place. The Chalukyas of
Vemulavada: Inscriptions of a later period and Vikramarjunavijayam trace the
descent of the family from Vinayaditya-Yuddhamalla. He captured a fort called
Chitrakuta, which was inaccessible. His son, Arikesari-I, is said to have
conquered the kingdom of Vengi and Trikalinga during the time of Nirupama
Dhruva, the Rastrakuta king who ruled from A.D. 780 to 793 (Kollipara
Plates).The inaccessible fort of Chitrakuta, which Vinayaditya is said to have
captured, is not identified. As there are a number of forts with that name in north
and central India, its identification bristles with difficulties have been mentioned,
was the opinion of Kolaru Surayanarayana.
Again, in the inscriptions of Eastern Chalukya and Choda the name Chakrakote
appears. Vijayaditya III of the Eastern Chalukya line, who ruled between 844 and
888 A.D, so far as is known appears to have been made raid and burnt
Chakrakota.As said above, the Chola Rajendra Chola I (A.D. 1011-33) took
Sakkara-Kottam While one of his successors, King Vira Rajendra I claims to have
crossed Godavari, passed through Kalinga, and advanced against Chakrakota
.Next the Chola king Kulottunga, while yet a youth cover his first laurels in battle
by storming Chakrakota. This happened prior to 1070 A.D.and is mentioned in
the Tamil poem Kalingattu Parani (x24) (5), and also in inscriptions Vikrama VI
was probably the fifth raider, the sixth being Vishnuvardhana Hoysala in the 12th
century.
The Nagavamsis of Barasur (Bastar) were the lords of Chakrakote.
Madhurakantaka occupied the throne of Chhindaka Nagas after King
Dharavarsha Jagadekabhusana (c.1065 A.D.) But Madhurakantaka was soon
ousted by Dharavarsha’s son Somesvara I, who was supported by Chalukyas of
Kalyani while Madhurakantaka received help from Cholas. Somesvara I killed
Madhurakantaka and is credited for his military activities such as burning of
Vengi, the subjugation of Bhadrapattna and Vajra, and seizure of South Kosala.
Many authors relate Bhadrapattana to Bahandak in the Chanda district but
Bhabanipattana in Kalahandi cannot be ignored. The success of South Kosala
was at the expense of both the Kalachuris and Somavamsis. The Somavamsis
acknowledged the supremacy of Somesvara I. Telugu –Chodas were rewarded
with governorship of a portion of South Kosala, as they were feudatory of
Nagavamsis.At the time of the conquest of Vengi, it was under the rule of
Chalukya-Chola Kulottunga I and his son Virachoda was ruling as a
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 17
Viceroy.Somesvara I also came in conflict with King of Udra and Lanji and
Lemna.The Kalachuri king Jajalla I claim to have seized Somesvara I in a battle
and later released him.
Gunda- mahadevi mother of Somesvara I had issued the Inscriptions of ------ had
gifted land at Narayanpur for the Bhagabati temple. I am of the opinion that the
said site of the inscription is present day Jeypore in Koraput district where most of
the identities mentioned are coinciding.
Somesvara I (W.Chalukya) and his feudatory, the Kakatiya Prola, raided Kosala,
and conquered Chakrakota, in the Bastar State, after defeating the Naga king.
At the death of Vijaditya (1076) of Eastern Chalukya, Kulottunga I sent his sons
to rule Vengi as Viceroys: Rajendra Mummudi Chola (1076-8), ViraChola
(1078-84), Rajaraja Chodaganga (1084-9), Virachoda again (1089-90), and
lastly, Vikrama Chola (1092 – 1118).
The chieftain of Kolanu entered into a league with Anantavarman Choda Ganga
of Kalinga and rebelled against the viceroy. Kolanu was sacked and Kalinga was
invaded by Vikrama Chola and Parantaka Pandya from south. Some year later in
1110, Anantavarman Choda Ganga withheld tribute to Cholas and second
invasion of Kalinga was evident. This war was recorded as celebrated poems,
Kalingattupparani of Jayangondar.
The Chalukya empire disappeared at the end of 12th century A.D. and Chola
tottered at the beginning of the 13th century.
There were several small kingdoms in South Kalinga after 12th Century and ruled
over by many a local dynasty. Such were the Matsyas of Oddadi, the Gangas of
Jantarnadu, the Pallavas of Virakuta, the Silas of Nandapur, Matsyas of Madgole
etc besides the Chalukyas and the Haihayas. All these dynasties had allegiance to
the Eastern Ganga emperors whose control over Trikalinga or the Kalinga empire
was never effective in this period and was definitely on the downward move in
the latter part the local dynasties grew stronger as the central power grew weaker.
Kalinga especially South Kalinga – was the invading ground for the conquerors
from the south, west and north – the Cholas, the Chalukyas and the Muslims
respectively.
This sounds natural for the names of some of the dynasties – for instance the
Gangas, the Matsyas, the Chalukyas, the Konas and the Pallavas are exactly
same as those some of the major dynasties and subsidiary powers in South-India-
suggesting, obviously their southern origin, though it is not possible to see when
and how they separated from the major dynasties migrated and settled down in
South Kalinga. This is the view taken by Yashoda Devi, the eminent historian
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 18
who has contributed a great deal in the aspect. The subject requires more research
and documentation in future
It can thus be concluded that Nalas, Estern Gangas and Eastern Chalukyas
origined in Koraput district in the past.
Refernces
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 19
Atavi
Nisadha
Vidyadhara territory
Kantara and Mahakantara
Trikalinga
Telinga
Chakrakote,
Masunidesha
Jharakhanda
Purvadesa
Girikalinga
Paschimakalinga and
Konga
Desia Deasa
Adjacent countries to Dandakaranya was--Kalinga to its east, Dakshina Kosala to
its north and north-west; Vengi to south and south-eastern end
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 20
From time to time parts of Dandakaranya came into the territory of Kalinga,
sometime into Vengi occupation and South Kosala dominion.
Several of the Southern dynasties came in to the present undivided Koraput and
Bastar and won the said country and or carved small feudatory for them. They
occupied the land thus owned or were compelled by their natural enemy kings.
This has been seen with the Western Chalukyas, Cholas, and Telegu Chodas
mainly and even by Eastern Chalukya (Vengi)’s and so many others, may be
Haihaya, Pallavas, Hoysalas and Rastrakuttas.
Apart from kings forming kingdom, the religion interception did occur from time
to time in the past centuries. The Jainism, Buddhism, Saivism and Vaishnavism
in its original and modified sects, came into this land and established.
As regards it’s identification of territorial limits, some consider this region as far
as west as Nasik, the abode of Rama in the forest on the bank of the Godavari and
suggest the coincidence of Dandakaranya with modern Maharastra (Bhandarkar,
1957)(2). A few scholars, alternatively, claim that ancient Dandakaranya covered
a very large area of Central India from which the forests have gradually been
cleared by man (Deshpande, 1948) (3)
In the maps of mid-19th century (1860), the Dandakaranya was a large triangular
tract (fig I)(John,1960) (4).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 21
Physical Landscape
Singh described the physical landscape of Dandakaranya and it
runs,”Dandakaranya, on the whole, has an undulating topography with well-
marked elevations and depressions. While the region, on the one hand, represents
typical wide forest-clad plateaus and hilly tracts including highly dissected
plateaus and the Abhujhmar Hills in the west and the Eastern Ghats mountains,
known as Mahendragiri in ancient times after a peak of that name which is about
1500 m high, in the east, there are few extensive plains also comprising a part of
Chhattishgarh Plain in the north and Godavari-Sabari Plain in the south west.
The plateaus, however, are dominant landform of the region, covering about two-
fifths of its area.
The plateaus extend throughout the region except for the portion of the Koraput
district occupied by the Eastern Ghats. The hills abruptly rising on the eastern side
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 22
gradually lower down on the west. The Ghats end at Koraput where the elevation
is about 900 m which gradually decreases to about 600 m in the Umarkote region.
They further lower to about 300 m and 200 m in the Paralkote and Malkangiri
zones respectively.
The plateau topography is most evident in the Bastar region; right from Jeypore
ghat the long axis of Bastar Plateau stretches away for about 190 km at an
elevation ranging from 550 m -750 m to Keskal Ghat where an abrupt descent to
the Kanker Basin is observed and where the width of the plateau, approximately,
varies between 80 km and 130 km. consequent upon almost general internal relief,
the plateaus are slightly dissected with the existence of fretted scarps in the east
and north due to the deep and narrow cutting by the tributary streams. But they
are highly dissected on the west by the tributaries of the Godavari including the
Indravati. The western dissected edge of the Bastar Plateau, lying to the north of
the Indravati is marked by the Abhujhmar Hills which provide one of the richest
iron ore deposits of the country at Bailadilla Range, but much of the Bastar
Plateau is undissected, formed of the gneisses of the Dharwar and Cudappah
Systems. The Bastar Plateau drops on all sides except in the south-east (bordering
the Eastern Ghats), where they are considerably eroded to form the Godavari
Plain.
To the east of the well-marked scarp edge of the Bastar Plateau extends the
Kalahandi Plateau ranging from 250 m to 300 m in elevation drained by the Tel,
Udanti and other tributaries of middle Mahanadi, the Kalahandi Plateau tapers
into the Tel Valley towards the north-east. To the north west of the region lies the
Kanker Basin (450 m) a southward extension of the Chhattishgarh Plain, crossed
by the few higher ridges of quartzites. Another extensive plain spreading in the
south –western portion of the region, designated as Godavari-Sabari plain is
drained by the tributaries of the Godavari, chiefly the Sabari and Sileru. This plain
has undergone different nomenclatures by various scholars, notably Great
Southern Plain and the Malkangiri Plateau.
River System
The drainage of Dandakaranya may be classified into two systems: (i) the
Mahanadi river system in the north draining the northern parts of both Bastar
(Kanker Basin) and Kalahandi (Tel Valley) districts and the (ii) Godavari river
system draining about three-fourths of the region including the Central Plateaus
and the Southern Plains; a part is also drained to the Bay by the Nagawati and the
Vamsdhara rivers.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 23
The Mahanadi River System: The Tel, Jonk, Udanti, Hatti, and Sandul, the
tributaries of the Mahanadi, drain a major potion of the Kalahandi district. The
Tel and Jonk are the most important tributaries, rising from the hills of the Eastern
Ghats. The Ret and the Udanti take their rise in the north-western hills of
Nawapara tahsil of Kalahandi district and flow towards east.
The Godavari River System: The Godavari, the biggest of the east-flowing rivers
of the Peninsular India comes in contact with the south-western limit of the region
for about 16 km where it coincides with the Bastar district boundary near
Bhadrakali. Since the Godavari flows through high lands on both the sides, its
valley is narrower at this place than in the lower reaches.
The Indravati, a major tributary of the Godavari, flowing through the central part
of Dandakaranya region, with about 41,665 km catchment area in M.P(
Chhattisgarh) and Orissa rises at an altitude of 915 m in the Kalahandi district on
the western slopes of the Eastern Ghats. It flows westward through Koraput and
Bastar districts, turns south and joins the Godavari about 530 km from its source
at an elevation of 82 m near Bhopalpatnam. At Chitrakot, about 40 km west of
Jagdalpur, the Indravati, while descending from the quartztic sandstone to the
Archaean granite and gneisses, makes a 30 m waterfall. Also it makes a few
rapids towards further west from Chitrakot.
The major tributaries to the Indravati are the Narangi, Boardhig, Kotari, Bandia
and Nibra flowing from its right and Nandiraj as well as Dantewara from the left.
On the north the Narangi and Boardhig drain the north-eastern plateau while the
Gudra flows through the eastern Abhujhmar hills. The Abhujhmar hills lying
between the Indravati, the Gudra and the Nibra exhibit radial drainage pattern.
The southern tributaries of the Indravati, the Dantewara, Nandiraj, Berudi and
Chintavager, smaller than the northern ones, drain the Bailadilla and Usur Hills as
well as the slopes of the southern plateau of Bastar.
The Kolab joins the Indravati, another important tributary of the Godavari, rising
at an altitude of 1,372 m, in Sinkaram hill range of the Eastern Ghats, drains the
southern uplands of the Dandakaranya region. The Sileru or the Machkund, a
major tributary of the Sabari, rises at an elevation of 1,220 m and flows for about
306 km before joining the Sabari above its confluence with the Godavari. The
Indravati and Sileru to gather cover a catchment area of about 20,427 km. the
Kanger and Malengar are the two other important tributaries of the Sabari. The
former rises at Tangiri and the latter in the Bailadilla hills. Both flow towards
south to join the Indravati. The Kanger makes a water fall (45 m) at Tirathgarh
while descending from the Cuddappah quartzitic sandstone.
23
Dynasty History of United Koraput 24
The Nagawati and the Vamsdhara rivers drain the easternmost pen plain of the
region. The latter takes its rise in the Eastern Ghats near Ambodala in Kalahandi
district and falls into the Bay flowing from north to south through the
Parvatipuram and Salur tahsils of Andhra Pradesh.
Most of the rivers of the Dandakaranya region are perennial through with highly
fluctuating regime. Upper Indravati,upper Kolab, Sileru water is used for
agriculture. The local nalas and streams are seasonal and dry up as soon as the
monsoon ends. Dues to rapid run off and evaporation, the land is very quickly
dried up after the monsoon. The topographical and stratigraphical features
indicate that the region is mostly deficient in underground water resources.”(5)
The major part of evidence to Dandakaranya so far has come from geography
and location of rivers, hills that continued appearing from Ramayana to many
Purano and literature.
Tripathy (8) had cited Ramayana and other literature there on and identified
Indravati river of present day as Indarataya, a tributary to Sapta Godavari
river and countries like Suktimata Khetra and Sapta Godavari Khetra.
24
Dynasty History of United Koraput 25
151 miles long covers 63 miles of Koraput from its origin point. Nagavali is
called Langulia from Srikakulam onwards. It is the puranic river Langulini.
(13)
Ramagiri:
Markandaya Purano mentions,
The author Sircar has identified Kalinga to be Puri and Ganjam district of Orissa,
Sabaran forts, Saoras of Ganjam and Visakhapatnam and Dandaka as the old
name of Mahrastra identity especially the Nasika draft.
25
Dynasty History of United Koraput 26
This forest (Kalinga vanam), the Vindhya range, the Citrokuta hills and the
Kalinga and Dravida countries and extended upto the sea (i.e. the Indian Ocean)
Sircar mentioned, “Mandakini dasarna cha (i) chitrakuta tatheba cha (ii) Tamasa
(iii) pipala srane (iv) karamad pisachika (v) Chtropola bipas cha (vi) manjula
balubahini (vii) and Dandakaranya.”(31)
i. The Mandakini river flows into the Paisuni near the Citrakuta hill, while
the Dasarana is the modern Dhasan flowing past Sagar between the
Betwas and the Ken .
ii. Citrakutas is the same as the Mandakini or, more probably, a part of it
(32).
26
Dynasty History of United Koraput 27
iii. Tamsa was classified to modern Tons flowing into Ganges below
Allahabad (33).
iv. Chtropola bipasa cha: The citropala is a branch of the Mahanadi in
Orissa or Mahanadi itself below its junction with the Pyri (34).
The former authors could not identfy Tamasa; however Tamasa is a river 7 kms
south of present Malkangiri in Koraput and known by the same name.
Mahendra
Suktimati:
The name of the Suktimat is preserved in that of the Sakti hills in Raigarh,
Chattisgarha, and possibly in that of the Suktel river which joins the Mahanadi
27
Dynasty History of United Koraput 28
near Sonepur in Orissa. The name Suktimat was probably applied to the chain of
hills that extends from Sakti in Raighar, Chattisgarha to the old Manbhum dist. by
the Kumari and perhaps even to the hills in the Santal paraganas.
28
Dynasty History of United Koraput 29
References
29
Dynasty History of United Koraput 30
30
Dynasty History of United Koraput 31
The assumptions of earlier scholars that the territory of Trilinga comprises three
parts, viz, Northern, Central and Southern parts of Orissa and also by others that it
meant three contiguous regions, such as Kalinga, Utkala and Kangoda have now
proved to be wrong, as said by Tripathi, 1985. (5). On the other hand, scholars
have taken it to mean a separate region suited to the western part of Kalinga. The
inscriptions of Amma I clearly indicates that it was a forest country and the
opinion of G.Ramdas has been rightly taken up and the suggestion that Trikalinga
denoted the high or elevated hilly region situated contiguous to the country of
Kalinga. So it can be located as per Tripathi (1985) in the present district of
Koraput in Orissa and the western part of Bastar in Madhya Pradesh, the southern
most part of the Kalahandi district. This was the finding of G.Ramdas. So it can
definitely be said that this region forms southern border of the South Kosala
kingdom of the Somavamsis, the South-eastern border of Tripuri kingdom of the
Kalachuris, the northern border of the Vengi kingdom and western side of the
Eastern Gangas of Kalinganagara. This hilly and forest regions of Koraput and
Bastar which are even in the present day covered with dense forest, some of its
areas are still inaccessible were considered to be one of the most important
strategical units. This was also one of the reasons given by the historians that the
enmity between the Kalachuris of Tripuri and the Somavamsis was possibly their
respective claim over the possession of the Trikalinga region.
The Trilinga has been identified and cited from the following epigraphic sources.
31
Dynasty History of United Koraput 32
The Thana plate (10) of Ram Chandra of the year 1272 mentions the
defeat of Tilingas (Tlingatunga-tarunmulana-damatavala).
The Arab and Persian authors write Tilong and Tilingana (16).
32
Dynasty History of United Koraput 33
must have been the name by which the place was called by the natives of
the place, whilst Triglypton or Trigly-phon must have been a translation of
the name which had come into use amongst the Greeks. Hence the
antiquity of Trilinga, as the name of the State, or of the capital city of a
State, situated somewhere in India in Ptolemy’s time must be admitted to
be established”(19).
McCrindle fully agrees with Caldwell and writes “The Andhras and
Kalinga, the two ancient divisions of the Telugu people are represented by
Greeks and Gangetic nations. It may be taken as certain that Triglyphon,
Trilinga or Modolinga was identical with Telingana or Trilingam, which
signifies the country of the three lingas. Pliny and Ptolemy fix the Telugu
name and language as near the mouths of the Ganga or between the
Gangas and the Godavari. Modo or Modogas equivalent to mudu of
modern Telugu means three (20). McCrindle’s Ptolemy was published in
1885 and Yule and Burnell’s Hobson Jobson was first published in 1886
and from the following note on Telenga, it appears that the authors had not
the occasion to take advantage of McCrindle’s views because this note
seems to support the views expressed by Cunningham in his Ancient
Geography of India which was published in 1871 was remarked by
Acharya, P. (21).
33
Dynasty History of United Koraput 34
“The only city of Pegu is referred to in inscriptions of the eleventh and twelfth
centuries as Ussa Pegu, and the identification of Ussa with Orissa has been placed
beyond doubt in Mr. Duroiselle, the Government Epigraphist. The long debated
question of the origin of the name Talaing may also be looked upon as settled.
According to Mr.Stewart the non-inhabitants of the country were confounded by
the Burmese with Indians from Kalinga (Taleing) and Orissa (Ussa)” (29).
34
Dynasty History of United Koraput 35
Wilford writes on Trikalinga,“Sri Karna Deva takes the title of king of Trikalinga
or the three shores to the east, west and south of India.
In his grant found lately at Benares he calls himself Sri Karna Deva King of
Trikalinga or India”(33). “The sea coast of Calinga of India is divided into three
parts emphaticaly called ricalinga or three shores. The first Calinga includes the
seacoast about the mouth of the Indua; the second extends all round the peninsula;
and the Gangetic shores, from Cuttack to Chatganh constitute the third. No
emperor in India, would pretend to celebrity, and lasting fame unless he was the
master of these three shores when he assumed the title of Tricalingadhipati, the
lord-paramount of Tricalinga (34), Elsewhere in the same paper he writes: “This
is a well known legend in India and these three towns are styled Tripuri or
Traipuri under Tripurasura who was Tricalingadhipati and had a town in each
Calinga. These were destroyed at once by unerring arrow of Siva who was
standing in the district of Tipperah. One of these towns was to the east-wards of
the Ganges, the other near Amaracantaca and the third to the west of Indua” (35).
The earliest reference to Trikalinga is met with in the Jirjingi copper plate grant of
Indravarman I of the early Eastern Ganga dynasty of Kalinganagara, issued in the
Ganga year 39 (665 AD)(36). He assumed the title of Trikalingadhipati, evidently
after claiming Trikalinga or atleast a part of it to be under his control. The other
ruler of this line of kings to assume the title was Mahasamantavarman as known
from his Ponnuturu copper plate issued in the Ganga year 64 (790 AD)(37).
These two rulers seem to have in their possession both the territories of Kalinga
and Trikalings with the capital at Kalinganagara and sometimes at Dantapura
where from the above two characters were issued. From this it can be derived that
the present Dantewada which remained a place of history for Bastar and the
relevance of the Dantewada temple since centuries may be the one to place
35
Dynasty History of United Koraput 36
Dantewada as Dantepuram and of Trikalinga and the Dantewada comes under the
control of Trikalinga.This needs examination by future historians.
After Samantavarman, the successor known from the records; who have issued
the title of ‘Sakala-Gondramadhipati’. Kalinga is well known to comprise of the
districts of East Godavari of the present Andhra Pradesh together with the Ganjam
district in Orissa. The question may arise here as expressed by Ms.Tripathi did the
expression ‘Sakal Kalinga’ mean to include the territory of Trikalinga also. But
from the records of Gangas of Svetaka, who ruled almost contemporaneously the
northern part of the Ganjam district with the present Chikiti as their headquarters
in a semi-independent capacity under the Bhaumakaras of Tosali and Utkala, also
often used the expression ‘Sakala-Kalingadhirajya’ and the title of ‘Sakala-
Kalingadhipati’. It appears to indicate that there existed constant rivalries
between both the Ganga families over the Kalinga country. But the Svetka had
never assumed the title of ‘Trikalingadhipati’, thus evidently denoted a separate
region, different from the whole of Kalinga (Sakala Kalinga) and which remained
under the possession of the Eastern Gangas till atleast the end of the 8th century
A.D.
Trikalinga had gone out of control of the Eastern Gangas for long time, after
Samantavarman, until it was recaptured by Vajrahasta III during about 1045-46
A.D. and thus in the possession of the Gangas, they are generally called the later
Eastern Gangas or the Imperial line till at least beginning of the 12th century A.D.
There are various copper plate grants of the Imperial Gangas, after Vajrahasta III
that the title continued to be with his son Devendravarman-Rajaraja (1070-78
A.D) and then continued with Anantavarman Chodaganga (1078-1152 A.D)(38).
But it was discontinued for sometime, indicating that Trikalinga reign was lost to
the Gangas until Aniyankabhima II, the great-grandson of Chodaganga, who was
the last king of this dynasty to assume the title, recovered it. The Chatesvara
temple inscription (39) of his time records that Visnu, his minister claimed to
have established the empire of the lord of Trikalinga, i.e., Anyankabhima III.
After the reign of this ruler there is no history to indicate that, king of this dynasty
nor the contemporary rulers of any other royal family have assumed this title.
The Eastern Calukya inscriptions show that there was a kingdom called
Trikalinga adjoining to Vengimandala. The Masulipatam plates of Amma I (918-
925 A.D) tell us that king Vijayaditya IV (918 A.D) ruled Vengimandla joined
with Trikalinga forest (Trikalinga-tav-yuktam)(40). Likewise, we learn from the
Kolavaram plates of Calukya - Bhima II that Vikramaditya II (sometimes after
925 A.D) held sway over both Vengi-mandala and Tri-Kalinga (sa-Tri-Kalingam
Vengi-mandalam)(41). The inclusion of Tri-Kalinga, obviously a part thereof, in
36
Dynasty History of United Koraput 37
the Vengi Calukya Kingdom finds support from some unexpected literary
evidence also. The following stanza into he colophon of the medieval medical
text entitled Kalyana-Karaka by one Ugradityacarya states that the work was
composed at Ramagiri which is described as adorned with structural as well as
rock-cut temples and situated in the Tri-Kalinga country which was under the
Vengi ruler (cited Itihasa, second edition:447).
Veng-Isa-Trikalinga-desa-janana-prastutya-san-utkata-Prodyad-Vrksa-lata-
vitana-nirataih
siddhais = ca vidyadharaiah/
Sarve mandira-Kandar-opama-guha-caity-alay-alamkrte
Ramye Ramagirav-idam viracitam sastram hitam praninam (42)
As per Ajay Mitra Shastri, “This Ramagiri is apparently different from modern
Ramtek near Nagpur which is generally believed to represent the Ramagiri
mentioned in the opening stanza of Kalidasa’ and Megha-duta (Purva-megha,
verse 1). We propose to identify it with the homonymous locality situated in the
Koraput district of Orissa bordering the Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh,
which alone would satisfy the description. The assumption of the title Tri-
Kalingadhipati by the Somavamsins, who also called themselves Kosal-endra or
‘Lord of Kosala’, would show that Tri-Kalinga. It must be remembered in this
connection that the Panduvamsins, who were lineal ancestors of the
Somavamsins, also ruled over South Kosala and when under pressure from other
powers they were forced to shift eastward and southward, they naturally moved
towards the Kalahandi-Koraput-Bastar region. For some time they could have
continued to hold a part of Kosala together with the adjoining area. And lastly,
the assumption of this title by some later members of the Kalachuri dynasty as
well as the continuation of its use by the later Eastern Gangas would show that it
was a bone of contention among them as well as the Somavamsins and the
Eastern Calukyas. Therefore, the region of Tri-Kalinga or a part of it must have
been situated not very far from their territories. Any identification of Tri-Kalinga
must satisfy this condition”(43). This supports the view that Trikalinga,
obviously a part thereof, in the Vengi Chalukya kingdom.
37
Dynasty History of United Koraput 38
northern and southern borders of Western Kalinga; and (iii) the Indravati dividing
the Western Kalinga into North and South Kalinga, North Kalinga between the
Indravati and the Mahanadi and South Kalinga between the Godavari and the
Indravati. With this geographical overview we may attempt to locate the Three
Kalingas as follows: (i) South-Kalinga, bordered on the west and north-west by
the Indravati, on the south by the Godavari and on the east by the Eastern Ghats,
comprised southern portion of Koraput together with a considerable part of Bastar
and a small region of north-West Srikakulam; (ii) North Kalinga, bordered on the
north and west by the Mahanadi and on the south and east by the Eastern Ghats,
consisted of northern Koraput and the adjoining south-eastern region of
Kalahandi; and (iii) East Kalinga-bordered the west by the Eastern Ghats, on the
south by Godavari till it meets the Bay of Bengal, on the north by the Mahanadi
where it empties into the Bay of Bengal and on the east by the Bay of Bengal-
includes the whole of eastern Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam together with the
whole of Ganjam”(44).
He further continued; “The above is only a very rough indication of the areas
comprised in the three Kalingas, and it is impossible in the present state of
disinformation to be more precise. Perhaps, none of the kings who assumed the
title Tri-Kaling-adhipati controlled at any time of their rule the whole of Tri-
Kalinga; but even capture of a part of it, temporary or permanent, was thought
enough to justify the assumption of this title. This was true of the Somavamsins
also as they could control only a part of Orissan region of Tri-Kalinga adjacent to
South Kosala, viz., Koraput-Kalahandi-Bastar”(45).
It is also interesting to see that during the first part of the 10th Century A.D., the
Eastern Chalukya king Vijayaditya IV (918 A.D), son of Chalukya Bhima ruled
Vengimandala together with the forest kingdom of Trikalinga for six months and
passed away. This is revealed by the Masulipatam plates of the Eastern
Chalukyan, Amma-I (918-25) (46). It seems after Vijayaditya the forest kingdom
of Trikalinga asseed to the hands of the Eastern Gangas. But it also seems
probable that the Kalachuris of Tripuri under the rule of Gangeyadeva and
Karnadeva had shared a part of this kingdom with the Eastern Gangas of
Kalinganagara.
These ruling families probably occupied the western and southern parts of this
forest kingdom, contiguous to Vengi and Kalinga the kingdom of the Gangas.
During the first part of the 10th century A.D. the Kalachuri kings of Dahala,
ruling from Tripuri, who were also known as the Hahayas assumed this title at
least for sometime. Yuvaraja I claimed victory over the Kosala and probably
38
Dynasty History of United Koraput 39
Janamjaya I, but only Yuvaraja-I seemed to have taken part of Trikalinga and
claimed the title. During his regime, Trikalinga is known to be in the possession
of Somavamsis. Along with his subordinate ally Kamalaraja of Tummana, he is
known to have defeated the king of Kosala and Utkala and assumed the title of
‘Trikalingadhipati’. His son and successor, Karnadeva is also known to have
assumed the title, from his first known grant (Banaras grant), issued just one year
after Gangeyadeva’s death in 1041 A.D. He was probably contemporary of the
Eastern Ganga king Vajrahasta II of Kalinga.
Among the Kalachuri kings the following possessed the title of Trikalingadhipati
(47):
The Paithan plate of Yadava king Rama Chandra of the Saka year 1193 (1272
A.D) mentions that Jaitungi I “slew the king of Trikalinga and seized the whole of
his kingdom and rescued king Ganapati from the prison”.
The above references clearly prove the existence of the Trikalinga kingdom on the
north of the Godavari. It seems that this kingdom Its northern limit is said in the
Mahabharata to be the river Viatarani (mod, Byterni), which river and the Kalinga
people the Pandavas are described to have reached at the same time on their
southward progress from Bengal in the course of pilgrimage. According to this
39
Dynasty History of United Koraput 40
account, Kalinga would include a considerable portion of Orissa. But the limits
of the countries fluctuated from time to time and there is no certainty that the
same river was the northern boundary of Kalinga also at the time of inscriptions
some points which would indicate tht Kosala was included in the countries known
as Tri-Kalinga (or the three Kalingas). The grantors of these charters have the
title Tri-Kalingadhipati attached to their names, but not the title Kosalendra (lord
of Kosala), although they were undoubtedly the masters of the Kosala country.
Indeed, by the later title is not used along with their names nor is it joined to the
title Trikalingadhipati, which is almost invariably prefixed to their names. This
seems to show that the title Trikalingadhipati was thought sufficient by these
kings to imply their possession of Kosala also. It is therefore, probable that
Kosala; (i.e. Southern Kosala) was included in Trikalinga (three Kalingas). Thus
we see that they possessed at least a part of Trikalinga and, therefore, the title
Trikalingadhipati was not altogether an honorific one as thought by
Mr.M.M.Chakravarti. I do not mean to say, however, that the whole of Trikalinga
was under their rule” (50).
R.D.Banerji wrote,’ The country of Kalinga was divided from very early times
into three parts and was called Tri-Kalinga. The existence of the term Tri Kalinga
in Sanskrit tempts us to accept Mudu Kalinga as a direct translation of the
Sanskrit form or vice versa. The natural division of the northern extremity of the
eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal is very well suited to the term Tri-Kalinga.
40
Dynasty History of United Koraput 41
The vast country of the western shore of the Bay of Bengal, which extended from
the Delta of the Ganges to that Godavari was called Kalinga in the ancient times;
but he also writes that Trikalingadhipati is “the high sounding title” and “the
meaningless title” respectively (54).’
R.Subba Rao writes that ‘Trikalingas’ are Utkala or north Kalinga, Kalinga proper
and Tel Kalinga or South Kalinga” and Trikalinga country “extended from the
river Ganges in the north to the river Godavari in the South”(55).
“In Eastern Chalukya records of the 10th and subsequent centuries Trikalinga is
distinguished from Kalinga and is obviously regarded as a place of less
importance than Kalinga. Without entring into further discussion on this point I
think we have to admit that we cannot take Trikalinga in the present record to
denote the whole Kalinga, and that it was the designation of a separate region,
most probably the hilly tract to the west of Kalinga”(57).
P.Acharya (59) has discussed the question at length, though at one place he
appears to be in agreement with Ganguli’s findings. Although V.V.Mirashi says
Tri-Kalinga as ‘three Kalingas’, and he refrained from defining it and confined to
that it was different from Kalinga, Kongoda, Utkala and Kosala (60).
There had been controversies among the scholars of the location of Trikalinga,
which had remained unsolved to a satisfactory degree.
41
Dynasty History of United Koraput 42
Almost all the rulers of the Somavamsa, whose inscriptions have been discovered,
had assumed the title of ‘Trikalingadhipati’. According to some scholars,
Janamejaya I, the first known Somavamsi ruler to assume the title of
Trikalingadhipati, acquired the title only after he conquered the Sonepur region
from the Bhanja ruler, Ranabhanja (61).
The territory of Trikalinga must have covered an extensive region. We also come
across references to Trikalinga country in two more epigraphical records of about
the 12th century A.D. During the last part of the regime of Chodaganga of the
Ganga dynasty of Orissa, perhaps a part of this territorial unit passed away to the
hands of the Velamanti-Cholas under the able generalship of Ganga II, the father
of Rajendra Chola II, who is said to have vanquished during about 1142-43 A.D.,
the lords of Marata, Lata, Karnata, Kuntala, Andhra, Kataka and Trikalinga
during about the first part of the 12th Century A.D (62).
It was evident from the Gangas, that a part of the territory, situated contiguous to
the Vengi country, was captured. Further a ruler of another royal family claimed
the title of Trikalingadhipati, though it seems for a short time only. The Rewa
charter of the Kalachuri (1174 A.D) refers to this title known to have assumed by
one Jayasimha, probably a later Kalachuri king of Tripuri. The grant was issued
by one of his feudatory chiefs belonging to the family of the Kauravas of
Karkkaredi (the present Kakreri, 28 miles north of Rewa), who were at first
feudatories under the Kalachuris of Tripuri and later on of the Chandellas of
Jejakabhukti (63).
From the above references to the rulers claiming the title of ‘Trikalingadhipati’ it
may be inferred that there was a keen contest among the several royal families of
imperial status, such as the Kalachuris, the Gangas, the Eastern Chalukyas, and
the Somavamsis etc. It may also be presumed on the above context that the
territory of Trikalinga comprised a vast area situated contiguous to and
surrounded by the kingdoms of the above ruling families. On the whole,
Trikalinga was never under the control of any of the above ruling families for a
long time. The Somavamsi rulers are only known to have continued to claim the
title for generations and probably a major part of the territory of Trikalinga was
under their control.
42
Dynasty History of United Koraput 43
Reference
1. Ramdas, G. (1926 & 28) JBORS, Vol.XIV, pp 539.ff JAHRS, Vol. 1, pp 16-
23 ff.
2. Acharya, P (1952) Trilinga, Trikalinga, Kalinga, Odra and Utkala, OHRJ
Vol.I (1) 93ff
3. Tripathy, S (1985) “Royal Titles of Trikalingadhipati and Samasta-
Gondramadhipati of the Early Medieval Orissa's Epigraphics. ORHRJ, Vol.
XXXI, No.2, 324 p. 143 ff.
4. Shastri, Ajay Mitra, Inscriptions of the Sarabhapuriyas, Panduvamsins and
Somavamsins, Part I, II.
5. Tripathy, S. OHRJ, XXXI, Nos. 2, 3 and 4, p. 143 ff.
6. OHRJ, Vol. XXXI, No. 2, 324 pp 143 ff
7. E.I. Vol. XIII, p.362
8. E.I. Vol. XIV, p.90
9. Ibid, Vol. XIII, p. 199 & 202.
10. Ibid, Vol. XIV, p.362
11. JAHRS Vol. VI, p.79.
12. OHRJ. Vol. I, No. 1 p.93 ff.
13. I.A. Vol. XLII, 1925, pp 35-37.
14. Caldwell’s Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian languages, 1913, p.28.
15. Ibid. p.9
16. Pre. Arya and Pre-Drvidian p.76.
17. Ancient Geography of India, 1924, p.524.
18. Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Language 1913, p. 29.
19. Ibid. p.77
20. Ptolemy’s Ancient India by Mr. Crindle, 1927, p. 234
21. Acharya, P. OHRJ, Vol.I (1), p.98.
22. Gerini’s Research on Ptolemy's Geography of Eastern Asia, p.139
23. Hobson Jobson, kling, p.488
24. Goromo p.66
25. Ibid p.73
26. Ibid p.32
27. Ibid p.30
28. JRAS, 1918, p.150.
29. The Ancient Geography of India, 1924, p. 594.
30. Pre. Aryan and Pre-Dravidian, p.75
31. The Ancient Geography of India, 1924, p.594
32. Asiatic Research, Vol. IX, 1807, p 104 and 107.
33. JASB Vol. XX, 1851, p.233.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 44
44
Dynasty History of United Koraput 45
ATAVI
The word ‘Atavi’ also ‘ataviyo’ country has been mentioned in the Asoka Rock
Edicts (R.E.) XIII, Shabhazgarhi, which is now in Pakisthan (1). This rock edict
was edited by Buhler and Hultzsch, independently and has been mentioned by
Sircar in his Select inscriptions. The said inscription of Asoka mentions clearly
about his Kalinga war. There are two more Edicts, OSRE I and II, which
elucidate the administrative policy of Asoka in the newly conquered provinces of
Kalinga, as well as, his policy towards the unconquered Atavi people living
beyond the borders of his empire to the west of Kalinga.
The translation of said edicts L.V 7 and 8.is “If any one does harm that may be
pardoned by the ‘Beloved of the gods’ as far as it can possibly be pardoned. To
those Atavi people, who are residing in the empire of the ‘Beloved of the gods’,
he appeals and warns that the ‘Beloved of the gods’ has power in his remose, and
he tells them to desist from (doing harm), as otherwise, they would be killed.
He explicitly tells those people, “The kind Asoka himself desires that they should
not have any anxiety because of him, they should be consoled by him, and they
should obtain happiness and not sorrow from him.”
Further, Asoka seems to have incorporated in his empire the costal plain of
Kalinga with its long sea-board, but the wild country uplands to the west, known
as Atavika territory was not annexed by him. That this territory was left
unconquered and remained, as an outlying region is known from the S.R.Edict 11,
where he speaks of the Atavika as the ‘unconquered frontagers’.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 46
After the annexation of Kalinga, Asoka could have occupied the Atavika the wild
country to the west of Kalings, which was then probably the asylum of many
national heroes of Kalinga. But the emperor eschewed the ideas of conquering the
land by violence and conceived in its place the sublime idea of conquering the
hearts of the Atavikas by love, remarked N.K.Sahu.(2)
The R.E.XIII suggests that these officers were employed for cultural and religion
missions in the lands of the frontier people and very probably an imperial envoy
was also stationed in the territory of the Atavikas, who were regarded as ‘Anta
Avijita’.
The Antas are also described as Avijita, unpublished in K.R.E.I, also referred to
R.E.11, where the alternative term pratyanta is also used and also in M.R.E.I,
R.E.11 and their Edict shows that by the term Antas, Asoka meant people outside
his dominion, both in India and beyond. This has been as per footnote by
Radhakumud Mookerji. (3)
However, Law (4) wrote, “Samudragupta made the ruler of the Atavika rajyas
(forest kingdoms) his servants, and led an expedition to the south’. He cited that
according to Dr. Fleet, the Atavika rajyas were closely connected with Dabhala
i.e. the Jabbalpur region. (5) This is not tenable.
Further, N.K.Sahu (6) wrote, “The Rock Edict XIII of (7) Asoka refers to the
people of the Atava territory and very likely the same territory finds mention in
the Allahabad Pillar inscription of Samudragupta (8) as ‘Sarvatavika rajya’. He
further concluded, ‘The Nalas ruled over the Bastar-Koraput region which was a
part of the ancient Atavika territory and later on became well known in the history
as the land of Trikalinga. Subsequently, the name Trikalinga is found for the first
time in the Jirjingi Grant of Indravarman dated 537 A.D. (9). In the Betul Plates
Samksobha (10) these tracts have been described as ‘Astadasatavika -rajya’ and in
the Early Medival copper plate inscriptions of Orissa they have been named
‘Astadasa (11) Gondramas’
Footnote: The word Atavi also Ataviyo, has been mentioned by Kautilya (XIII.5)
where mentions two kinds of conquests, viz. (1) the conquest of the Atavyas or
Forests, and (2) the conquest of settled territory (gramdi).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 47
References
1. Rock Edict XIII, Shabhazgarhi (Pakistan) Version, Inscription on the west
face of the Shababagarhi rock in Kharas the script. It was edited by Buhler
E.I. II, pp 246 f. Hulzsch, C.I.I. 1, PP 667. Sircar Slect Inscription, i, pp. 35. f
2. Sahu, N.K.Utkala University History. p.108
3. Mookerji Radhakumud (1995) Asoka. Motilal Banarasidas, New Delhi, p.165
4. Law, Bimala Churn (1973) Tribes in Ancient India. Bhandarakar Oriental
Series No. 4. Poona.
5. E.I. VIII, pp. 284-7
6. Sahu, N.K. op.cit.p.108
7 Hultzsch, C.I.I, Vol.I, p.66 ff& E.I.., II, pp.246ff.
8. Fleet, C.I.I, Vol.III, p.6 ff
9. E.I.XXI, pp.281 f
10. E.I., Vol.VIII, pp 286-287
11. Ibid., Vol.XXVI, p.77
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 48
VIDYADHARA TERRITORY
The Vidyadhara territory, which probably extended over the present Kalahandi
Bastar and Koraput region, was under the political sway of Kalinga. This land
during the Kharavela period was being referred as Vidyadhara territory, which is
the Atavika country of Asoka (1). N.K.Sahu wrote, “Hathigumpha inscription
rightly calls their territory as ‘Ahatapurvam’ meaning never conquered in the past
(2).” The second Chedi King Chetaraja, the King of Kalinga was the lord of
Vidyadhara. As per Hathigumpha inscriptions, he had premature death in 49 B.C.
The Line 5-6 translation says, ‘Then in the fourth year (His Majesty)... the
Vidyadhara tract that had been established by the former kings of Kalinga had
never been crushed before (3)’. Kharvela succeeded Chetaraja and ruled as
Yuvaraja from 49 B.C. to 40 B.C. and was anointed in 40 B.C.
The Hathigumpha inscription refers to the Vidyadhara settlements
(Vijadharadhivasam) in connection with the military exploits of Kharavela in his
4th regnal years. It is indicated that Kharavela organised the strength of the
Vidyadhara land and led a powerful army against the Rathikas and Bhojakas (4).
The relation between the Vidyadhara family as mentioned by the Paumachariyam
and the Vidyadhara settlements referred to by the Hathigumpha inscription.
Before his second invasion of the Satavahana territory Kharavela organised the
military sources of the Vidyadhara settlement (Vijadharadhivasam) which has
been described by the inscription as an invincible land founded by the former
kings of Kalinga. It was indicated that early literary works like Paumachariyam
and Tilakamanjari (5) have designated the family of Meghavahana as Vidyadhara
and as such it is generally assumed that the settlement made by the members of
this family is known as the Vidyadhara territory. We find reference to eighteen
Vidyadhara settlements with their sixty towns in the Jaina Jambuddivapannatti
(6) and it appears that ‘Vijadharadhivasam’ of Hathigumpha inscription and
‘Vijjaharanagharavasa’ of the Jain work refer to the same territory. In some
epigraphic records (7) a territory called ‘Astadasatavi rajya’ extending from
“Baghelkhand right up almost to the sea coast of Orissa (8) is met with, and we
(handarkar) to identify these eighteen forest kingdoms with the eighteen
Vidyadhara settlements, associated with the Vaitadhya or the Vindhya range.
N.K.Sahu (1984) wrote, “The Vidyadhara territory which was the same as the
Atavi territory probably comprised the forest clad hinder land of Kalinga and
Kharavela organised the fighting forces of that land for his campaign against the
Satavahana Kingdom”.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 49
He further wrote, “The Rock Edict XIII of Asoka (9) refers to the people of the
Atava territory and very likely the same territory finds mention in the Allahabad
Pillar inscription of Samudragupta (10) as ‘Sarvatavika rajya’. The Vidyadhara
territory which was the same as the Atavi territory probably comprised the forest
clad hinder land of Kalinga and Kharavela organised the fighting forces of that
land for his campaign against the Satavahana kingdom.” While the Atavi people
fought for the defense of Kalinga in the famous Kalinga war of Asoka.”
Reference
1. Sahu, N.K. ‘Kharavela’ Orissa State Museum, Bhubaneswar p.102
2. Ibid p.108.
3. Hathigumpha Inscriptions L 5-6, Ibid. p.336
4. Sahu, N.K. op.cit. p. 108.
5. Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala (Nirnaya Sagar Prem) p25.ff
6. Jambu divapannatti, 1-12 (See also Barna, Asoka and his inscriptions p. 85)
7. Khoh Copper Plates (528 A.D.) of Samkosyobha, Fleet, C.1.I, No.C. 111, p.
114 ff
8. Bhandarkar, G. R. Asoka p. 47
9. Hultisch, C.I.I. Vol.1, p. 66 ff
10. Fleet, C.I.I. Vol. 111, p. 6 ff
Foot Note: The Paumachariyam of Vimalasuri (1) traces the ancestry of king
Meghavahana to Rsabha who was ruling over some territory at the neighbourhood
of the Vindhyas. In his later life, Rsabha relinquished the world dividing the
kingdom between his two sons Nami and Vinami. Vimalasuri status that these
two brothers well-versed in many Vidyas because of which they were called
Vidyadharas(2).In the Tilakamanjari of Dhanapala (3) who flourished in the
courts of the Paramara kings Munja and Bhoja.(4), we come across a Jain King
named Meghavahana. According to this work the son and successor of
Meghavahana had the epithet ‘Vidyadhara Narendra’ (King of Vidyadhara
lineage).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 50
NISADHA
The word “Nisadha” means ‘Forest’. Nisadha is mentioned in ancient Indian
writings like Veda, Purano, Mahabharata and Ramayana and it is mentioned with
Kosala, which denotes as two adjacent geographical distributions. According to
the Mahabharata, the capital of the Nisadhas was Giriprastha. The Nisadhas
played an important part in the Kuruksetra war in which they remained with
Pandavas, along with Mekalas, Kosalas and Dasarnas. But notwithstanding the
celebrity of the Nisadha country as the kingdom of Nala, it is not difficult to
ascertain exactly where it is located. It was thought to be not far from Vidarbha,
the Nala queen, and Damayanti’s country. Wilson (1) and place the Nisadha
countries in Vindhyas and Satpura hills to the north-west of Berar. The evidences
from above sources it has been concluded that Koraput-Kalahandi districts,
between Kosala and Vidarbha is the ancient Nisadha kingdom over which the
Nala ruled.
The famous Sanskrit grammar scholar Panini points out in ‘Astadhyai’ that
Nisadha and Vidarbha are two adjacent countries (2 and 3) It is between 6th and
7th century A.D.
The Nisadha has been ruled by Nalas. Thus, according to G.Ramdas and
N.K.Sahu who have rightly identified Puskari i.e. modern Podagoda of Umerkote
in Koraput district of Orissa as the capital of Nalas (4 and 5). This has been
further strengthened by the evidence of the extensive ruins of a city of 3rd 4th
century A.D., a copper plate grant of Nala king Arthapati which was issued from
Puskari and stone inscriptions of his successor Skandavarman lying still in the
ruins of the fort. Other Nala relics i.e. coins and epigraphs found are from Bastar-
Durg and Koraput districts proves the fact.
There has been reference to Nisadha and Nisadas, in the ancient Indian literature.
Law (6), identified the Nisadhas and Nisadas to be origined from two different
stocks, and said to be have been confounded by many. According to the Epic and
Puranic traditions, the Nisadhas are said to have sprung from King Prthu, son of
Vena (7). The Nisadha tribe has been identified to Nalas. It is described in
Puranas and Bhagavatgita to have been the son of Atithi, grandson of Kusa, and
the father of Nala (8). According to Vishnupurana (9) the ten kings of the Mekala
country and nine of the Sapta Kosala country state to have been succeeded by the
nine kings of the Nisadhas. They were all descendants of King Nala, and
according to Vayu purana lived in the country of Nisadha (10). This king Nala of
Puranas is most probably identical to the king Nala whose story has been referred
in the Mahabharata (11).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 51
As per Mamata Choudhury (12) the Nisadas seem to have settled themselves over
a widespread area, as various ancient texts have described them inhabiting regions
in west, east, south and north. On the basis of the evidence derived from the
Junagarh inscriptions (A.D.150), they possibly had their original settlement in
Malwa around Dwaraka in the Western region and then migrated during the Epic
period to the east along the Ganges beyond Kosala (13), as also to the South-West
(14) (comprising the region between the Sarasvati and the Western Vindhya)(15),
and the South-Eastern(16) regions of Madhyadesa.
These tribes are: the Paripatras (17) (Pariyatras)- dwellers of the mountain
Paripatra along with the Nisadas and the Kukuras; the Mahendra (18) dwellers of
the mountain in the Eastern Ghat representing the Kalingas.Mahenragiri hill is
still the epicenter of Sabara tribe and culture.
During the reign of Vishnuvardhana III, who was an Eastern Chalukya king, a
Nisadha king named Prthivivyaghra had let loose a horse for performing the
Asvamedha sacrifice (20). They seem to have occupied the southern part of the
Eastern Chalukya; a dominion about the northern fringe of the Nellore district has
been mentioned.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 52
References
52
Dynasty History of United Koraput 53
H.C.Ray Choudhuri (2) wrote that the Mahakantara tract comprised the southern
part of Kalahandi district and most part of Koraput of Orissa and Bastar tract of
Madhya Pradesh.
N.K.Sahu (4) puts forth that Mahakantara was then under a king named Vyghraja
whom Samudragupta claims to have defeated. He continued to say that the
territory of Mahakantara is very likely the same as the land of Mahavana referred
in one Nagarjunikonda inscription and it comprises the modern Koraput and
Kalahandi tracts.
He further continued “There are instances to show that the hill and the forest
region of Western Orissa, Chhattisgarh and south-east Bihar forms single cultural
unity during the early historic times being known as the Mahakantara.”(5)
The Allahabad Pillar Inscription enumerates Kosala along with the territories of
the Daksinapatha and associated it with Mahakantara and the kingdoms of the
Kalinga region (6).
Mahakosala, Mahakantara and Kosala comprised the Western and the South-
Western parts of the modern Orissa and the exact territorial limits of these three
kingdoms are difficult to be determined. It seems that Samudragupta started his
campaign from the Jumna valley more particularly from Kausambi and marching
through the modern Rewa and Jabalpur regions entered into the territory of South-
Kosala. After subduing Kosala, Mahakantara and Korala he could easily precede
towards the Eastern coast through the ancient trade route that linked Kosala with
Kalinga (7).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 54
Sahu wrote, “To the West of the Mathara Kingdom lay the Trikalinga territory
which was probably known as Mahakantara comprising the modern Bastar,
Koraput and Kalahandi region. It was this territory that the early Nalas rose to
power by the time the Matharas flourished in Kalinga. Mahakantara served as an
important buffer territory between the dominions of the Vakatakas and the
Matharas, and as such, the Nala who played an important role as a bulwark
against the Vakatakas, were a power friendly to the Matharas. (8)”
References
1. Singh Deo, J.P. Cultural Profile of South Kosala, p.50
2. Ray Choudhuri, H.C.,Political History of South India.(1950) p.538 &
Gazetteers of India, Orissa, Bolangir, Edt. Senapati, N., Cuttack, 1968, p.43
3. Ramdas, G., Indian Historical Quarterly. Vol.p.684
4. Sahu, N.K. Gazetteers of India, Orissa, Bolangir, Edt. Senapati, N., Cuttack,
1968, p.43.
5. Sahu, N.K. Utkala University History of Orissa, Vol. I, Bhubaneswar. p. 432-
33
6. CII, Vol.111, p.13.
7. Sahu, N.K. op.cit. p. 432 and 514.
8. Ibid.p.505
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 55
CHAKRAKOTE
The Chakrakote has been mentioned in many inscriptions and various authors
have given their arguments to identify the region and place.The Chakrakote has
been spelled as Sakkarakottam, Cakrakotya, Citakota, Chakrakuta,
Chakkarakttam, Chakrakotta, Chakrakottam, Chakrakutam, Chkrakotam,
Chakrakuta, Chakkarakkottam, Chakkrakote, Cakrakote, Ca-krakuta etc. by
various literature and authors. The Chalukyas of Vemulavada: Inscriptions of a
later period and Vikramarjunavijayam trace the descent of the family from
Vinayaditya-Yuddhamalla. He captured a fort called Chitrakuta, which was
inaccessible. His son, Arikesari-I, is said to have conquered the kingdom of
Vengi and Trikalinga during the time of Nirupama Dhruva, the Rastrakuta king
who ruled from A.D. 780 to 793 (Kollipara Plates).The inaccessible fort of
Chitrakuta, which Vinayaditya is said to have captured, is not identified. As there
are a number of forts with that name in north and central India, its identification
bristles with difficulties has been mentioned, was the opinion of Kolaru
Surayanarayana.(1)
Again, in the inscriptions of Eastern Chalukya and Choda the name Chakrakote
appears. Vijayaditya III of the Eastern Chalukya line, who ruled between 844 and
888 A.D, so far as is known appears to have been made raid and burnt Chakrakota
(2) Then the Chola Rajendra Chola I (A.D. 1011-33) took Sakkara-Kottam (3).
While one of his successors, King Vira Rajendra I claims to have crossed
Godavari, passed through Kalinga, and advanced against Chakrakota (4). Next the
Chola king Kulottunga, while yet a youth cover his first laurels in battle by
storming Chakrakota. This happened prior to 1070 A.D.and is mentioned in the
Tamil poem Kalingattu Parani (x24) (5), and also in inscriptions (6) Vikrama VI
was probably the fifth raider, the sixth being Vishnuvardhana Hoysala in the 12th
century (7).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 56
Somesvara I (W.Chalukya) and his feudatory, the Kakatiya Prola, raided Kosala,
and conquered Chakrakota, in the Bastar State, after defeating the Naga king (11)
References
1. Kolaru Surayanarayana. History of the Minor Chalukya Families in Medieval
Andhradesa.p-7 and 16
2. E.I. Vol.IV p.226 - Vijayaditya III
3. S. I.I.., Vol.II, and p.108 - Rajendra Chola I. p.120 note 3
4. S. I..I..,Vol.III, p.70 - Vira Rajendra I. p. 132 Kulottunga I
5. Kalingttu Parani (x24) Tamil poem
6. I.A. Vol. XXI. p 286
7. Kielhorn’s South List No.3960
8. Kielhorn’s South List No.756
9. E.I. IX pp. 178-9.
10. E.I. Vol.X. 24ff
11. The Struggle for Empire. The Nagas or Chihindakas, Bharatya Vidya Bhavan.
p.216.
56
Dynasty History of United Koraput 57
GIRIKALINGA
The word Girikalinga, itself is indicative of its location on hills. The Pedda-
dugam plate of Sri Sattrudmanadeva was issued at Simhapura mentions
Girikalinga. The plate was deciphered by V. Bhanumurti (1) and re-edited
D.C.Sircar (2). It had 3 plates. The donees were Bramhins with names as
Yajnasarman, Bappasarman and Sarvasarman of Kaundiya gotra. The topography
is Basu-vataka (district?), Juha-grama (village), and Giri-Kalinga (Province?)
Varhamana – ograhara (village). The site was never ever identified.
I am definite that the said topography is the present Balimella suberv of Koraput
district. Informants say that the Vardamanapura village is now located 2 km. from
Balimella, still known by the same name. (I have not confirmed) The Juha village
in at 5kms from Balimella, and the name remain unchanged. The Patuva grama or
village may be the Patrali which is near to Tarlakota in the same region. Again,
the said topography comes under the present Patrali Panchayat.
It is thus concluded that Girikalinga was including the hill portion of present
Koraput, part of Vizagapatnam (Paderu) and extended to Balimella and
Malkangiri area, and beyond Govindapalli hills.
Reference
1. Bhanumurti, V. J.A. H.R.S. Vol. XXI p. 159 ff
2. Sircar, D.C. E.I. XXXI, pp 89-96ff.
3. Rajaguru, S.N. Inscriptions of Orissa (c.600-1100 A.D) Vol. 11. p.237-241.
57
Dynasty History of United Koraput 58
MASUNIDESA
The Tamil prasasti records transactions where Chola king Rajendra in his second
phase of campaign, the march of his army through Kalinga and Odda to the
Ganges. Rajendra himself advanced to Chakrakote through Godavari to protect
the rear of the Ganges expeditionary force, because of the threats issued by the
Kalinga rulers and Odda who were acting under the order of Chalukya Jayasimha
(1). A much more detailed picture is as follows (2).
Learned historian of repute K.A. Nilakanta Sastri gave his opinion, which runs as
follows:
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 59
He further continued, “The fact that Sakkarakottam was the first place taken by
Rajendra’s army in the course of this campaign and that the king met his
victorious general on the banks of Godavari on his way back at the end of the
campaign imply that the Vengi kingdom had come back to the same relation of
close subordinate alliance with the Cola empire which it has held in Rajaraja time
(9)”.
We are thus inclined to identify the area thus mentioned in the inscriptions as per
analysis and proposals placed by K.A.Nilakanta Sastri.
As per the description given in the said above inscription, the Masunidesa may be
the Jeypore tract, extending into Bastar covering Indravati-Kolab, doab and
Mathil-Kondakamberu area. This is the plain land and still the granary of the
district. The Nagavamsi King of Chhindaka ruled this area.
The Panca-palli is the Panchapalli hill range above Potangi connecting the
Kalinga region. The entry to this area (Koraput in ancient time towards
Nandapur) was from Pachipetta, which was later in British period was a small
Zamindar under Jeypore state. In Jeypore tract it was called Panchipetta Kabata,
means Panchipetta door. The hill route from Panchipetta was to Sanki, Chandka,
Pukali, Raisingi, Balda and then Nandapur.
Reference
1. Tiruvalangadu plates of Jayasimha -S11, III p.399 v. In. See Ibid V 120p.400
and E.I. IX p. 233.
2. E.I. IX p.233
3. Hultzsch wrote: whose forts (bore) banners which (touched) the clouds’, but
K.A.Nilakanta .Sastri commented that it has no support from the text.
4. The translation here is based on the reading in 176 of 1923: ‘Kamidai val
anagar Namanaikkonamum’.
5. Another form has ‘Venjina Virar’ for Venjilai-virar’
6. Hultzsch. S.1.1, iii p. 57, n.1.
7. E.I. XVI p.53
8. 185 of 1893
9. Read: pasadaip-palanr -masunidesam (S11, II 20 1.5 & p.108)
59
Dynasty History of United Koraput 60
KALINGA
The name Kalinga, Trikalinga and Trilinga has been referred in several literatures.
This has been the subject of research for long time.
The ancient Kalinga Empire had included the whole of present Orissa and
extended to neigbouring states from time to time. Kalinga Empire was spread has
‘appeared in several literature’.
The Matsya purano speaks that Kalinga was located both in Dakshinapatha and
Madhyadesa. (7)
Pliny (8) gives clear picture of Kalinga territory. He had divided it into three
parts. The Gangarides Calingae that is apparently the same as Gangaridum
Calingarum Regia refers to the region on the bank of the Ganges near its mouth.
The Macro Calingae may be the middle or central Kalinga comprising of Utkala,
Odra and Tosali region. Calingae was Kalinga proper. This may be called as the
home land of Kalinga people. Pliny wrote on the basis of Megasthenes, which
indicates that Kalinga had extended from Ganges to Godavari in 24 B.C. It is
when Asoka conquered it.
It is not well known when Kalinga was established. The Jaina Parisista Parvan
(9) has shown that the minister of King Nanda conquered the whole Kalinga
down to the sea. The fact is supported by Hathigumpha inscriptions of Kharavela
(10), where it refers to the excavation of a canal in Kalinga by the Nanda King
and the Kharavela restoring the Kalinga Jina, which had been seized by King
Nanda from Kalinga.
The Greek historians as Diodorus, Curtius and Plutarch state that Agrammes, the
last Nanda king, who was also contemporary to Alexander the Great, was ruling
over Prassi and Ganga ridae. The Prassi is the same as Prachya, the home
province of Magadha and Gangaridae was the Gangarides Calingae, the part of
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 61
Kalinga Empire near the mouth of the Ganges (11). It is also indicative that the
central and southern part of Kalinga was lost from the Kalinga Empire.
The rebel Chandragupta Maurya occupied the throne in 322 B.C. The classical
writers never mentioned Chandragupta Maurya as King of Gangaridae, but Prassi
continued to be the centre of his empire. (12)
Ashoka destroyed the Kalinga Empire. He had incorporated the Gangetic portion
of Kalinga, the Gangaridae of the classical writers to his mainland. The central
part of Kalinga Empire, the Macco Calingae, which was Utkala, Odra and Tosala
region, formed a separate state with its capital at Tosali near Dhauli (13). Kalinga
proper in the south formed another administrative centre with its headquarters at
Sampa near Jaugada (14). This thus after Asoka’s invasion of Kalinga there was
reorganisation of Kalinga empire territory.
The grammarian Panini, who may be taken to have lived more or less about 600
B.C., mentions only Kalinga in the east and knows nothing south of Narmada on
the west except the country of Asmaka, near the headwaters of the Godavari (15).
The following stanza is met in the Brahmanda Purana, of Orissa State Museum
defines Kalinga and Tri-kalinga respectively as (i) the land between the Rsikulya
and Jhanjavati and (ii) that between the Jhanjavati and Vedavati. The river
Jhanjavati now origins from Koraput district whereas Vedavati flows to east
boundary of Salur, a small town at the bottom of Eastern Ghat, and road entry
point to Koraput from Andhra Pradesh. The Vedavati location referred by
Rajaguru is incorrect (16).
Ajay Mitra Shastri wrote, the dependability of these stanzas is not beyond doubt;
they contain grammatical errors and the last eight syllables of the second stanza
are lost. They may represent the narrow definitions prevalent at the time the
manuscript was copied, viz. during the late medieval period. Anyway not much
significance can be attached to these stanzas, particularly, as they go against the
unimpeachable epigraphic evidence (17). However, S.N.Rajaguru reports the
same stanza.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 62
Epigraphical and literary evidence points out that in ancient and medieval times,
Kalinga, whether it was a part of Andhra or Orissa, always remained a separate
political entity.
D.C.Sircar wrote, “In early medieval period, it is only the kingdom of these early
Eastern Gangas that was exclusively known as Kalinga, because, as will be seen
below, the kingdoms in the Ganjam-Puri-Cuttack region assumed different names
such Kongoda, Tosali, Udra etc, since the later part of the sixth century A.D. But
the old name did not get time enough to became popular again as the successor of
Anantavarma Codaganga soon transferred their capital to the Cuttack District
(Orissa) far away from the Srikakulam region that had become famous under the
name Kalinga during the many centuries’ rule of Early Eastern
Gangas.....................................(18)
The later E.Gangas records also make it clear that Kalinga and Trikalinga refer to
one and the same region of which Kalinganagara (modern Mukhalingam),
Srikakulam District was the capital. Thus in reference to the location of the
Madhukesvara temple at Kalinganagara, we get the following expressions:
1. The ancient Kalinga country (roughly speaking the coastal land between
the river Mahanadi and Godavari) was split up into a number of small
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 63
It informs that
The conquest of Kalinga by Asoka (C.260 B.C) is one of the best known events of
his reign and formed the turning point in his spiritual carrier. No wonder his
edicts are found in Dhauli in the delta of the Mahanadi, and at Jaugada in the
Ganjam district, then certainly part of Kalinga. Dhauli was perhaps the same as
Tosali, the capital of Kalinga in those days (24).
Kharavela of Kalinga states clearly that the territory of the Satavahana king
Satakarni lay to the west of his kingdom. Kharavela defined in the second year of
his reign by sending a large army, the Satakarni King II (25).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 64
The Sailodbhava king Sainyabhita II Madhavaraja II, one of his grants dated A.D.
619 invokes the name of Sasanka as his suzerain. The king issued this grant from
the Jayaskandhavara of Kongoda and claims to have exercised sovereignty over
the whole of Kalinga (28).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 65
Reference
1. McCrindle, Ancient India, p.137
2. Pliny’s National History (Trans. by Dr. Bostock and Riley) vol. II, pp.42-44
3. McCrindle, pp. 42-44
4. Matsya, CXXCIV, 12
5. Kurma II, XXXIX, 0
6. Skanda V, 3, XXI, 7
7. Matsya, Ibid, 31
8. Pliny, op. cit. pp.42-44. List of Indian Races quoted by Mc Cridle in Ancient
India, pp-129f
9. Mc Cridle, Invasion of India by Alexander, pp. 221, 228 and Parisistha
Parivar, VII, p. 81
10. E.I. XX, pp.87-88 Text lines 5, 12
11. McCridle op cit, p.136
12. Sahu, J.K. Historical Geography. In: History and culture of Orissa, Vol. I. p.
55
13. Sahu, N.K. Utkala University History of Orissa, WCI, Bhubaneswar 1964 pp.
284ff
14. Ibid. pp. 295ff
15. Astadhyayi of Panini (5th Century B.C.)
16. Rajaguru, S.N. Inscriptions of Orissa, Vol. II, pp.333-34.
17. Ajay Mitra Shastri cited N.K.Sahu, op.cit. 98, fn. 3
18. Sircar, D.C. Kalinga: In Classical Age, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay pp.
211-217.
19. (a) S.I.I.V. 1039
(b) SI.I. V. 1101
(c) E.I. XXX. P. VIII
20. Ramachandra Rao, C.V. The Later Eastern Ganga and Somavamsi Gajapatis.
21. Majumdar, R.C. Outline of the History of Kalinga. Dacca University Studies,
Vol. II No.1 pp.213 ff.
22. Ibid.
23. Sahu, N.K.op.cit. p.80.
24. Sastri, K.A.N. The History of South India p.86.
25 Ibid p.93.
26. Ibid p.106
27. E.I. XXVIII, p.79.
28. Rajaguru, S.N.op.cit.p.331-332.
29. Subramanian, K.R. Budhist Remains in Andhra Part-I, p.119-125.
30. E.I. XII, p.212.
31. E.I. XII, p.1.
65
Dynasty History of United Koraput 66
SOUTH KOSALA
South Kosala had played significant role in Indian history. N.K. Sahu says that in
the epic Kosala (South Kosala) is not included in the Daksinapatha, but Allahabad
pillar inscription enumerates it (1).
The Imperial Gazetteers of India cites the country between 19.50’ and 23.7’ north
and 80.40’ and 83.38’ east with an area of 21,240 sq. miles as South Kosala. The
area as of now is Durg,Raipur, Bastar, Raigarh, Surguja and Bilaspur districts of
Madhya Pradesh; and Sundargarh, Sambalpur, Kalahandi and Koraput districts of
Orissa.(3 )
There is very scanty history of South Kosala prior to the rise of Sarba
Sarabhapuriyas, about the end of fifth century A.D (4). The available history
indicates it to be a part of the Maurya and Satavahana empires.
N.K.Sahu further wrote, ‘It is further known from the Vana Parva that the
territory of Kosala was distinct from the kingdom of Vidarbha. The epic
represents Nala, who was wandering with Damayanti in the Vindhyan forest, as
pointed out the paths to Vidarbha and Kosala in the following words: “This path
leads to Vidarbha and that one to Kosala beyond that to the South lays
Daksinapatha”. (7)
Chinese traveler Hiuen Tsang has described South Kosala in his accounts (8). He
writes, “From Kalinga, he went by hills and woods for above 1800 li to Kosala.
This country more than 6000 li was surrounded by mountains and was a
succession off woods and marshes……….. The soil of the country was rich and
fertile, the towns and villages were together.”
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 67
Patel concluded that the above description refers to the Nala territory in the north-
west of Kosala, i.e. modern Koraput, Kalahandi and Bastar region (9).
Cunningham (10) identifies the Vidarbha and Berar region as South Kosala of the
pilgrim’s account.
Reference
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 68
On the other hand, Pfeffer (1997)(3) and Berger (2000)(4) indicated the
importance to understand the Desia society to take into account the
interrelationships between tribal, Scheduled Caste and other societies living in the
area. The social relationships within Desia society are hierarchic, but the
hierarchy in Koraput is of a different type than the one prevailing in caste society
of coastal area, it cannot be discovered in the tribal hills at all. No estate of
intellectual ritualists is opposed to the holders of secular power or segregated
from the general peasant community’ (Pfeffer 1997) (5). The terms expressing
status differences are also not the same as those of caste society. Status
differences are expressed in the idiom of seniority ordering the different Desia
categories internally into senior (boro) and junior (sano) sub-tribes and externally
into senior and junior tribes.
Some how, Pfeffer and Berger along with Strumpell described the Koraput
inhabitants in the anthropological setting and described the hierarchy that exists
in-between the tribes and other non-tribal population.The top hierarchy described
by Berger point to the ‘Godia loak’.
Desigana are found in the relevant Jaina records of the 10th – 11th centuries.
Desigana is one out of the nine ganas known in the Jaina organization of the past.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 69
Singh with reference to his studies of Jainas wrote, “The Desigana, variously
known as Deisya, Desiga and Desika in the epigraphs from Sravana-Belgola and
other places, emerged as an important monastic order of the Digambare monks
(7). An epigraph of 860(8) described Trikalyogisa as belonging to the Pustaka
gaccha, Desiya gana of the Mula Sangha. Ramesh has given a detail account of
Desiagana that is known from the Western Ganga records.
Kornel and Gamang loc.cit. with reference to Desiagana, and Nandi sangha; have
identified two Gachchas in the close vicinity to Chakarokote of Nagavamasa
reference in Koraput district and they are Narigachha and Barigachha, that
survived centuries (9). The Dev Honjeru of Nandapur has been identified to the
Honjore cited with relation to Nolamba-Pallava family and there is a Jaina temple
(depilated) in Paliva village of Nandapur(10).The relevance of ‘handi’ suffix to
village names like Papadahandi,Dhamanahandi,Chndahandi, Nandahandi etc has
been enumerated in detail and these are possibly the past Jaina sub-centers of
Nandi sangha and points to Nandi sangha and influence Jaina schools during the
period of Amma II, the Eastern Chalukya who has fled into Kalinga(11).
Korenel and Gamang loc cit. have also given several identities to Jaina relevant
place in Trikalinga that has derived its name from Jaina teachers of the past (12).
Two inscriptions from the Tumkur District in the Mysore States furnish
interesting information testifying to the eminence of Padmaprabha Maladhari
and his sphere of influence (13). The epigraph further states that Padmaprabha
was a disciple of Viranandi Siddhanta-Chakravarti and that he belonged to the
Mula Samgha, Desiyagana, Pustaka gachchha Kondkundanvaya and Vanada bali.
In the centre of Jaina movement in Nandapur there is the village called Maladha
and Virahandi exists in Kotapad, on the boarder of Bastar. This amply verifies
the Desia influence of Kanada in Trikalinga.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 70
Ikshvakus
Ikshvakus traveled down south from the north and are said have influenced the
southern culture. They were known to be Jainas and a brief history of theirs and
relation to Koraput region has been placed with logic in one of the chapters (16).
On the death of Chalukya Bhima II, Amma II, his son by Lokambika, ascended
the throne, overstepping his elder step-brother Danarnava, and assumed the name
of Vijayaditya. The Savara chief had a very good relationship as it is seen during
the Yuddhamalla’s period. The Rashtrakutas assisted the Savaras. Amma II is
described as the lord of both Vengi and Kalinga and is known to have made the
grants of lands in Parukonadu vishaya, Yellamandhili Kalinga in Visakhpatnam
district.
After Amma II had ruled for 11 years about A.D. 956, Badapa son of king
Yuddhamalla drove him out of Vengi country. Badapa became king with the help
of the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III (A.D. 939-67) (17) Unable to withstand the
advance of the Rashtrakuta invasions, he (Amma II) abandoned the kingdom and
saved himself by timely flight to Kalinga (18).
The events of the last years of the region Amma II after his return from Kalinga
are lost in obscurity. Inscriptions slightly later in date, however, throw some light
on the concluding stage of the reign.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 71
Vimaladitya (A.D.1011-1022) adopted Jainism in late old age. It was due to the
profound influence of Trikala Yogi Siddhantadeva, a teacher of the Desiagana
school of Jainas as his preceptor (21). The Jaina teacher was a Canarese person by
birth and came into Andhra country, apparently at the invitation of king,
Mummadi Bhima.The Jaina teacher resided in Ramathirtham, near Vizinagaram
which appears to be one great Jaina culture and learning centre of that time (22).
Nandi Puja of Jhodia Poraja is celebrated in the house of Janis the priest once
in every three years. A detail account of the celebration is given in the
book.Jahadia’s Nandi and Mail’s Bali and Raj’s Dashera is as a proverb is known
to all. Nandi celebration is a Jaina celebration as we have mentioned has survived
the time (25). This is a fertility cult of the past where replica of ‘Queen White
Ant’ as sign of fertility is at the center of celebration.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 72
Pengo Porajas are the prajas of Vengi, Eastern Chalukyas and later to the Choda
-Chalukyas Dynasty that commenced from Kulottunga I. The Pengo were Jainas
of the past, like their master E. Chalukyas and they too have maintained the Jani
institution so far. We have described the Bali celebration by Pengo Porajas(26).
The Bali is celebrated by all ‘Desia Loak’ in Koraput district. It is puja to get
bumper crop and good health and prosperity to all subjects and is also celebrated
once in three years by the Bali Mutha villages though there are significant
variations in celebration interval from tribe to tribe.
Bhumia tribe are said to be the Prajs of Somavamsis of Orissa (28). The Janis
play important role in the Bhumia religious life. A Bhumia Pujari family worships
the Phupugaon Jaina temple in Kundra block of Koraput.
Konda Porajas other wise called Chellia Porajas are prajas of Pandya dynasty
(Pandyas were otherwise known as Chellia) and they also celebrate Nandi and
have the Jani institution (29).
I am inclined put forth the presence and still continuing the culture of Nisadhi
memorials among Jhodia Porajas, where memorial pillar is constructed for
women members only. Nisadhi are small stone plates placed vertically on the
ground after death of women members only, they can be seen in rows in a village
or it can also be in a given crowded place. I have seen the Nisadhi memorials
close to the Jhodia villages spread all over Koraput.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 73
Reference
1. Strumpell, Christian (2001) Industrialisation in a 'tribal zone' the Desia of
Koraput and a Hydro-electric Power Plant. Adivasi, Vol. H 40-41, 1: Z, p.71-
81.
2. Pfeffer, Georg, The Scheduled Tribe of Middle India as a unit: Problems of
Internal and External Comparison. In: Georg Pfeffer and Deepak K. Behera
(eds.): Contemporary Society Tribal Studies. Vol. I. Structure and Process.
New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1997.
3. Berger, Peter, The Gadaba and the 'non-ST' Desia of Koraput, Orissa. Some
Observations on their Interrelations. In: Pfeffer, George and Deepak K.Behera
(eds.): Contemporary Society Tribal Studies, Vol. V. New Delhi, Concept
publishing Company, 2001 (in print) Parry, Jonathan: Introduction. In:
Jonathan Parry Jan Breman and Karin Kapadia (eds.): The worlds of Indian
industrial Labour. New Delhi, Sage, 1999a.
4. Ibid.
5. Pfeffer, Georg op. cit.
6. Singh, R.B.P., Jainism in Early Medieval Karnataka.
7. E. I. VI, p.36.
8. J.A.I, no. 2, pp.65ff.
9. Dehera may be derived from Sanskrit 'Devagriha.'
10. S. I. I., Vol. IX, pt. I, 115.
11. An. Rep. on S.I. Epigraphy, 1917, Appendix O, No. 42.
12. Ibid., No. 40 and p. 113.
13. Ibid, No. 43.
14. Jawaharlal, G. Jainism in Andhra, p.137.
15. Kornel Das and Gamang Giridhar (2009) Lost Jaina Tribes of Trikalinga.p.88-
100
16. Jawaharlal, G. op.cit p. 137.
17. E.I., XIS, p. 142
18. ARE, Cp. 1 of 1916-17
19. ARE. Cp.11 of 1914-15, E.I.XII,p.16
20. E.I.Vol.VII.p.177
21. ARE. 1918pp.133.p.6
22. ARE. 832 of1918
23. Pedda purappadu Plates of Vismagiddhi, Bharti, Oct. 1983, 1984 and May
1985.
24. Gunda Mahadvi Narayanpal Inscription.E.I.IX.311ff, 161-162.
25. Kornel Das and Gamang Giridhar (2009) Lost Jaina Tribes of Trikalinga.
p.194-209
26. Ibid. p218-240.
27. Ibid. p.241-249.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 74
28. Ibid.
29. Ibid.p.253-254
30. Ibid.p.120-121
31. Ibid.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 75
A.Stirling was first to notice the inscription in the Hathigumpha of Udayagiri hill
and in 1820 he conducted Colonel Mackenzie to the spot who prepared for him a
lithograph facsimile of the inscription and it was published by Stirling in ‘Asiatic
Researches’. (Asiatic Researches, (2) Vol.XV, pp. 313 ff.)
In 1837 James Prinsep, then Editor, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal,
requested Lieutenant Kittoe to visit the ‘Khandagiri rock’ for re-examining the
inscription of which the lithograph was published by Stirling (3).
George Buhler in 1895(6) and 1898 (7) proposed certain corrections in the text of
the Hathigumpha inscription.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 76
In 1905-06 Sten Konow supported Indraji regarding his reading and interpretation
of the inscription and accepted the theory of the Maurya era (8). But V.Smith in
1908 proposed that the Maurya era of the inscription may be synchronous or
identical with the Seleuciden era of B.C.312 (9). In 1909-10 Prof.Luders
published a summery of the Hathigumpha inscription and at the end of it noted
“there is no date in this inscription” (10).
In 1918, K.P. Jayaswal (13) personally visited the Udayagiri and Khandagiri hills
to examine the contents of the Hathigumpha inscription on the spot.
K.P.Jayaswal published and illustrated in the Journal of Bihar and Orissa
Research Society in 1927 (14). The results of the new attempt as given by him
are stated below:
TRANSLATION
(Line 1) Salutation to the Arhats (Arihats=lit. ‘Conquerors of Enemies,’ i.e.
Jinas). Salutation to all the Siddhas. By illustrious Kharavela, the Aira (Aila),
the Great King, the descendant of Mahameghavahana, the increaser (of the glory)
of the Cheti (Chedi) dynasty, (endowed) with excellent and auspicious marks and
features, possessed of virtues which have reached (the ends of) the four quarters,
overlord of Kalinga.
(L.2) for fifteen years, with a body ruddy and handsome were played youth some
sports; after that (by him who) had mastered (royal) correspondence, currency,
finance, civil and religious laws (and) who had become well-versed in all
(branches) of learning, for nine years (the office of) Yuvaraja (heir apparent) was
administered. Having completed the twenty-fourth year, at that time, (he) who
had been prosperous (vardhamana) since his infancy and who (was destined) to
have wide conquests as those of Vena.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 77
(L.3) then in the state of manhood, obtains the imperial (maharajya) coronation in
the dynasty of Kalinga. As soon as he is anointed, in the first (regnal) year (he)
causes repairs of the gates, the walls and the buildings (of the city), which had
been) damaged by storm; in the city of Kalinga (he) causes the erection of the
embankments of the lake (called after) Khibira Rishi, (and) of (other) tanks and
cisterns, (also) the restoration of all the gardens (he) causes to be.
(L.4) done at (the cost of) thirty-five-hundred-thousands, and (he) gratifies the
People. And in the second year (he), disregarding Satakamni, despatches to the
western regions an army strong in cavalry, elephants, infantry (nara) and chariots
(ratha) and by that army having reached the Kanha-bemna, he throws the city of
the Musikas into consternation. Again in the third year,
(L.5) (he) versed in the science of the Gandharvas (i.e., music), entertains the
capital with the exhibition of dapa, dancing, singing and instrumental music and
by causing to be held festivities and assemblies (samajas); similarly in the fourth
year, ‘the Abode of ‘Vidyadharas’ built by the former Kalingan king(s), which
had not been helmets (bilma) cut in twain, and with their umbrellas and
(L.6) bhingaras cast away, deprived of their jewels (i.e., ratana, Skt. ratna,
precious objects) all the Rathikas and Bhojakas (he) causes to bow down at his
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 78
feet. Now in the fifth year he brings into the capital from the road of Tanasuliya
the canal excavated in the year one bundred-and-three of King
Nanda............................. Having been (re-) anointed (he while) celebrating the
Rajasuya, remits all tithes and cesses,
(L.7) bestows many privileges (amounting to) hundreds of thousands or the City-
Corporation and the Realm-Corporation. In the seventh year of his reign, his
famous wife of Vajiraghara obtained the dignity of auspicious
motherhood................. Then in the eighth year, (he) with a large army having
sacked Goradhagiri
(L.9) Kalpa (wish-fulfilling) trees, elephants, chariots with their drivers, houses,
residences and rest-houses. And to make all these acceptable (he) gives at a fire
sacrifice exemption (from taxes) to the caste of Brahmanas. Of
Arhat..........................................
(L.12) ...................... And causing panic amongst the people of Magadha (he)
drives (his) elephants into the Sugamgiya (Palace), and (he) makes the King of
Magadha, Bahasatimita, bow at his feet. And (he) sets up (the image) ‘the Jina
of Kalimga’ which had been taken away by King Nanda..................and causes to
be brought home the riches of Amga and Magadha along with the keepers of the
family jewels of.........................................
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 79
(L.16) ............................. Patalaka ................ (he) sets up four columns inlaid with
beryl ................. at the cost of seventy-five hundred thousands; (he) causes to be
compiled expeditiously the (text) of the seven-fold Amagas of the sixty-four
(letters). He is the King of Peace, the King of Prosperity, the King of Monks
(bhikshus), the King of Religion (Dharma), who has been seeing, hearing and
realising blessings (kalyanas)-
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 80
Haihayas are a branch of the Yadavas. Pargiter thus states the origin of the
Chedis. Vidarbha of the Yadava clan had three sons named Bhima Kratha,
Kaisika and Lomapada. Kaisika’s son Chidi founded the dynasty of Chaidya
kings in Chedi. From Chidi the name of the clan as well as that of the country
became Chedi. In the Buddhist books Cheti is placed between Malla andVamsa
indicating that the kingdom lay close to Kausambi in the Allahabad district, and it
is very likely that modern Baghelkhand was originaly called Chedi. (Vasu, from
whose line Kharavela’s family descended (1.17) was, however, not a Chaidya, but
the conqueror of the Chedi country. He was fifth in descent from the Kuru who
was the 72nd Aija (15). The Jaina Harivamsa-Purana also includes Vasu in the
Aijeya list and as the son of the founder of Chedi-rsthra in the Vindhyas (16)
Khibira-isi-tala: We have examined these two words very carefully on the rock,
estampages and casts. The reading is perfectly clear but no explanation seems to
be possible unless Khibira is taken to be a proper name of a Rishi who excavated
the tank or lake or after whom it was named. In that case, the phrase will have to
be taken as referring to a particular tank while tadaga and padiyo will refer to
artificial excavations.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 81
5. That although no Maurya era is found, yet it seems that a clear reference to
a Nanda era is met in the record of the 5th regnal year (line-6).
He discussed the date of Kharavela and placed him in between 207 B.C. and 169
B.C. After that, K.P.Jayaswal and R.D. Banerji once again jointly examined the
plaster cast and paper impressions and freshly edited and published the
Hathigumpha inscription in the Epigraphia Indica in 1930(17). Prof.A.S. Altekar
prepared 52 notes of the text, which were published at the end of the edited
inscription before the translation of the text.
The desperate attempt of B.M.Barua to search for the capital of Kalinga under
Kharavela was to a great extent fulfilled by archaeological excavations of
Sisupalgarh. T.N. Ramachandran (21) is of opinion that Sisupalgarh may be
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 82
identified either with Tosali, the capital of Kalinga under Asoka or with
Kalinganagari the capital of Kharavela. He summarises the arguments in favour
of both in the following words:
The fort is well planned, fortified, square in shape, with two elaborate gateways
for each side and several exists.
The Wairagarh is not very far off from the southern capital of Kalinga Khibidi (of
Koraput) and Khibidi is just 20 Kms from Simhapatha from where the second
queen of Kharvela hailed (Bhairaba Singpur).
From Wairagarh to Bastar thence to Khibidi and then through Bhairaba singpur
leads to the coastal Kalinga.The Bhairabasingpur pass was the gateway to ancient
path for Kalinga. Thus geographical accounts also support the identification of
R.D.Banerji’s theory.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 83
Hathigumpha inscription refers to the Queen of Simhapatha (lion path) who was
very likely his second Queen. Simhapatha may be the same as Simhapura that was
the Capital of Kalinga during the rule of the Matharas in the 4th century A.D.
The place is identified with modern Singupuram in Srikakulam district of Andhra
Pradesh (27). The main wing of the upper storey of the Ranigumpha presents a
long frieze narrating the thrilling circumstances under which Kharavela seems to
have married the second Queen.” It has been further suggested by Sahu (1984)
that the series of sculpture in the upper story of the Ranigumpha depict the scenes
from the life of king Kharavela himself. they have respected the averts leading to
the marriage of the king with has second Queen, the Queen of Simhapura.The
Bhairaba Singapore near Borigumma has been identified by the present authors as
the capital of Southern Kalinga in the 4th century A.D. and this was the entry path
from the Western end and to the Kalinga and the coastal region and this was
abrupt path to the hills, therefore, the name Simhapath, which means the lions
path and to cross this entry point must have been a very difficult matter in those
days and the name was derived from that and descriptions to this have been given
elsewhere. The Risi Khibra is within 30 kms from this place as mentioned above.
The aboriginal people in the hilly regions were probably classed among the
Sudras and they constituted important elements in the army of Kalinga. The
Savaras and the Pulindas fought valiantly in the army of Kalinga at the
Kuruksetra battle, while the Atavi people fought for the defence of Kalinga in the
famous Kalinga war of Asoka (29). The Hathigumpha inscription reveals that
Kharavela organised the military resources of the territory of the Vidyadharas and
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 84
with the help of the army of that land crushed the Rathikas and the Bhojakas in
his 4th regnal year. Thus the tribal people constituted the strength of Kalinga
through ages and the Hathigumpha inscription rightly calls their territory as
‘Ahatapuvam’ meaning ‘never conquered in the past’. This refers to Eastern
Ghats.
Geneology of Kharavela
In the Hathigumpha inscription Kharavela not only declares himself as descendent
of Rajarsi Vasu, but also indicates that he belongs to the family of
Mahameghavahana (32). In the Manchapuri cave inscription (lower story) his son,
Maharaja Kundepasiri also calls himself Mahameghavahana. The Tilakamanjari
(33) further refers to the son and successor of Meghavahana and describes him as
a ruler of considerable power. It has been pointed out above that according to
Paumachariyam King Meghavahana belonged to the Vidyadhara family and that
tradition was very likely followed by the author of Tilakamanjari.
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About the beginning of the 2nd century A.D. Kalinga was conquered by the
Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni and the civil war described by the
Manimekalai (39) cannot be attributed to some period after that. According to
this work Kalinga by that time was divided between these two-cousin brothers-
Vasu and Kumara who were ruling from their respective capitals Simhapura and
Kapila. Simhapura the capital of Vasu may be the same as Simhapura mentioned
in Vrhatprostha grant (40) of the Mathara king Umavarman (360-395 A.D.)
identified with Singupuram in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh, while
Kapila, the capital of Kumara may be the same as Kapilasapura referred to in the
Mallar grant (41) of Mahasivagupta Balarjuna. It appears that Vasu ruled over the
southern territory that was the main land of Kalinga, while the northern portion of
the Kingdom was under Kumara.
The Nasik cave inscription (42) of Vasisthiputra Pulumavi indicates the conquest
of Gautamiputra Satakarni and as the restorer of the glory of the Satavahana
family.
The rule of Mahameghavahanas over Kalinga and Kosala region was very likely
overthrown by Gautamiputra Satakarni who established the rule of his family in
those territories early in the 2nd century A.D (43). His son Vasisthiputra
Pulumavi who maintained the integrity of the empire and probably occupied the
Andhra territory comprising the coastal region between the mouths of the
Godavari and the Krishna succeeded him in 130 A.D. On his death which took
place sometime after 154 A.D (44)., the Satavahana power suddenly declined and
although their fortune revived for sometime during the rule of Yajna Satakarni
(174-202 A.D.). Kalinga and Kosala did not continue under the Satavahana rule
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 86
Vasu ruled from Simhapur over Kalinga region towards the close of the lst
century A.D. and beginning of the 2nd century A.D.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 87
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 88
This territory as per Rock Edict XIII of Asoka refers to the people of ‘Atair’
territory and as per N.K.Sahu very likely the ‘Sarvatavika rajya’ mentioned in the
Allahabad Pillar inscriptions of Samudragupta.
The army of Kalinga marched against Rathikas and Bhojakas respectively to the
South and North of Nasik, the capital of Satavahana kingdom. As a result of this
victory Kharavela’s suzerainty spread over Decan from sea to sea.
- On the 8th regnal year, Kharavela lead an invasion against Magadha and
marched towards the North stormed the fort of Godadhagiri (Gorathagiri)
and seige of Rajagrha and proceeded to Mathura and Mathura and defeated
the Yavanas.
This was glorious and successful.
- On the 10th regnal year, Kharavela undertook the second North Indian
campaign and on 11th regnal year defeated enemies (not specifically
described) and very likely the confederated Tamil States in south with
whom Kharavela fought in the 11th regnal year.
- The third north Indian expedition undertaken in the 12th regnal year.
That year Kharavela proceeded with a vast army as far as the Uttarapatha
(North-West India) wherever several thiefs submitted to him. On return,
he encamped on the banks of Ganges, near Pataliputra. The King of
Pataiputra, Brhaspatimitra was forced to surrender and pay obeisance at his feet.
He brought back the image of Kalinga Jina with its throne that was taken away
by King Nanda in the 4th century B.C.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 89
Thus within a short span of ten years (from his 2nd to 12th regnal years)
Kharavela could achieve a series of brilliant victories extending his suzerainty
from the North-Western part of India to the farthest extent into the South and fully
justified the epithet ‘Chakravarti’ given to him in the inscription of his Chief
Queen.
Reference
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Dr.Fleet gives the translation of this page as follows: “Whose great good fortune
was mixed with, so as to be increased by (his) glory produced by the former
shown in capturing and then liberating Mahendra of Kosala, Vyaghraraja of
Mahakantara, Mantaraja of Kerala, Mahendra of Pishtapura, Svamdatta of Kottura
on the hill, Damana of Erandpalla, Vishnugopa of Kanchi, Nilaraja of
Devarashtra, Dhanamjaya of Kusthalapura, and all the other kings of the region of
the south...............”(2)
Rajaguru wrote, “Fleet could not correctly identify the city of Kaurala, but tried to
submit the name of Kerala which is a country, situated in the far south.
Samudragupta passed through the countries of South Kosala and Mahakantara to
arrive at Kurala. It suggests that he crossed over the river Tel at the district of
Kalahandi before he entered into the forest region of the Ganjam Agency. This
whole area, covered with dense forest, was called by the name Mahakantara.
From there he came to the headquarters of Gumsur in Ganjam which, upto the
present day, is known as Kulanda, probably a corrupted form of Kurala.
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He further wrote that only one copper plate inscription from Kalahandi region has
been discovered so far, belonging to Maharaja Tushtikara (No.16). They have
assigned it to 5th-6th centuries A.D. It was not established whether he was a
Mahakantara king. (4)
Subramanian wrote, “In the Deccan there was no strong and united empire in the
middle of the fourth century A.D. There was no king so powerful as
Gautamiputra Satakarni or the later Pulakesin II. The Kadambas has not yet risen.
Perhaps the Vakatakas had not yet begun to expand southward as the first to do so
was Prithvisena I whose son married the daughter of Chandra Gupta II (5).
Subramanian further wrote, “According to Dubreuil, all the states of the Deccan
in the Allahabad inscription belonged to the East Deccan as Airandapalla” (6)
(Amudalavalasa B.N.Rly) and Devarastra were in Ganjam and Vizagapatnam
districts according to later inscriptions. But the states are not found in the
inscription in any geographical order. Samudragupta’s march across W.Deccan
would give completeness to his expedition and the location of five kings between
the Mahanadi and the Godavari; three of them so near one another were not so
likely.
Next to Mantaraja of Kaurala which has been identified with the lower valley of
the Mahanadi is mentioned the king of Pithapuram, Mahendray name.
‘Paishtapurakamahendragiri Kanthurakasvamidatta’ has to be spelt into
Mahendra of Pithapuram and Svamidatta of Kotturu on the hill (7) etc. Kotturu is
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 93
about 1 mile from Paralakimedi and has some ancient remains. So between
Godavari and Mahanadi were two states with their capitals at Pithapuram and
Kotturu. Between the Godavari and the Krishna did Hastivarman then rule the
kingdom of Vengi? South of the Krishna were Ugrasena of Palakka (Palakkada,
Nellore district) and Vishnugopa of Kanchi, Nilaraja of Avamukta is
unidentified, while Kubera of Devarastra and Damana of Airandapalla may be
identified as kings of Maharastra and Kandesh respectively. Dhananjaya of
Kusthalpura is again unidentified. “
Among these rulers, the first six and eleventh one come under the preview of our
discussion as they were ruling over the territories comprising Kosala and Kalinga
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regions. Kosala the territory of king Mahendra is without doubt the same as
South Kosala comprising the modern districts of Bilaspur and Orissa. Contiguous
with this kingdom was lying the territory known as Mahakantara which is
according to the Mahabharata (10) extended from the East of Kosala upto the
banks of the river Vena (Wainganga), a tributary of the Godavari. This territory is
generally identified in the kingdom of king Vyaghra, father of Jayanatha
belonging to Uchchakalpa family, who was a feudatory of the Vakatakas.
Inscriptions of this king are found in Nach-ne-ki-talai and Ganj in Madhya
Pradesh (10). But this king was the ruler of the Bundelkhand region, north of the
Vindhyas and hence, cannot be classed with the rulers of Daksinapatha.
Mahakantra appears to be the same as Mahavana referred to in two of the
Amravati stupa Inscriptions (12) and may be identified with the wild tracts of
modern districts of Kalahandi and Koraput (13). Vyaghraraja, the king of
Mahakantra gallantly fought with Samudragupta but was ultimately defeated by
him. If the tiger type coins, which depict the emperor Samudragupta as
overpowering a tiger, were said to have represented this war, the victory over
Vyaghraraja was considered a very significant one by the emperor himself. After
defeating Mahakantara, Samudragupta defeated king Mantaraja of Korala, a
territory which is identified by many scholars (14) with Sonepur region of
Bolangir district. Barnet (15) suggests identification of this place with Kurala in
South India and scholars like Vincent Smith (16) and Jayaswal (17) locate it in the
territory on the banks of the Kolleru (Kottair) lake, but as pointed by
Raychoudhuri (18) this place must be within the territory of Hastivarman of
Vengi mentioned separately in the Allahabad Inscription. According to
S.N.Rajaguru, Korala may be the same Kolaulapura pattana or
Kokalavalapurapatlanam found in the records of Eastern Gangas of Kalinga and
identified with the modern town of Kulada in Ghumsur Taluk of Ganjam district.
But the name Kolaulapurapattana, which is the same as Kolahalapura, was the
seat of the Western Gangas and has been identified with Kolar in Mysore. If
Kollaulapurapattana is taken to be the town established by the Eastern Gangas in
Kalinga and named after the original Kolahalapura of the Western Gangas, this
town must be ascribed to the period much later than that of Samudragupta.
The Sonepur region of Bolangir district that was contiguous to Mahakosala may
be said to have represented the territory of Korala. The villages named Bada-
Karala and Sana-Karala near Binka (Vinitapura of medieval epigraphs) are very
likely the reminiscent of the name of ancient Korala. This region is located in the
Ang river valley and is found rich in antiquities datable to both pre-Gupta and
post-Gupta periods and also occupies an important position in between the
territories of Mahakosala and Mahakantara”. (19)
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The territory of Kalinga as pointed out above, was no longer a unitary and
compact State capable of offering a formidable resistance against the invaders.
This territory was then divided into not less than four principalities, namely,
Kottura, Erandapalla, Devarastra and Pistapura, each being under the rule of a
petty chieftain. Svamidatta, the ruler of Kottura is said to be the first chief of
this region to be defeated by Samudragupta. Kottur has been identified with
modern Kothoor about 12 miles to the South of Mahendra hills, and after
occupying this territory Samudragupta must have marched towards Erandapalla
and Devarastra ruled respectively by Damana and Kubera. These two kingdoms
have already been identified with modern Erandapalli and Yellamanchili
respectively in Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts (21). The name Damana
suggests that this king was probably an ancestor of Maharaja Satrudamana known
to us as the ruler of Girikalinga or Trikalinga from the Peddaduggam Copper
Charter (22).
The god Damanesvara who was the tutelary deity of this family seems to have
been installed by king Damana and from this consideration Damanesvara may be
regarded as the earliest known Saivite god in Kalinga.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 96
J.Dubreuil (25) has suggested that Samudragupta advanced as far as the river
Krisna, was opposed by a confederacy of kings of the Eastern Deccan and being
repulsed, abandoned his conquests in the Orissan coasts and returned to Magadha.
Jayaswal is of opinion that the Southern potentates were grouped under two chief
leaders, Mantaraja of Korala and Visnugopa of Kanchi and that Samudragupta
fought his decisive battle in the Colair lake region. Such suggestion is no doubt
speculative as it is contrary to the evidences of the Allahabad Inscription. But the
statements in the inscription being of dubious nature, have naturally given rise to
confusion and controversy. Harisena, the royal panegyrist who was also a
Minister of Peace and War, seems to have no personal knowledge about the
geographical location of the territories through which his sovereign led his
campaign.”
South Kosala is identified with the district of Raipur, Bilaspur, etc. of Eastern
Madya Pradesh, where as Mahakantara included Bastar of Madhya Pradesh and
Nowrangpur-Koraput with portions of South Kalahandi of Orissa.
However S.C.Dey (1954) wrote; “One thing is worth noticing about the find-spots
of these coins in so far as they relate to Bihar and Orissa. The coins have been
found in Chotanagpur region, in Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj and the coastal region
from Balasore southwards till Ganjam. If we remember the probable route of
Samudragupta on the occasion of his Deccan campaign, we would not be inclined
to take the finds as sporadic ones. I quote here from Smith’s Early History of
India, the portion referring to Samudra Gupta’s campaign. ‘The invader,
marching due south from the capital, through Chutia Nagpur, directed first his
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 97
attack against the kingdom of South Kosala in the valley of Mahanadi, and
overthrew its king, Mahendra. Passing on, he subdued all the chiefs of the forest
countries, which still retain their wilderness and constitute the tributary states of
Orissa and then backward parts of the Central Provinces. ...... Still advancing
southwards by each coast roads Samudra Gupta vanquished the chieftain who
held Pisthapura, the ancient capital Kalinga, now Pithapuram in the Godavari
district as well as the hill fortress of Mahendragiri and Kottura in Ganjam whose
territory lay on the banks of the Kotteru (Colair) lake (30).”
But as per J.K.Sahu,” there is no reason why Samudragupta should have to march
to far off Sonepur or even to north Ganjam and then back to south Ganjam
(Gajapati district) and Srikakulam. A close study of the march of Samudragupta
leads us to believe that Korala must be somewhere in Koraput-Rayagada region.
It is likely that the modern village Korada on the bank of Nagavalli in Rayagada
close to the district of Srikakulam presents the ancient Korala of Mantaraja. After
conquering Korala, Samudragupta entered Kalinga territory.”(31)
As noted above, Kalinga at that time had been divided into a number of petty
principalities. It is not improbable that Korala was also one of them. In that case,
Korala would have been first State in Kalinga to face the Gupta onslaught.
Mahendragiri of Pistapura, Svamidatta and Kottura and Damana of Erandapalli
were other rulers of Kalinga whom Samadragupta defeated with the present
village Kottura in Hirramandala Taluk of Srikakulam district.(32) Erandapalli is
the present Erandpalli in the district of Visakhapattnam. All these places are now
in Andhra Pradesh.
The above discussion reveals that the undivided district of Koraput is the only
district of Orissa, which lay on the route of the military expedition of
Samudragupta. His march did not even touch the district of Ganjam. Some
historian (33) identified Kottura with Kothur of Ganjam. (Gajapati district), about
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 98
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 99
References
1. C.I.I., 111, p.7
2. Ibid pp 11-13
3 Rajaguru, S.N. Inscriptions of Orissa, pp.343-45.
4. Ibid.
5. Subramanian K.R. (1931) Buddhist Remains in Andhra.p.192
6. E. I., Vol. XII, p.212
7. Another interpretation is that Sramidatta was king of Pithapuram and
Mahendragiri Kotturu. The Raghuvansam places the capital of Kalinga near
the coast. So the question of identifying Kotturu (there is one on the coat
also0 teems with difficulties. According to the poem Kalinga was very
powerful and Mahendragiri was in Kalinga. According to the inscription
Kalinga was divided. If Mahedra was lord as far as Kotturu in Paralakimedi
where are we to locate the kings of Airandapalla and Devarashtra..
8. Majumdar, R.C. (1988) Samudra-Gupta’s Conquest, The Classical Age,
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.p.9
9. Sircar, D.C. (1988) Kalinga: Ibid. p.211.
10. Sabhave parva, XXXI
11. C.I.I. 111, p.233; E.I.XVII p.12
12 Burgess, Notes Amaravati - Stupa-Inscriptions, No.8 and 231
13. See J.A.H.R.S.I pp. 228-37
14. Dandekar, R.N - History of the Guptas p.51.
15 B.S.O.S. 11 p.569
16. E, H.I. 4th Ed. p. 300 fn.3
17. History of India p. 136
18. .Raychoudhuri, H.C., P.H.A.I. 1950-p.539
19. Sahu, N.K. Utkal University History of Orissa. Vol. I p.437
20. It was probably through this route that the Chinese pilgrim Yuan-Chwang
travelled in the 7th century. A. D from the capital of Kalinga to the capital
of Kosala, a distance of 1800 Li.
21. Dr. Fleet identified Erandapalla with Erandol in Khandesh and Devarastra
with Maharastra. But J. Dubreuil has proved that these places are
respectively identical with Erandapalli a town near Chicacole and
Yellamanchili (Ancient History of the Deccan pp.58-60 and 160).
Erandapalla has been mentioned in Sidhantam Plates of Kalinga (E.I.XIII p.
213) and Devarastra finds mention in Sringavarapukota Grant of king
Anantavarman of Kalinga (E.I.XXVIII p. 564)
22 E.I.XXXI pp. 89-93.
23. Bharati-August 1224
24. E.I.VIII pp. 159 f; E.I. Vol. XV. pp 253f
25. A.H.D.pp, 60-61
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RAMAGIRI
Jawaharlal (1) wrote, “Ugraditya was pontiff of the Desigana, Pustaka gacchha,
Pansogavalli-sakha of the Mula-sangha in the line of Kundakunda in Jaina
organization. His guru was Srinandin and Lalitakiriti-Acharya was his colleague.
He lived at Mount Ramagiri and studied the science. This Ramagiri has been
rightly identified with the hill of Ramatirtham in the Vizianagaram district by
J.P.Jain, (2) for; the modern Ramatirtham still contains Jaina caves, temples, etc.”
He further wrote,’ like other Jaina preceptors, Ugraditya was reputed for his
learing. He is the author of the Kalyanakaraka, a complete and original treatise on
the science of medicine. It will be seen from a perusal of his Kalyanakaraka that
Ugraditya was well acquainted with most of the earlier literature, both Jaina and
non-Jaina, on the subject (3). Curiously we are informed in his work that ‘by
order of his guru, Srinandin, whose feet were worshipped by Vishnuraja
Paramesvara, Ugraditya wrote his work, Kalyanakaraka for the good of mankind,
on the beautiful hill of Ramagiri… which was situated in the level plains of Vengi
in the Trikalinga country (4).It is further learnt from the Hithita adhyaya (i.e. the
extra chapter) of his work that he “delivered the discourse on the uselessness of
meat diet in the court of Sri-nripatungavallabha Maharajaadhiraja which was
adorned by many learned men and doctors”. Now scholars are agreed in
identifying the Vishnuraja Paramesvara with the famous Eastern Chalukya
monarch of Vengi, Vishnuvardhana IV (A.D. 762-99), and Nripatungavllabha
with the Rashtrakuta Amoghavarsha I (A.D.815-77). Ugraditya thus seems to
have lived in circa A.D.770-840. (5) It is not unreasonable to suppose that
Ugraditya, having completed his work sometime in the last quarter of the 8th
century A.D., visited Manyakheta and delivered his illuminating discourse in the
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Ramatirtham
The Ramagiri as mentioned above has been identified with Ramatirtham,
particularly by historian of Andhra Pradesh.
Ramatirtham is in the Vijayanagaram taluk of the same district. It is situated at a
distance of 16 kms. from the town of Vizianagaram and can be reached by bus
only. It still contains caves and numerous Jaina images on the hill. It is interesting
to recall that ‘Ugraditya, the author of Kalyanakaraka studied the science under
his guru, Sri Nandin at Mount Ramagiri. By order of Sri Nandin, whose feet were
worshipped by Sri Vishnuraja Paramesvara, Ugraditya wrote his Kalayanakarka
for the good of mankind, on beautiful hill of Ramagiri that was adorned with
many Jaina caves, temples, etc. and was situated in the level plains of Vengi in the
country of Trikalinga(6). J.P. Jain has rightly identified this Ramagiri, (7) with
the modern Ramatirtham and the Vishnuraja Paramesvara with Vishnuvardhana
IV (A.D.762-99). Thus Ramagiri (modern Ramatirtham) had become an
important center for Jaina literary activities were remarked by Dr. Jawaharlal (8).
He wrote,” Further, it is equally interesting to learn from an inscription engraved
on the wall of the Durgapancha cave that Vimaladitya’s (A.D.1011-22) religious
guru Trikalayogi Siddhantadeva of the Desi gana paid homage to Ramakonda
with great devotion. It testifies to the eminence of Ramatirtham as a sacred resort
of the Jaina religion then. It is further evident from other records that the place
was an influential center of the faith from early times and a holy abode of
pilgrimage for its followers. No doubt, at first Ramatirtham was stronghold of
Buddhism during the early centuries of Christian era. For, numerous Buddhist
remains have been unearthed here (9). It may not be wrong to assume that Jainism
might have captured this place during the days of the decline of the Buddhist
creed and converted it into a stronghold of its own during the heydays of the
Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. Still we can see the caves with Tirthankara images,
and a large number of Jaina sculptures there”.
Ajay M. Shastry (10) wrote “According to the Masulipatam plates of Amma I
(918-925 A.D.), his predecessor Vijayaditya IV (918 A.D.) ruled over the
Vengimandala together with the Tri-Kalinga forest (Vengi-mandalam Tri-
Kalingatavi-yuktam (11). Likewise, the Kolavaram plates of Chalukya-Bhima II
that Vikramaditya II (sometime after 925 A.D.) held sway over both Vengi-
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Vinga-Isa-Tri-Kalinga-desa-janana-prastutya-san-utkata-
Prodyad=vrksa-lata-vitana-nirataih siddhais=ca vidyadharaih /
Sarve mandira-kandar-opama-guha-caity-alay-alamkrte
Ramye Ramagirv-idam viracitam sastram hitam praninam//(13)
This Ramagiri is apparently different from modern Ramtek near Nagpur that is
generally believed to represent the Ramagiri mentioned in the opening stanza of
Kalidasa’s Megha-duta (Purva-megha, verse 1). We (Ajaya M. Sashtri) propose
to identify it with the homonymous locality situated in the Koraput District of
Orissa bordering the Srikakulam District of Andhra Pradesh which alone would
satisfy the description. The assumption of the title Tri-kalingadhipati by the
Somavamsins, who also called themselves Kosal-endra or ‘Lord of Kosala’,
would show that Tri-Kalinga must have abutted on or must have been very close
to South Kosala. It must be remembered in this connection that the Panduvamsins,
who were lineal ancestors of the Somavamsins, also ruled over South Kosala and
when under pressure from other powers they were forced to shift eastward and
southward, they naturally moved towards the Kalahandi-Koraput-Bastar region.
For some time they could have continued to hold a part of Kosal together with the
adjoining area. And lastly, the assumption of this title by some later members of
the Kalachuri dynasty as well as the continuation of its use by the later Eastern
Gangas would show that it was a bone of contention among them as well as the
Somavamsins and the Eastern Chalukyas. Therefore, the region of Tri-Kalinga or
a part of it must have been situated not very far from their territories. Any
identification of Tri-Kalinga must satisfy this condition.
While considering the question of the location of Tri-Kalinga, the fact that in
ancient times natural barriers like mountains, rivers and seas played an important
role seems to have been ignored (14). Taking into consideration the above-
mentioned political facts together with the geographical factors, we may conclude
that the region comprising the Three Kalingas had three distinct geographical
features: (i) Eastern Ghats dividing Kalinga region into Western and Eastern
parts; (ii) the Mahanadi and the Godavari forming the northern and southern
borders of Western Kalinga; and (iii) the Indravati dividing the Western Kalinga
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 104
into North and South Kalinga, North Kalinga between the Indravati and the
Mahanadi and South Kalinga, North Kalinga between the Godavari and the
Indravati. With this geographical overview we may attempt to locate the Three
Kalingas as follows: (a) South-Kalinga, bordered on the west and north-west by
the Indravati, on the south by the Godavari and on the east by the Eastern Ghats,
comprised southern portion of Koraput together with a considerable part of Bastar
and a small region of north-west Srikakulam; (b) North Kalinga bordered on the
north and west by the Mahanadi and on the south and east by the Eastern Ghats,
consisted of northern Koraput and the adjoining south-eastern region of
Kalahandi; and (c) East Kalinga-bordered the west by the Eastern Ghats, on the
south by Godavari till it meets the Bay of Bengal, on the north by the Mahanadi
where it empties into the Bay of Bengal and on the east by the Bay of Bengal –
includes the whole of eastern Srikakulam and Vishakhapatnam together with the
whole of Ganjam.
The above is only a very rough indication of the areas comprised in the Three
Kalingas, and it is impossible in the present state of disinformation to be more
precise. Perhaps none of the kings who assumed the title Tri-Kaling-adhipati
controlled at any time of their rule the whole of Tri-Kalinga; but even capture of a
part of its, temporary or permanent, was thought enough to justify the assumption
of this title. This was true of the Somavamsins also as they could control only a
part of Orissan region of Tri-Kalinga adjacent to South Kosala, viz., Koraput-
Kalahandi-Bastar (15).”
H.H.Wilson in 1843 translated Meghdutam to English and the first stanza runs as,
The above is the first stanza of the Meghaduta composed by Kalidasa in Sanskrit,
and it mentions clearly the place called ‘Ramagiri’.The Ramagiri region is
considered most sacred because Lord Rama with Sita and Lakhmana during their
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 105
long period of vanabasa had spent most time in the said area. Since long there
are standing controversies over the identification of Ramagiri of Meghaduta fame
and different sites have been proposed by various historians and research scholars.
K.D.Bajpai wrote, “The location of Ramagiri of Kalidas has been discussed for a
long time past and several localities have been identified with it. V.V. Mirashi,
followed by other scholars, has put forth the claim of Ramtek near Nagpur for its
identification with Ramagiri. Sundarlal Tripathi and some others located in the
Koraput district of Orissa. There are still others who have tried to put Ramagiri
elsewhere (17).”
He has also taken into account the Balmiki’s puranic notes and then has seen it
from the Kalidasa’s kabyas to find the geographical locations as described for
Dandakaranya, more so for Panchavati and Ramagiri etc.
Kalidasa has described Ramagiri in Meghaduta and that gives a clear description
of its geographical and physical account. Sunderlal Tripathy has identified
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 106
106
Dynasty History of United Koraput 107
107
Dynasty History of United Koraput 108
the Mohammedan rulers. The erect stones and grave yard in the fort gives the
indication that it was a Muslim ruler’s Fort. This has amounted to some loss of
archaeology in the region is the local opinion.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 109
This was one of the basis that Sunderlal Tripathy made use of to prove his
hypothesis that Ramagiri in Dandakaranya is the relevant place that Kalidasa used
in his Meghaduta
Eastward, where various gems, with blending ray,
In Indra's bow o'er yonder hillock play,
And on thy shadowy form such radiance shed,
As peacock's plumes around a Krishna spread,
Direct thy course: to Malas smiling ground,
Where fragment tillage breathes the fields around;
Thy fertile gifts, which looks of love reward,
Where bright-eyed peasants tread the verdant sward.
Thence sailing north, and veering to the west,
On Amrakuta's lofty ridges rest;
Oft have thy showers the mountain's flames allayed,
Then fear not wearied to demand it's aid. (28)
From Ramagiri, Kalidasa takes his cloud messenger to the north, then a little back
to the south-west and again to the north to reach Amrakuta. The cloud passes over
the fertile low land of the Mala region before reaching the heights of Amarakuta.
In the region of Mala was situated the chief town of (south) Kosala, from where
Kauslya, the mother of Rama, hailed.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 110
Bajpai again wrote, “The hill of Amarakuta and apparently the northern fringe of
the river valley of Reva (Narmada) are described in no less than 6 verses
(Meghaduta, I, 17 to 22). During its early course, the river is split up into several
branches. This is described by the poet as ‘spread on the uneven Vindhyan hill
like the streaks on an elephant’s body (Meghaduta, I, 19). It may be pointed out
here that the cloud of Kalidasa is never asked by the poet to cross the river Rava
(Normada) to reach Dasarna. While describing another big river Surabhitanaya
(modern Chambal) in the Meghaduta (I, 47), Kalidasa clearly uses the word
uttirya having crossed, which is not the case with the Nramada. In the latter case,
the cloud has to go, for sometime, along the course of the river from Amarkantak
onwards. This fact also goes against the identification of Ramagiri with Ramtek.
In order to reach Dasarna from Ramtek, the river Reva has to be crossed.
The description of Amrakuta by the poet tallies very well with the high-peaked
Amarkantak and its beautiful natural environment. The direction from Amrakuta
to the Dasarna janapada and its capital Vidisa is given almost straight to the west,
and hence the poet for reaching that area suggests no change of direction. From
Vidisa to Ujjain a diversion, vakrah pantha (Meghaduta, I, 27), is suggested.
After Ujjain to Alaka the route is to the north, and hence no diversion is hinted at.
(29)”
(A) There are several sites known as Ramagiri in Orissa, including the one in
the Koraput district on the bank of the river Khonlab supposed to be the
ancient Sabari river). The existence of a Chitrakuta (apart from the one in
the Banda-panna districts) in the Koraput district and that of Panchavati
(on the confluence of the rivers Godavari and Indravati (ancient
Mandakini) can also not be doubted. But the site on the Khonlab river
does not indicate any archaeological potentiality to warrant its
identification with Ramagiri of Kalidasa. At the same time, the internal
evidence, as found in the Meghaduta giving the geography of the land
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 111
from Ramagiri to Vidisa does not tally if we identify the above site with
the Ramagiri of Kalidasa.
(B) As regards Ramtek near Nagpur, there is no doubt that during the
Vakataka Gupta Age it had become quite famous as a religious center. The
art-relics that have been discovered in and around Ramtek bear eloquent
testimony to the development of architecture and art, of a high order, in
Ramtek during the Vakataka Age. But the identification of Ramtek with
Ramagiri does not seem to be possible due to the following reasons:
It is concluded that the findings of Sunderlal Tripathy (31) that the Ramagiri of
Kalidasa described in the Meghaduta is located in Koraput district of Orissa close
to the Gupteswara Cave Sivalinga Temple and is right on the boarder of Bastar
district in Chhattisgarh State and is located in the Dandakaranya. Ample of
evidences related to that described in Meghaduta has been cited and the present
author have discovered a pair of Feet, as have been mentioned in Meghaduta as
the foot prints of Lord Rama, still being worshiped in Pujariguda in Ramagiri
vicinity adds to the argument.
Ajay Mitra Shastri have identified the same Ramagiri where Acharya Ugraditya, a
Jaina Guru wrote Kalyanakaraka, a treatise on medicines in 7th Century A.D.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 112
This Chapter is dedicated to the fond memory of Late Sri Sunderlal Tripathy of
Jagdalpur, Bastar district for his life dedicated to people of Bastar, their culture
and heritage, more especially to the Tribals. His contribution to Dandakaranya
history and especially the papers like ‘Meghaduta Described Ramagiri and its
Geography Review’ and inferences as well as the paper on ‘Dandaka, Chitrakut-
Chakrakuta and Bastar-Koraput’ will remain as inspiration to future generation.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 114
a+%28Translated+from+Sanskrit+by+H.+H.+Wilson%2C+1843%29&btn
G=Search&hl=en&sa=2
17. Bajpai, K.D. in Ajay Mitra Sashtri, Ed., The Age of the Vakatakas.
Publication Herman Publishing House, New Delhi-28. p.85-91
18. Tripathy, Sunderlal. Dandak, Chitrakuta-Chakrakote and Bastar-Koraput.
p.72-124.
19. Ibid.
20. Bajpai, K.D. op.cit.
21 Ibid.
22. Wilson, H.H. (1843).op.cit.
23. Sircar, D.C. Vaishnavism: The Avatars of Vishnu (from Kalidasa’s
Meghaduta, St.15): In Classical Age. p.422
24. Wilson, H.H. (1843).op.cit
25. Tripathy, Sunderlal. (1974) Meghaduta Barnita Ramagiri ki Bhogalic
Punarvichar (in Hindi). ANC.IND. History and Archaeology, Sagar
University, (Madhya Pradesh) p.1-38.
26. Wilson, H.H. (1843).op.cit
27. Tripathy, Sunderlal. Dandak, Chitrakuta-Chakrakote and Bastar-Koraput.
p.72-124.
28. Wilson, H.H. (1843).op.cit.
29. Bajpai, K.D. in Ajay Mitra Sashtri, Ed., Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. Sircar, D.C.Vaishnavism: The Avatars of Vishnu (from Kalidasa’s
Meghduta, St. 15.) In Classical Age.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 115
At Kirtivarman I (597-8) demise, his son Pulakesin II was too young to rule, thus
his uncle Mangalesa, Kirtivarman’s brother, held sway as vegent, but instead of
surrendering Mangalesa sought to prolong his rule with a view to hand over the
kingdom to his son in due course. Pulakesin II waged war against Mangalesa and
killed Mangalesa in the battlefield and proclaimed himself the king (609-10). He
attacked and over threw the Kadamba capital Banavasi and the Gangas of Mysore
were compelled to acknowledge his suzerainty and married the daughter of
Ganga ruler Durvinita who became the mother of Vikramaditya I. (4)
The arguments of many scholars that Vakataka Harisena uprooted the Nala
family in the same epoch and transplanted the Western Gangas in their territory
is untenable.
Kirtivarman I had also the title ‘the first maker of Vatapi’ suggests that
Kirtivarman I began to build town with temples and other buildings.
The first invasion recorded from south came through the Western Chalukya king
Kirtivarmana I (597-8 A.D) to Nala capital, Pushapagiri, the present Podagadha
of Koraput, close to Bastar. In the Aihole inscription, this has been described by
his son Pulakesh II (5).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 116
It was Kirtivarman I who had conquered the coastal belt of east and had formed
the Vengi country. Kubja Vishnuvardhana, the second son of Kirtivarmana I and
brother of Pulakesin II, ruled the Vengi. The Kubaja Vishnuvardhana’s family
rule of Vengi in later times was known as Eastern Chalukyas (8).
The conflict between Western Chalukya and Cholas was apparent, records of
Taila II, Satyasraya to Jayasimha II. The conflict came from the Chola interest
in Eastern Chalukyas matters.
There was yet another important moves of Jayasimha II against the Eastern
Chalukyas to uphold the cause of Vijayaditya. He also appears to have succeeded
in his efforts. The Pamulavaka plates of Vijayaditya VII (11) state that after
Rajaraja had ruled (Vengi) for a period of twelve years, he was expelled by his
brother Vijayaditya and came to the throne by 1030-31 A.D. The Kalidindi
grant of Rajaraja (12) seems to throw some light on this fact. The grant speaks of
3 Chola generals who laid their life in the battlefield; these Siva temples were
built in their memory by Rajaraja.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 117
Somesvara I
The accession of Somesvara I ushered in a brilliant period in the history of the
Chalukyas of Kalyani, who attained power and glory in the reign of his son
Vikramaditya VI.
The year 1044 A.D. the very first year of his rule Somesvara I, saw the death of
Rajendra Chola I and Rajadhiraja accessioned the throne.
According to some scholars Rajadhiraja met Somesvara I five times in the battle
field (13).
The next battle fought by Virarajendra against Chalukyas as per Chola records,
‘on the bank of an unnamed river’ in 1066 A.D. The details are not available.
The Manimangalam inscription (17) says that the Chola had killed, in a battle,
number of generals of Chalukya; thus this made the Chalukyas to invite Cholas to
appear at appointed place Kudal (or Kondai). The Cholas came but Chalukya
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 118
king did not; thus the Cholas attacked and destroyed the army of Chalukyas.
Venkatrama Ayyar thinks that this was because Someswar was too ill to go to
battlefield due to his illness (18). This fact has been corroborated by Bilhana who
says that, “with the consent of his minister he had travelled to the sacred stream
(Gadavari river)” when he found he is uncurable.
Vikramaditya VI
Somesvara I was succeeded by his eldest son Somesvara II in 1068 A.D. He
ruled for 8 years. This period witnessed a struggle between him and his younger
brother Vikramaditya VI. Vikramaditya VI at last crowned after long confusion
between the brothers (19).
Vira Rajendra’s records narrate the victory he achieved in the battle fought near
Vijayawada (23). Thereupon he returned back home and undertook an expedition
to Ceylon. It is after this the Chola once again proceeded against Chakrakuta in
the Bastar region. A battle was fought at Kondai (Kondapalli) and his victory
there in was stated to have commemorated by the erection of the pillar of victory
with the Chola emblem on it. In these exploits, the Virarajendra Chola appears to
have been assisted by his nephew Rajendra the future Kulottunga.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 119
The events as per Bilhana, that Vikramaditya conquered Vengi and Chakrakuta,
where after he had come as far as the Krishna when he heard of his father’s death
and returned back. Thus the claims of Virarajendra are not tenable.
His younger brother Vira Choda as viceroy of Vengi soon succeeded the
Rajaraja Mecumadi Chola. He had two terms of his office, i.e. from 1084 to 1089
A.D. and.............. The second term was specially meant for saving the reign from
war clouds as per Pithapuram plates of Vira choda (28).
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The history of Vikramaditya VI is not clear for this period, with relation to his
efforts on Vengi.
This Kolanupaka may be identified with the present Kolyan Simhapur or Kalyan
Singapur as called, located close to Rayagada of Koraput district in Orissa. This
was an ancient seat of Western Chalukya. The archeological remains in the
locality prove this.
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Reference
1. I.A. XIX, p.16; E.I. VI-I p.1.
2. E.I. Vi, pp.4-5.
3. Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. A History of South India. P.148
4. Ibid
5. Ibid.p.148
6. Ibid.p.149
7 Ibid.
8 Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta., op cit.p.150.
9. S.I.I. VI, No. 684.
10. S.I.I. II, No.10, See also No.17.
11. JAHRS, II, p.287.
12. Bharati, XX, E.I. XXIX, pp.57ff.
13. Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta The Colas. p.222, 224-25 and 253-57.
14. The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi p.246.
15. TAS. III, pp.147-48 (Verse 77).
16 S.I.I. III, No.20, 30 etc.
17. S.I.I. III, pp.68-69.
18. A.I. XLVIII, pp.139-40.
19. Gopal, B.R. The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris. pp.218.
20. Buhler (Ed.) Vikramankadevacharitam (1975). p.31.
21. Gopal, B.R., op.cit p.222.
22. E.I. XXV, p.249.
23. Gopal, B.R. op. cit. p.223.
24. Sastri, K.A.N. The Colas p.290.
25. S.I.I. III, No.69.p.144
26 Ibid. p.129
27. Sarma, M.S. in Vijmana-saravasuvamu (Telugu).p.192 cited by Gopal, B.R.
The Chalukyas of Kalyana.p2.61.
28 E.I. V. Pp. 70 ff
29. Sarma, M.S.op. cit. p262
30. Ibid.
31. R.I.E., 1961-62, App.B.No.84
32. Parabrahma Sastry (Edi.) Select Epigraphs of Andhra Pradesh, No.18
33. Ibid.No.10
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KALYAN SINGPUR
At Kalyan Singpur, close to Rayagada of Koraput, a cave temple is of
archeological interest. The hill is called Devagiri. The hill top has damaged stone
carved inscriptions, which was recorded by George Swell but could not decipher.
Devagiri
This is an unique single stone hill located close to Kalyan singpur, 48 Kms from
Rayagada and 158 Kms from Koraput. The hill rises to height of 120.2 meters and
is flat on the top and thus giving a shape like an egg. The top floor has perennial
pools of water and is known as Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, Bhagabati, and
Indradyaumna. There is a cave on the top, in the shape of an open jaw and a Siva
linga is housed in it. At present there is a small collection of different deities like
Siva linga, Vishnu and others placed safely in the cave.
As per historical accounts, the predecessors of the Yadavas of Devagiri ruled over
a country comprising Khandesh, Nasik, and Ahmadnagar Districts in the Bombay
State, as vassals of the Rastrakutas of Manyakheta and the Chalukyas of Kalyana
for more than three hundred years. The founder of this feudatory family was
Dridhaprahara, who is said to have been the son of Subahu, king of
Dvaravatipura, modern Dwaraka, in Kathiawar. Dridhaprahara flourished in the
first half of the ninth century A.D., and established his capital at
Chandradityapura, modern Chandor, in the Nasik District. His son and successor
Seunachandra I founded a city called Seunapura and also gave the name Seuna-
desa or Sevuna-desa to his kingdom after his son. It was situated on the confines
of Dandaka, and included Devagiri, Seunachandra are referred to as the Sevunas
in their own inscriptions as well as in those of their neighbours. A remote
successor of Seunachandra was Karna, whose son Bhillama V was the first
independent king of the dynasty (1).The geography as described above and its
linkage to Dandaka makes it more sure that the Devagiri of Kalyansingpur has
relationship to said Yadavas.
D.C. Ganguly wrote, “Western Chalukya King, Somesvara I and his feudatory,
the Kakatya Prola, raided Kosala, and conquered Chakrakota, in the Bastar district
after defeating a king of Naga dynasty. It is unlikely that he came into clash with
Virarajendra and Rajendra Chola I at Chakrakota. Prola claims to have defeated a
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 123
chief named Bhadranga (?) Kadaparti, and killed Gonna, the chief of Purakuta.
Vijrahasta V, king of Kalinga, suffered defeat at the hands of Somesvara I. (2).”
Other way, as there is ample evidence which circle around Chakarakota in all
possible way it is a confirmed fact that Kalyana branch of Western Chalukya had
presence in present Koraput. So I conclude the present Kalyan Singpur derives its
name from Kalyana branch of W.Chalukya and Simha refers to Jayasimha II.
But in later period, Vikrama Chola in his short region of 1118 to 1133 A.D. freed
the Southern Andhradesa from the yoke of the Chalukyas of Kalyani and E.
Gangas of Kalinga with the support of his Andhra feudatories.(3)
Gopal, B.R. mentions,” Even from the time of Chalukya Somesvara I, regions
adjoining the Vengi country like Koollipake-7000 were under the control of
Chalukyas. The Kolanupaka inscription (4) dated 1077 AD states that
Mahandalesvara Sankaganda was governing Kollipaka-7000 division.”(5).This is
also indicative of Kalyan singpur of Koraput.
Reference
1. Ganguly, D.C. (1989) The Yadavas of Devagiri. The Struggle for Empire.
The History and Culture of Indian People. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay,
p.185.
2. Ganguly, D.C. (1989) Later Chalukyas and Kalachuries of Kalyana. The
Struggle for Empire. The History and Culture of Indian People. Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, Bombay, p.172.
3. Kumari, Krishna.The rule of the Chalukya-Chola in Andhradesa. P-56.
4. A.R.I.E.1961-62, App. B, No.84.
5. Gopal.B.R. The Chalukyas of Kalyana and Kalachuris, Prasaranga Karnatak
University, Dharward.p-263.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 124
DEVAGIRI REMAINS
124
Dynasty History of United Koraput 125
125
Dynasty History of United Koraput 126
126
Dynasty History of United Koraput 127
Unidenfied Images
Brusavas over Devagiri
127
Dynasty History of United Koraput 128
128
Dynasty History of United Koraput 129
Visnu Visnu
129
Dynasty History of United Koraput 130
130
Dynasty History of United Koraput 131
131
Dynasty History of United Koraput 132
132
Dynasty History of United Koraput 133
Simhanandi appears to have taken active part in the contemporary politics and his
name is connected with the foundation of the Western Ganga Kingdom of
Talakad (2). The Gangas claimed descent from the Iksvakus and the founder were
two princes by name Dadiga and Madhava.
The probable date of the foundation of the Western Ganga kingdom is A.D. 350,
(3). It may be recalled that the Pallavas destroyed the Iksvakus of Sriparvata about
A.D 295 (4) and therefore it may be assumed that the Iksvaku brothers migrated
to the south from the Sriparvata region (5).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 134
Word 'Pukiya family', 'Puki visaya' and Pukali have been examined with relation
to history of South. 'Pukiya family' is referred in Ikshavakus inscription and 'Puki-
vishaya' in Chipurupalle plates and in Timmarapuram plates of Vishnuvardana I
of Eastern Chalukyas. The Timmarapuram plate is giving definite evidence of
Puki-vishaya in Koraput district, the former day Visakhapatnam Agency. It is
further strengthened due to identification of Kumulura village in BhairabSingpur
region that appears in the inscription of Chipurupalli grant, the Eastern Chalukya
king Vishnuvardana I (8). A detail account is given in the Eastern Chalukya
chapter in the present volume.
There is a village named Attavi near the present day Jolaput in Koraput district,
Orissa. The said village is with in the past Matsya kingdom of Madgole and here
the historical famous Machkund or Fish pond is located. The matrimonial relation
of Attava-Santisri with Ikshvakus and Pukiya family’Mahasenapati’ Mahatla as
reffered above with the arguments I am placing the Ikshvakus were present in
Koraput district. Ikshavaku dynasty and the relationship of Vishnuvardana I to
Attava and Matsya family are further strengthening inscriptions findings and the
location in Koraput region as per following findings.
K.R. Subramanian (1931) with reference to Ikshvakus wrote, 'There was marriage
relationship between the Ikshvaku and the dynasty of Vanavasi in the region of
Bahubala, but it would appear that the Kadambas had not risen then into a ruling
power.'(9)
He further wrote that the above fact is mentioned due to, 'the new inscriptions
introduce to us a number of new class like the Pukiyas, the Dhatakas, the
Sagara, the Chaliki, etc. the last two being names of some of the princes. The
Ikshvaku must have married into the local families. Chantisari married her
brother's Senapati, Mahalalavara Vasishtiputra Skanda Sri of the Pukiya Clan
and their son, was Skandax Sagaram naga…'The said reference is pointing to
south Ishvakus'.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 135
J. Ph. Vogel observes that 'it is interesting to meet with a line of rulers, settled in
the Telugu country, which claimed descent from Ikshaku, i.e., Ikkhaku (=Skt.
Ikshvaku), the mythical progenitor of the famous Solar dynasty of Ayodhya. It is
well-known that not only Rama belonged to that illustrious house, but the
Buddha, too, is called a scion of the race of Ikshaku (Pali Okkaka). It is clear, in
any case, that these Southern Ikhakus were rulers of some importance, as they
formed matrimonial alliances not only with the Maharajas of Vanavasa, but also
with the kings, presumably the descendants of the satrap Chashtana, who resided
at Ujjayini in Central India. The nomenclature of these Southern Ikhaku kings,
coupling their personal names with metronymics like Madhariputa and
Vasithiputa, seems to be a practice borrowed from the earlier rulers of the Andhra
dynasty. It will hardly be necessary to quote the instance of Vasithiputa Siri-
Pulumavi and Gotamiputa Satakanni. On the other hand, there are in these
inscriptions certain expressions which are also found in the Prakrit copperplate
grants of the early Pallavas. '(13).
Iksvaku King Camtamula I and his grandson Ehuvula Camtamula II, and we
believe from the above reports that present day village Kamata of
Bhairabasingpur and another place called Charmula (a Jain temple of ancient day)
have been derived. The Kamata area tribals have recently excavated one ancient
Buddhist temple at Pakkanaguda.
135
Dynasty History of United Koraput 136
Reference
1. Jain, J.P. The Jain sources of the History of Ancient India.
2. Saletore, B.V. Mediaeval Jainism.
3. Desai, P.B. Jainism in South India.
4. Salthianathaiyer, HCIP III p 268.
5. Rama Rao, M. Iksvakus of Vijayapuri p.48.
6. Krishnarao, M.V. Jainism in Gangavadi QJMS XXIV p.48 ff
7. Majumdar, R.C. and Altekar, A.S. The Vakataka-Gupta Age, Cir-200-550
A.D. Motilal Banarsidass. Chapter IV, p. 5.
8. E.I. IX. p.317
9. Subramanian, K.R. (1931) Budhist Remains in Andhra. p. 87.
10. Venkataramanaya, N. (1950) The Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. p. 57 ff.
11. SII, IV. 662.
12. Venkatramanaya, Ibid. p. 63.
13. EI.XX, p. 6.
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Nalas ruled over the land between river Wian Ganga in the west to the Indravati
in the south and from the Eastern Ghats in the east to the Mekala region in the
north. This territory was known to be the Nalas dominion, when they went at the
height to the power but their original country was confined to the modern Koraput
district of Orissa and part of Bastar district of Madhya Pradesh, may be a part of
Kalahandi District of Orissa also (3). G.Ramdas has identified Pushkari i.e.
modern Podagada in Umerkote of Koraput district in Orissa as the capital of
Nalas (4) but Altekar did not agree to the proposal, on the other hand N.K.Sahu
supported the findings of Ramdas.Thus it is reasonable to say that the Nalas ruled
over the Koraput District in the 5th and 6th century A.D. and this was the
Nalavadi Visaya referred in the Kurnool- grant (5) of the Western Chalukya king
Vikramaditya I who owned about the middle of the 7th century A.D. We learnt
from the Rithapur plates (6) of Bhavadattavarman, that afterwards he transferred
his capital from Pushkari to Nandivardhana. The reason for the transfer is known
from the Podagadh stone inscription where it is stated that owing to some trouble
initiated by external enemies of the Nalas with Skanadavarman son of Bhavadatta,
the town of Pushkari was desolated but was again restored to the normal position
(7). It does not mention the enemy in clear terms.
Some scholar also inclined to suggest that Nandivardan was the capital of Nala as
stated above. It may be better to state that Nandivardan was the capital town of
Vakataka kings of Berar as known from Puna copper Plate inscriptions of
Prabhavati Gupta of her regional year 13 and the Rithapur inscription of
Bhavadattavarman only indicates that the Nala king had succeeded in occupying
the Vakataka capital for some time and started struggle between Nalas and
Vakatakas (8). Hiralal has identified the Nandivardan with Nagavardan 13 miles
north of Nagpur, but as has been also stated that Nandapur 34 mile north of
Nagpur may be the old Nandivardan (9).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 138
The genealogy of the Nala kings was workout by several authors including P.L.
Misra, (10) S.N. Rajaguru, (11) N.K. Sahu (12) and G. Ramdas (13) from the
valuable stone inscriptions and copper plate grants. The Kesharibeda plates of
Arthapati was edited by G. Ramdas and re-edited by D.C. Sircar (14). The
Rithapur plates (15) by Bhabadattavarman was edited by Y.R. Gupte and the
Podagada stone inspiration of Skandavarman son of Bhabadutta was edited by
C.R. Krishnamacharalu (16) and also prior to him D. R. Bhandarakar and Raja
Bhadur Hiralal had reported the inspirations in their report (17). The 32 gold coins
of 3 Nala kings were added by S.N. Rajaguru (18) and later Miss Tripathy (19)
gave her observations. However there have been doubts with the genealogy of the
Nala king. It has not yet been satisfactorily worked out.
The work of P.L. Misra (20) is inclined to take king Mahendra of Kosala referred
to in the Allahabad pillar Inscription as a Nala king. His argument that King
Mahandraditya who issued Khairtal hoard of gold coins is identical with king
Mahendra of Allahabad pillar Inscription (21), is based on a guess work and his
suggestion that the name Mahendravarman sounds well with some of the Nala
rulers as Bhavadattavarman, Skandavarman, etc is unwarranted was the opinion
of N.K.Sahu (22).
Bhavattavarman
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 139
Prthviraja
Viruparaja
Prthviraja
Viruparaja
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 140
In 1939, a hoard of 32 gold coins of the Nala rulers was discovered in Kondagaon
of Bastar district. The office of the E.C. Hyde, ICS, and Administrator Bastar
State recovered; V.V. Mirashi has edited them. The coins were perfect and round.
They were made up of thin sheet of gold. They are single die coins with design
and legends embossed in relief on the obverse and the reverse is blank. Mirashi
has divided into two groups according to size. The large coins were 10 number
measures from 20 to 21 mm diameter and weight 19.7 to 24.6 gms each. The
small ones numbering twenty-two are about 15mm in diameter and they weigh
about 7.5 gms each. The small ones are numbering twenty-two. The obverse is
divided into two parts by horizontal lines, one to three in number. In the upper
half, a humped bull (Nandi) and crescent are seen. In the lower half is possibly the
legend of the issuer. The figure of the bull is seen beautifully executed on the coins
of Bhavdatta varman (29).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 141
Coin of Bhavadattaraja
There is one coin of larger variety contains the legend ‘Bhavadatarajasya’ in box-
headed character. Other things of the coin are as above (31).
Coins of Arthapati
This hoard contains two coins; they are of two varieties in larger size of the king
Arthapati (32). On the obverse, there is a circle of dots. Inside the circle along the
edge, a couchant humped bull faces right with the crescent in front. Down below
is the legend ‘Sri Arthapatirajasya’ in box-headed character. In the other variety
the crescent is behind the bull.
According to Mirashi, (33) the coins of ‘Varaha’ appear to be the earliest and that
of Arthapati is the latest. He also doubts if these coins were meant for circulation
and they may be token plaques.
We know about Skandavarman from the grants and his father Arthapati, who had
also issued the Kesaribeda grant. They belong to Nala dynasty.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 142
Of the five Nala coins as mentioned, two belong to Bhavadatta and one to
Arthapati, who are also known from the Edenga hoard and the epigraphs. The rest
two coins of this hoard introduce to two new rulers ‘Sri Nandanaraj’ and
‘Stambha’ they are identified as Nala rulers by Jain (38) and Nigam (39). We also
find reference to one ‘Sri Nanda’ in the Palai and Gandibera (40) hoards of copper
coins, which experts identify with ‘Sri Nandanaraja’ of this gold coin hoard.
Coins of Bhavadatta
There are two round shaped gold coins with diameter and weight of 21 mm and
1.775 gm., respectively. They are divided into two parts by horizontal lines. On
the obverse, inside a circle of dots, as usual on the upper half, a couchant bull is
facing right with the crescent behind it. In the lower half, there is the legend ‘Sri
Bhavadattarajasya’ in the box-headed character of Brahmi. The reverse of the
coin is blank.
Coin of Arthapati
The obverse is same as above the legend reads ‘Sri Arthapatirajasya’. It weighs-
1.565 gm. and has diameter of 20mm.
Coin of Nandanaraja
The coins are of gold. The diameter is 20 mm. and weighs 1.310 gm. The obverse
is divided into two parts by horizontal lines. A circle of dots, which runs along the
edge; in the upper half a couchant humped bull faces, left with six dots behind it.
In the front of the bull, crescent is shown. The lower half the legend in box-
headed character reads ‘Sri Nandanaraja’.
Coin of Stambha
The coin is made of gold, and has 16 mm. diameters and weighs 0.720 gms. The
obverse is as above. In front of the bull there is a symbol and the legend reads
‘Stambha’ in the box-headed character of Brahmi.
For the first time, Nandaraja and Stambha are known from these gold coins and
they belong to the Nala dynasty (41). They may be assigned to the period after
Skandavarman.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 143
The donor of the plates was Bhavattavarman, title of the plate was Maharaja,
place of issue was Nandivardhana, topography refereed was Kadamvagiri
(village) and issuing officers were Paddopadhyay’s son Voppadeva and second
name was Rahsyadhikruta Chulla. Y.R. Gupte edited the plate. It was in Sanskrit
(47).
The find place of the plates was the village of Rithapur in the Morsi Taluk of the
Amaravati District of Maharastra. These plates along with another set of plates of
Vakataka queen Prabavatigupta were brought to the ‘Bharata Itihasa Samsodhaka
Mandala’, Poona by Mahanya Dattaraja.
It measured 7.3/11” x 3.5” in coverage. The ring and the seal are missing. The
editor is of the view that on the paleographical the record may be assigned to the
later half of the 5th century A.D.
(Lines 1-21) Perfection has been attained! Hail! From Nandivardhana. The
illustrious Maharaja Bhavattavarman, whose banner bears the Tripataka (hand
with three fingers stretched out or whose banner consists of three pennons) who is
born in the lineage of the Nala kings,..............
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 144
(Lines 21-26) This copper plate charter, which in the abode of the virtue of
increasing the sacred fame of his father and mother, has been caused to be made
by the illustrious Maharaja Arthapati Bhattarka, who has been favored by the
kindness of respectable people, so that..........
The inscription was edited by G. Ramdas (48) and later D.C. Sircar re-edited and
published (49).
The plate’s donor was Arthapati; Titles were Sri Maharaja, Bhattaraka,
Tripatakdhvaja, Nalasrpatikul unvaya and Mahesvarmah-
asenatisrshtarjayvibhava. The place of issue was Pushkari. The topography was
Keselaka Grama (village).
The find spot of the grant plates is full of ancient ruins. The plates were found
stung to a copper ring. According to G. Ramdas the circumference and ring as
described are 7.4” and 2’. The plates measured 7.5” long and 1.5” wide. The
corners have been trimmed and rounded off. The plates with the ring weighed
43.75 tolas (gms) and the ring alone weighed 6.75 tolas (gms). First face of the 1st
plate is blank, the 2nd and 3rd are inscribed on both sides and set contains 14
lines of inscription (51).
The letters used are scooped out variety of the box headed character of Central
Indian script prevalent in 5th/6th Century A.D. The language of the character is
Sanskrit and has been composed both prose and verse direction.
The Keselaka Grama of the inscription has been identified by G. Ramdas with
present Kesaribeda village, the find spot of the grant. The place of issue of the
grant is Pushkari, which has been identified with present Podagada, revenue
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 145
The inscription consists of three stones, and is found at the left side of the
Mandapa of Rajivlochana temple at Rajim, which is about 28 kms. from Raipur
(Chhattisgarh).
The learned editor writes, “Verses 10-12 are devoted to the glorification, equally
conventional, of Prithiviraja’s son Viruparaja. Versus 14th mentions Vilastunga
who was probably a son of Viruparaja. On paleoecological grounds Cunningham
says that it belongs to not later than 8th century A.D (55) However Mirashi places
it to about A.D. 700.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 146
G. Ramdas opines that Pushkari may be identical with the famous Puskara Tirtha
of the Mahabharata (57) but S.N. Rajaguru did not agree to this view. It is stated
by H.N. Sukla that the village Pushynel located in Bijapur Tahasil of Bastar
District is correct form to place Pushkara (58) and representing the Nala capital
city, which is without a solid basis. It is not out of place to identify Podagada now
a forelone desolated place was once very prosperous and populated town and has
been inclined to identify with Pushkari, the old capital of Nala which is opined by
G. Ramdas, N.K. Sahu and S.N. Rajaguru.
Vindyavedhana
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 147
Mahamahesvara mahasenatisrsta
Rajya vibhavah Nalanrpavamsa
Prasutah tripatakadhvajah etc’.
Varaharaja
He is possibly the next Nala ruler after Vindyavedhana, who is known from his
gold Edenga gold coin finds from Bastar district. Out of the 32 gold coins, as
many as 29 belong to Varaharaja, one to Bhavadattavarn\mana and two to
Arthapati. (62)
……………The Vakataka rulers felt the growing strength of Nalas. They had
acquired sovereignty over Koraput-Bastar region possibly since the time of
Pravarasena I, who flourished during earlier period of 4th century A.D. (63). The
Nalas attained position through consolidation where Vakataka Empire was under
the regency of queen Prabhavatigupta (390-410 A.D.) and Nala king Varaharaja
proclaimed independence and rose to great prominence.
Bhavadattavarman
The conflict between Vakatakas and Nalas started during the rule of
Narendrasena, son and successor of Pravarasena II and the Nala king who fought
against Vakataka rulers, is known to be Bhavadattavarman.
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He ruled an extensive area including Kosala and Kantara extending from Koraput
to Berar (66)
Arthapatiraja
The Kesaribeda Copper plate grant was made by Arthapati may after be his defeat
from Nandivarman. The said grant was issued from his headquarters Pushkari
donating the village Keselaka in favour of Durggarajya, Ravirayya and
Ravidattarayya all belong to the Kautsva gotra.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 149
At present at Podagada Pushkari there are six sati stones placed on a strategic
location. The local folk story runs that six princes were killed in a battle. This is
possibly that out of 8 sons of Arthpatiraja 6 sons lost their life. The folk stories
continue to tell the pathetic end of king and queen during the war on Pushkari.
They point out to a close by hill with thick forest where the king and his family
members were hiding and unfortunately a pet parrot started telling that king and
queen are hiding. Taking the clue from the parrot, the enemy searched for the king
and his family who were then slained to death. This folklore still exists in pathetic
poetry form in Podagada village, and retreated by tribals.
Skandavanman
Skandavanman ascended the Nala throne after the death of his brother king
Arthpati Maharaja. He continued struggle with his enemies. The Vakatakas
succeed in repulsing the attacks due to Nalas and Traikutakas but were unable to
smash their power. The Traikutakas king Vyaghrasena, the successor of
Dharasena remained as powerful threat to Vakatakas. The other side, Nala king
Skandavarman struck back the Vakatakas from his territory. He restored and
repopulated his capital Pushkari. His rock inscription was discovered from
Podagada and is still in place. The final destruction of the city took place towards
the close of the reign of Skandavarman about the year 500 A.D.
The subsequent history of Nalas is not eventful. The Chalukya king Kirtivarman
(566-598 A.D.) as described in the Aihole inscriptions as the night of doom to the
Nalas (71). J.K. Sahu (72) mentions that a branch of Nala family migrated to the
south and settled on the bank of Tungabhadra. There the Chalukya king
Kiritivarman as said above subdued them.
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Another branch of the Nalas appears to have remained back in Western Kosala.
An inscription of this branch is found on a slab of stone in the Mandapa of
Rajivalochana temple at Rajim as stated above. The inscription is undated, but on
paleographic grounds, it may be placed about 8th-9th century A.D. The
inscription has faced erosion. It contains the names of three rulers, Prthviraja,
Viruparaja and Villastunga in lines 7, 9, and 11 respectively. Their relationship in
not known. If it is to be taken as a royal record, as per J.K. Sahu this branch of
Nala family ruled over small principality in the upper Mohanadi valley as
feudatories of the Panduvamsi Kings in 8th-9th century A.D.(75)
Pandipathar copper plate inscription (76) Aska in Ganjam, reveals that a family of
Nala was ruling during first half of 10 th century A.D. over Khindarisinga
Mandala. The capital as mentioned was Bhimpur, which is identified with
Bhimanagara of Ganjam. It is about 925 A.D. The donor king Bhimasena
assumed imperial title Maharajadhiraja, which is indicative that he acknowledged
nominal allegiance to his Bhauma overlord. Khindarisinga constituted the small
estates of Ganjam. They were Dharakota, Saragada, Badagada and Soroda.
Podagada
The Nala strong hold was located on the hill fort, now called Podagada, which
means burnt fort. Podagada is located at the distance of 23 kms. from Umerkote
(Via Dhodra) and geometrically from Umerkote at a distance of 12 Kms. to its
south. Podagada constitute a part of the revenue village Bhandariguda. Previously
it was Umerkote Tahasil and at present it is a part of Dabugaon Tahasil. The
ancient township was instituted on the left bank of Rivulet Singasari which joins
the river Bhaskel near Nandpur in its hay days the city seems to have remained
between the river valley Singasari and Nangi as evident from the part. The river
Nangi flows 6 kms. to the north of Podagada and it is the Bhansagaon near
Dhodra. Both these rivulets have originated from the hilly and forest region of
Podagada, which is located at 2000’ altitude. Moreover the Podagada hill contains
the remnants of forts and the rocky inscription rise to a high of 3043’. The hilly
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part of its strategy location resembles to the olden days fort locations for military
purpose.
Late G. Ramdas, (77) the historian and academician of repute from Koraput
district, visited Podagada during 1948, and have given vivid survey account. He
further viewed the antiquity of the place to the Epic and Purina age and was of
the opinion that ‘Pushkari’ mentioned in Nala inscriptions was pointing to the
famous Puskara Tirtha of Mahabharata’. The site of Podagada rock inscriptions is
located amidst a formidable hill fort located on the top of the hill. There are still
remains of brick and stone sculptures, parts of broken pillars, pottery and
terracottas and bangles on the hill fort lying scattered here and there. Ramdas
reported the discovery of an ancient stronghold of kings. There are traces of
staircase built of stone slabs, leading to the fort from the ground. Traces of the
gateway are also seen that leads to the top of the hill, which is a flat surface and
quite broad. There are pottery, pieces of tile and burnt bricks lying scattered.
There are a number of stones bearing holes, which are apparently meant for some
short of indoor game. Similar holes are seen in the Vijayanagar Empire ruins in
the south. These holes when closely examined have metal casting.
Ramdas had reported a stone with the impression of the foot-print which was
believed by him to be the original foot-print of Vishnu installed in the temples as
warranted in the inscription of Sakndavarman. But at present this stone is missing
from Podagada (78). But I have found the same footprint safe in Padagada and is
now called ‘Gangaram’ by local people.
The meaning of the word ‘Padamula’ is not very clear. Krishnamacharlu the
editor of the epigraph has translated it as sanctuary and Rajaguru supported him
(79). Some other scholars have identified it as temple. It seems to mean a ‘Vishnu
Vihar’, which the king established with adequate arrangement for its maintenance
and of which Vishnu was the presiding deity (80). In this connection G. Ramdas
(81) said that he had noticed a stone slab, two feet in diameter with a slight
depended depression of the man’s right foot. The foot print itself is about 12”
long and its worn out condition together with the eroded stone gave the
impression to him that it belong to the same age as the epigraph on the rocky hill.
Probably it was the footprint of Vishnu, which was by Skandavarman. At
Bolangir district of Orissa in Ranipur-Jharial there are very many sets of
footprints in the temple complex, which were worshipped in esteemed reverence.
It can also be of Buddhist relevance.
Ranipur-Jharial was a ‘Tirtha’ with a beginning in 4th /5th Century A.D. and was
within the Nala domain (82). Thus the ‘Padamula’ described in the grant might be
really a foot-print of Vishnu, which was established in Vishnu Vihar as is evident
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from the donating of holdings along with immense ‘bhuridaksina’ for feeding the
destitute and inmates. N.K. Sahu opined, ‘the foot print symbolises the dwarf
incarnation of Vishnu and it appears that the idea of divine incarnation was
popular in the Nala kingdom” (83).
According to Patel (1990) who visited the area in 1985, who made a systematic
exploration and study of the extent antiquities and relics, which impresses and
beyond any doubt that Pushkari was a big flourishing city extended over the
valleys of the twin rivulets Nangi and Singari in the Podagoda plateau. He has
described as follows:
“The formidable stronghold, as gleamed from the ruins was located on the hill and
his presently called Podagada i.e. burnt fort suggesting its destruction by fire and
sword of the enemies. The entrance or simhadvara to the fort was from the
southern side, where we find brickbats and fragments of stone and burnt brick
pillars and doorjambs. The bricks measure 8 x 4 x 2” and the doorjamb contain
floral designs. A flight of steps leads to the stone slab containing the promulgation
of Skandavarman at a height about 40 feet from ground level. Here we find
remnants of an elaborate and massive gateway. G. Ramdas thinks that the colossal
stone pillar supported the arch. Remnants of only one pillar are found and the
local people say that elephants were tied to it in remote antiquity. The design of
the pillar however, suggests that instead of arches the pillars supported a corbelled
gateway, here was the 2nd gateway to the fort proper. Probably a temple was
located here as well, as is evident from the pillar inscription and the ruins of the
place. Another set of staircase spreads on to a height of 20 feet up to a flat
surface, where traces of pottery, brickbats, floors and tiles are visible indicating
the existence of some residential complex. From this plain ground a flight of steps
now in utter ruins runs to the east down to the valley, where there were wells and
source of water. To its west and north there is another extensive flat surface with
ruins of pottery, tile, rammed floor, bricks and rubble wall. In one corner there
exists an iron sword together with a few other iron implements such as nails,
small trident and hooks and at present the local folks worship them. In the north
and west the flat rock surface ends in precipitous fall perhaps a stone rubble wall
had been constructed on these sides and the broken bricks walls represent the
remnants of the fort palace complex. The pattern of this hill stronghold was very
much alike to the yadava fort of Daulatabad. From this place one can have a clear
view of the surrounding area for miles. Even now old vestiges may be seen
spreading over the place, giving the impression of the one time bustling Pushkari
city. A moat was encircling the whole formidable fortification the traces of which
is distinctly visible even now and was being connected with the Singari flowing
nearby. A pond exists near the southern entrance to the fort. In the north, beyond
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the moat another mountain is there, which was very probably used as the
watchtower. At present at the foot of this hill stone sculptures of Bhairava,
Hanumana, Uma-mahesvara and Ganesa were lying in a thatched cottage together
with a heap of broken terracotta’s of horses, elephants, a horse rider and various
divinities.
To the east of Podagada hill on the valley of the rivulet that connects the moat and
the river Singari near the present village of Bhandariguda we find extensive ruins
of a township in the shape of pottery, brick bats, broken pieces of terracottas and
wax bangles, tiles terracotta balls, beads of clay and semiprecious stone. The
depressions running in straight lines amidst the ruins suggest the existence of road
and streets.
To the west, not very far from the fortification, a broken brick temple near two
ancient tanks may be seen. Krisnamacharlu identifies the temple as a Siva Shrine.
The roof has fallen and the walls and entrance have dilapidated and the entire
complex is in utter ruin. To us it appeared that originally the temple was two
chambered. From the study of the extent sculptures in its vicinity, it is probable to
think that it was a Siva temple. It was originally built on a brick and stone
platform as evident from its ruins. At present in the sanctum we find a Bhairava
image and a lingam along with a Vrisabha. In front of the temple, the figures of
Vrisava, Ganesa, worshipper couples, and memorial Sati pillars are found. In one
of the later pillars, a warrior riding a horse and piercing a wild animal with a long
spear has been depicted.
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Kesaribeda Village
Ramdas made a trial excavation in one of the mounds and exposed a room 8’ x 4’
rectangular and build of walls 2 ft. thick Floor paved with bricks was also brought
to light. Inside the structure was found a beautiful carved Vishnu image. Another
mound near the tank yielded a room with walls 2’ height. Patel (1985) noticed
two more ponds and many sculptures of Vishnu and Siva, now enshrined in small
new temples. Their shape and carving they appeared to be the same age of that
copper grants. The ruins spreading over a quite large area with tanks indicate that
Kesaribeda was small town having temples and residential sectors. There is an old
tank nearby. It is very old and can be ascribed to Nala period (86).
In one of the Nala inscriptions that were discovered at Podagada it was dated in
the 12th regal year of the king whose name seems to be Skandavaraman although
the reading of the first part of it is beyond doubt. The king is described as the son
king Bhavadatta of the Nala family, who is probably the same as
Bhavadattavarman of the Rithapur grant. Skandavarman is said to have recovered
the last royal fortune of his family and to have re-established the destroyed and
deserted city of Pushkari. The city appears to have been situated in the Podagada
region and probably was the capital of the Nala kings. The inscriptions also refer
to the construction of a shrine (Padamula of Vishnu by Skandavarman may be at
Podagada).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 155
The place of issue of the grant is Pushkari, has been identified with present
Podagada, now the recover village Bhandariguda in Dabugaon Tahasil, Umarkote
of Koraput district.
Patel (1990) proposed some of his views to identify the geographical locations as
mentioned in the Nala records. The rivulet ‘Nangi’ which flows round Podagoda
North-east direction is possibly of Nala relevance. The Bhandariguda seems to
have derived its name from Bhavadatta, Nala king mentioned in the Rithapur
grant and Podagada stone inscription of his son Skandavarman. (87)
A village named ‘Andhi’ two kms. from Kesaribeda village may have derived its
name from king Arthpati. Rithapur grant has identified Kadambagiri Grama to
village Kalamba in Yeotmal Taluka of Maharastra by Y.R. Gupte (88). However,
L.K. Panda (89) has located Kadambagiri somewhere in Koraput district, where
the first Saiva acharya of Siddhanta system was a resident. This view is based on
Rajaguru’s (90) suggestion that Kadambagiri, found mention in the inscription
discovered inside the Jagannath temple complex of Puri is identical with
Kadambaguha, the ancient Siva centre of the Mattamayura sect. The grant records
donations made by the king of Kadambagiri, Jayantaraja of Matsya dynasty, who
ruled in Koraput region during medieval period. However this view has been
contradictory on various grounds.
There are small wholes whose rims are made up of metal can be seen over the flat
stone, This was some kind of table for a game which is similar to that of forts seen
during Vijayanagar Empire. To its east, leads few steps to the valley where there
were wells for water supply. There is one large stone with flat surface and has
small heaps of ruins of pottery, tiles, bricks and rubble wall.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 156
At present, the local inhabitants have constructed a small temple where they have
collected Hanumana, Umaparbati idols and also Bahirava for worship.
Sculptures of the ruined temples and numerous stone sculptures are lying under a
tree. They are Vrusabha, Gangesa, Linga, and Siva-Parvati.
A large Yaksa has been discovered from the site and is now finds a puja place in a
newly constructed temple. It is worshiped as Hanuman.
smiling appears dancing on the lips. The cheeks are dimpled and made the
impression more enchanting’. Now this image is missing.
Reference
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158
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159
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160
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161
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Remains of Podagada
162
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163
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Ganesha Durga
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165
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He further continued, “Another king of the same family seems to have been
Maharaja Nanda-Prabhanjana-varman who’s Chicacole Grant bears the word
Pitribhakta on its seal. He is described as “the lord of the entire Kalinga country.”
His charter was issued from his vasaka at the victorious Sarapallika. Although
Nanda-Prabhanjana-varman is associated with the Pitribhaktas of Simhapura, it is
tempting to suggest that his name indicates Prabhanjana-varman of the Nanda
family to which may have been related on the mother’s side. We know that a ruler
of the Nanda dynasty of Pataliputra is associated with Kalinga in the
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References
1. EI XXVII, pp.175f
2. Sahu, J.K. Minor Dynasties. (Mathara, Eastern Gangas, Nalas and
Sarbhapuriyas). Comprehensive History and Culture of Orissa, Vol.I.PartI
.p-132-135
3. Sircar, D.C. The Pitribhata. -The Classical Age.Bharatiya Vidya
Bhavan.p-212
4. Ibid.
5. Sahu, J.K. op.cit. p.-133.
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VAKATAKAS
A short note on the Vakataks, especially related to the events in Koraput region
has been described as following
After the death of Bhavadatta-varman, Narendra Sena carried the war into Nala
country and captured and devastated the capital. Arthapati, successor of
Bhavadatta-varman was probably killed in the war and his brother Skanda-varman
repopulated the Capital. (2)
One Devasena of the Vakataka family was succeeds in 475 A.D. by his son Hari-
sena, who was the most powerful ruler of the dynasty. He conquered Gujarat,
Malava, South Kosala, Andhra and Kuntala (4) South Kosala was under the rule
of Nalas. The above information is mostly from Majumdas, R.C. and Altekar,
A.S. The Vakataka- Gupta Age.
References.
1. E.I. XIX, p. 102.
2. E.I.XXI, p.153; XXVI, p.52.
3. E.I. XXVI, p.137ff; Hyd.Arch.Seri. No.14
4. Hyd.Arch.Seri. S. No.14.,p.11
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 170
Lineage
Natesa Ayar (1914) showed Udayana of the Pandava as of Sabara lineage (1). The
Lakneswar Temple (Kharod) inscription of Indrabala, calls the family sasi-kula or
lunar lineage was the oldest records of the Panduvamsis. (2) A lunar origin for the
dynasty is claimed in some other records also.
It is believed by some that the Chanda region of Maharashtra formed a part of the
kingdom of the early members of the Pandu dynasty and it was from here that
they invaded Kosala (7). This view is based on the impression that the inscription
of the time of Nannaraja (8) referring to the restoration by Bhavadev, the fourth
brother of Nannaraja, of a decayed Buddhist temple originally built by a king
named Suryaghosa was found at Bhandak in the Chanda District. There has been
much uncertainty and debate about the actual provenance of this inscription. A
group of historians believe that it was Bhandak of Chanda District of present
Maharashtra and others believe it to be Arang of Raipur in Madhya Pradesh to be
the place of origin, this of course is based on evidence of arguments base.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 171
It was Rev. Stevenson first published the inscriptions and Bhandak was given as
its find spot (9). Cunningham also attributed it to the same place. Hira Lal (10)
D.R. Bhandarkar (11) Moreshwar G. Dikshit and D. C. Sircar (12) did likewise.
According to Kielhorn’s information, however, the inscription was brought to the
Central Museum, Nagpur, from Ratanpur (Bilaspur District, Madhya Pradesh)
(13). V.V. Mirashi also initially accepted the view that it hailed from Bhandak
and believed that Tivaradeva’s predecessors were ruling from that locality (14).
But shortly thereafter he felt convinced that the stone bearing the inscription was
found somewhere in Chhattisgarh and that the notion that it belonged to Bhandak
was founded on erroneous information (15). Later, on the testimony of
Vinayakrao Aurangabadkar, (16) and Y.K. Deshpande (17) pointed out the
inscription actually stood originally at Arang, about fifty kilometers’ south-west
of Sirpur in the Raipur District of Madhya Pradesh. At the behest of Richard
Jenkings, British Resident at Nagpur from 1807 to 1826, Aurangabadkar, who
was in the former’s service, undertook a tour of Chhattisarh and submitted to him
a report on the inscriptions in Chhattisgarh which is at present in the India Office
Library, London (18). According to this report, Aurangabadkar found the slab
bearing the inscription of Bhavadeva Ranakesarin affixed to a large temple at
Aring, may be Ar linga, i.e., Arang. However, D.C. Sircar still thinks that this
inscription originally came from Bhandak, not Arang. N. Natesa Aiyar mentions
of “The Chinese pilgrim Hiuen-tsang, who visited India towards the beginning of
the seventy century A.D., mentioned a line on Budhist Kings ruling at Bhandak.”
Ajay M.Shastri has given the above account and has been described here
Capital
The copper plates discovered so far related to Panduvamsis were all issued from
Sripura, which was the capital of South Kosala during the reigns of the
Sarbhapuriya chiefs, Sudevaraja and Pravaraja and also continued for
Panduvamsis. The Sripura, was probably Sarbhapua of Savaras and Sri was
prefixed when Vishnu / Buddhist worships patronised by the Chief is the opinion
of many. This is found elsewhere also.
The stone and copper-plate inscriptions of the family discovered so far supply the
following genealogy:-
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 172
Udayana
Ranakesarin
As has been pointed out earlier (19), the Panduvamsis of South Kosala were
probably related to their counterparts in Mekala. V.V. Mirashi postulated that
Udayana, the first known member of the Panduvamsa of Kosala, was probably a
son of Bharatabala, also known as Indra, who was till recently regarded as the last
Pandava king of Mekala (20).
Some relationship between these two lines cannot be denied, there are good many
difficulties in regarding the Panduvamsis of Kosala as the lineal descendants of
the Pandavas of Mekala (21) We may, therefore, regard the two families as
collaterally related to each other, the exact relationship being indeterminable in
the present state of our knowledge was remarked by Ajay M. Shastri.
Udayana
It is mentioned that Udayana was the first member of the Panduvamsa of Kosala.
There is no inscription of Udayana by himself and he is referred to in a couple of
inscriptions of his descendants, viz., Arang stone inscription of Nanna I (no. III: I)
and one of the Sirpura stone inscriptions of the time of Sivagupta Balarjuna (no.
III: XIII). He had erected a brick temple of the god Bhadresvara (Siva) (22) at
Kalanjar (23). It is thus concluded that Udayana ruled over a principality
including Kalanjar and adjoining area in Central India. The present state of
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 173
Udayana’ Successors
His eldest son Indrabala succeeded Udayana. He was the first member of the
family who definitely ruled over at least a part of Kosala. A mutilated Kharod
(Bilaspur District) Laksmanesvara temple inscription states that Indrabala had
destroyed his enemies (25). The rise of Harsavardhana may have forced him to
move away from his kingdom to Kosala where after the fall of the Sarbhapuriyas
it had total political chaos, which enabled him to carve out a small principality for
himself.
It can be concluded that either both Bhavadeva and Isanadeva ruled over parts of
the Pandava kingdom of Kosala as subordinates under Nanna I or all the three,
viz., Nanna I, Bhavadeva and Isanadeve, ruled independently and ultimately
Nanna I succeeded in becoming the master of the whole of the Pandava kingdom.
How this happened is one unsolved question.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 174
Mahasiva Tivara
Nanna I was succeeded by his son Mahasiva Tivara. It is known for his copper-
plate charters.
Tivaradeva was a follower of Vaisnavism (29) and bore the sectarian title of
parama-Vaisnava, i.e., a devout worshipper of Vishnu.
Tivaradeva was most admired and the greatest ruler of Panduvamsis. He brought
the entire Kosala country under his rule and it remained right up to the end of the
dynasty. He conquered the Sailobhava kingdom of Kongoda, though only for a
while, of his political control over the adjoining region of Orissa.
Nanna is said to have ruling the entire Koshalamandala. The mission of reference
to the Utkala-mandala, which is mentioned in connection with his father’s
dominions, indicates the loss of Utkala either before to or during his reign
Like his father Tivaradeva, Nanna II also was a follower of Vaisnavism and
enjoyed the sectarian epithet parama-Vaisnava.
Candragupta
There is no record of the reign of Candragupta himself, but known from his
grandson’s reign.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 175
Harsagupta
Candagupata was succeeded by his son Harsagupta who is known from references
in many records, of the reign of the next king Sivagupta Balarjuna. Harsagupta
was a Vaisnava and is said to have worshipped Achyuta all the time. The
construction of a temple of Vishnu in his memory is also a pointer in the same
direction (30).
Sivagupta Balarjuna
Sivagupta Balarjuna, son of Harsagupta ascended the Panduvamsi throne. He had
a long reign of not less than fifty-seven years (31). He had a younger brother
named Ranakesarin who is said to have helped him in his conquests (32). His son
Sivanandin and maternal uncle Bhaskaravarman are also known.
Sivagupta changed the religion and reverted back to Saivism and was styled
Parama- Mahesvara. He himself donated a village in favour of a Buddhist
establishment and a private benefactor provided for a free feeding house for the
Buddhist monks (34). As stated above, Sivagupta Balarjuna’s mother built a
temple of Vishnu, the same as the so-called Laksmana temple at Sirpur.
I am of the opinion that Panduvamsis had their influence upto Indravati river.
The present findings of Buddhist temple in Pakanaguda near Kathargad in
Koraput along with discovery of identical Buddha terracotta seal as that of the
Ghasiram museum, Raipur is indicative of it. The Pakanaguda village is having
majority of Sabara tribe settlement.
Ajay Mitra Shastri has published his extensive study in ‘Inscriptions of the
Sarabhapuriyas,Panduvamsins and Somavamsisins’in two volumes (1995);Motilal
Banarsidass,New Delhi and I hope the volumes are most useful to those readers
who want to know in detail.
References
1. Aiyar Natesa (1914) A Historical Sketch of the Central Provinces and Berar
from the Earliest Times. p.9-10f.
2. Mirashi, V.V., Studies in Indology, i, 258, fn. 1 and Nos. III:II, 16-17; III, line
16; IV, text-line 16.
3. No. III: V, text-line 5-7.
4. No. III:XV, text-lines 6-7, verse 7.
5. Majumdar, R.C., and Altekar, A.B. (e.d.), The classical Age, 221.
6. No. III:I.
7. JBBRAS, i, 148ff
8. CASR, ix, 127. For Cunningham’s reasons for the attribution of this
inscription to Bhandak, EI, xxiii, 116-17.
9. IA, XXXVII, 208, fn.20; 1xii, 163; ICPB, 13, no. 14.
10. Bhandarkar’s List, No. 1650.
11. EI, XXI, 34, XXXIII, 256. Sircar’s view.
12. JRAS, 1905, 618.
13. EI, XXII, 17.
14. Ibid, XXIII, 116-18.
15. E.I, XXVI, 227; XXXIi, 252-54; Studies in Indology, i, 251-52.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 177
177
Dynasty History of United Koraput 178
178
Dynasty History of United Koraput 179
The Chipurupalli grant (4) indicates that Kubja Vishnuvardhana was in Kalinga,
very near the capital Kalinganagara, at the time of making this grant, probably
fighting Indravarman III, son of Gunarnava, the Eastern Ganga king of Kalinga. It
was probably that Kubja Vishnuvardhana died during the wars in Kalinga in the
southern part of Visakhapatnam. He mentions of two vishayas in the grant. One is
Palka vishaya and the other is Dimile vishaya.
Kubja Vishnuvardhana I, rewarded 3 of his military officers, of which one Atavi
Durjaya, born in the Matsya family who had fought for his master. He was the
ainapti of the Chipurapalli grant of Vishnuvardhana I. The chiefs of the Matsya
family ruled over a small tract of the country to the south-west of Visakhapatnam
district, with their capital at Vaddadi or Oddavadi. They flourished upto 13th
century. (B.V. Rao. History of the E. Chalukyas of Vengi, p 85).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 180
Throughout the reign of Jayasimha I the Eastern Ganga king of Kalinga seem to
have been constantly at war with Vengi to regain their lost territories in the south.
Kubja Vishnuvardhana conquered the Southern provinces of the Eastern Ganga
Kingdom as far as the Nagavali and was under the control of his son.
Simultaneously, the region of Jayasimha I witnessed the Western Chalukyan
kingdom of his uncle Pulekesin II being overrun and his capital Badami sacked
and burnt by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I (A.D. 630-660), about the year
642.
The Madras Museum plates of the king Vishnuvardhana I were dated 684,
expressed by a chronogram possibly in 634 corresponding to A.D. 21 November
721. The Timmapuram plates (5) of Vishnuvardhana I. Vishamasiddhi were
discovered from village Timmapuram in the Saravasiddhi taluka of
Visakhapatanam district in Madras Presidency. The plate was deciphered by Rai
Bahadur Venkayya and reported by Prof. E. Hultzsch. This finding is of great
significance to present Koraput district as it is.
The inscription records a grant by Vishnuvardhana- Maharya Surnamed
Vishamasiddhi, who was younger brother of Satyasraya Vallavha- Maharaja, the
son of Kirtivarman, the grand son of Rana Vikrama and the great-grandson of
Ranaraga of the Chalukya family. This short pedigree established the identity of
the donor of this grant with Vishnuvardhana I. Vishamasiddhi, the founder of the
Eastern branch of the Chalukya dynasty. That he was the younger brother of
Satyasraya, i.e. the Western Chalukya king Pulakesin II, and the son of
Kirtivarman II.
Prof. Hultzsch concluded that, at the time of this grant, Vishnuvardhana I was still
a dependent on his elder brother, the Western Chalukya king Pulakesin II. He
preferred to be a worshipper of Bhagavat (1.10); i.e. Vishnu, and resided at
Pithapura (1.1), the modern Pithapuram in the Godavari district. In the Aihole
inscriptions the capture of this fortress is ascribed to his elder brother and
sovereign Pulakesin II.
The grant’s donnees are not mentioned by name, but simply stated to have been
forty Brahmanas of the Chhandoga School. E. Hultzsch wrote. “ The object of the
grant was some land seems to be referred to in the Chipurupalle plates of
Vishnuvardhana I, and the name has been read doubtfully as ‘Puki-Vishaya’; but,
if the facsimile can be trusted. The engraver has written in reality Plaki-vishaye,
which may be meant for Palaki-vishaya.” The learned author had not identified
the village ‘Kumulura’ too.
However, I believe from my study that it is ‘Puki-Vishaya’ as has been rightly
mentioned in Ind. Ant. Vol. XX.p. 16, text line 13. This place is still called Puki.
It is located in Dasmanthpur area in Koraput block of Koraput district. This Puki
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 181
has a large population of Oriya Paikos at present is thus called Paika -Puki.
Around this place there are Jaina vestiges and it was an ancient Jaina culture
centre. The Kumulura village is near by present day Kumulura village with
Brahmin families.
We are thus inclined to postulate that the Bissama-Cuttack in the Rayagada,
which was within the scope, for Western Chalukyas may have been named after
Vishamasiddhi and thus it is Bissama-Cuttack.
It records the grant of the village of Musinikonda in Toka Natavadi vishaya, to the
Jaina temple Nadumba vasati by Ayyana Mahadevi at Bezwada, through the Jaina
teacher, Kalibhadracharya of the Kaurigana and the Sangh-anvaya. The
ajanpti of the grant was the queen, Ayyana Mahadevi herself, a queen of Kubja
Vishnuvardhana; and curiously enough the record was sealed with the seal of
Vishnuvardhana himself. The king, who issued the charter, was however,
Vishnuvardhana III, son of Mangi Yuvaraja and a grandson of Vishnuvardhana II.
Vishnuvardhana III (A.D. 719-755)
This will give an account of the war between Eastern Chalukya king
Vishnuvardhana III and the Nandivermana II, the king of Pallavas, who was a
hereditary enemy to both Western Chalukyas and the Eastern Chalukyas (6). The
said Pallava king had an eminent military officer named Udayachandra, who
claimed victory over northern region probably the vicinity of Nellore district and
also says to have persuaded and defeated the Nisada Chief Prithivivyaghra, who
was ruling the Nisada area, may be the present Koraput was also known as
Nisada. He claimed to have defeated the Nisada Chief who was following an
aswamedha sacrificed horse and probably this Nisada king was evidently a vasal
Vishnuvardhana III and the Udayachandandra claims that he had defeated and
sent back the Nisada king to Chalukyan dominion back. This indicates the
positive relationship of Eastern Chalukyan relationship with Nisada, or present
Koraput. However, the Nisadha chief mentioned Prthivivyaghra were of Nellore
district said by N. Venkataramanayya. Vishnuvardhana I who ruled between 755-
772 A.D. had the period when the Rashtrakutas over ran great empire and their
history was marked with the conflict of Western Chalukya Rastrakutas and the
Western Gangas. This was also the history during the Eastern Chalukya king after
the death of Krishna I of Rashtrakuta king A.D. 770. His two sons Govinda II
and Nirupama Druva made the history of Koraput area and the history of
Rashtrakuta king. Vishnuvardhana forces interference in the affairs of
Rashtrakutas during the regime of Druva I only rekindled the hostility flame and
the Rashtrakutas looked upon the Chalukyas of Vengi with hatred of a natural
enemy.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 182
The relations between the Eastern Gangas of Kalinga and the Chalukyas of Vengi
were not apparently strained as before from the days of Vijayaditya-Bhattaraka, or
probably from the last days of Vishnuvardhana III. The cause for this change
seems to lie in the rise of a new power of the Rashtrakutas in the west and the
disappearance of the supremacy of the Westen Chalukyas of Badami. During this
period, beginning with the middle of the eighth century A.D. Vengi and Kalinga
seem to have combined against the Rashtrakutas in order to assist the Western
Chalukyas of Badami in the latter’s attempt to retain sovereignty in the west. The
kingdom of Kalinga was, at this time, ruled by Anantavarman III, the donor of the
Alamanda plates (7), dated in the 304th year of the Ganga era, and son of
Maharaja Rajendravarman I. There is one small village called Alamanda on the
plateau of Eastern Ghat hills of Koraput, which was in a strategic location, and we
believe the grant was issued from there only.
Vijayaditya I (A.D. 755-772)
On the death of Visnuvardhana III, Vijayaditya I, his son by his chief queen
Vijayamahadevi, ascended the throne. Vijayaditya I appears to have been a
powerful king; but very little is known about his achievements; and his
inscriptions as well as those of his successors give no information of any
historical importance.
One important event which happened during the period of his rule, though
unconnected with the affairs of Vengi, must be noticed here, as it exercised a
profound influence in subsequent years on the fortunes of the Eastern Chalukya
royal family. A few years after Vijayaditya’s accession to the throne of Vengi, a
dynastic revolution broke out in the neighbouring kingdom of Karnataka, which
resulted in the overthrow of the Chalukya dynasty of Badami. The Rastrakutas,
who had been the feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami ever since the
foundation of the kingdom about the middle of the 6th century A.D., rose up,
under the leadership of Dantidurga, against Kirtivarman II, overthrew his
authority seized his throne, and made themselves masters of Karnataka. The
disappearance of the friendly house of Badami, and the emergence in its place of
the new Rashtrakuta power upset the political equilibrium of Southern Deccan.
Vengi, which enjoyed comparative peace, since the time of its conquest under
Pulakesin II, was drawn into the vortex of an inter-dynastic struggle and became
the arena of warfare between the Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas during the
succeeding two centuries.
Vijayaditya I appear to have ruled in peace until almost the end of his reign.
Although Dantidurga is said to have conquered the neighbouring kingdoms of
Kanci, Kosala, Kalinga and Srisaila, Vengi does not find a place among the states
conquered by him (8).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 183
At the end of his regime of Vijayaditya, the Rashtrakutas became more aggressive
and invaded Vengi from west. The Western part of Vengi was the hills of Giri
Kalinga upto the dominion of Chakrakota that is the present Koraput district,
thus this place also came into the savage of wars. Krishna I paternal uncle and the
successor of Dantidurga sent a large army completed very successfully. It is stated
in the Alas Plates dated A.D. 769 that the king of Vengi, i.e. Vijayaditya I, unable
to resist the invading Rashtrakuta forces saved himself by the cession of his
treasury, forces, and his country (9).
Vishnuvardhana IV (A.D. 772-808)
Vijayaditya I was succeeded by his son, Visnuvardhana IV. Very few records of
his reign have come down to historians. The Permanjili and the Karumuru Grants,
which probably belong to his, offer no historical information. And his long reign
would have remained a blank in the Eastern Chalukya history, but for valuable
references in the contemporary Rashtrakuta inscriptions. He was involved in a
protracted war with the Rashtrakutas, and played an important part in politics of
his own day. At the time of his accession to throne, Vishnuvardhana IV must have
been a feudatory of the Rashtrakutas, as a consequence of his father’s defeat in
the hands of Rashtrakutas during the last years of his reign. Soon after his
coronation an opportunity appeared itself to regain the lost independence. Krishna
I died in A.D. 772, and his eldest son Yuvaraja Govinda II, succeeded him on the
throne. This however, roved to be the sign for the outbreak of a civil war in the
Rashtrakuta dominions, as Dhruva Nirupama Dharavarsa, Govinda’s younger
brother, disputed the right of his brother to sit upon the throne, and rebelled. This
Dhruva won over to his side many of the nobles’ of the kingdom and Govinda II
turned, in his difficulty, to Vishnuvardhana IV and the other neighboring
monarchs from whom he had formerly exacted tribute and solicited their help.
The defeat of Govinda II and the enthronement of his rival Dhruva in his place
got disaster on all his allies, and Vishnuvardhana IV who had rendered him
valuable help was one of them. Thus, as soon as Dhruva settled the affairs of his
kingdom, he organized an expedition against Vengi, and sent an army under the
Lemulavada Chalukya chief Arikesarin I. The conquest of Vengi and Trikalinga
by Arikesarin I is referred to both in the Parbhani Plates and the introductory
section of Pampa’s Vikramarjuna Vijayam. Though the former makes it appear
that Arikesarin affected the conquest of these countries on his own account,
Pampa clearly shows that he had undertaken it on behalf of his master, Nirupama
Dhruva (10).
The treaty was concluded, according to the terms of which he probably had to
agree to acknowledge the supremacy of the Rashtrakuta monarch and pay him
tribute. It was further improved by a marriage alliance. Vishnuvarchana IV gave
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 184
his daughter Silamahadevi in marriage to Dhruva, who was pleased to make her
his chief queen (11). The royal houses Vengi and Malkhed were thus united for
the first time in their history. As a consequent of which there was peace between
the two kingdoms until the death of Vishnuvarchana IV in A.D. 806.
Vijayadittya II (A.D. 808-847)
Vishnuvardhana IV left two sons, Vijayaditya II and Bhima Saluke, daughter
Silamahadevi, who, as stated above was the chief queen of the Rashtrakuta king,
Nirupama Dhruva, death, Vijayaditya II, as the eldest son of Vishnuvardhana IV
and their proclaimed himself the king after his father’s death. But Bhima Saluke,
his younger brother claimed to the throne. He with the help of the Rashtrakuta
monarch taken forcible possession of the kingdom and thus precipitated a civil
war. It lasted for a period of twelve years. The main events of this are briefly
described in the inscriptions of his successors. In the Staluru Grant of his
grandson, Gunaga Vijayaditya III, it is stated the he (Vijayaditya II) scattered; the
forces of the Gangas, built one hundred and eight temples dedicated to Siva.
According to the Ponangi Plates of the same king, Vijayaditya II fought with his
enemies one hundred and eight battles (12).
The Attili Gant of his great grandson, Chalukya Bhima I, however, omits the
reference to the commanders of Vallabhendra in this connection, but mentions in
their place the forces of the Southern Gangas who fought on the side of Bhima
Saluke (13). It is thus obvious that the struggle was bitterly contested and that
Vijayaditya II had to fight for every inch of the ground he recovered from the
enemy.
Vijayaditya III or Gunaga Vijaditya (A.D. 844-888)
Vijayaditya III or Gunaga Vijayaditya, is (he) commonly referred to in the
inscriptions of his descendants. He seems to have ascended the throne in A.D.
848-49 after the short reign of his father (Vijayaditya II). He was the most
powerful of the early Chalukya rulers of Vengi, who had long reign. During his
regime the Eastern Chalukya power reached to the zenith of its glory, and the
Vengi kingdom attained the widest extent. Vijayaditya III was frequently at war
with his neighbours almost from the very beginning of his reign. The reign of
Gunaga Vijaditya once again brought importance to the Eastern Ghats, and made
history. Here after the role and important participation of tribes living on these
difficult terrains became clearly visible, and showed their vital role during and
after Amma II (945-970).
The history of Vijayaditya’s wars and the circumstances under which he came
into conflict with his enemies are generally unknown.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 185
War with Amoghavarsa I: After his victory over Rahana, Gunaga Vijayaditya
came into conflict with the Rastrakuta monarch, Amoghavarsa, even though they
were related to each other by ties of kinship. It may be recalled that Gunaga’s
mother, Silamahadevi, was the first cousin of Amoghavarsa I, being the daughter
of his paternal uncle, Indra, the founder of the Gujarat branch of the Rashtrakuta
family (14). The circumstances under which the relation broke war were obscure.
The Eastern Chalukya inscriptions are almost silent on this war; probably due to
the disastrous consequences, including the loss of their independence. Rashtrakuta
records no doubt say that Gunaga Vijayaditya was engaged in a war with
Amoghavarsa I about the middle of the 9th century A.D., and the defeat in battle
he was obliged to acknowledging the latter’s supremacy (15).
The invasion of Gangavadi; Gunaga Vjayaditya’s expedition against the Gangas
is mentioned in several Eastern Chalukya copper-plate grants including, the
Maliyampundi Grant of Amma II (16).
This is also supported by the evidence of the Attili Grant of Chalukya Bhima I,
which, while associating Mangi laid the other Eastern Chalukya inscriptions with
the Gangas, mentions in juxtaposition to them the Kalinga Gangas or the Gangas
of Kalinga.
The Rastrakuta dominancy on Western Gangas and relationship with Eastern
Chalukyas of Vengi with their neighbour Kalinga had much to derive the basic
empire growth, thus in the present study details has been given for the rulers.
Gunaga Vijayaditya was obliged to embark on the expedition by the command of
Amoghavarsa-I to whom he became a subordinate.
In the Masulipatam Plates of Vijayaditya III (17), it is said that the king made the
gift of the village Trandaparu to the Brahman Vinayadi Sarman as a reward for
the marvellous advice, which he gave to the king on the battle-field suggesting the
method of putting Mangi to death.
Taking advantage of the confusion in the Rashtrakuta dominions caused by the
invasion, Gunaga Vijayaditya proclaimed his independence and declared war
upon Krishna II.
The main incidents of this war described in several Eastern Chalukya records. The
Sataluru Grant (18) of Gunaga Vijayaditya himself, which belongs most probably
to the last years of his rule, alludes to his conquest of the Rashtrakuta kingdom
and the establishment of his suzerainty over the whole Daksinapatha including the
Trikalinga country.
The first campaign, Pandaranga, the general was leading Gunaga Vijayaditya’s
armies, is said to have seen the back of king Kannara i.e., Krishna II in the battle
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 186
and put down the pride of another king called Sankila; he is also said to have
entered, at the head of his army into Kiranapura, Dahali-niruta, Dalenadu, and
Acalapura (19). The Attili Grant of Chalukya Bhima I, which is contemporaneous
with the Dharmavaram epigraph, furnishes some more facts of his war. Gunaga
Vijayaditya, it is stated, set fire to the cities of Kiranapura and Acalapura besides
Nellurpura and acquired the title of Tripura-martya-Mahesvara, won a victory
over Krishna in a battle, extracted silver from the Gangas of Kalinga, took
elephants from the ruler of Kosala and plundered the gold of the Pandyas and the
Pallavas (20).
The Kandyam Plates of Danarnava, and the Penneru the Pabhuparru and the
Telugu Academy Plates of Saktivarman I mention besides Krishna and Sankila, a
certain Baddega among Gunaga’s enemies to whom, however, he is said to have
promised security from molestation (21). And lastly Pithapuram inscription of
Mallappadeva, Gunaga Vijayaditya, burnt a place called Cakrakuta, restored to
Vallabhendra his own exalted position and received elephants from the king of
Kalinga (22). The information from the inscriptions cited above shows clearly that
the Eastern Chalukya army not only overran the Rashtrakuta dominions but also
penetrated into Dhalla, a nine-lakh country, which was situated between the
Bhagirathi (i.e., Ganges) and the Narmada. Throughout this war, Krishna II
appears to have been dogged by misfortune (23).
Southern Expeditions
The history of the Tamil country during the closing years of the 9th century A.D.
is far from clear. The relations between Aditya I, the real founder of the Chola
kingdom of Tanjore, and his Pallava overlords were not always friendly. Assailed
by the Pallava or the Pandya or by both together, Aditya might have turned in his
difficulties to the north and solicited help from Gunaga Vijayaditya. The
statement in the Attili Grant of Chalukya Bhima I, that Gunaga plundered the gold
of the Pandya and Pallava lends to this view.
The second campaign against Krishna II: This is but a continuation of Gunaga
Vijayaditya’s war against Krishna II described earlier. Venkataramanaya (24)
(1958) wrote; “Why Gunaga Vijayaditya was obliged to invade Dahala, the home
of the Haihaya kings of Cedi, is far from clear. It may be explained in a
satisfactory manner campaign, lost control over his hereditary dominions and had
taken refuge at the court of his ally and brother-in-law Sankila, the ruler of
Dahala, However, that may be, the expedition set out from somewhere in Vengi,
and marched westward through the well known passes in the Eastern Ghats
towards Dahala. The route passed through two or three independent kingdoms,
which lay between Vengi and the Cedi territory, and it was necessary to subjugate
them to secure a passage for the army. Gunaga Vijayaditya, like the later Chola
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 187
emperors who set out from Vengi for the conquest of Central and Northern India,
had to begin his campaign by the subjugation of Kalinga. Of the three divisions
into which Kalinga was divided from ancient times, two, the Central and the
Southern, called the Madhya and the Daksina- Kalingas respectively, were in the
possession of the Eastern Chalukyas, since the time of Kubja - Visnuvardhana
(25). Therefore, the Kalinga Ganga subdued by Gunaga Vijayaditya must have
been the independent ruler of North Kalinga, probably Devendravarman, and the
donor of the Cidivalasa Plates or his father, Bhupendravarman. The steps, which
the Eastern Ganga had taken to defend his kingdom, are not known. It is,
however, certain that he ultimately suffered defeat, and had to purchase peace by
surrendering his wealth and war elephants.”
He further wrote, “The victory over the Kalinga secured for him the passes in the
Eastern Ghats, commanding the route along which he had to march. This enabled
him to cross the mountains safely and reach the open country which lay on the
other side of the Ghats without incident.” This clearly indicates the Eastern Ghats
separating the plain land of coastal side as well as the plain lands of Koraput
district. It was probably here that he came into conflict with Baddega, whose
territories lay on his left flank. Baddega, though like Gunaga Vijayaditya was a
Chalukya by birth, came of a different stock, and was a firm supporter of the
Rashtrakuta power. He was, as pointed out by the Government epigraphist, a
Western Chalukya prince an ancestor of Arikesarin II, the patron of the Kannada
poet, Pampa (26) and flourished about A.D. 941-42. Yuddhamalla I, the founder
of the family, migrated, as stated in an earlier context, from the Spadalaksa
country in Rajaputana to Northern Telingana, where he carved out a small
kingdom for himself and settled down at Bodhan in the Nizamabad district of the
Hyderabad State. The seat of his family, however, was shifted further east to
Lembulavatika or Lemulavada, the modern Vemulavada, in the Karimnagar
district during the time of his successors. Baddega was said to be a great warrior
and a powerful prince. His exploits have been described at length in Vikramarjuna
Vijaya of Pumpa and the inscriptions of his descendants (27). The records belong
to late stage of his career, and do not mention his relations with Gunaga
Vijayaditya; whereas the Eastern Chalukya records spoke of his defeat in the
battle and were compelled to sue for peace. The sway of Baddega extended
perhaps to Bastar, the ancient Chakrakuta - mandala, which was situated
immediately to the north-east of his dominions on the other side of the Godavari”
The learned author of this book are putting Bagdari a place with ancient
archeological remains, on the bank of the river Kolab may be Baddega as has
been denoted here. This may be the site at Baddega and present Bagderi of
Koraput, very close to Bastar. Venkataramayya further wrote “It may be
remembered that Bastar, though situated at present in the Central Provinces, was
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 188
included in Telingana until the fall of the Kakatiya monarchy in the first quarter
of the 14th century A.D. and the Lemulavada chiefs, who were the masters of the
territory on the south bank of the river Godavari, might have exercised some
authority over it. If this surmise is not altogether wide of the mark, it may be
presumed that the conflict arose out of Gunaga Vijayaditya’s attempt to seize the
fort of Cakrakuta, which stood at an important strategic point, on the route of his
march. Though nothing is known about the details of the warfare, two facts stand
out clearly, viz., that the Chalukya army succeeded in taking the fort of Cakrakuta
which they reduced to ashes; and that Baddega, worsted in the battle and unable
to offer further resistance, sued for peace. Gunaga Vijayaditya, who had no desire
to drive the defeated prince into desperate opposition, assumed an attitude of
conciliation, and appears to have won him over to his side by promising to leave
him in the undisturbed possession of his territories (28).” Gunaga Vijayaditya
then moved on with his army to Kosala, where probably a member of the
Sarabhapura family, which supplanted the Sripura line and ruled in Kosala for a
while who opposed Gunaga Vijayaditya’s advance and suffered defeat and had to
make peace by giving up his war elephants and other valuables (29).
Then, Gunaga Vijayaditya reached at last Dahala, the objective of his expedition
Pandaranga, the general of Gunaga Vijayaditya, according to the Dharmavaram
epigraph, entered, at the head of his army, Kiranapura, Dahala, Niruta, Dalenadu
and Acalpura (30).
With the capture of Acalpura, the modern Ellichpur of Berar Gunaga
Vijayaditya’s war with Krishna II came to an end. It was a brilliant military
success.
Gunaga Vijayaditya ruled for three or four years Dahala; but they were
uneventful. He died in A.D. 891 after a long reign of forty-four years, full of
honour.
It is very clear from this expedition of Gunaga that the route from the coastal area
on the hills of Easter Ghats through which he traveled to Chakrakuta and then to
Kosala was a dominion of Kalinga and this was most probably the Girikalinga. So
in this case, there could have been a route he could have got in through Narsipat
area to Paderu and then to Nandapur, or may be Panchipetta to Nandapur and then
decent down from the hills either at Bhairava Singhpur or Kathagadh;
Bhairabasingpur or Borigumma that could have been the base. But I think on the
hills he assumed interference from other allied kings of Kalinga empire and
therefore, he took most probably the route by coming to Srikakulam district, from
there to Narainapatna to Kothagad or Bhairabasingpur of the present day. It is
very clear that this route was operation able for invading the army from time
immemorial and the civilisation were always looking for a route a route with least
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 189
resistance from the enemy, and resistance from the point of big rivers. This can be
concluded that the Vijayaditrya crossed through the Koraput district and went into
the Bastar district and then to the Kosala and Dhala countries.
Chalukya Bhima I, or Visnuvardhana VI (A.D. 892-922)
On the death of Gunaga Vijayaditya, Chalukya Bhima I, his nephew, the son of
his younger brother Yuvaraja Vikramaditya, ascended the throne. The most
important aspect in his period was that after the death of Vijayaditya,
Rashtrakutas became active and successful at first.
Chalukya Bhima I, if we may trust the records of the Lemulavada chiefs, fell into
the hands of the enemy in some unspecified battle, was defeated at the hands of
Baddega. Pumpa states, in his account of the Lemulavada family that Baddega,
the grandfather of his patron, Arikesari II, seized, as if seizing a crocodile in
water, Bhima had won frame as a great warrior. The same statement is repeated in
the Parbhani Plates of Arikesari III also.
As Baddega suffered defeat at the hands of Chalukya Bhima’s uncle and
predecessor, Gunaga Vijayaditya in the Dahala campaign, there can be no doubt
that they were contemporaries. Baddega was, as said already, was a faithful
feudatory of Krishna II, His estates lay immediately to the north of the Ranamarda
territory, it is natural that he should have accompanied the expedition, and played
an important part in the invasions. The success of the Rashtrakutas was, however,
short lived. Kusumayudha, the ruler of the Ranamarda country quickly retreated
with his forces, and may be with Chalukya Bhima supporters inflicted a crushing
defeat and thus chased them back to their own country. Taking advantage of the
confusion that was prevailing in the enemy’s camp. Chalukya Bhima perhaps
affected his escape from captivity at this juncture and joined his family.
Vijayaditya IV Kollabhiganda (A.D. May 922-November 922)
On the death of Chalukya Bhima I in A.D. 922, his eldest surviving son,
Vijayaditya IV surnamed Kollabhiganda or the slayer of the heroes who opposed
him ascended the throne. The reason as to why Vijayaditya IV had to lead an
army into Kalinga immediately after his accession to the throne, it is not possible
to ascertain. The Eastern Gangas probably became restive, and had to be kept
under control. The activities of Vajrahasta, the son of Gunarnava or
Gunamaharnava, who must have been ruling about this time probably called for a
demonstration of military strength.
At the time of Vajrahasta’s accession, Kalinga was divided into five principalities,
each of which was governed by an independent chief. Vajrahasta wrote to all
these principalities and create the united kingdom of Kalinga (31). This naturally
clashed with the interests of the Eastern Chalukyas, whose sway was extended
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 190
over a large part of the country. The Chalukyas thus probably lost their
sovereignty over the bulk of Kalinga either during the last years of Chalukya
Bhima I or immediately after his death. Gunaga Vijayaditya, it may be recalled,
reduced to subjection the entire land of Kalinga, and became the lord of
Trikalinga country. Chalukya Bhima I succeeded, not withstanding his pre-
occupation with the Rashtrakuta wars, in keeping his hold over a large part of his
uncle’s Trikalinga conquest, if not the whole of it. The gift of the village of Tini
(Tuni) situated in the Devarastra of the Elamancili Kalingadesa shows definitely
that his authority was recognised in the Madhya or the Central Kalinga (32).
Vijayaditya IV is said to have ruled only over the Trikalinga-atavi or the forest
tracts belonging to Trikalinga in addition to his ancestral kingdom of Vengi (33).
This indicates clearly the Vijayaditya IV was ejected from the whole of Kalinga
with the exception of the forest tracts attached to it. It was probably to re-establish
his supremacy over that country that he led an expedition to Kalinga Vijayaditya
is generally credited to have won victory at Viraja, but the Inangaru Grant of
Rajaraja II, no doubt, a late document of the Chola-Chalukya period, states that
Vijayaditya captured the city named Viraja and departed to the world of the Gods
(34). The Trikalinga-atavi country was probably lost and gained by Kalingas, as
a consequence of their defeat and the death of their leader in the battle at Viraja;
and Vajrahasta II made himself the master of the entire Trikalinga country
without much trouble.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 191
under the control of Yuddhamalla II (38). It was not, therefore, possible for
Yuddhamalla to establish his authority firmly in the country under the
circumstances.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 192
192
Dynasty History of United Koraput 193
The war with the eastern Samnyats and Manyas involved Bhima in a war with
Kamarnava, the Eastern Ganga king of Kalinga. The causes of this war are not
difficult to surmise. Danarnava was related, through his mother, to the Kalinga
royal family and Kamarnava might have been naturally desirous of avenging the
death of his cousin, and restoring to his children their patrimony. More important
than this was, perhaps, his ambition to re-establish the sovereignty of his family
over the Central and the Southern Kalinga, this had remained in the possession of
the Chalukyas since the time of Kubja-Vishnuvardhana. Kamarnava was not,
however, destined to achieve his ambition. Though he held out for a while against
the Telugu Chola, he had to succumb ultimately. Notwithstanding the great
distance which he had to traverse, Bhima, it is said, marched at the head of an
army to Kalinga and after some hard fighting put to death not only Kamarnava but
also his younger brother, Vinayadiya who, on his death, succeeded him on the
throne of Kalinga.
The Kalinga war was not an easy walk over to Bhima, as the language of the
Kailasanatha temple inscription seems to suggest. He had to spend several years
fighting with the Eastern Ganga princes in the hilly tracts of Kalinga. Though he
slew Danarnava and took possession of his kingdom as early as A.D. 972-3, it
was not until A.D. 981, some eight years later, that he was able to overcome the
opposition of the Kalingas. Kamarnava seems to have offered stubborn resistance
until he fell heroically fighting against the enemy in A.D. 978. The task of
defending the realm seems to have then devolved upon his younger brother.
Vinayaditya, who carried on the fight for three years longer, until he too laid
down his life on the battlefield. With the death of Vinayaditya in A.D. 981, the
backbone of the opposition was finally broken, and Kalinga submitted. Bhima
having thus successfully destroyed all his enemies became the undisputed master
of the kingdoms of Vengi and Kalinga and his authority was not seriously
questioned until the end of the century.
References
193
Dynasty History of United Koraput 194
8. Arch. Sur. West Ind. pp. 17. The Dasavatara Inscription of Eluru, Verse 23.
9. E.I.VI, p.210
10. Jain Sahitya aur Itihas, p.90 and Pampa, Vikramarjuna Vijayam, 1:20.
11. E.I.XXII, No.17, pp-98-107.
12. C.P. 3 of 1908-9
13. JTA. XI, p.253
14. JTA-I, pp 140-55
15. E.I. VI, p. 103
16. E.I. IX, p.47
17. E.I, V, p.125
18. Bharati I. No. 1, pp. 104-5 and JAHRS, V. p. 113
19. Ibid, V.i.p.619-20
20. JTA XI, p. 241
21. JAHRS XI, p. 80 f; JTA III, p.407
22. E.I. IV, pp. 233-4
23. MER.1917, Part 11, para 37, Dynastic History 11, p. 763
24. Venkataramanayya,N (1950) op.cit.pp.123-125
25. ARE. Cp. 13 of 1908-9, Cf. CP. 10 and 11 of 1908-9 Bodderi Grant of
Kokuli Varma Maharaja, Vizagapatnam district
26. ARE, 1918, Part 11, Para 5
27. Vikramarjuna Vijaya, 1:16:29, Sources of the Medieval History of Deccan,
II, p.48, JAHRS , VI. p. 169 f
28. JAHRA XI, p. 80f
29. JTA, III, p.407
30. JTA, XI, p.241
31. E.I, IV, p. 189
32. C.P. p.4 of 1908-9
33. E.I, V, p. 133
34. C. P 23 of 1916-17
35. S.I.I, I, No. 37, p.45
36. I.A, XIII, p.214
37. E.I., IX, p.47f
38. E.I., XV, p. 150-59
39. ARE. Cp. of 1916-17 III, p. 183, p. 179
40. Telingana Inscri. Itara No.21;Medival History of Deccan Ii.p.48
41. E.I., XIS, p. 142
42. ARE, Cp. 1 of 1916-17
194
Dynasty History of United Koraput 195
MATHARAS
The Mathara was an ancient royal family of South Kalinga. They had matrimonial
relations with famous families like Iksavakus (1), even before they rose to power.
D.C. Sircar wrote, “When the Pitribhaktas were ruling from Simhapura in Central
Kalinga, the royal family of the Matharas had their capital at Pishtapura in the
south. D. C. Sircar thus opined that there were three separate dynasties namely,
the Pitribhaktas, Matharas and the Vasisthas (2). However, S. N. Rajguru was of
the opinion that these are all one and the same Mathara dynasty. (3). But,
N.K.Sahu was of the view that Mathras and Vasisthas are two distinct families of
Kalinga. (4).A detail account on Matharas is available due to D. C. Sircar, S. N.
Rajaguru, N.K.Sahu and Mrs. S. Tripathy (5). She was of the opinion that during
the period of 5th and 6 th centuries Kalinga was ruled from Pistapura, Devapura,
Simhapura and other places the above families ruled more or less
contemporaneously in the region between the district of Ganjam and East
Godavari district.
The Ragolu Grant of the Mathara Maharaja Sakti-varman, which records a gift of
land near Chicacole, was issued in the king’s 13th regnal year from the city of
Pishtapura. The king bears the title ‘lord of Kalinga.’He has been described as
Vasisthi ( Vasisthi-putra) to have belong to Mathara family. It indicates that the
Mathras and Vasisthas were matrimonially related. He was also known as Sakti-
bhattaraka. The grant of locality called Rakaluva, was stated to have been located
in the Kalinga-Visaya. This shows that the Matharas of Pishtapura conquered the
heart of the Pitribhakta kingdom in Central Kalinga. This is also supported by the
fact that the Sakunaka Grant issued in the 28th regnal year of another Mathara
king named Ananth-Sakti-varman, who enjoyed the title ‘lord of Kalinga,’ was
issued from Simhapura, the former capital of the Pirtibhaktas. Prabhanjanavarman
was the successor of Saktivarman to the Mathara throne that is known from the
extant charter issued by him from Simhapura. (6). Matharas are never known to
have ruled beyond Ganjam district that is towards northern part of Orissa. It is not
known how long Prabhanjanavarman ruled Kalinga. Maharaja Ananth-Sakti-
varman was the successors of Prabhanjanavarman. Two copper plate of this king
are known (7). He ruled from Simhapura, the modern Singpur in Srikakulam
district of Andhra Pradesh. In later period there was conflict between Pitrbhaktas
and Matharas over Simhapura, that later period came under the control of
Pitrbhaktas.
Sakti-varman of the Ragolu grant. This is suggested by the fact that an official
mentioned as Amatya Arjunadatta in the Ragolu grant of Sakti-called
Desakshapataladhikrita-Talavara Arjunadatta in Ananta-Sakti-varman’s record.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 196
The Amatya was probably raised to higher offices during the latter part of his life.
According to some writers, the name Ananta-Sakti-varman actually indicates
‘Ananta-Sakti-varman’s son of Sakti-varman.It has been suggested that Ananta-
Sakti-Varman was successor of Sakti-Varman, a third king named Ananta-
Varman probably intervening between the reigns of the two was the opinion of
Sircar.(8)
All these suggestions are negatived by the Ningondi copper plate inscription (9),
issued by the Mathara king Prabhanjana-varman, who was the son of Saktivarman
and the grandson of Sankaravarman, from the city of Simhapura. This
Saktivarman may be identified with the king of the same name who issued the
Ragolu plates; but the relation to Prabhanjanavarman with Anantasakti-verman of
the same family is not yet definitely known. The recently discovered Andhavaram
Plates, however, represent Sakti-varman as the Aryaka or grandfather of Ananta-
Sakti-varman, who may have thus been the son and successor of Prabhanjana-
varman. The Ningondi Grant represents Sakti-varman as the ruler of the people
inhabiting the land between the Krishnavenna and the Mahanadi, but the claim
must be regarded as exaggerated.”(10)
I am of the opinion that the Matia tribe in Koraput district and else where are
possibly the people of Mathara dynasty. They may have entered to the present
locality from Pistapur to Korkonda region of Malkangiri in Koraput district of
Orissa. In the Korkonda area I am said to understand that there is Vardamanpur (I
have not confirmed) gives the clue to Girikalinga that mentions of Vaadhamana
agrahara and was a part of the Kalinga during Mathara rule.
The Mathara rule is still a controversy and the present paper by Mrs. S. Tripathy
is more informative and interested readers may refer.
Reference
1. E.I.XX, pp.19f.
2. Sircar, D.C. A New History of the Indian People. Vol.IV. The Gupta-Vakataka
Age.pp. 79-80
3. Rajguru, S.N. Inscriptions of Orissa. Vol.I Part II.pp.68-69
4. Sahu, N.K. Mathara Rule in Kalinga.Utakal University- History of Orissa. Vol. I.
p.467-504.
5. Tripathy, S. New Light on the Mathars of Kalinga. OHRJ, Vol XXXV, No.3&4
p.135-165.
6. E. I. Vol. XXX, pp.112-18 ff and plate
7. E.I. XXVIII, pp. 175-79 ff and plate: pp.227-35 ff and plate.
8. Sircar, D.C. The Matharas. The Classical Age, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan.pp.212-213.
9. E.I., XXX, p. 112.
10. Sircar, D.C.op.cit.
196
Dynasty History of United Koraput 197
From the middle of the sixth century A.D., for a period of 300 years, the history
of South India was the story of mutual conflict among three powers each tirelessly
seeking to extend its empire. The three powers were the Chalukyas of Badami, the
Pallavas of Kanchi and the Pandyas of Madura. They rose to prominence in the
sixth century; but the Chalukyas quit the stage about a century earlier than the two
other powers, were replaced from the middle of the eight-century by their
successors, the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta (Malkhed). The main house of
Badami, the Chalukyas had established themselves in two other branches, more or
less independent of the main line. They were the Chalukyas of Lata and the
Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi. The Gangas of Mysore together with the Eastern
Chalukyas took sides in the conflicts of the three kingdoms, sometimes with
decisive results. The Cholas of the Tamil country had practically disappeared. A
line of Telugu rulers bearing Chola name and claiming a traditional relationship
with their capital at Traiyur ruled in the area now known as Rayalaseema.
This conflict of struggle for empire did not remain limited to their respective
territories and by 9th and 10th century extended into north countries of Kalinga,
South Kosala and Chakrakote. Several new dynasties appeared and left the stage.
The present lands of Bastar of Chhattisgarh and Koraput district of Orissa were
active partners and witnesses to all these developments for centuries with their
distant neighbours. The present exercise is to build up of history of Koraput-
Bastar from the existing records..
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 198
The Tanjore inscription of the twenty-ninth regnal year of Rajaraja mentions his
warlike achievements in its ‘historical introduction’ (1). “He was pleased to
destroy the ships (at) Kandalur-Salai, and conquered by his army, which was
victorious in great battles, Vengai-nadu, Gangapadi, Tadigaipadi, Nolambapadi,
Kudamalainadu, Kollam, Kalingam, Ilamandalam (which was the country) of the
Singalas who possessed rough strength, the seven and a half laks has of Irattapadi
and ‘twelve thousand ancient islands of the sea’, deprived the Seliyas of (their)
splendour at the very moment when (they were) resplendent (to such a degree)
that (they were) worthy to be worshipped everywhere.” The first great triumph of
Rajaraja was secured early in his reign when he destroyed the Chera navy at
Trivandrum. The Tamil expression “Kandalursalaik-Kalamaruttaruli” means
“pleased to destroy the ships in the roadstead of Kandalur (Trivandrum)”.
Rajaraja’s interference in Eastern Chalukya affairs came due to the result of the
distracted condition of the Vengi kingdom in the tenth century. He thus helped
Saktivarman to secure the throne after the long interregnum from A.D. 973 to
999. The Chola emperor did so to frustrate the scheme of Satyasraya to combine
the resources of the Western and Eastern Chalukyas against the Cholas. This
brought an end to the civil war in Vengi, and Rajaraja claimed to be its conqueror
(2). The alliance between the powers was cemented by the marriage of Kundava,
Rajaraja’s daughter, with Vimaladitya (A.D. 1011-1018) the younger brother of
Saktivarman I. Ultimately this marriage thus prepared the way for the union of
the Eastern Chalukyas and the Cholas. This was seen as great relevance to the
history of these three houses of rulers.
Rajaraja’s conquest of Kalinga must have followed his subjugation of Vengi, as
Kalinga sought to aggrandize itself at the expense of its southern neighbour.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 199
Lastly, Rajaraja conquered the other islands. Some of his titles reflect his
achievements.
Chola Rajendra I (A.D.1012-1044)
Rajendra I took an active part in public affairs before his accession to the throne,
and was associated with his father in the governing of the empire. He ruled from
A.D. 1012 to 1044, and made his son Rajadhiraja heir apparent as early A.D.
1018. The inscriptions of Rajendra describe his wars and conquests and exhibit
his greatness as a conqueror. The famous Tiruvalangadu grant(3) (thirty-one
copper-plates) of his sixth regnal year (A.D. 1017) recites his achievements, and
additions were made to the account in Sanskrit about A.D. 1025 after his conquest
of Kataha or Kadaram(4). Another important record of Rajendra is his Tirumalai
rock (5) inscription issued in his thirteenth regnal year (A.D. 1024), which gives a
complete list of his continental conquests.
R.Sathianathaier wrote; “The next military effort of Rajendra was the expedition
to Eastern India, which was entrusted to his general. Crossing the Godavari and
passing through Bastar and Orissa, the Chola army reached Western Bengal,
defeated two rulers, crossed the Ganga, overthrew another ruler, recrossed that
river, triumphed over Mahipala I and returned home. The victorious general
received the congratulations of his sovereign (Rajendra I) on the banks of the
Godavari. Here it can be thought why did not chose to take the coastal route
instead of the route through Bastar to conquer the eastern India.”(10)
The last years of Rajendra witnessed the Chola invasion of the Western Chalukya
dominions rules over by Somesvara I Ahavamalla (A.D. 1043-1068). Rajendra I
had 3 sons, Rajadhiraja I, Rajendra II and Virarajendra I who ascended throne in
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 200
succession. His daughter Ammangadevi was the queen of Rajaraja I of Vengi and
mother of Kulottunga I. Rajadhiraja won a victory of Pundi on the Krishna,
sacked Kalyana, and brought home the dvarapalaka image, which is now found at
Darasuram (Tanjore District). The Chola invasion was particularly ruinous and
humiliating to the parts of Mysore, with the result that “cows were carried off and
women’s griddles were unloosed.” The Cholas offended seriously against the
ethics of warfare even in the days of Rajaraja the Great and Rajendra the
Gangaikondachola (11) was remarked.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 201
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 202
I fully agree to this argument and identify Madurai-mandalam with the fort of
Mudirabada, to the present day Mudlipada located on the Bondo Hills of
Khairput block in Koraput district of Orissa. Bondos, a primitive tribe group of
India and are well known in the world of anthropology due to the work of Verrier
Elwin. The Mudlipada is still the head village to Bondo tribe Chief. The Bondo
tribe villages are located on top of hills, scattered over on a chain of hills, that
which has been described in the Tirumalai inscription as Madura-mandala whose
forts (bore) banners ( which touched) the clouds. The Bondo tribes men still
carry bows and arrows and are known for their ill temper and people fear for their
high homicide rate and lethal bowman ship. The description that Madura-
mandalam whose forts (bore) banners (which touched) the clouds; fully justifies
the ground reality of Bondo hills.
Prof. Hultzsch while described the above said inscription of Rajendra-Chola I
wrote that Maduramandala need not be connected to Madura, the capital of
Pandya king (26) (E.I.IX, p-230).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 203
Nilakanta Sastri (27) wrote that Indraratha had to face invasions of other
contemporary powers also. According to Upedur prasasti, he was defeated by the
mercenaries of the Paramara king Bhoja (1000-1047 A.D). Gangeyadeva (1015-
1041 A.D), the Kalachuri king of Tripuri is also credited with success against the
Utkala king who was none else than Indraratha. The Paramavas and the
Kalachuris appear to have allied themselves with the Cholas and the raids of these
three powers against Indraratha were not totally unconnected with each other.
Indraratha after his defeat under the hands of Chola in the battle of Yayatinagara
was probably taken captive with his family and perhaps killed and the entire
Somakula Kingdom lay waste and wrapped in total anarchy for some time.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 204
Rajendra II (A.D.1052-1064)
The younger brother of Rajadhiraja I, Rajendra II, who had been chosen heir
apparent, in supersession of the claims of Rajadhiraja’s sons, crowned himself on
the battle field, as he had shown extraordinary bravery. He advanced to Kolhapur
and erected a pillar of victory there. Rajendra II marched against Somesvara in
A.D. 1062 to check the growth of W.Chalukyas in Vengi affair and defeated him
(30).Rajendra’s daughter Madhurantaki married Eastern Chalukya prince
Rajendra whose son later known as Kulottunga I. Rajendra II was succeeded
by his younger brother, Virarajendra I (A.D. 1063-1070), who invaded the
Western Chalukya Empire in A.D. 1067 in response to a challenge of Somesvara
to meet him.
Virarajendra (A.D.1063-1070)
The Tirumukkudal inscription (31) reported by K.V.Subrahmanya Ayyar gives
the detail account of Virarajendra. A study of the records of Virarajendra so far
known reveal that he was crowned king immediately after his victorious return
from the battle held at Kudal-Sangama.
He proceeded again to the north, and defeated a number of chiefs of Kalinga who
were fighting under the banner of the Chalukyas, set up a third pillar of victory a
Suttukkal, gained victorious at Chakkarakottam and Kavi and destroyed the
Kalinga country (34). I identify this place to be in Koraput-Kalahandi border.
The Suttukal is the present day Sukatal of Tel river and Kavi is the Kavi-Konga of
Raigarh, and Chakkarakottam is the well known Chakrakote. It is all in
contagious place.
The abstract (35) of the contents and relevant to the study is, himself and his sons,
who assisted him, remaining behind in close quarters, he sent forth an army,
which victoriously fought against countless Samantas along with the (two) sons of
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 205
After he had reached the great city (called after) the great river Ganga, the
Chalukya (king) who came from the race of the moon, felt the sting and thought
‘it is better to die than live with such disgrace’ and choosing as battle-field the
very Kudal, where his sons and himself had been made to retreat, wrote, so that
all might know, a letter embodying (his) vow- “those who do not come to Kudal
through fear are no kings but are disgraceful liars in war,” handed it over with an
oral message to the Ganga chief Kettan renowned among the liars of Rattappadi
and asked him to take it; and when he came, bowed at the feet of, and delivered
the message to (the Chola king), his (i.e., the latter’s) mind, face and glorious two
arms began to glow doubly on account of the increasing joy and he advanced
forth and entered the field, and not finding the approach of the king of the
Vallabhas at Karandai, stayed there delightfully for one month more after the
appointed day, and then he found him run away until his legs became sore and hid
himself in the western ocean, and each of the three (chiefs) Devanathan, Siddhi
and Kesi turned their backs.
Crossing back the southern region, (the Chola king)........... obstructed at Kondai
where the Chalukyan king again sent against him double the number of elephants
which he had put forth on a former occasion. Among those that were seen (there)
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 206
Some of the geographical names of the inscriptions have been given as following:
- Kudal Sangama (1.1) or Kudal (1.4) the place of confluence of the rivers
Krishna and Pancha-Ganga(36).
- Kosalai (1.2) the ancient territorial division of Kosala.
- Karandai (1.5) has been identified with Inchal-Karanjo, in the
neighbourhood of Kudal-Sangama. (37)
- Kuntala (1.5) is the Western Chalukya territory (38).
- Seven Kalingas (1.6) form the territorial division of the East coast, north of
Vengi, ruled by Eastern Gangas.
- Chakkarakottam (1.9) has been identified with Chakrakotta in the Bastar
State.
- Sonaiynagar (1.9) not identified, but it is identified to present Sonepore of
Western Orissa
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 207
- Kavi (1.10) not identified, but I identify now to be Kavi Konga of Koraput
district
- Suttukkal not identified; but we identify now to be Suktal in Orissa
- Jayangondachola-mandalam is the name given to the ancient Pallava
territory of Tondaimandalam during Rajaraja I who bore the designation of
Jayangonda-Chola. As this is a ‘mandala’, I am placing it be in Koraput-
Bastar i.e. Nowrangpur region. It is explained in later paragraphs.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 208
mentioned in this record is no other than Vijayaditya VII, the Eastern Chalukyan
king.
Krishna Kumari (42) opined that it might be assumed reasonably, from the above
account, that the Chola king Virarajendra drove Vijayaditya VII from Vengi, after
the battle of Vijayawada, and compelled him to seek help from the Eastern
Gangas. Probably, on this occasion, the Eastern Ganga ruler Rajaraja
Devendravarman lent his support to Vijayaditya VII, and helped him prosperity.
After Virarajendra, till the time of the expedition of Kulottunga to Kalinga, there
was no other Chola fight with the Gangas. This could be the only battle in which
Rajaraja could have faced the Chola forces as recorded by Banapati and
Anantavarman Chodaganga. This battle appears to have been fought in circa
1067-1068 A.D. i.e., two or three years before Rajaraja’s coronation and in the
last years of the rule of Vajrahasta III. Possibly as a yuvaraja, Rajaraja might
have participated in this battle.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 209
Gopal further continues that possibly this north extension of the influence of
Vengi, so closely allied to the Colas, was the cause of Vikramaditya’s expedition
against Vengi and Chakrakuta, counteracted by the campaign of Vira Rajendra
culminating in the battle of Bezwada (45).
Krishna Kumari (46) said, though success was claimed by Virarajendra, in the
battles of Bezawada, Kalinga and Chakrakutam, in his records, it presented
only one side of the picture as they did not even allude remotely to the reverses,
which he suffered in the field. Probably after the battle of Chakrakutam,
Virarajendra gave his daughter to Vikramaditya VI, the Western Chalukyan
prince, as a means of pacifying the situation. Perhaps it is the same far-
sightedness of Virarajendra, which was reflected in Kalinga. He also bestowed
Vengi on Vijayaditya VII, thus satisfying his son-in-law Rajaraja
Devendravarman, and then returned to his capital Gangaikonda-Solapuram.”
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 210
Sastri wrote, “Kulottunga left the administration of the Vengi Kingdom in the
hands of Vijayaditya VII until his death. The relations between them, never very
happy, seem to have continued strained even after Kulottunga’s accession to the
Cola throne. There are Eastern Ganga inscriptions, which, as already noted, show
that the Ganga King Rajaraja took up the cause of Vijayditia VII with Kulottunga
and secured for him a peaceful time towards the end of his life and carrier as ruler
of Vengi.”(48)
In the closing years of Rajendra’s reign war broke out once more with the
Western Chalukyas and the affairs of Vengi were, as usual, involved in it. In the
Chalukyan kingdom, Jayasimha II succeeded by his son, Somesvara I
Ahavamalla (1042 A.D.). He removed the capital from Manyakheta to
Kalyani. He added new to the amenities of the new capital. He continued the war
begum by his father. D.C.Ganguly wrote that he extended his power across
Vidarbha and part of modern Madhya Pradesh, into Kosala and Kalinga, and
imposed his sovereignty on the Nagavamsi ruler Dharavarsha of Cakrakuta. It
may be noted here (49) that the Kakatiya chieftain Prola I and his son Beta,
assisted Somesvara in his wars, and received from him as grant the Anumakonda
Vishaya. In another direction Somesvara attached Vengi and thus challenged the
Chola power. In Vengi Rajaraja had no peace after his coronation in1022. His
half-brother Vijayaditya renewed his struggle for the throne, perhaps with the aid
of Chalukya Jayasimha II, drove Rajaraja out of Vengi, and made himself king
(1031), but by 1035 Rajaraja had regained his kingdom. Vijayaditya sought
refuge in the Western Chalukya court where he was entertained royally.
Somesvara’s invasion of Vengi was undertaken ostensibly in furtherance of the
claims of Vijayaditya and news of it quickly reached Rajendra I. The king was
too old to take the field himself, his son Rajadhiraja was engaged in the south, so
a trusted Brahmin general was ordered to go to Rajaraja’s relief. Meanwhile
Rajendra I died.
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Virarajendra ‘s foresight and political wisdom was well marked from his building
the matrimonial relationship among Kalinga, Eastern Chalukya and Western
Chalukya dynasties.
Nilakanta Sastri wrote, “At the time of his father’s death and the forcible seizure
of the Vengi throne by Vijayaditya mentioned in the Ryato plates, Kulottunga,
or Rajendra II as he was then known, must have been a youth in his teens. For
considering he lived on to have a long rule of fifty years from A.D. 1070, it is
hardly likely that about A.D. 1062 he was more than twenty years of age. His
earliest Tamil inscriptions record certain facts, which seem to indicate how
Rajendra engaged himself when he was thus kept out of his inheritance. The
records of his second year (50) state that, with the aid only of the strength of his
arms and his sword, he overcame the treachery of his enemies, captured many
herds of elephants, levied tribute from the Nagavamsi King, Dharavarsa of
Chakrakuta, and gently raised the Earth resembling the lotus expecting to rise of
the sun for blooming, as Visnu raised the Earth from the ocean in his boar
incarnation, and seated her, to her great pleasure under the shade of his parasol
(51). His records soon came to describe these achievements as belonging to the
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 212
period of his ilangop-paruvam, when he was still heir - apparent (52). If this view
is correct, we must conclude that Rajendra spent the best part of the period A.D.
1063-70 in the region of the modern Bastar state, and possibly even carved out for
himself a small independent dominion beyond it in the Purvadesa, even if he did
not gain complete control over the Chakrakuta state and annex parts of the
Purvadesa to it, as his inscriptions imply.
Translation
(Line 1.) Hail! Prosperity! While the wheel of his (authority) rolled as far as the
golden circle (i.e., Mount Meru) on the earth, which was surrounded by the moat
of the sea, that was (again) surrounded by (his) fame,- Ko-Rajakesarivarman, alias
the emperor (chakravartin) Sri-Kulottunga-Choladeva(54), wedded first in the
time (when he was still) heir-apparent (ilango), the brilliant goddess of victory at
Sakkarakottam (Chakrakotta)(55) by deeds of valour.
(L.3) (He) unsheathed (his) sword, showed the strength of (his) arm, and spurred
(his) war-steed, so that the army of the spear-throwing king of Kondala (Kuntala)
retreated.
(L.4) Having established (his) fame, and having put on the garland of (the victory
over) the Northern region, (he) put on by right (of inheritance) the pure royal
crown of jewels, in order to stop the prostitution of the goddess with the sweet
and excellent lotus-flower (i.e., Lakshmi) of the Southern region, and the
loneliness of the goddess of the good country whose garment is the Ponni
(Kaveri).
(L.9) The kings of the old earth placed (on their heads) his two feet as a large
crown.
(L.11) The river (of the rules) of the ancient king Manu swelled, (and) the river
(of the sins) of the Kali (age) dried up.
(L.12) (His) scepter swayed over every region; the sacred shadow of (his) white
parasol shone (as) the white moon everywhere on the circle of the great earth;
(and his) tiger (banner) fluttered on the matchless Meru (mountain).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 213
(L.16) (Before him) stood many rows of elephants, unloaded from ships and
presented as tribute by the kings of remote islands whose girdle was the sea.
(L.18) The big head of the brilliant king of the South (i.e., the Pandya) lay outside
his golden town, being pecked by kites.
(L.20) Not only did the speech (of Vikkalan): - “After this day a permanent
blemish (will attach to Kulottunga), as to the crescent (which is the origin) of
(his) family,” - turn out wrong, but the bow (in) the hand of Vikkalan was not
(even) bent against (the enemy).
(L.23) While (Vikkalan) lost his pride, and while the dead (bodies of his) furious
elephants (covered) the whole (tract) from Nangili of rocky roads to the
Tungabhadra, which adorned the country (nadu) of Manalur,-(his) boasted valour
abated; the mountains which (he) ascended, bent their backs; the rivers into which
(he) descended, eddied and breached (their banks) in their course; (and) the seas
into which (he) plunged, became troubled and agitated.
(L.32) Being desirous of the rule over the Western region, (he) seized
simultaneously the two countries (pani) called Gangamandalam and Singanam ,
troops of furious elephants which had been irretrievably abandoned (by the
enemy), crowds of women (the angels of) whose beautiful eyes were as pointed as
daggers, the goddess of fame, did the great goddess of victory, who changed to
the opposite (side) out of fear, because (Vikkalan) himself and (his) father had
turned their backs again and again on many days.
Possibly this northern extension of the influence of Vengi, so closely allied to the
Colas, was the cause of Vikramaditya’s expedition against Vengi and
Chakrakuta, counteracted by the campaign of Virarajendra culminating in the
battle of Bezawada. It will be remembered that in the course of this campaign,
Virarajendra is said also to have marched up to Sakkarakkottam. After the
death of the Virarajendra, Kulottunga marched into the Cola country in good time
to get himself accepted as king; but more of this later. And as he did some
fighting during these years and subsequently came to look upon the whole period
as a sort of probation for the Cola throne, he might have felt justified in saying
that he left Vengi to his uncle Vijayaditya at the death of his father for a double
reason (56).
The literary evidence mainly comes from the Vikramankadeva Carita, the
Vikramasolan-ula (57) and Kalingattupparani of Jayangondar.
Jayangondar, the poet after a convential account of the early years of the prince,
states that Abhaya (58) (Vira Rajendra) made him crown prince, and then
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 214
proceeds to describe his digvijaya of which particulars are furnished only with
reference to the northern direction. He is said to have made his mark in
Vayiragram and Sakkarakottam. He was still in the north engaged in these
campaigns when the Cola king died in the south, and these ensured anarchy and
confusion until Abhaya Kulottunga returned and restored orders. (59)
The first few lines of the prasasti beginning pugal sulnda pundari refers to the
same events and add that by the strength of his arm he routed an army of the king
of Kuntala (60) and thus donned the garland of victory in the north before he
turned his attention to the south. This was with the king of Kuntala, doubtless the
western Calukya king, waged before 1070, was part of Kulottunga’s activity in
the region of the modern Bastar state, and the circumstances that led to this
conflict are the same as those recorded in some of the later inscriptions of
Virarajendra and in the Bilhana’s account of Vikramaditya’s digvijaya in so far as
it relates to Vengi and Chakrakuta. After Somesvara I failed to turn up for the
second encounter fixed to take place at Kundal-Sangama, Virarajendra threw
down a challenge to the Vallabha (Calukya), proceeded to recover Vengi, and
after the victory of Bezwada, bestowed that kingdom once more on Vijayaditya
VII. These data corroborate Bilhana’s statement that in his war-like carrier as
Yuvaraja Vikramaditya had conquered Vengi and Chakrakuta and was encamping
on the banks of the Krsna when the news of his father’s illness and death reached
him. The Kalingattuparani (61), also implies that Vikramaditya fought against
Kulottunga in the north at this time and that it was in this war that Kulottunga
earned the title Virudarajabhayankara i.e. terror to Virudarajendra or
Vikramaditya. These events took place in A.D. 1067. And now it becomes clear
from Kulottungas prasasti that his northern adventure might have helped
Virarajendra in the war against Vikramaditya. Whether this means that
Kulottunga, on his own account, repulsed Vikramadityas attack on Cakrakuta, or
whether we may infer further that Kulottunga co-operated with Virarajendra and
was present at the battle of Bezwada, it is not early to decide. In any case, the
effective assistance of Kulottunga in the release of Vengi from the Western
Calukya hold shows that Kulottunga might have been on friendly relation with
Virarajendra and kept up a live interest in the affairs of the Vengi and Cola
kingdom. That, as a result of the wars, the kingdom of Vengi was restored to
Vijaditya gives us the measure of the truth of Kulottunga’s statement made later
to his sons Rajaraja that in his youth he preferred a life of war and adventure and
so left the kingdom of Vengi to be ruled by his uncle Vijaditya. It is probable that
this exile was not altogether voluntary and was in the first instance brought about
by the ambitions of Vikramaditya and Vijayaditya (62).
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During the period of 1063 to 1070, the Nagavamsi kings of Chakrakuta were
still continue to function and the following (inscription) history speaks of their
active presence in the area. This thus indicates, that possibly Yuvaraj
Kulottunga continued to be in Purvadesa, which is contiguous to the
Chakrakote desha. The following of the details of inscriptions found later.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 216
This inscription (No.17 of 1893) (69) is engraved on the north wall of the
Pandava-Perumal temple at Conjeeveram. The ancient name of the temple
was Tiruppadagam (1.3), and it is mentioned under the name of Padagam in the
Nalayiraprabandham.
The date is the 5th year of the king, who is now styled Kulottunga-Choladeva I,
while in the inscriptions of his 2nd, 3rd and 4th years (Nos.61 to 67 and 77) he
still holds the name Rajendra-Choladeva (II).
(Line 1) hail! Prosperity! Having made the wheel of his (authority) to go as far as
the golden circle (i.e. mount meru) on the earth, which was surrounded by the
moat of the sea, that was (again) surrounded by (his) fame, (the king) newly
wedded, in the time (when he was till) heir-apparent (ilango), the brilliant goddess
of victory at Sakkarakottam by deeds of valour and seized a herd of strong
elephants at Vayiragaram. (He) unsheathed (his) sword, showed the strength of
(his) arm, and spurred (his) war-steed, so that the king of Kondala (Kuntala),
(whose spear had) a sharp point, lost his wealth. Having established (his) fame,
having put on the garland of (the victory over) the Northern region, and having
stopped the prostitution of the goddess with the sweet and excellent lotus flower
(i.e. Lakshmi) of the Southern region, and the loneliness of the goddess of the
good country whose garment is the Poni (Kaveri), (he) put on by right (of
inheritance) the pure royal crown of jewels, while the kings of the old earth bore
his two feet (on their heads) as a large crown.
It then relates that Kulottunga I, drove Vikkalan (i.e. Vikramaditya VI) from
Nangili (in the Kolar district) by way of Manalur to the Tungabhadra river, and
that he conquered the Ganga-mandalam and Singanam, by which the dominions
of Jayasimha III, seem to be meant.
The inscription edited below is one such. It is engraved on a slab in the south
wall of the Bhimesvara temple at Draksharama (70) in the Ganjam district and
is registered in the Madras epigraphical collection for 1893 ‘as being on a third
slab from the bottom between the third and the fourth pillars.’ The text of it is in
Telugu script. For the interesting historical information, which it furnishes, it is
edited here.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 217
He reduced to ashes the whole of the Kalinga country, defeated the Ganga king,
destroyed in battle Devendravarman and others, and planted a pillar of victory on
the borders of the Odra country which was as it were the raising aloft of
Rajendrachola’s name.
The proper account of the inscription can be well estimated with the help of the
Tamil work Kalingattupparani of Jayangondan (71) composed in the reign of
Kulottunga I. The translation in English due to Pilai has been taken for the study.
The book says that the king, while he was yet a yuvaraja, led an expedition into
the north and destroyed Chakkarakkottam (X, v.23): then went to the south and
was crowned there (ibid, v.34).
It will be seen from this short summary of the Kalingattupparani that the account
about the Kalinga war agrees with what is given in the inscription under
publication. There does not appear to be any room for doubting that the chief
referred to in the poem is identical with the one mentioned in the inscription and
that the war described in both is the same (72). This being the case the
information furnished by the one is not only corroborated by the other but is
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 218
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 219
seven Kalingam.” From the fact that the king himself is said here to have taken
the lead in this war, and greater details are furnished regarding it than in the
earlier records, it appears to be different from and later than the one already
mentioned and may have to be assigned to A.D.1111 or thereabout. But as the
historical introductions of Kulottunga I, do not regularly record all his
achievements, adding year by year the later conquests, as do those of the early
Chola kings, it will not be safe to assign these events to the years in which we find
them noticed at present (76).
If the capture of Kalinga mentioned in the 26th year record (A.D.1096) proves to
be the one effected by the king himself, whether it is identical with or different
from the Kalinga war described in detail in the 42nd and the 45th year inscriptions
(A.D.1111-14), they are celebrated in the Kalingattupparani and referred to in the
Draksharama inscription has to be assigned to a much earlier date as will be seen
from the sequel. In enumerating the achievements of Kulottunga I,
Kalingattupparani speaks chiefly of his conquests of the Pandya and the Chera,
the capture of Salai and the destruction of Vilinam with a passing reference to
Navilai and Manalur, which were perhaps connected with his war against
Kuntala. The book is quite positive about the king’s stay at Kanchi while the
chief Vandaiyarkon, at his instance, invaded Kalinga, waged a deadly war,
planted a pillar of victory there, returned with heaps of treasure and elephants and
bestowed Kalingapparani on him. The inscription under publication confirms this
account in the main and adds a very important statement that he defeated
Devendravarman and others as we have already noted. Devendravarman here
referred to cannot be any other than the Eastern Ganga king Rajaraja I., who,
according to the Vrihatkodila grant (77), bore that surname and had his
coronation performed in A.D. 1070, the very year in which Kulottunga was also
crowned. His son and successor Chodaganga, for all that we know about him,
don’t seem to have borne the surname Devendravarman but was Anantavarman
which name, we may note, was assumed by all his successors. Devendravarman
Rajaraja I reigned for 8 years, i.e. up to A.D.1078. He was a supporter of the
cause of Vijayaditya VII, for the Korni plates record (78) that when Vijayaditya
grew old and like the setting sun left Vengi which was like the west and was
about to sink in the ocean of troubles caused by the Cholas , Rajaraja of
Kalinganagara, the refuge of the distressed, caused him to enjoy prosperity in that
region. Here is evidence to show that Rajaraja was an enemy of his Chola
contemporary who was none other than Kulottunga I. Thus the invasion of
Kalinga, undertaken solely by the chief and minister Vanduvaraja-Pallavaraja,
at the instance of king Kulottunga I, as detailed in the Kalingattupparani and the
inscription under publication, must have taken place before A.D.1078 and
probably about A.D.1076-7 (79).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 220
Now if there is any truth in the statement of the Kalingattupparani that the
Kalinga king withheld the payment of tribute twice, it must have reference to a
treaty or agreement probably made between the Ganga king Vajrahasta III, the
father of Rajaraja I., and Virarajendra whom practically Kulottunga I, succeeded.
The Arulala-Perumal temple inscription of Virarajendra clearly states that the
king regained Vengi and Kalinga that were neglected by his two predecessors
(80). In his Tamil historical introductions, Virarajendra actually claims to have
driven the Chalukyas at Vijayavadai, i.e. Bezwada, and crossing the seven
Kalingas, and reaching the Mahendragiri, to have bestowed that country on
Vijayaditya who, it is said, sought his refuge (81). This seems to have taken place
in A.D. 1065. Further troubles arising in this quarter, Virarajendra, after his
successful war in Ceylon in A.D. 1066 against Vijayabahu, is said to have sent a
large army into Kalinga and to have defeated the Chalukyas and their allies at
Chakkarakkottam (82). It might be on this last occasion, i.e., immediately
before Kulottunga’s assumption of power that the Kalingas were probably made
to pay tribute to the Cholas (83).
Subrahmanya Aiyer wrote, “To the student of Tamil literary history the
inscription has no less an interest as it serves to determine the date of composition
of the Kalingattupparani which may be take to be contemporaneous with the
Kalinga war of Vanduvaraja(84). With the help of a number of manuscripts,
Mahavidvan K. Subbaraya Mudaliyar (85) brought out an early edition of this
work, which is now out of print. In it as well as in the edition of the late
V.G.Suryanarayana Sastri (86) published several years afterwards in 1898, verse
63 of CantoXI has at the end of the first line the words ‘adipan viram’ which has
been changed into ‘Anantapanman’ in the recent edition of Mr.A.Gopala Iyer
(87); and there is no alternative reading given for it. The difference is indeed very
vital and one would certainly wish to know in this particular case of the
introduction of a proper name, on which manuscript the reading ‘Anantapanman’
which is not found in the two earlier editions, is based and the age of that
manuscript also. If indeed the name Anantapanman is found in a trustworthy
early manuscript not available to Messrs. Mudaliyar and Sastri, it would be worth
a consideration. The Draksharama inscription shows, as we have seen already,
that the date of the Kalinga war must be earlier than A.D. 1078. And being
conducted by the same minister of the king as is mentioned in the
Kalingattupparani, the introduction of the name Anantapanman in the poem,
supposing that it actually occurs in an early and trustworthy manuscript, calls for
an explanation. Besides, the following questions also naturally arise. Did
Vanduvaraja conduct two wars against Kalinga, both in the absence of the king,
or only one? If two, was one waged against Devendravarman Rajaraja I and the
other against his son, Anantavarman? And does the Kalingattupparani celebrate
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 221
the latter, omitting the general’s other achievement? And if only one, how does
Anantavarman figure in the poem and Devendravarman in the inscription? It
seems to me that the easiest way of getting over the difficulty is to suppose that
while the war was actually waged in the reign of Devendravarman, his son
Anantavarman took an active part in it as we do find in many instances Among
the numerous records of Anantavarman Chodaganga, there are several, which
furnish both the Saka and regnal years that work out for his accession A.D. 1074-
5 (88). This date, it will be observed, is three years earlier than the date given in
the plates for the king’s coronation. The difference has to be accounted for by
supposing that Anantavarman was nominated for rulership in A.D. 1074-5 but
was actually crowned in A.D. 1078. Since stone inscriptions generally count the
regnal years of kings from the date of nomination, it is clear that during the first
three years, i.e., in the period A.D. 1074-5, he must have been co-regent with his
father Devendravarman Rajaraja I and this is perhaps the reason why, in the large
collection of his epigraphs, there is almost none dated in the first three years of his
rule. The above fact shows further that, being associated with his father in the
government of the country, he could well have figured in the Kalinga war referred
to in the Draksharama inscription as having been waged against Devendravarman
(89).
Reducing to ashes the whole of the Kalinga country, subduing the Ganga (king)
in battle and destroying the chiefs Devendravarman and others with the
multitude of swords of Kosala (i.e. with the help of the Kosala army) this hero
named Pallavaraja set up a fine pillar of victory on the borders of the Odra
(country) as if raising aloft the fame of his lord Rajendra-Choda. This
illustrious chief constructing with black granite a beautiful temple to Vishnu in
the agrahara of Alaveli as if it were the plant of his fame is now enjoying the
universe. This wise person made an excellent image of Vishnu and set it up there
and getting some land in this village gave it with devotion for the daily offerings
of the god. And for feeding five tapasvins, ten Brahmanas, and five Vanakarmins
in the vicinity of the Brahmesvara temple, he bought.............at the village of
Olarapakam (such an extent of) land that could be sown with thirty khandikas of
seed paddy and gave if free of all taxes. (To provide) for offerings to the temple
of the god Pamchavati-Hari on the bank of the Godavari whose swelling waters
during floods run with unlimited force, and situated in the beautiful country of
Vengimandala, he gave.......in.........rti-vishaya to last as long as the sun and the
moon.And Pallavaraja having made.........pavilion..........at the city of Draksharama
in Guddavadi-vishaya filled with rich and generous persons............Therefore
(this) charity must not be destroyed but must be protected by the wise(90)
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 222
According to this Parani the real hero of the expedition was Karunakarapallava,
who had the title Tondaiman. In it the expedition against Saptakalinga or North
Kalinga was described. When Kulottunga I learnt that the king of North Kalinga
or the Seven Kalingas had failed to bring tribute for two successive years, he sent
his troops at once to capture the refractory king (98). At that time his Prime
Minister Karunakaran prayed that he might be honoured with the command over
the army; and the emperor was graciously pleased to grant his request. He is also
known as Pallavaraju. He gathered a mighty army and led it to the banks of the
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 223
Ganges, and defeated the king of North Kalinga in a pitched battle, and returning
to the Chola Emperor presented him with all the booty. That is the content of the
poem, Kalingattupparani. The king of Kalinga against whom Karunakara led
the expedition was most probably, Devendravarma, the agnate of Anantavarma
Chodaganga. Even though it has been said in the parani that the main reason for
undertaking the expedition against Kalinga was withholding of tributes, it does
not seem so because, during this period, Kalinga region does not seem to have
been in such a dependent state on the Chola country (99). Even though the
Chalukya-Chola rulers helped the Ganga ruler in stabilising his position on his
throne, the Kalinga region was not completely a subject state, as Anantavarma
issued his epigraphs independently without acknowledging the name of the
Chalukya-Chola sovereigns (100).Probably, Kulottunga I undertook this
campaign to check the ambitious Kalinga ruler, Devendravarma, who troubled
Anantavarma from time to time (101). But, even though it has been described in
the Parani that the Chola armies attained victory in this expedition, there are no
permanent results of this war.Anantavarma ruled the Kalinga region
independently even after this victorious march of Kulottunga I.
According to the historians and the Government epigraphist, there were two
Kalinga invasions during the reign of Kulottunga I (102). Of them, one is
mentioned in his 26th year, and the other in his 40th year and in the records of his
later years (103). According to them, the expedition in which Vikrama Chola
participated is the first Kalinga invasion; and the account given in the work
Kalingattupparani is the second Kalinga campaign. A Tamil record of the year
1099 A.D. at Simhachalam temple registered the gifts of a minister of
Kulottunga I. This testifies that the Chalukya-Chola army might have stayed in
these premises during the early years of Anantavarma to guard his interests (104).
But the account given in Parani has been corroborated by a record of Kulottunga I
at Draksarama in which Pallavaraju has been credited with the victories over
Kalinga. He subjugated the Kalinga country defeating Devendravarma, and
planted a pillar of victory on the borders of the Odra country raising aloft
Rajendra Cholas fame (105). As this record was dated in the 33rd regnal year of
Kulottunga I, corresponding to 1102-03 A.D., the victories of Pallavaraja of this
record seem to belong to the first Kalinga campaign (106).
The Chelluru plates (107) of Kulottunga II and the Pithapuram plates (108) of
Mallapadeva state that Kulottunga I was succeeded by his son Vikrama Chola.
His brother, Parantakadeva, disputed his accession to the throne but ultimately
Vikrama Chola came to the throne. According to Prof.Kielhorn’s calculations of
the dates of his inscriptions in the Tamil and Telugu countries, his coronation took
place on the 29th June, 1118 A.D., and his last known date is 1132-33 A.D. (109)
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 224
Vikramaditya VI, the Western Chalukyan ruler died in 1126 A.D. This enabled
the Chalukya-Chola and their subordinates to put an end to the authority of the
Chalukyas of Kalyani. In his campaign against the Western Chalukyas, the
Velanati Chodas assisted Vikrama Chola, Haihayas of Konamandala,
Parichchedis, and other minor dynasties then ruling in Andhradesa (112).
This record shows the reverses suffered by the combined forces of the Chalukya-
Cholas and their feudatories in the re-establishment of their supremacy in Vengi
in the hands of the Western Chalukyan feudatories. Anyhow the Chalukyas of
Pithapur and their subordinates, Malayas and Haihayas of Konamandala, freed the
territory between Krishna and Godavari from Western Chalukyan authority.
After the death of Vikramaditya VI, Somesvara III ascended the Western
Chalukyan throne. He ruled from 1128 to 1137 A.D.(113)
The battle between the Chalukya-Chola armies and the Western Chalukyan
armies seemed to have taken place on the banks of river Godavari. This is
testified by the information provided in a stone record from Draksarama dated
1150 A.D. (114) This record furnishes valuable details regarding the locality and
the presence of Somesvara on the battle field, and states that the victory caused
surprise to Gonka’s lord Kulottunga II, the son of Vikrama Chola.
By the information given above, it is clear that the Velanati chief Gonka fought a
battle on the banks of the river Godavari and put to flight the armies of the king of
Kuntala, after exterminating his famous generals Govindarasa and Lakshmana
Dandanayaka, and captured rich booty in gold and horses and camels (115).
Thus Vikrama Chola, in his short reign i.e., from 1118 to 1132-33 A.D., freed the
Southern Andhradesa from the yoke of the Chalukyas of Kalyani and the Eastern
Gangas of Kalinga with the support of his Andhra feudatories.
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She further continued,” Though the Velanatis were victorious in their campaigns
against Kalinga, the region towards east was not free of troubles. The Eastern
Chalukyas of Beta Vijayaditya line(129) was ruling in this tract. Whenever an
opportunity came they tried to throw off their allegiance to the Chalukya-Chola
overlords and tried to become independent. This often resulted in rebellions in
this region. From the time of Mallapadeva II, son of Vijayaditya II, great efforts
were made in freeing the territory from the yoke of the Chalukya-Cholas. In this
regard, his matrimonial alliance with the Haihaya rulers of Sagara-vishaya greatly
helped him. But his efforts were not complete until the reign of only his son
Vijayaditya III. With the help of the neighbouring chiefs and the Haihayas of
Sagara-vishaya (130), Vijayaditya III was able to re-establish his kingdom in
1158 A.D. and he coroneted himself in that year, having his capital at Pithapur
(131). Hence, his successors were known as the Chalukyas of Pithapur (132).
Kalinga wars
The inscriptions of Kulottunga speak accounts of two Chola invasions of Kalinga.
The first invasion of Kalinga is mentioned in the inscriptions of the 26th year
(133), and Nilakanta Sastri says that from the brevity with which this subjection
of Kalinga is mentioned on this occasion, it can be concluded that this was the
war in which Vikramachoda distinguished himself as a Youngman. It is thus said
that Vikramchoda, in his short reign i.e. from 1118 to1132-33 A.D., conquered
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 227
the Southern Kalinga from the yoke of the Chalukyas of Kalyani and the rulers of
Eastern Gangas of Kalinga with the support of his Andhra feudatories.
The second and later invasion of Kalinga comes from celebrated Parani of
Jayangondar (134). It is also mentioned in the inscriptions of the forty-second
and subsequent years. This is the invasion, which gave the occasion for Parani,
and Vikramachoda apparently had no part in it.
Jayangondar, the court poet of Kulottunga I, wrote a long poem which gave a
graphic account of an expedition into the north Kalinga country conducted by
Karunakaran, the Prime Minister of the Chola Emperor Kulottunga I.
Karunakaran had the title of Tondaiman. The expedition describes the invasion
on North Kalinga or Saptakalinga. The poem is very famous still known in Tamil
country as Kalingattupparani.
The Kolanu Chief, the modern Ellore near the Colair Lake was evidently in the
league with the rulers of Kalinga, and thus Vikrama Choda had to fight in both
sides i.e. Colair lake and Kalinga southern. Pandya king Parantaka, who was a
vassal of the Chodas in this war, assisted Vikramachoda. The inscriptions of the
Parantaka Pandya, like those of Vikramachoda state that Kulam of the Telunga
Bhima was captured and Southern Kalinga was subdued. Except this there are no
details available on this first war against Kalinga.
Nilakanta Sastri opines that this invasion seems to have been taken for the
suppression of local revolts rather than for the conquest of fresh territory.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 228
It took place about 1110 A.D. and has been detailed out in length in the
Kalingattupparani (139). According to the inscription, the Chola army crossed
the Vengi territory, destroyed the elephant corps and was sent by the enemy to
oppose its march, spread fire across the enemy country of Kalinga, killed in fight
many powerful leaders of Kalinga army whose heads rolled on the battle-field,
packed by kites, and at the end subdued the Seven Kalinga.
The suffering inhabitants fled to their king and reported to him what they had seen
and suffered. Anantavarman, who had known no defeat before, made light of the
whole business, as it was only
Kulottunga’s army, not the emperor himself, that was advancing; one of his
ministers, Engaraya, remonstrated with him and spoke of the great achievements
that already stood to the credit of the Cola army. Nothing daunted, Anantavarman
prepared for the fight. The battle that ensued ended in a complete victory for the
Cola forces and Anantavarman sought his safety in flight. After a futile search for
him, the victorious Cola army returned home with vast booty.
Sastri, Nilakanta wrote,” The invasion of North Kalinga, called the Seven
Kalingas, and the part of Karunakara in it are thus well attested by the inscriptions
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 229
and the poem. Only the poem gives the immediate cause of the war, namely the
default on the part of the Kalinga king in the payment of the annual tribute. This
king, Anantavarman Chodaganga, was the grandson of Virarajendra by his
daughter Rajasundari. Dynastic connections, however, seldom availed to stop the
course of political ambition, and it would seem that Kulottunga was the aggressor
on this occasion. It is hard to believe that throughout the long and, apparently,
prosperous reign of Anantavarman, the kingdom of Kalinga was a vassal state r
emitting a fixed tribute annually to the Cola court. It may be noted that an
inscription from Draksarama (140) dated Saka 1003 in the reign of
Visnuvardhana (Kulottunga?) records a gift by the wife of a Pradhani of the Tri-
Kalingadhipati Rajarajadeva. If this is a reference to the father of Anantavarman,
it would follow that Kalinga was such a vassal state at least for a time. The real
cause of the war, however, is obscure; and the darbar held by Kulottunga at
Kancipuram in the historic palace of the Colas in that city(141) and the report of
Anantavarman’s default made to the emperor by his secretary, may be, not
history, but only a literary setting for the grand military enterprise described in the
poem. It is clear that the expedition of Karunakara led to no permanent results.
There is no evidence of a Cola occupation of Northern Kalinga (142). It may also
be noted that a Kota chief Bhima is said, in an inscription of A.D. 1108(143), to
have assisted the Cola in subduing the Kalinga country. This may be a reference
to his part in the first or the second war.(144)”.
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The Translation runs, “** and, scattering his enemies, erected on all the paths
boundary-marks (of his territories) including Kottaru; who conquered the
Kalinga-mandalam of embanked floods; whose valour and munificence shone
like the gorgeous necklace and the garlands of flowers on his sharply shoulders;
who, worshipped by the whole world, like Siva with Uma, and with Eliseriv
allabhi, the mistress of the seven worlds, the most beauteous amongst women,
like Ganga with Uma, and with the goddess Earth, - the deed in writing of a sale
of land by the great assembly of Vanavanmahadevodalm. The land that we have
sold and given, to be used as a garden for a Matha, to Chantia Chandesvaradeva
of the temple of our lord Mahadeva of Tirukkalukkunram in Sembiyan-
Tirukkalukkunram, otherwise known as Ulagalanda-cholapuram, in Kalattur-
Kumilinadu is as follows: of the land which we have given in Kiraippakkam (a
western hamlet) of our village, to be improved by cutting down the jungle and by
removing the stumps of trees, the eastern boundary is Uromattu (P), the southern
boundary is Talaivettu (P), the western boundary is Vigambam (P), the northern
boundary is Tandurai (P). Within these four limits, the wet land and dry land, the
trees over ground and the wells underground, we have sold to be used as a garden
land for the Naminadi-Adigal-Matha in the madai-vilagam of this town, exempt
from taxes, and we have received as the price achained kusu ten.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 231
This inscription speaks of the area and activities of Yuvaraj Kulottunga during his
stay in Purvadesha. The Kumulinadu in Amurokottam in
Jayankondacholamandalam are a very significant line in the inscription. This is
thus the mandala of the Purvadesha of Kulottunga. The Kumuli is located near
toBhairaba Singapur and on its hill there are Siva temple and it was one country
or nadu and the Amurokottam is the present Umarkote, an important town, close
to which is the Podagada where inscriptions of Nala dynasties have been
recorded. Thus it can be concluded that from Umerkote to Borigumma, Jeypore
and hill country of Nandapur, may be Dasmanthapur and Kashipur of Koraput
district, Orissa was the Purvadesha or a part of it as evident from the inscriptions.
As per the Nilakanta Sastri (147), the Masunidesam may be the Nagavamsi ruler’s
country. It is western part of Purvadesha. Thus it can be the Bastar-Kotapad-
Kundra-Nandapur-Paschamalli hills (to Paschapetta Zamindari. This was a
tributary to Rajendra I (Kulottunga I). The Maduraimandalam may be the present
Kundra and adjacent area of Bastar and Koraput district; and the Na-
maniaikokonam may be the Konas of Koraput district i.e. Chati-kona, Kona etc.,
which is located western part of Laxmipur area. This may be contiguous patch to
Bhabanaipatna of Kalahandi; Pancapalli may be the Panchamalli hills to
Nandapur area down to Panchapetta that is opening to Eastern Ghats from the
plains of coastal area the Salur.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 232
There is a large chunk of history associated with Virarajendra Chola and his
nephew, later known as Kulottunga Chola I. As said above, as a Yuvaraj
Kulottunga I conquered south Bastar i.e. and Chakkrakote; and then carved out
an independent principality for himself called Purvadesha, close to the
Chakkrakotta. During the same period, Virarajendra had conquered Kalinga,
Vengi and Chakkrakotta. This was related to improve the influence of Chodas
over Eastern Chalukyas and reduce the influence of Western Chalukyas in the
region. Thus, both Virarajendra and Kulottunga I influenced the history in
Kalinga, Kosala, Chakkrakotte, and Vengi, in this period.
However in the inscription of Tirumalai it is mentioned that the village at the foot
of the Tirumalai Hill bore the name of Vaigavur and belonged to Mugai- nadu, a
division of the Pangala-nadu, which formed part of Jayankonda-Chola –
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 233
mandalam (149). The Cholas imposed their names on the provinces. They
conquered and on the rulers who accepted vassal position in the empire (150). On
this basis we explain the nomenclatures of Cholas in Koraput-Bastar.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 234
References
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 235
235
Dynasty History of United Koraput 236
236
Dynasty History of United Koraput 237
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 239
PURVADESA
At the time of his father’s demise, uncle Vijayaditya forcibly seized the throne of
Vengi and Kulottunga or Rajendra, as he was then known who was in his teens
was left out. His earliest Tamil inscription records certain facts that indicate how
Rajendra engaged himself when he was thus kept out of his inheritance. The
records of his second year state that, with the aid only of strength of his arms and
his swords, he overcame the treachery of his enemies, captured many herds of
elephants, levied tributes from the Nagavamsi king, Dharavars of
Chakrakuta, and gently raised the earth resembling the lotus expecting the rise
of the sun for blooming, as Visnu raised the Earth from the ocean in his boar
incarnation, and started her, to her great pleasure under the shade of his parasol
(4). His records soon came to describe these achievements as belonging to the
period of his ilangp-paruvam, “When he was still heir-apparent (5).Nilakanta
Sastri wrote, “if this view is correct, we must conclude that Rajendra spent the
best part of the period A.D. 1063-70 in the region of the modern Bastar state,
and possible even carved out for himself a small dominion beyond it in the
Purvadesa, even if he did not gain complete control over the Charkrakuta
state and annex parts of the Purvadesa to it, as his inscription imply.”
The records of Virarajendra state that, in the last years of his rule, Virarajendra
marched upto Chakrakote. It can thus be assumed that possible Kulottunga I
followed Virarajendra in his expedition to north. The reason why they conquered
Chakrakote is not clear. In the literary work of Vikramadevacharita, Bilahana
states that Vikramaditya VI had conquered Vengi and Chakrakote during the
lifetime of his father Somesvara I. Possibly with the intention of regaining the
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 240
He further wrote, “However, that Vikramaditya and Vira Rajendra met on the
battlefield near Chakrakuta appears to be correct. Soon after 1065 A.D., when
Vira Rajendra extended invitation to deferred Vengi which he had determined to
conquer, Vikramaditya must have proceeded there. The Chola records mention
the defeat of the Chalukya generals and also Jananatha of Dhara. It is silent of
Vikramaditya. At this period of time Rajendra (future Kulottunga I) was ruling
Purvadesa, close to Chakrakote (12).”
The earliest record so far known is grant by the second ruler of the line, Madhava-
Varman I, the son of Konkani-Varman, recorded in the Sakarakota plates and
relating to a brahmadeya (gift to Bramhanas) in the Paru-Vishya (7). The next
genuine record as found in the Penukonda Plates of Madava-Varman II, the
grandson of Madhava I, referring to a brahmadeya in Paruvi-vishya (8). As per
Sastri the “Paru and Paruv are clearly variants of the same name, and are
represented by modern Pairgi, seven miles north of Hindupur in the Anantapur
district (9).”Sastri further wrote with reference to Gangas,”The earliest rulers of
the line, MadhavavarmanI, the son of Konkani-varman, recorded in the
Sasanakota Plates and relating to a branch brhmadeya ( gift to Brahmanas) in the
Paru-vishaya (10). The next genuine record is found in Penukonda plates of
Madhva-varman II, the grandson of Madhava I, referring to a brhmadeya in Pruvi-
vishaya (11)
The local inhabitants of Koraput call Tamilians by name, ‘Arua’ or ‘Parua’. The
Parua is also the other name of ‘Doves’. If we take the later word and meaning,
paruvadesa means country of ‘doves’, peaceful non-violent country. The Arua or
Paruva can also be the ‘Tamil Country’.
Gaudi language used in Purva-desh, i.e. the eastern country. (12). Bhaiksuki that
was the writing of the Budha (i.e. the Buddhists) used in Udunpur in Purvadesa.
(13)
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It implies thus that Purvadesha was in the present undivided Koraput district of
Orissa and some area contiguous in the Bastar district. The Pengo porajas were
known subjects of Chalukyas of Vengi and Sodia porajas were that of Chodas. In
the context of Rajendra II (future Kulottunga I) who hailed from Chalukyas of
Vengi royal family and Choda being his mother’s family, and was later adapted
into Choda ruling family had the opportune of ruling; the area originally inhabit
by Pengo porajas as well as the Sodia porajas. The Pengo region was called Pengo
Patti and that of Sodias was Sodia Pali; when both joined together it was the
Purvadeasa of Rajendra II in Koraput-Bastar region of the past.
Reference
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 242
ANCHOLAGUMMA
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 243
At the entrance to the village Ancholagumma, the first street is the Pujari sahi that
has the ancient Siva temple having’ Panchamukha linga’. I have come across two
more Panchamukha Siva temples in Koraput district; one is in Jeypore, the other
is in Kalyana Singapur.
Ancholagumma has many ponds; but the twin pond located in the middle of the
village is of significance. The stone paved large pond is called Bodo-bondho and
may have been used by the royalty in the past, Over the bund of the pond has an
ancient Siva linga made up of Black granite reminds of the past history. The other
pond besides it is called Khajuribandha.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 244
beautiful carved Siva with standing bull behind along with another idol of warrior
holding a child is still being worshiped in the village. The Siva idol is a beautiful
granite piece and can be ascribed to Cholas. The warrior may be a Chola king or a
Chalukya and very similar bust is seen in another village of Umerkote. The same
village has a small pond and the villagers point out and say in good olden days the
village was celebrating Chandana jatra that was mostly followed by Eastern
Ganga kings.
The Pengo now identify into Jhoria, some call themselves ‘Mudli’ and some
‘Jani’. There are inter marriages, but of less frequency. The Jani and Mudli are
slowly segregating and do not like to be called Poraja also, and feel superior to
Pengo.
References
ANCHALA
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 245
placed one small ‘brusha’. It is surrounded with 4 broken walls. The bricks are
large size as seen in the ancient city of Podagada and elsewhere in the district.
To the east of the Manda Kupli under low and deep ingredient lies the Anchola
village, it has one large street going down like in gradient fall and then makes a
loop and appears back. ‘Halva or Pentia tribe’ mainly inhabitat the village. To
the south and south-east, of the village there are twin ponds. One close to the
village is called ‘Bodo Bandha’; another close to Kupli is called ‘Mati Bandha’.
There is large granite ‘Siva linga’ at the Bado- Bandha. This is styled like that of
the south India.. There is Bodo Dangar hill to its south and ‘Bhalu pahada’ to its
northwest end. The north and northeast one ‘jodi’ is flowing with perennial
water.
The hills of Bhairab Singhpur and Kumuli area are prominently visible from the
Manda Kupli l to its east and in between are the plain paddy lands. The Kupli is
in the centre of a large patch of plain land and villages. The scenery is so
beautiful that one cannot leave the top place of the Manda Kupli so easily. It is
most charming. The Anchola people can walk down to village Dubli, then
Mundaguda, Murja and then to Kathargada.
Anchala village Siva temple Brushas Anchala village Siva temple Brusha, side
view
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 246
Anchala village Siva Linga Dorsal view of Brusha in Anchala. Manda Kupli Pillar?
References
1. Yasodha Devi cited 327 of 1932-33
2. A.R.1915,part II para 54
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The Chola invaded Chakrakote and ruled the area; later carved a kingdom in the
area named Purva-desha which was ruled by prince Kulottunga I for 7 years of his
stay.
I am inclined to place the hypothesis that Cholas ruled all localities that has
‘Gumma’ at pre and postfix in Koraput, Gajapati and Phulbani districts of Orissa.
Thus, the possible entry of Chola army was from Godavari by crossing over
Sileru river and ruled Kudumulu Gumma of Balimela region and it extended to
Kotapad-Borigumma, Anchala. Anchala Gumma in Tentulikhunti close to
Papdahandi (Nawarangpur) and then on the Eastern Ghat the ‘Gumma’ village of
Rayagada region well within the Kashipur circle only. Further it extended to
Kakrigumma. There is existence of another Gumma block in the present Gajapati
district, which is also close to another Kashipur. I think after successful invasion
of Mahendragiri, Chola King Virachoda established principality close in Kalinga
country. The said area has archeological, nomenclature and historical evidence
along with its Dravidian subjects. It seems Semiliguda-Patangi-Nandapore did not
come under Chola dominion of Purvadesha.
The Chodas were close to Sodia Porajas where as the Chalukya of Vengi as well
as the Chalukya-Chodas was closely allied to Pengo Porajas of Koraput. The
Kondhs and Koyas came from South India to the district along with Chodas and
settled here. The Kondhs did change their alliance between Chodas and
Chalukyas along with the subordinate dynasty rulers who ruled the region
subsequently. The Koyas and Madias of Bastar came in the trains of Rajendra
Choda and settled here.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 248
EASTERN GANGA
In about 500 A.D. a new kingdom named Trikalinga was evident from the Jirjingi
copper plate (1). J.K.Sahu (2) wrote,” The ruler of the Eastern Gangas was
established in the hilly region of Bastar after the fall of the Nalas at the close
of the 5th century A.D. The dynasty is so called because Indravarman, its
founder, belonged to the Gang ruling family of Karnataka which after this came to
be known as Western Gangas. Indravarman like Sarbhraja was probably a General
in the army of Harisena Vakataka and was allowed to rule the hilly region which
was the original country of the Nalas. He asserted independence after the sudden
fall of Vakataka power.” This has been also indicated by Patel (3) who wrote,
‘The argument of many scholars that Vakataka Harisena uprooted the Nala family
in the same epoch and transplanted the Western Gangas, in their territory is
untenable.
The Eastern Gangas of Kalinganagara, traced their descent from the Western
Gangas who claimed belong to Ikshvaku family ; perhaps of Nagrjunikonda
(4).The founder of the Western Ganga line was Kongunivarman or Madhava I
who probably ruled 300-400 A.D. with his capital at Kolar (5) Durnvita (540-600)
conquered Punnad ( South Mysore) and Kongudesa and maintained friendly
relation with Chalukyas.(6). N.K.Sahu has cited B. Misra, ‘Orissa under the
Bhauma Kings’ and has mentioned the marriage between Santikara I of Bhauma
king of Orissa and Tribhuvana Mahadevi, daughter of Rajamalla I of Western
Ganga dynasty of Mysore, who ruled from 817-835 A.D. Prior to this inscription
the relationship of Bhauma Kings and Western Gangas is well established. (7).
However, the Kukkanur plate of Marasimha I during 968-69 indicates the
presence of Western Gangas in Dhavala visaya and Gangapati-(8)
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 249
Western Chalukya Pulakesin I’s son Kirtivarman I (566-7) expanded the kingdom
by wars against the Kadambas of Banavasi, the Mauryans of Konkan and the
Nalas who probably ruled over a fair sized kingdom in the region of Bastar and
Jeypore agency (9). Before hand Nalas ruled this territory. They had their capital
at the modern Podagada, located near Umerkote of Nowrangpur, Koraput district.
Kirtivarman I ‘s son, Pulakesin II received first the submissions of South Kosala
and Kalinga and then made his younger brother Vishnuvardhana yuvaraj leaving
him incharge of the capital, he started an extensive campaign of conquest in the
Eastern Deccan (10)
The northern part of Koraput district and eastern part of Bastar district including
southern Dakshina Kosala area was under the Mahakantara and Kantar zone. Thus
in 4th century itself, Samudragupta Maurya crossed the kingdom during his
southern military expedition. A detail political history has been given in the Nala
chapter of this book. However, it can be said in short that, there has been
speculations as regards the identification of the enemy who defeated the Nalas
and destroyed Puskari, who was afterwards destroyed by Skandavarman. As there
was apparently a struggle between the Nalas and Vakataka of the main branch and
the enemy was identified with Prithvisena 11, who claims to have twice restored
the fallen fortune of his family. Skandavarman may also have been the
Panduvamsi king Nanna of South Kosala who had occupied the whole of Western
Madhya Pradesh and is indicated in an inscription at Bhandak. The Chalukya
king Kirtivarman I (AD 567 to 597) who claims to have subdued the Nalas some
times represented his old enemy of the Chalukyas and to destroy their residences
(Nilaya) (11) and thus possibility it has got its name Podagada.
In the Aihole inscription (12) of Kirtivarman’s son, who can hardly be expected to
have supposed the glorious achievements of his father, Kirtivarmana I is
described as the “night of destruction “to Nalas, Mauryas and Kadambas, and also
as having broken up a confederacy of the Kadamba Kings.
G.Ramdas of Jeypore was the first to publish his classical work ‘Chronology of
the Gangas of Kalinga’(13).However, it is certain from Jirjingi plate (14) which is
the first copper plate source for the first evidence of Trikalinga and the Ganga
king named Indravarman was assumed the title of Trikalingadhipati (Lord of
Trikalinga).J.K.Sahu wrote(1997).’Jijjika in Vonkhara-visaya donated in the
Jirjingi plate of Indravarman I refer to village Tunganna in Rupygvati-visaya and
the village identified with Tung near Tekkali. So both Vankhara and Puspyavati
were in Tekkali estate (15).I have examined the Jirjingi plate,No.2 published
by S.N.Rajaguru and edited by R.Subba Rao,1928 and inclined to read it as
Bododongar-visaya and Jijika village but not Vonkhara district as
mentioned. Again, I identify the reference village with present day Jijingi
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 250
250
Dynasty History of United Koraput 251
has relevance to the presence of Eastern Ganga kings who were well known for
Sun God worship.
Hastivarman
Hastivarman succeeded Samantavarman. He is considered to be the founder of
the Ganga rule in Kalinga. He defeated Vigraha King of north Kalinga. Then
Hastivarman assumed the title of Sakalakalingadhipati. The Trikalingadhipati
was disowned.
There are two plates of Hastivarman; Narasimhapalli (577 AD) and the Urlam
Plates (20) (578 AD). These plates describe his battles to achieve Kalinga. He
then changed his capital from Saumyavana of Trikalinga to Kalinganagara. It is
assumed to be the present Mukhalingam on the bank of Vamsadhara in modern
Srikakulam district. The city continued to be the capital of Eastern Gangas for a
long time.
Indravarman 11
Indravarman 11 succeeded Hastivarman. He is known from copper plates of
Achyutapuram plates (21) (558 AD), the Santabommali plate (22) (585 AD), the
Paralakhemudi plates (23) (589 AD) and the Urjam plates (595 AD) (24).
Ranka Jayavarman and Svetaka Gangas
There are no records of Gangas of Kalinganagar for 30 years i.e. 595 AD to 626
AD. But, a Ganga ruler named Ranka Jayavarman issued a charter in Ganga
Samvat 100 i.e. 598 AD from Svetaka. He had used the prasasti of the Ganga
Royal family. J.K.Sahu concluded that the Ganga family of Kalinganagara faced a
political calamity and as a result of which they were driven out of Kalinganagara
and a branch of the family ruled from Svetaka and acknowledged the over
lordship of Bhauma-Karas (25).The Svetaka Kingdom comprised of
Badakhemundi, Sanakhemundi and Seragada in the present Ganjam district.
J.K.Sahu (loc.cit.) wrote; ‘Many scholars confused Ranka Jayavarmandeva of the
charted dated in Ganga Samvat 100 with Maharaja Jayavarmandeva who issued
the Ganjam or Badakemudi charter in his regnal years (sometimes taken as
Bhauma Samrat) as a feudatory of the Bhauma king Unmattakesari (Sivakaradeva
I). The time difference between the two grants is more than 150 years.
Jayavarmandeva of the first grant assumed the title of Ranaka and his queen was
Trikalingamadadevi. Jayavarman of the later grant was a Maharaja and his queen
was Prthimahadevi. The names of the officers in the two grants are also different.
Ranka Jayavarman founded the Svetaka kingdom as feudatory probably of
Prthivimaharaja, Maharaja Jayavarman received it as a feudatory of the
Bhaumas.”(26)
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“When we compare the above genealogical table with the above we find that it
agrees with our table from Anantavarman to Satyavarman except the name of
Anantavarman’s father and his date.
Our third question relates to the date of Devendravarman son of Anantavarman,
(No.32) and that of Satyavarman (No.33) who is the son of Devendravarman.
The dates of these two inscriptions (Nos. 32 and 33) were wrongly put by the
engraver as 51 for 351. This mistake was detected as the phraseological terms
used in there were considered to be the later development.
Dr.Fleet remark, “These grants of Devendravarman and Satyavarman are shown,
by the characters in which they are engraved, to be of later date than the three
grants of Indravarman. Consequently, the fifty first year, which is quoted is one
of the grants of Devendravarman and the grant of his son Satyavarman cannot be
referred to the same epoch with the dates of 91, 128 and 146 of Indravarman.
And, partly because of this, and partly because in each instance the year is
mentioned without any specification of the month and the lunar day, I am inclined
to look upon it as some conventional expression, which cannot be just now
explained, and to consider that on the year 254, in connection with which we have
the specification of both the month and the lunar day, is a correct date for
Devendravarman, and that is may be referred to the same era with the date of
Indravarman whatever the era might be”.(29)
Indravarman III
About 5 copper plate characters of Indravarman III have been found. It is around
662 AD (30). Not much is known about the political condition of Kalinga from
these inscriptions, but the Chinese traveler Hiuen-Tsang visited Kalinga, and good
account is available from his work dated 639 AD. There are no records of Gangas
between 652 to 681 AD.
Devendravarman I
The Devendravarman I Chicacole plate it is known that in 681 AD he was ruling
Kalinga. There are three more plates issued by Devendravarman I issued from
Kalinganagar. They were Dharmalingesvara (31), Trilinga charter (32) and grant
of Devendravarman I (30).
Anantavarman I
The Dharmalingeswar plate, which was issued, by Anantavarman I, G.E.204, son
of Devendravarman I is of significance to Koraput region. This plate speaks of
Somavatika, Kongadaparbat, and Pamphulli etc. This has been described
separately.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 254
254
Dynasty History of United Koraput 255
1069 AD) gives the names of eight kings who preceded him with their reign
periods.
After careful study of the available copper characters of Gangas and topography
named thereon it is concluded that, the Gangas did rule Koraput, Bastar region.
The fact is well known from the following:
1. The Jaypura plates of Rajendraverman II, son of Anantaverman and
grandson of Jayaverman are direct evidence to this effect. (46)
2. The Dharmalingeswar plates of Anantaverman I (47)
3. The Chicacole plates of Devendraverman III (48)
4. The Khillingar plates of Kalyandevi of the time of Ranka Danarnava of
Ambavavadi Mandala (49)
It is clearly evident from the above plates that, from Anantaverman I (G.E 204)
(50) once again uptill Satyaverman G.E. 351, the Koraput, Bastar region was
under the direct control and administration of Gangas.
The Jaypur plate speaks of Jayaverman as the father of Anantaverman II, where as
Jayaverman does not appear in Genealogy of succession in Gangas. It can still be
concluded that Jayaverman, son Devendraverman I ruled the Tri-Kalinga part
because his successors are indicated in Jaypur plate.( 51).I am of the opinion that
the name Jeypore, the capital of Suryavamsi kings of Nandapur/Jeypore has been
named after Jayaverman, the Eastern Ganga King.
It is also evident that Bhaumas became powerful in second part of 8th century AD
the E. Gangas concentrated in Tri-Kalinga part.
The Saumyavatika and Saumyavana of Eastern Ganga
The interest with relation to Saumya vatika or Saumyavana is real. We find this
also as Saumyavana in some texts.
1. The Eastern Ganga founder was Indravarman. After his death, his
successor and son Samantavarman issued Ponnuturu plates during 562
AD. This grant was issued from Saumyavana apparently in Trikalinga;
but it could have been issued from Dantapura, the capital of Kalinga.
2. The Dharmalingeswara plates of Anantavarman (GE 204) the donor was
Anantavarman, the son of Devendravarman and brother of Jayavarma. It
was issued from Kalinganagar.
The topography description of the plate includes Samvataka. The other
names are Phupalli Devaparbat, Kongaparbat and Korakonta that are
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 256
257
Dynasty History of United Koraput 258
258
Dynasty History of United Koraput 259
259
Dynasty History of United Koraput 260
260
Dynasty History of United Koraput 261
The river Mandakini is the present day river Indravati flowing from
Nowrangpur through Bastar (K.D.Vajapayee ref: Mandakini cited by Kalidasa in
his Raghuvamsa).
It is evident from the inscription that Marasimha, the Western Ganga king was
ruling over the entire Dhavala-visaya and Gangapati-96,000.
He was constantly worshipping the Lord Jina
Verse 44: His elder sister was Kundanasami
Verse 45: Her husband was the king Rajaditya who belonged to Calukya lineage
and who was the nephew (sister-in-law) of the king Jayadattaranga
Verse 206-211: To that Kalapargya-bhatta was given by Kundanasami, the moon
in the ocean of the Ganga family ……. who was the follower of Batuga etc., on
the occasion of Uttarayana – Samkranti in the cyclic year Vibhava in Saka 890,
the village of Addavurage, situated on the north of Kukkanura – agrahara and to
the west of Rajapura- agrahara in Dhavala-visaya after obtaining it from her
younger brother Ganga-Kandarappa (i.e. Marasimha) when he was ruling over the
entire Dhavala-visaya and Gangapati – 96,000.
The Dhavala-visaya is well defined in the history and is the region close from
north Koraput district of Orissa. The Gangapati is close to it only. How can he
rule two countries located at different length, so the Gangapati may be the
Koraput district. (Kandarapasundri of Orissa).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 262
References
262
Dynasty History of United Koraput 263
263
Dynasty History of United Koraput 264
265
Dynasty History of United Koraput 266
266
Dynasty History of United Koraput 267
267
Dynasty History of United Koraput 268
268
Dynasty History of United Koraput 269
269
Dynasty History of United Koraput 270
270
Dynasty History of United Koraput 271
This indicates the dynasty of Gangas or related who had relationship with Jeypore
of present Koraput district in Orissa and the relationship of it with the Kalinga
history has not been brought out.
Rajaguru further on the Jaypur plates said, “As the date of the above character of
Devendravarman (of G.E.51) is wrongly incised as 51 by the engraver, instead of
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 272
The Jaypur plates of Rajendravarman, who was the son of Anantavarman and
grandson of Jayavarman. Unfortunately, no text of these plates has so far been
available (8).
Unfortunately, Dr.Burnell does not throw any light on the source of his
information while he arrived at the conclusion as stated above along with the date
of Anantavarmadeva, the son of Jayavarman and father of Rajendravarman, as
A.D. 985, equal to 907 Saka year. Any way, we cannot ignore the value of this
little information, since it due to a renowned epigraphist like Mr.Burnell, who
gave a definite date for Anantavarman, was remarked by Rajaguru (9). It might
be that he himself examined a set of copperplates, discovered somewhere near
Jeypore, which have not yet come to light, but preserved somewhere either in
India or abroad. We are, therefore, neither able to reject nor accept the date
relating to the Anantavarman, mentioned in Dr.Burnell’s book was remarked by
Rajaguru (10).
In this connection, the following remarks of Robert Sewell who wrote, “Later on,
we come to the descendants of this Indravarman in the tenth century. After the
Chalukyan conquest in the seventh century, we hear little or nothing of the
Kalinga Gangas till about the year 917 A.D. At that period, there ensued a period
of anarchy in the Eastern Chalukyan territories which lasted for 27 years at least,
and the Kalinga princes again rose to power for a time at Kalinganagara (11).”
| |
Rajendravarman Devendravarman
|
Satyavarman
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 273
The above notes of Dr.Burnell and Robert Sewell in later course was remarked by
Rajaguru that it at present partially true, for any historical purpose.
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1. Gangavamsa (dynasty),
2. Gangavadi (country),
3. Kolahla or Kolahalapura (town),
4. Gokarnesvara (family-deity),
5. Nandagirinatha (deity).
So there is a coincidence in the names of their places and also their deities (16).
It supports their collateral integration. The following passage may be cited from
the Habbal inscription of Marasimhadeva of the Western Ganga family from lines
3-5:-
Svasti(1)Satyavaka=Kongunivarmma=Dharmma-
maharajadhiraja=Kolalapuravaresvara=Nandagiri-natha-(Sri)mat
Permmanadi=Vutayyange..(17)
According to Rajaguru comparing the above passage with the following Prasasti,
quoted from an inscription of the Gangas of the Svetaka branch of Kalinga
Apart from the main line of Kalinganagara, some collateral branches of the
Gangas were ruling over different parts of Kalinga. They established their own
capitals from which places they issued their characters in favour of Brahmanas
and deities. One of the branches was ruling from the city of Svetaka, which was
within the precincts of the Ex-Zamindaries of Badakhemundi, Sanakhemundi and
Cikali in the modern district of Ganjam (20). Only fifteen copper plate
inscriptions have so far been discovered revealing their rule. We get a panel of
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 275
names of the Gangas of Svetaka from their records. These kings used a different
type of ‘Prasasti’ in their inscriptions, although they used to worship the same god
Gokarnasvamin of the Mahendra Mountain like the Kalinganagara branch. Their
Prasasti runs as follows:
It is interesting to note here that the elephant emblem is used in the Bangalore
plates of Devendravarman as said above. The Gangas used this emblem as long
as they were the followers of Jainism. But, in Kalinga, they adopted Saivism (24).
So, they used the emblem of the bull in the place of elephant is the argument
appearing. This fact can well be seen as we think that Ka-linga, the linga suffix is
Saivism and when this is prefixed in later course as Sri-Ka-Kula to ‘Ka’ it
symbolised to Saivites. The ‘Sri’ is prefixed to Vaisnavite places like Srikhetra,
Srisaila, and Sripura etc.
Regarding the migration of the Gangas from Gangavadi and Kolahalapura, we get
some description in the Korni and Vizagapatam plates of Anantavarman
Codagangadeva (1077-1147 A.D.). The following verse is mentioned in these
grants:-
“Asid=eka-sit=atapatra-tilaka-
Ksonibhrd=asy=atmajo
Vira-Sri-vanita-svayam vrta-patir=
Devas=sa kolahalam
Nirmmay=orjjita-Gangavadi-visaye
Kolahalakhyam puram
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 276
Yascakre sura-sadma-viksana-rasa-
Pratyuhamaksnam hareh (25)
In the records of the Imperial Gangas of Orissa, the same tradition was
maintained with a modification of the verse as quoted below:-
“Dhana-kanaka-samrddho
Gangavadih prasiddhah
Sakala-visayabhutah
Svarga-vargopabhogyah”(26)
Kolahalapura, while the Gangas of Kalinga hailed from ‘Kokalavalapura or
Kolahalapura. Hence, we have to consider if the Gangas had come from the
south. According to a traditional account of the W.Gangas, they (W.Gangas)
migrated from Ayodhya. One branch of them lived in Kalinga and the other
branch proceeded to the South (Mysore), as per inscriptions of a Jaina guru,
named Simhanandi. In this connection, B.Lewis Rice, writes, “The origin of the
Gangas is derived from Iksvaku and traced back to Ayodhyapura. Under
Visnugupta the seat of government was moved to Ahichhatra, which it is hinted as
Vijayapura”. To this is attributed the separation of the two lines of the Eastern
and Western Gangas, those of Kalinga and Mysore, respectively. With the arrival
of Dadiga and Madhava in the south, at Ganga-Perur, and the establishment of the
Gangavadi kingdom in Mysore aided by Simhanandi, we seem to come to
historical events...” (27).
It is, therefore, not conclusive that the Gangas had come to Kalinga from the
south. According to Rajaguru, “Now, according to our assumption, namely, that
Kurala of the time of Samudragupta might subsequently have been called
Kolahalapurapattana, our attention is attracted to the regions of Gumsur taluk in
the Ganjam district and its adjoining district of Phulbani, (situated between the
countries of Mahakantara and the Mahendra-mountain), which we can identify
with the kingdom of Kurala of the 4th century A.D. That was probably the
original homeland of the Gangas, who, afterwards, called it Trikalinga. From the
inscriptions of the Somavamsi kings of Daksina Kosala, who ruled the country
from Suvarnapura (the modern Sonpur in the Bolangir district), we learn that they
used the title of Trikalingadhipati for a considerable long period. Presumably,
they could capture the Phulbani and Gumsur area as these tracts were contiguous
to their kingdom, which he supported with Tirthankara and Parsvanatha Jaina
sculptures of Gupta style of the 4th century A.D. discovered from Phulbani. It is,
therefore, quite probable that the Gangas, who embraced Jainism, worshipped
these images in the Gupta period in these remote hill tracts of Kalinga. The
religious conception of the Gangas was subsequently changed from Jainism to
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 277
Brahmanism in Kalinga, while in Mysore, the original faith remained in tact for a
considerable long time. Further against relationship of W.Gangas and E.Gangas
by inscriptions record of their gotras as per records like Vajrahasta and
Anantaverman of 12th century belonged to Atreya gotra and W.Gangas as
Iksvaku lineage and Atreya gotra (28).
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Rajaguru wrote, “Although the traditional version of the eleventh century speaks
that the kingdom of Kalinga was originally divided into five parts among the five
brothers of the Ganga princes, actually we get two collateral branches of the
Gangas in Kalinga, which are known through epigraphically sources as the
branches of Kalinganagara and Svetaka. We have copperplate inscriptions,
numbering more than sixty, which have been issued from Kalinganagara and
Svetaka. Therefore, either the above description of five branches was a myth or
the information about the other three branches has not yet come to the ken of
epigraphy, although the places named Kantakavarttini and Ambavadi-Visaya
are known from some C.P. epigraphically sources. It is interesting to note here
that the royal prasasti used in some of the grants is not the same as the prasastis
found in the grants of either the Kalinganagara line or the Svetaka line of these
kings. We may, therefore, conclude that a third branch of the Gangas who issued
these grants have adopted different type of prasasti. For want of further evidence,
we cannot arrive at any definite conclusion at present on these issues.”(34)
Regarding a general description of Kalinga at the time when the Chinese pilgrim,
Yuan Chwang, visited this country, we quote below from Thomas Watter’s ‘On
Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India’, Vol.II, p.198.”
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“There were the hostile kings of the Vangas, Paundras, the Magadhas and the
Kosalas; and these the hostile kings of the Kalingas, Andhras, and Dravidas -
thus did the people praise his velour as shown in the battle of Samiya (Verse 14).
-his younger brother was Butuga, who had harassed the Pallava family by his
prowess
-Abbalabba, daughter of Vallabha (i.e. Rastrakuta emperor) got married to
Butuga”.
The Kerehalli Plates of Nitimarga Kongunivarma alias Ereganga was a Jaina
himself. The plate denotes the achievements of the king as following.
“ He routed in battle the confederate army of the Vallabha teeming with quality
elephants, studs and soldiers and led by great kings of the Pallava,
Rastrkutas,Kuru,Magadha,Malava,Cola,Samvalla and dynasties (Versus 10)
“These were the hostile kings of the Vangas, Paundras, the Magadhas and the
Kosalas and these the hostile kings of the Kalingas, Andhras and Dravidas; thus
did the people praise his velour as shown in the battle of Samiya (Verse, 12)
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 280
The Kadlur Plate again reads, “Rahall’s younger brother Butuga, who had gone
to the king Baddega in Dahala country and has then duly married his daughter
along with the maiden of eloquence at Tripuri, on Baddega to the heavens as if to
grab Indra’s sovereignty, Butuga recovered from Lalleya the elephants, horse, the
white umbrella and the throne and restored them to the king Krishna” (Verse 22-
23).
Butaga’s son was Nitimarga (Marula) married the daughter of Krishna, who had
destroyed all his enemies and whose feet was worshipped by the Magadha,
Kalinga, Pandya and Cola kings (verse 28).
The inscription mentions Konga and Kalinga separately but still in contiguous
patches; thus Konga may be derived from the name of Kongunivarman to a place
of significance.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 281
‘Of the king Jayaduttaraya (i.e. Butuga II), the queen was Kallabba, daughter of
Simhavarman of the Calukya family, to them was born the king Satyavakya
Marasimha, the brother of the king Marula (Verse, 34).
The summary note indicates clearly the patronising Jainism by queen Kallabba.
We are inclined to think that the following names in the Western Ganga
inscription have much to do in relation to Koraput-Bastar Jainism. They are
Nandagiri, Kongunivarman, Konga country and queen Kallabba of the king
Jayaduttraya with the existing name of the places and rivers of Koraput i.e Kolab
river.
The findings clearly indicate that Jainism persisted in between the Kolab river and
Indravati river doab and both join at different points in Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh to form the Godavari river that flows down in Andhra Pradesh.,
The Nandapur was one of main pithas of Jainism in Koraput, and was the ancient
capital of the Jeypore state. There is one large single granite stone Elephant,
beautifully carved on the banks of Isani Ganga at Nandapur. This was probably
the first capital of Western Gangas where Jaina temples were prevalent. It is
agreed by all that the existing all Jaina idols of Kalika temple of Jeypore was all
from Nandapur which were transferred after the shift of capital to Jeypore. This
lone elephant is like the one at Gulbarga museum in Karnataka.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 282
subsequent king erased out all evidences to this effect. We believe that it was the
queen Kallabha, wife of king Jayaduttranga (Batuga II) and mother of Satyavkya
Marasimha of Western Ganga dynasty who had established the Jainism through
teachers and mulasanghas all over Nandapur, Jeypore sub-division and the great
river flowing from Nandapur down to Bastar is named after her and since known
as Kolab river.
The Nandapur as it may run for various historical findings, it looks to be Western
Ganga capital in this part and ruled by one branch and is described out of
Nandagiri title, which Western Gangas used to bear. There is no concrete
evidence yet.
The Nandapur Jaina temple was totally destroyed and in ruins, we don’t have its
history may be the Cholas have destroyed it after their occupation. In A.D. 1051-
52 Rajadhiraja, seized Kollapuram, burnt down many invasion Jain temples and
damaged the Jain sanctuaries.
Thus the idols were placed under earth and elsewhere, which subsequently
surfaced out in small temples like Subaie and Jamunda, and elsewhere. The ruin
mounds of the said temple in Nandapur and Jamunda need excavation and history
shall appear.
There is evidence to bring that in most Jaina temples the present ‘Siva’ temples
were erected. This can be evident from many places of Koraput district itself.
This is the case at Bhairaba Singapur as well as at Paknaguda also. The Chalukya,
Somesvara I was a Jaina. His general Chamundaraja, Governor of Banavsi, was
probably responsible to establish Jamunda Jaina temple near Jeypore of Koraput
district.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 283
Hostilities between the Rastrakutas and the kings of Kalinga seem to have
started long before Kamarnava Bhupendravarman came to the throne. The
Chicacole plates (41) of Anantavarman probably refer to these Rastrakutas as
quoted below:-
“The question is, why and under what circumstance the auspicious era of the
Gangas of Kalinga, which was in vogue for a long period covering 400 years, was
abruptly ended in the beginning of the 11th century A.D.? -----------It is not
improbable to say that the continuation of this ceremony became intermittent on
account of some foreign interference, which I suppose, must have taken place
during the reigning period of Kamarnava Bhupendravarman, whom we have
already identified with the Kamarnava (I), A.D.943-975. There is no wanting of
evidence to prove that he was involved in some political troubles relating to the
kingdoms of Vengi on one side and those of the Rastrakutas-cu-Somavamsi Kings
of Kosala on the other. Kalinga, being situated in a strategic position contiguous
to these kingdoms, could not escape any political struggle started in the
neighbouring countries.”
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 284
Kamarnava I came to the throne of Kalinga in A.D. 943 and ruled for 25 years.
Then, his brother, Vinayaditya, held the throne for three years only. After him
came Vajrahasta, the son of Kamarnava alias Bhupendravarman. Now, serious
political confusion prevailed in the neighbouring tracts of Vengi owing to the
Rastrakuta interference. Amma II (A.D. 945-970) of the Eastern Chalukya family
fought with great vigour against the Rastrakuta king, Krisna III. In his inscription
it is stated that in the 12th regnal year, i.e., in A.D. 947, he proceeded to Kalinga
appointing his brother, Danarnava, as the regent of Vengi (46). It is further stated
that he waged war against Krisna III. Most probably, Kamaranava supported
Amma. Otherwise, why should he proceed towards Kalinga to check the
Rastrakuta inroad? Probably this time, Krisna III led a big invasion against
Kalinga and Vengi that caused some internal troubles in the Chalukyan territory.
In the Arumbaka plates of Badapa, it is mentioned that Amma II at first ruled
over Vengi with Trikalinga; but, later on, proceeded to Kalinga where he lived
as long as fourteen years, i.e., from A.D.956-970. But, in the Mangolu grant, it is
stated that Amma’s brother, Danarnava, actually ruled over Kalinga after A.D.
970 when he deprived from the throne of Vengi. Careful examination of these
events will show that both Amma and his brother, Danarnava, took shelter in
Kalinga from 952-973 A.D. under the protection of the Gangas. What induced
Kamarnava to take a risky course can be elucidated from the study of the foreign
policy, adopted by the Gangas of Kalinga.
In the year 970 A.D., Amma II died and Danarnava came to the throne of Vengi.
But, his rule did not exceed three years. One Badapa, a collateral aspirant of the
Chalukyan throne, revolved with the help of Jatachola Bhima of the south, who,
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 285
not only killed Danarvana but also boasted of having victories over Kamarnava
and his brother, Vinayaditya of Kalinga, as stated in his Kancipuram inscription.
The broken passage of that inscription runs thus:-
We have already stated that Kamarnava V ruled up to A.D. 968. So, there is
about 3 years’ difference between the dates of the death of Danarnava of Vengi
and Kamarnava of Kalinga. Probably, during this time, Jatachola Bhima made a
huge preparation to wage war against a powerful kingdom like Kalinga.
A detail study of the Western Ganga inscriptions reveal many villages and places
of present day Koraput district .They are cited as following, however at this stage
not much opinion can be formed with the available evidences.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 286
It mentions Kondakonda lineage and his disciple, who was a scholar and the
foremost member of his gana was Puspandi; this Jaina temple was built for the
sake of his disciple Prabhacandra (Verse 19)
Puspandi is a Poraja village in Koraput block and the reference to Kacchva tank in
the inscription looks like the Kecchala Jain temple in Koraput.
It speaks of Kottimba village given as gift by the prince and mentions villages like
Kurulamgala, Komaramamgalakkere (may be Komarganjanna of Nandapur
)Pupadin-paduvay-olbe may be Paduva; Kodavappadi may be the Kotapadi;
Okkodala may be the Ankadali.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 287
Reference
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288
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289
Dynasty History of United Koraput 290
N.K.Sahu (1954) (1), K.C.Panigrahi (1961) (2), Bina Kum.Sarma (1983) (3) and
Ajaya Mitra Shastri (1990) (4) have delt the Somavamsis of Orissa at length.
Sivagupta
He is the first recorded member of Somavamsis. He was the only one without the
epithet of Trikalingadhipati.
His first and last records were from Suvarnapura (5), which has been identified
with modern Sonpur in the Bolangir district. His plates indicate that he was
ruling over Sambalpur-Bolangir region, which was the eastern part of the South
Kosala. He assumed for the first time the title of Trikalingadhipati.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 291
The Eastern Chalukya kingdom was torn by internal feuds on the issue of
inheritance of throne. The Telega-Choda chief of Jata Choda Bhima of Pedakallu
(Kurnool District) slew the E.Chalukya Chief Dharnava and occupied the lotus
kingdom from 973-1000 A.D., which later was occupied by Saktivarman I with
the help of Rajendra Chola I(6). It seems that Dharmaratha also fished in these
troubled water and carried out a raid.
The Banpur plates record Indraratha had defeated the king of Udra in a battle and
captured his fortune (8). As already seen, Udra was within the dominion of
Somakula right from the time of Mahasivagupta I Yayati. Thus it is concluded
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 292
that Naghusa after the death of Dharmaratha succeeded to his throne, and soon he
was deprived of his possessions in Udra.
Indraratha rushed from his viceregal province of Kalinga and killed Abhimanyu
in the field. Thereafter with the approval of the Brahmanas he assumed kingship
and occupied firmly the ancestral capital Yayatinagara, from where he had issued
the Banpur plates. He controlled three kingdoms (9), which possibly includes
Kosala, Udra and Kalinga.
Indraratha achieved glory as a ruler; at least in 1022 A.D. when he was defeated
by Rajendra Chola I at Yayatinagara in course of his Gangetic expedition.
According to the Choda records, Rajendra I carried away ‘large heap of family
treasures together with many (other) treasures after having captured Indraratha of
the ancient race of the moon’ and seized Odda-visaya and Kosala-nadu (10).
This expedition seems to have taken place primarily to thwart the activities of
Indraratha who had aligned himself with later Chalukya king Jayasimha II
Jagadekamalla (1015-1042 A.D). The Chalukya king, Jayasimha had placed
Vijayaditya VII Vishnuvardhana on the throne of Vengi and set aside the claims
of Rajaraja, the nephew of Rajender I (11).
Indraratha had to face invasions from Parmara king Bhoja (1000-1047 A.D.)(12),
Gangeyadeva (1015-1041 A.D), the Kalachuri king of Tripuri (13).
Now Abhimanyu’s son Yayati alias Candihara (14) claimed the throne of
Somakula, after reappearing from self-imposed exile (15). He freed Kosala and
Utkala from enemies. His records show Chola inclination as he described himself
the burning fever to Karnataka, Lata and Gujara kings.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 293
The Chindika Naga Somesvara I, also claimed to have own a victory over the
Udra king and captured six lakhs and ninety-six villages of Kosala (23). The
recently found Nuapatna plates of his reign state that a certain Yuvaraja
Dharmaratha, who enjoyed the titles of Paramabhattaraka and
Mahakumaradhiraja Paramesavara acted as his sub-king in Pascima-Kalinga
(24), which does not admit of a proper identification, but may have denoted some
area on the west of Kalinga (25). His exact relationship with Janamejaya cannot
be ascertained, though not improbably he may have been his son, remarked Ajaya
Mitra Shastri (26).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 294
During the period the Gangas at the south end of Soma Kula kingdom threatened
them and Kalachuris of Kosala and Chindaka-Nagas on the west. The Ganga king
Rajaraja I Devendravarman (1070-1078 A.D), son and successor of Vajrahasta V
Anantavarman, claims that his general Vanapati defeated the kings of Utkala and
Kosala. The Kalachuris chief Prithvideva I (1065-1090 A.D) also probably
achieved successes against Somavamsis as he assumed the title Sakala-
Kosaladhipati in the Amoda plates 1069 A.D. (27).
Mahasivagupta V Karna
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 295
Thus the Somavamsins were totally wiped out both from coastal Orissa and
eastern part of South Kosala in the first quarter of 12th century. The coastal
Orissa came under Ganga king Anantavarmana Chodagangadeva, the Kosala
portion to Kalachuris and the Chindaka-Nagas aided by their feudatories Telugu-
Choda (32).
References
1. Sahu, N.K. (1954) History of Kosala and the Somavamisis of Utkal
OHRJ Vol. III, No.3 pp127-136.
2. Panigrahi, Krishna Chandra (1961) Chronology of the Bhauma -Karas
and the Somavamsis of Orissa. Publisher not known
3. Sarma, Bina Kumari (1983) Somavamsi Rule in Orissa, Purthi Pustak,
Calcutta
4. Shastri Ajay Mitra (1990) Inscriptions of the Sarabhapuriyas, Panduvamsins
and Somavamsins (Part I & II) Indi.Council 1961 of Hist.Res. New Delhi &
M.Banarsidass, Delhi
5. No.IV: 1 and XI
6. Yazdani, G (Ed) Early History of the Deccan, 486-487. See also.Majumdar,
R.C (ed.) HCIP, IV: The Age of Imperial Kanauj, 139-140
7. No.IV: XXII, XXVII, Verse 6; IV; Suppl. Inscr.111, Verse 6
8. No.IV: App I, Verse 12
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Further the name Chakrakota was found in the Chalukyan record of the 9th
Century A.D. In the Pithapur-inscription (7) of Mallapadeva it is mentioned that
the Eastern-Chalukya King Gunaga Vijayaditya (849-892 A.D) defeated the king
of Chakrakuta. Prof.Mirashi has also identified Chakrakotya with the Central part
of the Bastar-State (8). While editing the Rajapura-Copper Plate grant of
Madhurantakadeva (Saka 987) Rai Bahadur Hiralal writes “the name of
Chakrakota was probably an alternative name of Chakravotya, which seems to
survive in Ghumra, a name given to the fall of the Indravati at Chitrakuta.” (9).
The Naga or Chhindaka had the family crust of tiger with cub and carved the
banner with emblem of a snake. They belong to the ‘Kasyapa-gotra’ and assumed
the title of Bhogavatipura Varesnara, the lord of ‘Bhogavatipura’. Their tutelary
goddess was Manikyadevi or Manikeswari. The daiety’Bhagavati’ of Jeypore was
shifted from Kotpad region to the present location. She may be the tutelary
goddess of Naga dynasty.
The name of Chhindaka and the story of their origin as recorded in their
epigraphies indicate the line of these rulers had close relationship with the Sindas
of Sindavadi in Kanada country of about 8th Century A.D. who also claimed
Naga lineage and the royal title of the ‘lord of Bhogavatipura, the best of cities’.
The land of the Sindas was called Sindavadi and comprised of northern parts of
Mysore, Bellary, Dharwar and is mentioned in a record of A.D.750. D.C.Sirkar
(11) has observed, ‘There is no doubt the family name of Chhindaka preferred by
Nagavansis of Bastar is the same as Sinda of Kannada country’. It is perhaps,
during the last part of 10th Century that the Chhindakas entered the Bastar region
in the train of the expeditions lead by the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani to the
Eastern Chalukyas Kingdom of Vengi. There was bitter struggle between the
Cholas and W.Chalukyas over the kingdom of Vengi that continued for a long
time. It seems that the Telugu Chodas of Bastar also migrated to Bastar in the
train of Western Chalukyas.
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1. A fragmentary record from Errakot, about 25 kms from Jagdalpur and the
name of the Chhindaka-Naga king mentioned which cannot be fully read,
but may be Nriptibhushana (or Kshitibhusana)(15) The inscription bears a
date in Saka 945 (=A.D.1023)
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The record also edits Somesvara with many other military activities such
as the burning of Vengi, the subjugation of Bhadrapattana and Vajra and
the seizure of the six lakhs and ninety-six villages of Kosala (south
Kosala).
Coins of Nagas
Further to this evidence of inscriptions, discovery of gold coins of Nagavamsi
dynasty have given new dimensions in this direction. Rajaguru (29) and Mrs.
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Tripathy (1984) have studied and reported the Naga dynasty coins especially of
Orissa find (30). They are as following:
Seals
It was 6" inside soil, inside an earthen pot, covered with stone over it.
Lolithabathi, D/o Debo Jani, Singiguda village, Dumadei Reserve Forest in
Kodinga P.S, found it.
The coins were almost equal in size. Old Telugu scripts over the coins. On
paleographical grounds assigned to 11th & 12th centuries A.D.
Out of the total number of 28 coins, 26 contain the name of Rajabhusana; one
contains Prapaganda-Bhairava and one Ranabhushana.
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“Four coins supposed to be the issue of the Naga kings of Chakrakotta were found
among the coins of the Kalachuris of Ratanpur, in the big Sonsari (33) hoard
discovered in the Bilaspur district of Madhya Pradesh. L.P.Pandeya earlier
identified these coins as the coins of the Kalachuris of Ratanpur (34), but later on
they were attributed by B.C.Jain to be the Nagas of Chakrakotta (35). But it is
interesting to note that the coins of both the finds are totally different so far as
their typology is concerned, though it is now known that the same rulers issued
them the Naga family, as we shall see presently.
Description
The four coins of Sonsari are circular in shape, contain on their obverse, within
the dotted border, the figure of a tiger standing to right facing left, forepaw raised
from the ground and before it a dagger with its point resting on ground; above the
animal, Sun and Moon are represented on its right and left respectively.
The reverse contains within dotted circle, legend in three lines in Naari characters
reading:
1. Srimad - So -
2. me s’va ra-
3. deva sya
The weight of each coin, according to Jain is 59 grains and 7 cm in diameter. The general fabric of the coins closely
resembles those of the Kalachuri coins of Ratanpur.
The Kodinga hoard of 28 gold coins are thin, broad and circular in shape,
measuring 3.7 cms each, excepting one which is slightly bigger having the
diameter of 4.3 cms. Each coin weights 3.840 gms and the bigger one is 3.878
gms in weight. The devices and legend are punched separately on one side only,
having striking similarity with the Eastern Chalukyan and some of the Chola gold
coins. Due to the thickness and heavy punches on the coins, they have become
cup-shaped. As regards the device adopted, they may be described as follows:
In the centre, are punched a tiger facing right, surmounted by Sun and Moon
represented by dots. The legend in Telugu-Kanarese letters are shown around the
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edge, each letter being punched separately beginning with the letter ‘Sri and
ending with the device of a dagger pointed to the ground, or it may be a symbol
for ‘Siva - Lingam’ as suggested by Rajaguru. Of the total 28 coins 27 pieces
have the legend in Telugu-Kanarese, reading the name ‘Rajabhushana’ and the
solitary bigger coin has the legend ‘Prapa (ti) ganda-bhairava’. (36)
Rajaguru has doubtfully read the legend in one of the coin from 27 pieces as
‘Ranabhushana. But the letter ‘na’ read by him after Ra (a), is infact, ‘Ja’, if it is
minutely examined. Thus this coin also belongs to Rajabhushana. In fact, as we
shall presently see, no king of this family with the epithet Ranabhushana is known
so far from any source.(37)
But again she (Mrs.Tripathy) said, ‘the attribution of the Kodinga hoard of
E.Chalukya type coins described above to Dharavarsha by Rajaguru, does not
seem to rest on convincing ground. The legends on these coins also do not
support this view. It is known from the epigraphic records that Dharavarsha had
the epithet of ‘Jagadekabhushana’. Moreover, it is known that Dharvarsha and his
predecessors were not as powerful as his successor Somesvara I and they were
busy in consolidating the Naga Kingdom in Bastar which was raised by Rajendra
Chola during his northern expeditions”. Further she was of the opinion that the
fabrics of the coins had some influence of Chola emblem of tiger on it, which may
be due to the political influence of Kulottunga I on both Cholas and Eastern
Chalukyas.(38)
There are both epigraphic and numismatic materials to suggest that the Chhindika
Naga occupation of the Bastar region during the last part of the 10th century or
early part of the 11th century they entered in the train of the expedition laid by the
Western Chalukyas of Kalian to the Eastern Chalukya kingdom of Vengi. Some
historians do claim that the Nagas came along with Rajendra Choda to Bastar.
Genealogy
It is apparent that Sindhuraja, father of Bhoja, had matrimonial alliance with the
Naga-Ruler of Bhogavatipura in Chakrakota. Prof.Mirashi admits, “The Princes
of Chakrakotya called themselves Nagavamsis and Lord of Bhogavati”. He also
says “this dynasty produced some powerful kings towards the end of the 11th and
the beginning of the 12th Century A.D. Their capital Chakrakota was a place of
strategic importance.” He then suggests “what was the object of Sindhuraja in
forming the matrimonial alliance recorded in the “Nabasahasanka Charita”? We
have seen that soon after his accession Sindhuraja found a favourable opportunity
to regain the lost territory from the contemporary Chalukya King. In 1008
A.D.Satyasraya died. His successor, Dasavarman V, Vikramaditya V and
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Ayyana, who regained for a short period of seven years (from 1009 to 1015 A.D.)
do not seem to have been sufficiently powerful. There was thus no danger of the
Paramara Kingdom being invaded by the Chalukyas. But the weakness of the
Chalukya kings had added to the strength of Rajaraja the Great and his ambitious
successor, Rajendra Chola I. It was probably to check the onward march of the
Chola king that Sindhuraja entered into the matrimonial alliance with the King of
Chakrakotya”.(36) At about this time the Naga King of Chakrakota was called
‘Brupatibhushana’ (Ornament of the Kings) as mentioned in the Errakot
inscription of Jagdalpur of A.D. 1023.(39)
Political History
As mentioned above the Chakrakotte name was found in the Chalukyan records
of 9th century. In the Pithapur inscription of Mallapadeva it is mentioned that the
Eastern Chalukya Gunaga Vijayaditya (849-892 A.D.) defeated the King of
Chakrakotte.
The army of Rajendra Chola of the south invaded Chakrakota in the year 1022-23
A.D. and occupied it (40). Although the decisive outcome of the invasion is not
clearly known, but it is clear that Chakrakota came under the sphere of influence
of the Cholas. No other records of Chhindaka Nagas till 1060 A.D. have come to
light.
The next king to the dynasty Dharva alias Jagdekabhushan alias Dharvarsha, has
been referred to Barsur inscription of 1060 A.D. (41). The Barasur inscription was
laid by Telugu Chola feudatory chief Mahanadaleshwar Chandraditya Maharaja.
The Telugu Cholas who entered into Bastar-Koraput region during the military
campaign of their king Vikramaditya VI about the middle of the 11th century
A.D. settled in that region as the feudatories of the Chindaka Nagas. The Telugu
Choda chief Chandraditya Maharaja who was a Mahamondaleswara and the lord
of Ammagama was a feudatory of the Chindaka Naga king Jagadeka Bhushana.
The Chindaka Nagas of Chhakrakota were in conflict with the Bhanjas of Khinjali
comprising parts of modern Ganjam and Boudh Khondmal districts of Orissa.
The Bhanja king Yusobhanja defeated and very likely killed Jagadeka Bhushana
in 1060 A.D. In his Antarigama plates Yasobhanja assumes the proud title of
Jagadekamalla Vijayi. (42)
Another king of the dynasty named Madhurantaka is known from the Rajpur
inscriptions dated in Saka year 984 (AD 1065). Madhurantaka was related to
deceased king Jagadekamalla. Someswara, the son of Jagadeka Bhushana
claimed the throne and a civil war broke out in Chhakrakota, which lasted for
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more than 5 years. Kulottunga Chola I, the ruler of Vengi, helped Madhurantaka
while Chalukyas of Kalyana supported the cause of Somesvara. Madhurataka
was subsequently defeated and killed in the battle sometime after 1056 A.D. and
Somesvara acquired suzerainty over Chakrakota mandala through the grace of
Vindyavasini (43) as per Kuruspal fragmentary inscriptions.
The new king Somesvara after his accession continued the fight against the Chola
king, Kulottunga I of Vengi. Both of them claimed victory over each other in
their respective records in the form of inscriptions. He also fought with
Somavamsis of Utkala and Kosala and attempted to occupy the Kosala portion of
the Somavamsi Kingdom. The Telugu Choda Chief Yasoraja, father of
Chandraditya (the lieutenant of Jagadeka Bhushana) was a great source of
strength for him and occupied Kosala about 1070AD where he ruled as a
Governor of his Chhindaka Naga overlord. (44)
Chodaganga Deva conquered Utkala after defeating the last Somavamsi king
Karnadeva in 1110 AD. Somesvaradeva cultivated friendly relationship with the
Gangas led him to be an inveterate enemy of the Kalachuris of Ratnapur and
Dahala who were a rival power of the Gangas. In 1114 A.D. the Kalachuris King
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Jajjalla Deva crushingly defeated Somesvara Deva the Chhindaka Naga king and
imprisoned Bhujavala of Suvarnapura who is identified with the Telugu Choda
Chief Somesvara Deva of Kosala. This resulted in the collapse of the Chindaka
Naga rule over Chakrakota and the Telugu Choda rule over South Kosala.( 46 )
Influence of Rastrakutas and Chalukya is evident from the fact that Naga king
personnel names having Dharavarsha and Kanhara would suggest its original
subservience to the imperial house of the Rashtrakutas, while the popularity of
name Somesvara in this dynasty and also among the Telugu-Choda feudatories
seems to indicate that both of these houses acknowledge the suzerainty to
Chalukya monarch Somesvara I Ahavamalla (A.D.1043-68) of Kalyana. This
could also be due to expedition led by Vikramaditya VI, son of Ahavamalla,
against countries of Eastern India during his father’s reign.(47)
About this kingdom we gather another important piece of evidence from the
Sanskrit Kavya - “Vikramankadeva Charita” - composed by the famous writer
Bilhana. In the 4th Chapter of that work it is recited that Vikramaditya VI, the
hero of that Kavya, went of Chakrakota and Kalinganagara in order to form a
triple alliance of the kings of those countries to check the progress of the Chola-
monarch, Virarajendra.(48)
Gangeya’s death. (54) This Gangeyadeva was ruling till A.D.1040". According to
the Goharwa plates Karnadeva used the title of ‘Trikalingadhipati” and claimed to
have defeated the Asvapatis, the Gajapatis and the Narapatis. (55)
In the ‘Nabasahasanka Charita’ it is stated that there was a Asura King named
Vajrankusha whose capital was Ratnavati Prof.Mirashi suggests that Vajrankusha
may be identified with the King Vajjuka of Komma-Mandala, who gave his
daughter Nonalla in marriage to Ratnaraja, the Chedi Ruler. (59) This Ratnaraja
was the son of Komalaraja.
There was a conflict between Janamejaya II and the Naga King Somesvara of
Chakrakuta (Bastar). The Naga king Somesvara succeeded wrestling Kosala,
from the Somavamsi King. In occupying Kosala the Naga king was helped by a
Telugu-Choda family that ultimately ruled this newly acquired territory with their
capital at Sonepur. Before this happened there appears to have a short period
where one Kumar Somesvara, was allowed by the Naga king to rule the Kosala,
for his own political purpose to serve. Though the Naga king made Kumar
Somesvara the ruler of Kosala but still kept him under the control of his trusted
Telugu-Choda lieutenants. Ultimately, the Telugu-Choda family who also helped
the Naga King invasion of Kosala occupied the throne after ousting the ruler
Kumar Somesvara.(60)
The Telugu-Choda were a feudatory family ruling over a small principality with
their capital at Barsur of present Bastar and owing thus allegiance to the Naga
kings of that State (61) and continued up to (1069 to 1110 A.D).
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 309
D.C.Sircar has done valuable work by re-editing and elucidating the copper-plate
records of Kumara Somesvara (62) and of the Telugu Choda
“These conquests brought him into conflict with Somesvara, the Nagavamsi king
of Chakrakotya. The latter was a foe worthy of his steel. He (Somesvara) had
defeated the rulers of Udra (Orissa) and Vengi, and had carried fire and sword
into Lanji and Ratnapura. He is said to have captured six lakhs of villages
together with the tract called Shannavati (96 villages) of Kosala and assumed the
imperial titled Maharajadhiraja and Paramesvara. The Kuruspal inscription
described him as a huge elephant, which destroyed the lotuses, namely the towns,
Lanji and Ratnapura.
Jajalladeva was not slow to take revenge. He marched against the Naga king,
slew his immense army and took him captive together with his wives and
ministers. Ultimately, at the bidding of his mother, Jajjaladeva set them free. His
Ratnapura inscription proudly asks, “Have you seen or heard of such a prince in
this earth?” This event must have occurred sometime before 1110 A.D. which is
the approximate year of Somesvara’s death.”(63)
Thus it is after the defeat or death of the Naga king Somesvara that the Telugu-
Choda Somesvara III changed his feudatory titles and assumed the imperial title
Chakravartin. But his semi-independent status did not last for long and, as known
he was defeated and perhaps killed by the Kalachuri king Jajalla deva I in about
1119 A.D. This led to the extinction of the Telugu Choda rule in the Sonepur
region.
The above text reveals the name of one Narendra Dhavala, who is described as
the over-lord of Karunda-Mandala. As there is coincidence in the names of
Tribhuvana Dhavala and Narendra Dhavala we suspect that the Rashtrakuta
supremacy extended over the Naga Kingdom. The corroborate this we (Rajaguru)
may cite here a newly discovered copper plate inscription of Bargarh (Sambalpur)
which mentions about a Ranaka belonged to the Rashtrakuta dynasty and claims
to be the ruler of Patakas (64) of Gondrama or of the aboriginal tribes. (65) Most
probably this part of Orissa was invaded by the great Rashtrakuta king Govinda
III during his expedition over the Northern India, and left here a branch of his
family to keep this tract under his subjugation. Now coming across the narration
made in the ‘Navasahasanka-Charita’ with regard to the Asura king, Vajankusa of
Ratnavati, who was a great rival of the Naga principality, S.N.Rajaguru said, we
are not able to share the suggestions put forth by Prof.Mirashi and continued. We
believe that Vajrankusa is an imaginary name used by the author Padmagupta.
But, the real enemy of the Nagas was the contemporary Rashtrakuta king who
belonged to an alien race, and therefore described as an Asura king. It needs to be
pointed out that the famous Rashtrakuta king Kristna III started trouble in the
central India. In the middle part of the 10th Century A.D., he processed to the
South India as far as Kanchi and Tondai-Mandalam of the Chola territory. Then
he turned his attention towards Vengi and Kalinga. His activities in the Central
India were centered in the Chedi kingdom inspite of the fact that he was entangled
with the Haihayas with matrimonial relationship. In the later part of his reign he
conquered the fortress of Kalanjar on the slopes of the Vindhyan Mountain. He
also subjugated Chitrakuta belonging t the Chandelas. Finally he attacked Vengi
and Kalinga.(66). Under such circumstances it can be well presumed that he
brought Dahala or Province of the Nagas under his control, which might have
lasted till the Paramara king Sindhuraja, came to help the Snake-king of
Bhogavatipura as, described by Padmagupta.
Some are of opinion that the Asura King Vajrankusa might be a Gond-king.
S.N.Rajaguru said, we couldn’t reject this opinion without giving any credence to
it. For, tradition goes that in some remote age this part of land belonged to one
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 311
Gosinga, who constructed some forts still called by the name of “Asura-Gada” or
the fort of the Asuras.”(67)
Reference
1. Sircar, D.C. (1957) The Nagas or Chhindakas. The struggle for Empire-
The History and Culture of Indian People; Bharatiya Vidya Bhaban,
Bombay. pp.214ff.
2. Hiralal Rai Bahadur. Inscriptions of C.P. and Berar; and E, I.IX.p.160,
174 and 311.
3. Rajaguru, S.N.(1959) A New Hoard of Gold Coins of the Nagavamsi
Kings of Chakrakota
4. Rajaguru, S.N.(1980) The Naga dynasty of Chakrakota,
OHRJ.Vol.XXIV, XXV & XXVI, p.25-24
5 . Tripathy, S.Mrs (1984) A Note on the coins of the Nagas of
Chakrakotta, OHRJ Vol.XXIX (4), p.49-56
6. Hiralal, Inscriptions of C.P. and Berar; E.I.IX, p.160, 174 and 311.
8. List of C.P. inscriptions, page 150
9. E.I.Vol.IX p. 179
7. E.I.Vol.IV, p.226 to 238
10. Suryanarayana, K (1986) History of the Minor Chalukya Families in
Medieval Andhradesa.p.19
11. Sircar, D.C.(1957) The Nagas or Chhindakas. The struggle for
Empire- The History and Culture of Indian People; Bharatiya Vidya
Bhaban,
Bombay p.215
12. Rao, B.V. (1973) History of the Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi.p.344.
13. Rajaguru, S.N. op.cit.,p.40
14. Ibid.
15. Hiralal, ICPB, 2nd ed.p.166 (No.285)
16. Hiralal, ICPB, 2nd.ed.p.158-59
17. Hiralal, ICPB, 2nd ed. p.163-64
18. Hiralal, ICPB, 2nd ed. p.165
19. Inscriptions from Kuruspal and Gadia, A.D.1097
20. Inscription from Kuruspal (E.I.Vol.X, 24 ff)
21. Narayanapal inscription (E.I.Vol.IX.311 ff, 161-162)
22. Barsur inscription (E.I.IX.162)
23. Hiralal, ICPB, 2nd ed.p.170
24. Hiralal, ICPB, 2nd ed.p.166
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 312
312
Dynasty History of United Koraput 313
313
Dynasty History of United Koraput 314
Most authors in the past have pointed out Chakrakote to be some where in
Jeypore-Bastar, the former princely States. Hiralal was of the opinion that
Chakrakote is in Bastar, close to Jagdalpur. (3)
Many historians have opined that Chakrakote has been mentioned in various
literature and time, thus it is difficult to pin point which Chakrakote it refers to.
(4)
Nagavamsi ruled from Chakrakote and the place was under seize by Cholas and
Chalukyas and even several others, which has been detailed out in the book in
various relevant chapters.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 315
and many more. Chakrakote now stands totally demolished, only known to the
local people and except for its name in the Indian survey map. The place is
between Chhabili river and Muran river. An ancient pathway from Borigumma
plains to Chakrakote is still being used. The villages close to Chakrakote are
Arliput and Domjori. The fact that the present find place Chakrokote, is the
Nagavamsi Chakrakote is further strengthened by the fact that,
After centuries, Barigachha village on the bank of Aundari nadi (river) and
Narigachha on the bank of Muran close to Chakrakote are the only two remnant
of ‘gaccha’ of ancient Jain sect is surviving here in these remote hills. Chhindika
Nagas were Jainas. However, Bodo or Sodia Porajas, a dominant population in
and around the locality of Chakrakote signifies the past occupation of the place by
Chodas. Desia Kondhs are next to them followed by Magada goudo, Kausilia
Mali, Kamars and Paikas.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 316
The hill Podpuja that means Buffalo (male) worship is evident over the crown of
hill. It is steep train, stands high and there are few stones assembled, where local
villagers assemble once in three years to offer their worships.
Nilakanta Sastri wrote, “At the time of his father’s death and the forcible seizure
of the Vengi throne by Vijaditya mentioned in the Ryali plates, Kulottunga, or
Rajendra, as he was then known, must have been a young man in his teens. For
considering he lived on to have a long rule of fifty years from A.D. 1070, it is
hardly likely that about A.D. 1062 he was more than twenty years of age. His
earliest Tamil inscriptions record certain facts that seem to indicate how Rajendra
engaged himself when he was thus kept out of his inheritance. This records of his
second year (6). state that, with the aid only of the strength of his arms and his
sword, he over came the treachery of his enemies, captured many herds of
elephants, levied tribute from the Nagavamsi King, Dharavarsa of Chakrakuta,
and gently raised the Earth resembling the lotus expecting to rise of the sun for
blooming, as Visnu raised the Earth from the ocean in his boar incarnation, and
seated her, to her great pleasure under the shade of his parasol (7). His records
soon came to describe these achievements as belonging to the period of his
ilangop-paruvam, when he was still heir-apparent (8). It this view is correct, we
must conclude that Rajendra spent the best part of the period A.D. 1063-70 in the
region of the modern Bastar state, and possibly even carved out for himself a
small dominion beyond it in the Purvadesa, even if he did not gain complete
control over the Chakrakuta state and annex parts of the Purvadesa to it, as his
inscriptions imply. Possibly this northern extension of the influence of Vengi, so
closely allied to the Colas, was the cause of Vikramaditya’s expedition against
Vengi and Chakrakuta, counteracted by the campaign of Virarajendra culminating
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 317
Triummukkudal inscription implies (11) an important fact that the Vengi region
was under the hold of the Chalukyas of Kalyani and the Vengi ruler Vijaditya VII
was under subordinate position to W. Chalukyas. Tirumukkudal record, Vira
Rajendra corresponding to 1069 A.D., further describes the advances of the Chola
army close to the city of Vijayawada, which caused the armies of the enemies to
drink the water of the Godavari. On the banks of Krishna, in a decisive battle Vira
Rajendra inflicted a crushing defeat on the Western Chalukyan. After this the
Chola army and Vir Rajendra marched across Kalinga upto Mahandragiri
mountain and then beyond to Chakrokottam (or Chakrakutan). Vir Rajendra then
bestowed free Vengi on Vijayditya. (12)
Later a battle was fought at Kondai in Chakrakottam in the Bastar region. Chola
and then they owned this battle erected one victory pillar these. In there exploits
the Chola appears to have been assisted by his nephew Rajendra, the future
Kulottunga I(14). The battle was fought between Vikramaditya VI and
Virarajendra was assisted by Rajendra II.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 318
References
318
Dynasty History of United Koraput 319
319
Dynasty History of United Koraput 320
320
Dynasty History of United Koraput 321
Dantwada is about 50 Kms and south of Barsur. The village around have
sculptured stones lying about some of them are five hooded cobras and some are
intercoiled snakes. The inter- coiled snake is very uncommon in the region except
for one that is located in Paikapada temple complex, in Koraput, Orissa. The
Dantwada has the shrine of Danteswari, well known as the tutelary goddess of the
former Bastar ruling family. The temple is built on the junction of two rivers,
Sankhini and Dankini. It was ill famous for its Human sacrifice activities in the
past. The victim used to be decapitated besides the goddesses
Mahishasuramardini with eight arms and in act of killing the demon and the
buffalo. She is known to be the Danteswari as said before. The temple houses
images of Visnu, Ganesha, Kartikaya and others. They seems to have been
collected from the ruins of Barsur.There are five inscriptions, of which three are
inside the temple, one is just out side the temple and the other is in the
Bhairamgudi.
There is very close relation to the Bansuli temple near Kotpad so also to the
Phampuni Mahishasuramardini that is now located in the forest of the village. It
may be that the deity was also worshipped in the past with Human sacrifice and in
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 322
later course when it was stopped the deity was placed in isolation with out any
worship. Similar is the Mahishasuramardini in Podagada ruins in the Umerkote
area. The Jeypore Kalika temple and the Kanaka Durga of the Jeypore Palace had
the very similar history. So at a point of time these temples of the Kings of Bastar
and Jeypore had the tradition of Human sacrifice in annual terms and it got spread
all through the muthas except for the Sabara tribe who did not believe in the
concept.
Hira Lal wrote, “For the support of the e, an estate consisting of several villages is
attached--. Danteswari temple
Bhairamgarh is about 70 miles west of Jagdalpur and has three or four temples,
together with the remains of a fort and a ditch and several tanks. There is an
inscription on a pillar, and at Potinar, a village near Bhairmgarh, there is a slab
inscribed on four sides (This has been now removed to a roadside place called
Jangla, six miles north of Potinar, for easy access.).
Gadia is 20 miles west of Jagadalpur and has a stone temple with no idols, but
built in the same style as those of Barsur. About 400 yards away there is a big
inscription and a linga was found buried in a brick mound.
Narayanpal and Kuruspal are quite close to each other, the former being
situated on the river Indravati. Near these villages are the forts of Rajapur and
Bodra, and not far away the beautiful falls of the Indravati at Chitrakut, present a
magnificent appearance.
Narayanpal is only 6miles from the Gadia and has an old temple, an image of
Vishnu, and an inscription.
Sunarpal and Chapka are with in 12 miles from Narayanpal.Chapka has number
of Sati pillars, several of which are inscribed.
Reference
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 323
KALACHURIS OF TRIPURI
The Kalachuris of Tripuri are also known as the Kalachuris of Dahala. They
came from country around Jabalpur of Madhya Pradesh that became very
powerful and famous during Gangeyadeva, who assumed the title of
Vikramaditya. Mirashi, however believed that these two dynasties are related (2)
Kalachuris came to be known as the chaidyes or the lord of the Chedi country (3).
He made a confederacy with Paramar Bhoja and Rajendra Chola and invaded
Deccan who was ruled by Chalukya Jayasimha II, but the later succeeded in
dispensing Gangeyadeva (4). Gangeyadeva came to the throne before A.D. 1019.
He then invaded Kosala and defeated King Somavansi Mahasivagupta Yayati.
After victory over the Somavansis Gangeyadeve he reached seashore over
running the Utkala (5). He was assisted in that expedition by Kamalaraja of the
Kalachuri family of Tummana (6).
Jajalladeva was succeeded by his son Ratnadeva II before A.D. 1126. He had
repulsed an attack of Anantavarman Chodaganga (12) and Ratnadeva II before
A.D. 1128 and 1141. His minister, Jagapala conquered the forts of Saraharadh,
Mavakasiha (va) and Bhramaravdra-desa, and took Kantara, Kusuma-bhoga,
Kandase (hav) ra, and Kakayara-desa. His younger son Jajalla II succeeded him
after A.D. 1158 (13).
The Kalachuri presence in Bastar - Koraput region is known from two villages
that still bear their name. A Kalachuri village is on way to Jagdalpur from Bastar
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 324
village; another Kalachuri village name is found near Kolab village in Koraput
block of Koraput district.
Recent Kalachuri coins finds in Koraput district and Bastar district attach more
significance. However, the Koraput Kalachuri coins await study and report.
The Telugu Choda family that helped the Naga king of Bastar in conquering
Sonepur region, at the end ousted the Somavamsi prince Somesvara from the
region and made themselves the master of it. They were feudatory family ruling
over a small principality with the capital at Barasur, modern Barsur in Bastar and
owing their allegiance to the Naga kings of that State.
In the later period of region of Somesvara III their relationship with Bastar
appeared to have changed. It was noticed that Somesvara III changed his
feudatory titles and even assumed the imperial title of Chakravartin.
The Telugu Choda chiefs were under the Naga king Somesvara I who was a very
powerful monarch and had a long reign from 1069 to 1110 A.D. It is after his
death or defeat at the hands of Jajalladeva I, the Kalachuri king of Ratnapur, that
Somesvara III would have changed his relationship with his overlord family.
Thus at the defeat and death of the Naga king Somesvara that the Telugu Choda
Somesvara III in his semi-independent status did not last long and he was
defeated and probably killed by the Kalachuri king Jajalladeva I in about 1119
A.D., which led to the extinction of the Telugu Choda rule in the Sonepur reign.
There was a long battle between the rulers of Ratnapur and the Ganga kings of
Orissa for the possession of the Sonepur region, which Gangas claimed as the
successor of Somavansis of Orissa.
324
Dynasty History of United Koraput 325
References
325
Dynasty History of United Koraput 326
The Cholas in the Telugu country are heard of from early times. A branch of
Telugu Cholas of Konidena A.D. 1050 to 1300 ruled in Kammanadu with its
capital at Konidena, now modern Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. The
Konidena record says that Karikala was the greatest of his line. They were from
solar race and Kasyapagotra.
Rai Bahadur Hiralal, V.V.Mirashi, D.C. Sircar, R.D. Banerji K.C. Panigrahi and
P.K. Nayak have given detail account of Telugu Chodas history in their respective
works.
A Telugu Choda line ruled in Chakrakota (Bastar) and later South Kosala. The
following inscriptions are relevant to them:
The Kumarisimha, (1) Patna Museum plates (2) issued from Suvarnapura that had
been previously the capital of Kosala Somavansi describe that Somesvara II, a
king of Telugu Choda who belonged to Kasyapa gotra and the Chola or Choda
family, which is described as the race of sun. He was a devotee of Siva as well as
Vishnu and is described as the worshipper of the god Vaidayanath whose temple
is situated on the river Tel, about 30 km from Sonepur. The Somesvara II appears
have flourished about the first quarter of the 12th century and have been
responsible for the final expulsion of the Somavansi Kumara Somesvara from
Suvarnapura (1059 A.D.).
The Barsur and Potinar inscriptions (3) of A.D. 1060 showed Mahamandalesvara
Maharaja Chandraditya was the ruler of Ammagrama, as the feudatory of the
Chhindaka Naga King Dharavarsha Jagadekabhushana whose capital was Barasur
of present Bastar. The present Dasmantpur on the eastern side of Bhairaba
Singapur of Koraput district was the placed named after him as Yasmantpur that
became Dasmantpur or Dhasmantpur in due course of time is postulated. The
stone inscription of Dantewara cited by Bell (4) indicates that a Nagavamsi king
of Bastar had purchased a site at Borigumma from its owner to donate to a temple.
It is possible that the feudatory king of Telugu Choda were the one to do so
because their overlord was a worshipper of Vishnu thus being Saivas they had to
purchase; and do it at personal level. Moreover, the large Ganesh of Barsur and
one at Nandapur of Koraput also suggest it that the former was under the rules of
Telugu Chodas for some time. .
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 327
The last ruler Somavsavara III, known as Bhujavala in the Kalachuri records, was
driven out from Sonepur by Jajalladeva (1090-1120 A.D.) , the Kalachuri king of
Ratnapur (5).
Chandraditya, at Barsur (present Barasur of Bastar district), the capital of his over
lord Chhindika Nagas, had built a temple of the god Chandradityesvara and
excavated at tank called Chandradita- samudra and planted a garden in his name
as Nandanavana (6).
The Telugu Chodas of Bastar and South Kosala had the same gotra and clan of
origin from solar race, like that of Telugu Chodas flourishing in different parts of
Andhra during the period. Thus it can safely be concluded that the Telugu Chodas
came to Bastar from south. They owned allegiance to the Chalukya emperors of
Kalyana; it is not unlikely that Challam or his son entered Bastar country in the
train of Vikramaditya VI who is known to have led an expedition against the
eastern countries some time during the resign of his father Somesvara I
Ahavamalla (A.D.. 1043-68)(7).
The Telugu Choda rule in Sonepur began with the conquest of the tract by Naga
king Somesvara I of Bastar and continued to exist for a period of about 10 years
after his death (9). The occupation of Sonepur by Kalachuris of Ratnapura is
indicated by occurrence of their gold coins in that region (10).
His son Ratnadeva II succeeded Jajalladeva before A.D. 1126. He had repulsed an
attack of Anantavarman Chodaganga and his feudatories Ratnadeva II succeeded
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 328
by his son Prithvideva II between A.D. 1128 and 1141 (12). His minister,
Jagapala conquered the tracts of Saraharagadh, Mavakasiha (va) and
Bhramaravdradesa, and took Kantara (may be north Koraput part), Kusuma-
bhoga (may be Kusumi), Kandase (hav) ra, (some with as Konda dongra) and
Kakayara-desa (may be Kakrigumma). He was succeeded by his younger son
Jajalla II after A.D. 1158. (13)
The Telugu Choda family, which helped the Naga king of Bastar, in conquering
the Sonepur region, at the end outsted the Somavamsi prince Somesvara from that
reign and made themselves the master of it (14). They were feudatory family
ruling over a small principality with the capital at Barasuru, modern Barsur in
Bastar and owing their allegiance to the Naga kings of that State.
In the later period of reign of Somesvara III their relationship with Bastar
appeared to have changed. Dr. D.C. Sircar has noticed that Somesvara III changed
his feudatory titles and even assumed the imperial title of Chakravartin (15).
The Telugu Choda chiefs were under the Naga king Somesvara I who was a very
powerful monarch and had a long reign from 1069 to 1110 A.D. It is after his
death or defeat at the hands of Jayalladeva I, the Kalachuri king of Ratnapur, that
Somesvara III would have changed his relationship with his over lord family (16).
Thus at the defeat and death of the Naga king Somesvara that the Telugu Choda
Somesvara III, in his semi-independent status did not last long and he was
defeated and probably killed by the Kalachuri king Jajalladeva I in about 1119
A.D., which led to the extinction of the Telugu Choda rule in the Sonepur region
(17).
There was a long battle between the rulers of Ratnapur and the Ganga kings of
Orissa for the possession of the Sonepur region that Gangas claimed as the
successor of Somavansis of Orissa (18).
Challama
Yasoraja I
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 329
Chandraditya
Yasoraja II
Barasur Mama Bhanja Siva temple Barasur Siva temple- Siva linga
329
Dynasty History of United Koraput 330
330
Dynasty History of United Koraput 331
References
331
Dynasty History of United Koraput 332
TELUGU IN DANDAKARANYA
More reasonable is the view that the Andhras lived in Eastern Dekkan between
the rivers Godavari and Krsna. A critical evaluation of the information supplied
by the Asokan Edicts leads us to locate the Andhras only in the above region was
the opinion of B.S.L. Hanumantha Rao (1). Satavahans had founded their empire
in West Maharashtra who were of Andhra or Telugu stock, thus identified. (2)
P.T. Srinivasa Ayyangar thinks that the Andhras were a Vindhyan tribe and that
they extended from the west to the east down the Godvari and the Krishna valleys
(3).I shall limit my discussion to the theory forwarded by D.R. Bhandarkar, who
observed: ‘The Telugu country lying between the rivers Krishna and Godavari is
called Andhra-desa at present. But whether or not it was the original home of the
Andhras, has been called in question. One Buddhist (Serivanija) Jataka, however,
speaks of two traders going form the Seriva kingdom to a town called Andhrapura
situated on the Telavaha river. Andhaura certainly corresponds to the Sanskrit
Andhrapura, and as pura is invariably used in early Pali literature to signify ‘a
capital town’, Andhrapura must mean the capital town of the Andhra kingdom.
The river Telavaha is either the modern Tel or Telingiri both not far distant from
each other and flowing near the confines of the Madras Presidency and the
Central Provinces. This, indeed, locates the original Andhra country which must,
therefore, have comprised parts of both these provinces. (4)’
Andhri
Bastar-Koraput-Kalahandi region with the capital, at Podagada in its centre was
the cradle of culture and early home land of Nalas (5). The village Keselaka of the
Kesaribeda grant of Nalas has been identified with the present village Kesaribeda,
the find spot of the grant, in the Umerkot taluka of Koraput district and is located
at a distance of 25 kms to the nort-west of Puskari near the source of the river Tel.
(6) The find spot of Kesaribeda charter and its vicinity is full of ruins. G. Ramdas
(7) who visited the site in 1944 repots the existence of 5 mounds of rubble and
pieces of bricks and a tank of 100 yards. ------- There is a village named
‘Andhri’, one mile away from Kesaribeda and at the source of the
river’Tel’.(8)This river Tel, a tributary of Mahanadi, is originating from
Umerkote area of Koraput district which is flowing at present near the borders of
present Chhattisgarh and Orissa, but not very far from Andhra Pradesh.
References
1. Hanumantha Rao, B, S.L Archaeological Series No. 69. Religion in
Andhra. p.13
2. Chattopadhyaya, S. Some Early Dynasties of South India.p.2.
3. I.A. 1913, 276-78
4. I.A. 1918, 71
5. Patel, C.B. Dynastic History of Nalas.1990. p. 45.
6. Ibid. p.74-75
7. E.I.XIX, pp.100-104, Lines13 and 14.
8. Ibid. P.168
9. Cowell, C.B. Jataka Book, I, No.3.
10. Smith, V.Early History of Deccan.p.27
333
Dynasty History of United Koraput 334
The assumptions of earlier scholars that the territory of Trilinga comprises three
parts, viz, Northern, Central and Southern parts of Orissa and also by others that it
meant three contiguous regions, such as Kalinga, Utkala and Kangoda have now
proved to be wrong, as said by Tripathi, 1985. (2). On the other hand, scholars
have taken it to mean a separate region suited to the western part of Kalinga. The
inscriptions of Amma I clearly indicates that it was a forest country. So it can
definitely be said that this region forms southern border of the South Kosala
kingdom of the Somavamsis, the South-eastern border of Tripuri kingdom of the
Kalachuris, the northern border of the Vengi kingdom and western side of the
Eastern Gangas of Kalinganagara. This hilly and forest regions of Koraput and
Bastar which are even in the present day covered with dense forest, some of its
areas are still inaccessible were considered to be one of the most important
strategically important units. This was also one of the reasons given by the
historians that the enmity between the Kalachuris of Tripuri and the Somavamsis
was possibly their respective claim over the possession of the Trilinga and
Trikalinga region.
The Trilinga has been identified and cited from the following epigraphic sources.
334
Dynasty History of United Koraput 335
The Thana plate (10) of Ram Chandra of the year 1272 mentions the
defeat of Tilingas (Tlingatunga-tarunmulana-damatavala).
The Arab and Persian authors write Tilong and Tilingana (12).
335
Dynasty History of United Koraput 336
McCrindle fully agrees with Caldwell and writes “The Andhras and
Kalinga, the two ancient divisions of the Telugu people are represented by
Greeks and Gangetic nations. It may be taken as certain that Triglyphon,
Trilinga or Modolinga was identical with Telingana or Trilingam, which
signifies the country of the three lingas. Pliny and Ptolemy fix the Telugu
name and language as near the mouths of the Ganga or between the
Gangas and the Godavari. Modo or Modogas equivalent to mudu of
modern Telugu means three (16). McCrindle’s Ptolemy was published in
1885 and Yule and Burnell’s Hobson Jobson was first published in 1886
and from the following note on Telenga, it appears that the authors had not
the occasion to take advantage of McCrindle’s views because this note
seems to support the views expressed by Cunningham in his Ancient
Geography of India which was published in 1871 was remarked by
Acharya, P. (17).
336
Dynasty History of United Koraput 337
“The only city of Pegu is referred to in inscriptions of the eleventh and twelfth
centuries as Ussa Pegu and the identification of Ussa with Orissa have been
placed beyond doubt in Mr. Duroiselle, the Government Epigraphist. The long
debated question of the origin of the name Talaing may also be looked upon as
settled. According to Mr. Stewart the non-inhabitants of the country were
confounded by the Burmese with Indians from Kalinga (Taleing) and Orissa
(Ussa)” (25).
He further continued; “The above is only a very rough indication of the areas
comprised in the three Kalingas, and it is impossible in the present state of
disinformation to be more precise. Perhaps, none of the kings who assumed the
title Tri-Kaling-adhipati controlled at any time of their rule the whole of Tri-
Kalinga; but even capture of a part of it, temporary or permanent, was thought
337
Dynasty History of United Koraput 338
enough to justify the assumption of this title. This was true of the Somavamsins
also as they could control only a part of Orissan region of Tri-Kalinga adjacent to
South Kosala, viz., Koraput-Kalahandi-Bastar” (27).
R.Subba Rao writes that ‘Trikalingas’ are Utkala or north Kalinga, Kalinga proper
and Tel Kalinga or South Kalinga” and Trikalinga country “extended from the
river Ganges in the north to the river Godavari in the South” (28).
The Garh Dhanora is located 8 kms from Keskal; one has to take left turn after
traveling 3 kms from Keskal, towards Jagdalpur (Chhattisgarh State) in NH 43
road and after 5 kms comes the Garh Dhanora village. The ruins of temples in
terms of mounds are located about 1.5 kms from the said village. More precisely,
its location is on the banks of Lingdarha Nadi or river flowing from Telin Ghatt
of Keskal. The river derives its name Lingdarha from the Sivalingas of Garh
Dhanora.Inbetween Garh Dhanora and Upar Murwend is the Semla located
amidst the dense forest.
Map showing Garh Dhanora, Telin Ghat, Lingdara Nadi and Semla
338
Dynasty History of United Koraput 339
There are three Siva Lingas.Larger one still in place over the mound. It is made
up of finely polished granite stone and it is about six feet in length and equal in
girth. The other two smaller Lingas are called Bamhanin Devi.
I wish to impress upon the fact that the words with post fix’linga’ always
indicative of a name related to ‘Siva linga”, thus the name of the temple and
thence the name of the site has been derived. There are specific examples as
Kimling, Khaling, Kotilingi, Tsrling, Dhobalinga, Odilinga etc. So Telingi is no
exception to it.
On the above light, I am of the opinion that the Trilinga region refers to
Bhongapal Buddhist Chaitya and neighbouring Telin ghatt of Keskal in Bastar
and extending upto Telingiri river of Borigumma in Jeypore plains of Koraput
district in Orissa. .
This has Saiva, Vaisnava and Buddhist relevance and has been discussed in detail.
Reference
339
Dynasty History of United Koraput 340
340
Dynasty History of United Koraput 341
This sounds natural for the names of some of the dynasties – for instance the
Gangas, the Matsyas, the Chalukas, the Konas and the Pallavas are exactly same
as those some of the major dynasties and subsidiary powers in South-India-
suggesting, obviously their southern origin, though it is not possible to see when
and how they separated from the major dynasties migrated (2) and settled down in
South Kalinga.
Present works on the subjects of dynasties in South Kalinga after 12 th century
has given the glimpses of it but more work on the aspect is required in future.
An important dynasty in South Kalinga, the Matsyas ruled over the Matsyadesa
i.e. Oddadivishaya (A.D.1200-1470) with capital at Oddadi, 16 miles from
Anakapalle in Vizagapatam district for a period of two and half centuries from
341
Dynasty History of United Koraput 342
about A.D. 1200 to 1470. Their ancestry goes back to the 5th century A.D. The
Matsyas had their own crest seal and coinage and two Matsyas i.e. double fish
was their emblem. They may have had some connection with the Pandyas whose
emblem was also fish. (4). The Matsya kings were great warriors and had
important military successes to their credit. They contracted alliance of marriage
with the Pallavas of Virakuta, the Gangas of Jantarnadu etc. Occasionally, the
Matsya expeditions reached Draksharama.
After Satya martanda, a long line of Matsya rulers ruled over Oddadi. A Matsya
family is mentioned in the Chipurupalle plates (7) of Vishnuvardhana ( (A.D.632)
of the Eastern Chalukyas. Atavi durjaya of this family was the executor of the
grant of Kalvaganda in Dimilishaya in Sarvasiddhi Taluq to two Brahmans.
Chipurupalle is in Vizagapatnam district. Probably Atavi durjaya was one of the
successors of Satyamartanda, and served Vishnuvardhana or else he belonged to a
collateral line of the Matsya.
The names Matsya kings Bhima, Vallabha, Yuddhamalla, Ganga, and Kokkila of
kings seem to suggest their allegiance to the Eastern Chalukyas, but the name of
other kings – Gang etc. and the location of the kingdom perhaps show that the
Matsyas must have ruled Oddadi as feudatories of the Gangas of Kalinga. It may
noted here, that the Kadambas in Kalinga (8) landlords of Panchavishaya alias
Panchapatravishaya had also Matsya lanchana. Whether the Matsyas are related to
them is not known. The Matsyas of Oddadi ere subordinate to Eastern Gangas
mentions the name of Rajadhiraja (9)
342
Dynasty History of United Koraput 343
References
1. Devi, Yashoda. The History of Andhra Country: The Dynasties in South
Kalinga.p.306-07. 2. Ibid.
4. Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta. The Pandyan Kingdom. Pp.11,15.
3. Banerji, R.D. History of Orissa pp. 11-15.
5. EI. V. No: 14 Kielhorn: Hist. of Inscriptions p. 104 No. 600 Ins. Mad.
Pres. III VG 51.
6. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p.308
7. K.I. V. p.108 fn 3.
8. Bharati V-I pp. 321 – 374
9. Singh Deo, K.B. cited J.O.A.Vol.I, pp26-30, Capt. Owen’s Diary of
Expedition to Jeypore’ in 1855.
10. Sewell, Robert. Antiquities I p. 17
11. Mack, Ms. 15-6-26. Elliot’sInscriptions No. 58.
12. 6 of 1929-30.
Yashda devi has given full account of Matsyas of Oddadi from 1200-1470A.D. in
her work.’The History of Andhra Country-1000A.D.-1500A.D..
She was of the opinion that as per the names of the Kings of Matsyas of Oddadi it
suggests of their alleigiance to Eastern Chalukyas; and the names of subsequent
kings points to Matsyas of Oddadi as feudatories of the Gangas of Kalinga. The
relations of Matsyas of Oddadi to Kadambas of Kalinga is also postulated but not
clear as the later had also Matsya lanchana.
343
Dynasty History of United Koraput 344
PALLAVAS OF VIRAKUTA
A dynasty of the Pallavas ruled in South Kalinga with capital at Virakuta or
Viragottam for four centuries from the 11th to 14th. They owed their allegiance to
the Cholas and the Eastern Gangas, except when they had to acknowledge the
supremacy of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. The kings were independent, had their
own coinage and Khatvanaga on their banner and were well known warriors and
led expeditions of conquest. The Pallavas contracted alliances of marriage with
the Silas, the Gangas of Jantaranadu etc. (1).
The Prasasti of the kings shows that the Pallava claimed their descents from
Trinetra Pallava and the moon. However, the relationship of these Pallavas to the
Pallavas of the south, and the time when they separated and settled in Kalinga is
not apparent.Yashoda Devi wrote, “It may be surmised that when the Pallavas in
the south were at the zenith of their power, a collateral branch migrated to the
southern Kalinga, established a Kingdom and lived for centuries together of the
Pallavas in the south ceased to exist. Unlike the records of the Matsyas of Oddadi,
the records of these Pallavas do not give a mythological origin of the dynasty.
Neither the relationship of these Pallavas to the Telugu Pallavas in Vengi is
known from record.”(2).
Surapas reign may have lasted till AD. 1132 the earliest date for his successor
Bayyaraju.
His Political Relations
344
Dynasty History of United Koraput 345
It is likely that Suraparaju was subdued by the Cholas during the first or second
Kalinga wars. Consequently he acknowledged Chola suzerainty in his
Draksharama inscription was the opinion of Yashoda Devi (4). It was
Ananatavarman Choda Ganga of Eastern Ganga was the contemporary of
Suraparaju. It is also postulated that Suraparaju maintained friendly relations with
the petty kingdoms in south Kalinga e.g. The Matsyas, the Silas, the Gangas, the
Chalukyas etc.
345
Dynasty History of United Koraput 346
Viragottam was invaded about A.D. 1346 by Chalukya Lakumaraja and his
success was short lives as seen from later inscriptions of Pallava Narasimha are
available from A.D 1348. Simhachalam record of A.D 1346 mentions
Sarvalakasraya Vishnuvardhana maharaja alias Lakumaraja of Viragotta, son of
Vinjamadeva and his queen Sriadevi (12). So Purushottama no doubt opposed the
Chalukya armies and suffered reverse. Purushottama would have maintained
friendly relations with the local powers in Kalinga except the Chalukyas.
As it is Narasimha did not lead any expeditions of conquest; but had to face the
Reddi armies under Katayavema, general of King Kumaragiri by A.D 1390, for
Katyavema claims to have conquered Viraghotta in his Kumaragirirajiya (16)
which, is attested by records (17) of the Reddis.
No sons and successors of Saubhagyadeva are heard of; and the Pallava territories
must have come under Kapilesvara Gajapati, soon after the fall of the Ganga
empire after Bhanudeva IV. It may he noted here that Sirigottam mentioned by
Sewell is a mistake for Viragottam which becomes clear form a study of the
Pallava records and Sewells’ notice of them in his Antiquities was remarked by
Yashoda Devi The History of Andhra Country.(19).
346
Dynasty History of United Koraput 347
The above chapter is the extracts taken from the work of Yashoda Devi’ The
History of Andhra Country’ and the interested workers can refer to her original
work in detail from her book.
References
1. Devi, Yashoda. The History of Andhra Country: The Dynasties in South
Kalinga.p.321
2. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p321-322
3. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p322
4. Ibid.
5. 338 of 1893; S.I.I. IV 1220.
6. 328 Ibid. 1209
7. 338 of 1893; S.I.I. IV 1220 the Colas II, p.58
8. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p322-323
9. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p323
10. 180 of 1896; S.I.I. V1005.
11. 322 of 1899; S.I.I.VI 991.
12. 321 Ibid. 989
13. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p.325
14. 280 of 1899; S.I.I. VI 795
15. 275 and 276 of 1896; S.I.I. V 1154, 1155
16. Introduction to Sakuntalavyakha cited by Devi, Yashoda, p.349
17. J.A.H.R.S. XI Anaparti C.P. grant of Kamaragiri Text p.204 & 27-38
18 Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p327
19. Ibid.
347
Dynasty History of United Koraput 348
GANGAS OF JANTARNADU
A Ganga dynasty ruled over Jantarnadu (1) for about two centuries from A.D
1270 to 1461. it has been suggested that ‘Jantranadu’ is perhaps the modern name
of Dantapuranadu. The Dantapura was the early capital of Gangas. (2) These
Gangas were one amongst the important dynasties in South Kalinga. Their
Kingdom Jantarnadu was seldom the largest of may an invader-the Reddis, the
Matsyas and so forth.(3) The Gangas owed allegiance formally to the Imperial
Gangas and contracted alliances of marriage with the Matsyas and the Silas.(4)
The Gangas prasastis were not elaborate like the Matsyas and the Pallavas. The
records did not furnish details regarding their ancestry and early history. The
Gangas were of Surabhikula, Gatsama dagotra and Gamgavamsa is known. The
term Jantarnadu indicating the country of their rule is prefixed to the names of the
kings of the dynasty. (6)
No mythical ancestors of the Gangas are known. The early members of the
dynasty are referred to in a general fashion in a single record which says that in
Gangavamsa were born several kings (7). No details about them available.
348
Dynasty History of United Koraput 349
Gangaraja must have come into conflict with the Reddis of Kondavidu in
defensive warfare. For Prolaya Vema Reddi claims to have disturbed Jantarnadu
by A.D 1335 as the title Jantarnatarayahallakallola (17) indicates. Gangaraja
suffered a reverse in the Reddi hands during the later’s campaign in Southern
Kalinga about A.D 1334.
The later kings of the dynasty were Sangamaraju A.D. 1398-1420, Gangaraja,
A.D. 1420-1440 and Singaraja and Pratapa Kumaraja, A.D. 1440-1461 ruled. It is
evident from inscriptions found from Simhachalam. (19).
349
Dynasty History of United Koraput 350
The above chapter is the extracts taken from the work of Yashoda Devi’ The
History of Andhra Country’
References
1. E.I. XXIp.268
2. Ibid.
3. Devi, Yashoda. The History of Andhra Country. The Dynasties in South
Kalinga. p.328
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. 242 of 1899; S.I.I.VI 693
8. 242 of 1899; S.I.I.VI 693
9. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p.328
10. Ibid. op.cit. p.328-329
11. Ibid. op.cit. p.329.
12. 251 Ibid.713.
13. 252 Ibid.714.
14. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p. 330
15. 252 of 1899: VI 714.
16. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p.330
17. The Chimakuati e.p. Chapter E.I. XXI, No. 41 A Text p. 272 17.
18. 283 Ibid. 820.
19. Devi, Yashoda. op.cit. p.332
350
Dynasty History of United Koraput 351
NANDAPUR
Nandapur is located on the banks of the river Isani Ganga or Gangeshani. This
river has been regarded as sacred and compared to Kasi of north and has been
called as Dakshina Kasi locally. There are numerous archeological remains left in
the place, notably the Batrisha singhasana, innumerous Jain vestiges in and
around the place. There are no direct evidences so far from inscriptions, what ever
is known has come from other sources and places. People are of the opinion that
much of the present idols and deities reported from Jeypore was due to Nandapur
and were transferred during shift of capital. There is evidence that at least twice
the Nandapur was capital of Suryavamsis and was shifted once to Narayanapatna
and the last to Jeypore.
K.B.Singh Deo (1938) had given a detail account of Nadapur Kings, later known
as Jeypore Zamindars in his book entitled, ‘Nandapur- A Forsaken Kingdom’ (1).
He has given a detail account of the archaeological remains, history related to the
Sankara Dynasty and their relation to Silavamsi Kings and the Bhupatis of
Madgole of Oddadi. He has given a detail account of the Sankara Dynasty of
Nandapur from Vinyako Deo who succeeded by marriage to the only daughter of
last Silavamsi King of Nandapur in 1443 and assumed the title of Nandapur
Bhupati; ruled upto 1476 (2).
351
Dynasty History of United Koraput 352
There are several views on the relationship and origin of Sankara Dynasty; Mr.
Oram speaks.’ Ramamachandra Deo, Raja of Nandapuram, is descendent of a
Rajah, formerly a servant and favourite to an ancient king of Jagannatha and
sovereign of these northern circars, who gave him a daughter in marriage and
bestowed this tributary principality upon him‘(3).
It was early in the 15th century that the plain lands of Orissa and the northern
circars passed from the sway of the Ganga dynasty to that of the Gajapati kings of
Cuttack, belonging to Solar race. As the change of dynasty occurred
simultaneously in Nandapur and as the new line of kings obviously to have been
Oriya descent, it is extremely likely that the kingdom was concurred by
Kapileswara Deva, the first of the Gajapatis as a mark of favour on one of his
following--- (4)Oram’s theory is thus probably correct.
The other version is due to Vadivelu’s Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of
India that traces the descendent to ancient Kings of Kashmir and Jamu.Vinayaka
Deo second son of Kambiraja Deo, the Jammu King and a descendant of
352
Dynasty History of United Koraput 353
Kankasena of the Solar race, was on pilgrimage to Benares and God Visweswar
directed him to proceed to Nadapur to take up the kingdom’ (6).
The Silavamsa may have got their identity from the Sila river that flows close to
the old fort of Nandapur.The same river then flows through Madgole, the land of
the Matsya kingdom is called as Matsya or Macheru river. The Macheru or
Machkund rises in the Madgole hills at about 3000 feet and then through the
Padwa valley it flows down. The Paderu village is located by the side of the upper
portion of Matsya or Maccha river was once the seat of the old Matsya Kings of
the Oddadi country. There is a stone in the shape of Fish that was the seat where
the Matsya kings were installed over as kings (9).
The Madgole kings were known as Bhupatis and the Madgole family became
extinct due to lack of male line (10).
Paderu is now a large settlement was formerly the seat of the Old Matsya kings of
Oddadi. The word Oddavadi means ’the beginning of the Oriya (11).
353
Dynasty History of United Koraput 354
Silavamsi or Silas as they were known ruled from middle of the 14th century to
middle of the 15th century only. Their capital was at Nandapur and Bobli (12).
They had acknowledged the suzerainty of Gangas of Kalinga (13). They had
continued marriage alliances with Matsyas and the Pallvas (14). The Sila were the
originators of the Jeypore Estate. There is no record as to the origin of the Silas
except that they were Silavamsa and Silavemsa gotra of Nandapur.
A king Visveswara raju of Silavamsa A.D. 1427 is known from the Srikurmam
inscription (17). He was the son-in-law of Jayanta of the Matsyas; so the Silas and
Matsyas were in terms of alliance in this period.
Pratapa Gangaraju of the Sila had a daughter Singama. She was married to
Khajjalabhanu alias VinayakaDeva, the founder of the kingdom of Gudari. On the
death of Pratapa Gangaraju in A.D.1443, the two kingdoms of Nandapur and
Gudari were reunited under Vinayaka Deva. (18) Vinayaka Deva is said to have
been of the Ganga family of Cuttack. According to the Jeypore Chronicle (19),
Vinayaka Deva was the 33rd descendant of Kanakasena of the Solar race. He was
a general and feudatory of the king of Kashmir. Left for Benares, pleased
Visveswara by his penance and was directed by the God in a dream to go to the
kingdom of Silas of which he would become the king. This was the findings from
Yashoda Devi (20). The daughter of Pratap Gangaraju has been mentioned as
Lilavati and Singama, respectively in two above reports. Nandapur Suryavamsi
dynasty was born from mid fifteenth century. As I am dealing this work from BC
to 1250 A.D is not with in the scope of the book to continue information on
Nandapur Suryvamsis.
354
Dynasty History of United Koraput 355
The history of Nandapur has remained obscure before Silavamsa and Matsya of
Oddai, because of lack of proper inscriptions and records. It is well documented
fact that Koraput-Bastar remained part of the Trikalinga and the subject has been
detailed out in one of the chapters. Again the history reveals the ploy of
Chakrakote which comes under the geographical location of Trikalinga had
remained the bone of contention for many of the Dynasties especially in the 9th
and 10th century. These events are well documented in the book. The Trikalinga
historical events do not specifically refer Nandapur but the Chakrakote is referred
in all events. The archaeological evidence, especially the Jaina monuments do
give a historical prospect to the Nandapur and is definitely earlier days to 9th
century. The Eastern Ganga had played major role in Trikalinga and I have
postulated the role of Western Ganga in this region and have been detailed out in
one of the chapters. But though the region came under the sway of Eastern
Chalukyas and the Chodas had occupied Koraput-Bastar so also the Western
Chalukyas they did not leave any significant event in Nandapur and seems to have
remained in the Nowrangpur and Kakrigumma tract extending into Kalinga.
There can be three dimensions to investigate the history of Nandapur before 14th
Century.
One can be from the records and inscriptions base
The second can be reconstruction of the history based on archaeological
find in and around Nandapur
Third can be the people, the castes and Tribes in Nandapur region and
their affiliation to the history if any and finally reconstruction of history
based on all these lines and corroborating with the history of neighbours
along with linking of routes.
Hathigumpha record in l. 6 lines states , “And, in the fifth year ( His Majesty)
caused the aqueduct that had been excavated by King Nanda three hundred years
before, to flow into (Kalinga) nagari through Tanasuli (very likely Tosali)”. (21)
King Nanda is identified with Nandivardhana (22)
Jayswal and Banerji (1929-30) wrote, “Again, we have the definite datum that
Alberuni found in use in his time an era with the initial year 458 B.C., which goes
355
Dynasty History of United Koraput 356
back to the time of the first Nanda King (Nanda Vardhana) (23). The year 103
of the Nanda era would correspond to 335 B.C. when the Tansulia canal, which
Kharavela extended to the capital in the fifth year of his reign, was originally
excavated. If we take this Nanda to be the last Nanda, Kharavela would be
referring to (325 B.C.-103=) c.222 B.C. and not to any later year. (24)
The Nanda age confirms the fact that the Nandas extended their empire beyond
Magadha. Unfortunately, the boundary of the Nanda empire cannot be precisely
determined. H.C. Raychaudhury mentions that from the sources assignable to the
commencement of Gupta Age, we may tentatively fix the southern boundary of
the Nanda empire, or at least the arena of its political and military activities, at the
river Godavari (26).
The presence of Magadhia Gaudo in Koraput, especially around river Muran and
Nandapur as well as the Nanda Gaudo in Kalhandi-Koraput region strengthens the
above theory.
Rudrasena II passed away leaving two young sons, the eldest being 5 years of
age. So his wife and queen Prabhavati-gupta ruled the kingdom until her second
son took the regin.Ramagiri-svami was highly revered by the Vakatakas and
Prabhavati-gupta made her last grant in his presence. It is not likely that
Kalidasa too may have visited Ramagiri (Ramtek) several times in the company
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 357
of his wards and their mother, and that it may have been during one of these visits
that the idea occurred to him make this hill the place of the exile of his Yaksha in
the Meghaduta? (29) There is a literary tradition that the poem Setubandha was
composed by king Prvara-sena II of Kuntala soon after his accession and was later
revised by Kalidasa (30). This has been well discussed in ‘Ramagiri’ chapter in
this book.
Majumdar and Altekar wrote, “One many point out in this connection that a king
of the Nanda dynasty of Pataliputra is associated with Kalinga in the
Hathigumpha inscription of Kharavela and that a Nanda or Nandodbhava family
is known to have ruled in the Jeypore – Nandapur region of Orissa, at least from
the ninth century A.D. (31)”
Jadumani Mohapatra in his ‘The Mandala Kingdom’ cites Gayada Tunga; his
Talcher Grant No.1 (32) was issued from a place called Jayapura Kotta which
has been identified by some scholars with the political headquarters of the
Nandodbhavas of Airavatta Mandala (33). Gayada Tunga was from Tunga
dynasty was ruling Yamagaratta Mandala. It is said that in the process of
amalgamation of Utkala with Kalinga, Chodoganga possibly destroyed the power
of the Mathra rulers of Yamagartta Mandala (34)
There is another ruler family, Varahas also known as Mauryas because of their
peacock emblem claim that Uditavaraha, the first rulers of Bonai, the family had
hailed from Chitrakuta. This Chitrakuta has been interpreted to Rajasthan and
Uttar Pradesh etc.
J.K.Sahu concluded that they have origined from aboriginal tribal stock (37).
357
Dynasty History of United Koraput 358
D. C. Sirkar wrote, “Another king of the same family (Pitibhakatas) seems to have
been Maharaja Nanda- Prabhanjana-varman whose Chicacole Grant bears the
word Pitibhakta on its seal. The king is described as ‘the lord of the entire Kalinga
Country’. His charter was issued from his vasaka at the victorious Sarapallika.
Although Nanda- Prabhanjana-varman is associated with the Pitibhakta of
Simhapura, it is tempting to suggest that his name indicates Prabhanjana-varman
of the Nanda family to which he may have been related on the mother’s side. We
know that a ruler of the Nanda dynasty of Pataliputra is associated with Kalinga in
the Hathgumpha inscription of Kharavela. A Nanda or Nandodbhava family
ruled the Angul-Dhenkanal region of Orissa from the ninth century, and another
branch of the family flourished probably in the Jeypore- Nandapur area of the
Koraput District at a later date.”(38)
The remarks of Bell are, “The Savara language is said to be very similar to that of
the Juangs, a primitive tribe inhabiting Keonjhar, Pal -Lahara and Dhenkanal
States as also to that of the Pareng Porajas of Pottangi Taluk (Koraput District).
(39)”. This has relevance, because in most of the literature the Easter Chalukyas
have referred the Eastern Gangas as Savara Chiefs. We have proposed in this
book that the Western Gangas are the lords of the Parenga tribe of the Koraput
and one special chapter has been devoted to this effect. Historically, Western
Ganga were related through marriage alliance to the rulers of Dhenkanal (Bhauma
Karas of Tosali) is well established. Thus the linguistic relation with Savara and
Parenga sheds the light that the Savaras as Eastern Ganga and the Parenga the
Western Gangas are closely related even though they now live in distant places
and have no relation what so ever. This confirms the historical hypothesis that
exits till date. On the other hand the sharing of linguistic closeness between
Juang, Savara and Parenga tribe; means they may have common inheritance and
in past and relationship between Pal-Lahara and Dhenkanal, Anugul and the
Nandapur region cannot be ruled out. This confirms the theory proposed by Sircar
as indicated above.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 359
He also delt with other enemies of Pallavamallha like the Sabara King Udayana
and the Nisdha chieftain Prithivivygara who were probably acting in collision
with Chalukya Vikramaditya II.(40). The Nisadha and Sabara king point out to
Koraput-Kalahandi region, so Nandigrama here can mean the Nandapura of
Koraput.
Bhatiporlu inscription of 2nd A.D. (from Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh) in its
3rd Stanza Manjusa denotes the name’Nandapuram’ (42)
Majumdar and Altekar are of the opinion that Vyghraraja ruled in Jeypore forest
(in orissa) which is referred as Maha-Vana, a synonym of Mahakantara, in and
old inscription. (43)
All three sets of copper plates refer to Chalukya king Vishnuvardhan II (i.e.
Vishamasiddhi) who resigned from AD 673 to 683. These plates only indicated
the Vengi king’s leaning towards Jainism.
Jawaharlal wrote “The register a gift of land to Jain temples given to Sri
Kanakanandi acharya who belonged to yapaniya sangha by Sri Vishamasidhi (i.e.
Vishnu-Vardhana-II). Further the gift of land is stated to have been given to Jain
temples, situated at Kakandiparru (modern Kakinada, East Godavari District)
359
Dynasty History of United Koraput 360
Turangu (i.e. area around Turangesvara temple near Kakinada) Koyyuru (modern
Kovuru, near Kakinada, East Godavari district.) Pottapi Vishaya may be
identical with Pottapinadu or Virachoda inscription found at Pithapuram, East
Godavari district. The other villages like Nadipur, Induru, and Partipaka of the
plates are not identifiable at present. These plates throw a flood of light on the
existence of Yapaniya-sangha in East Godavari district during the 7th century
A.D. itself” (45). I am of the opinion that the Pottapi refers to Pottangi of Koraput
that is in close boarder to Eastern Ganga. N. Venkataramanaya was of the opinion
that the Pottapi-nandu and Nadupuru are located in Southern Kalinga; a detail
account of is given in the following chapter.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 361
Present Subaie (Sabbi) Jaina temple close to Nandapur has references from
Arikesarin II and III, who were the Chalukyas of Vemulavada.The following are
some of the inscriptions referring to Kalinga and Vengi as well as Sabbi desa in
Rupaka.
TEXT
3. Arikesarin III and Parbhani plates of 966 A.D is in Sanskrit. He was from
Chalukyas of Vemulavada. The inscription states that the gift given by father
Arikesarin consisted of Repaka-12 in the Sabbi-Thousand, was given to Jaina
divine Somadevasuri, Sthanapati of the said Jinalaya.It is also said that in the
Gauda-sangha there arose a great sage called Yasodeva, his pupil was Nemideva,
who had several disciples of whom Somadevasuri was the most important.
So far from our studies we have come across only the above inscription which is
referring to Sabbi desa (Kornel and Gamang, 2010) (49). The present Subai Jaina
temple has been identified to Sabbi desa of the past. It has one Chakresvari asta
bhuja to which there is reference in Arikeasarins inscription as mentioned above.
At Kachela Jaina temple ruins a stone slab called ‘dhangdi pakna’ is there which
may be ‘sidhasila’ because barren women come and dance on annual puja to be
blessed .Again the reference to Kalinga and Vengi in the same inscription
strengthens the view. Surprisingly, a Gouda family still worships the Jaina deities
361
Dynasty History of United Koraput 362
One of the successive kings, Jajalldeva I took the Naga King of Chakrakote
(Bastar) Somesvara prisoner and released him on request of Someswar’s mother.
He invaded Orissa and defeated Bhujavala, the chief of Suvarnapur the modern
day Sonpur.He claims to have received tributes from the chiefs of the Mandalas of
Andhra, South Kosala, Khimidi, Vairagara, Lanjika, Bhanara, Talahari,
Dandakapura, Nandavalli and Kukkuta. (53)
The Nandavalli may be the Nandapur and Valli may be the Bali Mutha or
Mandala.
362
Dynasty History of United Koraput 363
363
Dynasty History of United Koraput 364
The Malis in Nandapur came from Allahabad and the Magadhia Gaudos are
certainly from Magadha.This is also indicative that there was influence of Guptas
in this part of the country, though hard evidence is lacking.
The Chellia Porajas or Konda Poraja are prominent community of Eastern –Ghat
and Nandapur region. The history is silent with reference to them. But from my
studies I believe that the Chellia Poraja are extension of the Porajas living around
Sileru river of Malkangiri. During the construction of Balimella Dam over the
River Sileru, few idols of Hindu deities were unearthed and they are still
conserved in the find village. It gives the impression of Southern dynasty. As the
Western Chalukya camped in Koraput-Bastar region followed by immediate
incursion of Chodas to the said region “Chakrakote war”; it can well be postulated
that the Pandyas also had occupied some land around the Sileru River extending
into the Nandapur and Salur ghats. There in no hard historical evidence to this
effect as of now. The Pandya soldiers and Generals were engaged in Kalinga war
by Kulottunga I as is evident from records.Nilakanta Sastri wrote, “A vassal of
the Cola Emperor from the distant south, the Pandya King Parantaka, took part in
the war( refers to Kalinga war) and assisted Vikramacola. The inscription of
Parantaka Pandya (65) like those of the Vikramacola, state that Kulam of the
Telunga Bhima was captured and that South Kalinga was subdued”(66) He again
continued,” The valiant Pallva Chieftain, Karunakara Tondaiman, lord of the
Vandai, offered to carry out the emperor’s order and was accepted.” (67). This
Kalinga war was against Ananta Chodaganga.So it can well be concluded that
there was presence of Pandya King himself and Pallava Chieftains of Tamilnadu
in the context of Kaling wars and there is strong possibility that they have
rehabilitated their population after loss to Cholas in hills of Trikalinga..
The earlier Pandyas were Jainas and Kun Pandya converted to Saiva by Saint
Sambandar (68). The Chellia Poraja had a strong pointer being Jainas of the past
as seen from their present rituals and ceremonies (Kornel and Gamang, 2010) (69)
364
Dynasty History of United Koraput 365
The Pandya King Maravarman Rajasimha I had conflict with Pallava King
Nandi-varman Pallavamalla. . Pandyas conquered the Kaveri region and lay siege
Nandipura and the Pallavas were rescued by their great general Udyachandra.
(70). In future the historians need to see the relevance of Nandapur in Trikalinga
to Nandipura siege by Pandyas.The fact is becoming still stronger due to the
presence of Paliva Jaina temple in Nandapur close to Koraput town.
It can be seen from the Tirumalai Inscriptions that was translated by Prof.
Hltzsch (71) as pointed out in earlier chapters, remarked that the
Maduraimandalam to be different than the capital of Pandya kings, Madura.I am
of the opinion that the Maduraimandalam in the context of Rajendra Chola I is the
Pandya king ruled mandala in Koraput- Bastar; that implies the reasonable
connection to Chellia Poraja and Pandy dynasty.Nilakanta
As per Yashoda Devi ,’An important dynasty in South Kalinga, the Matsyas ruled
over the Matyadesa i.e. Oddadivishaya (A.D.1200-1470) with capital at
Oddadi, 16 miles from Anakapalle in Vizagapatnam district for a period of two
and half centuries from about A.D. 1200 to 1470. Their ancestry goes back to the
5th century A.D. The Matsyas had their own crest seal and coinage and two
Matsyas i.e. double fish was their emblem.(72) .They may have had some
connection with the Pandyas is postulated by Yashoda Devi; whose emblem was
also fish. (73).
There is another aspect Sircar mentions that there was rivalry between the Pandya
and Kalinga factions in the Ceylonese court. (74).
365
Dynasty History of United Koraput 366
He further said, “The Kalinga war was not an easy walk over to Bhima, as the
language of the Kailasanatha temple inscription seems to suggest. He had to
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 368
spend several years fighting with the Eastern Ganga princes in the hilly tracts of
Kalinga. Though he slew Danarnava and took possession of his kingdom as early
as A.D. 972-3, it was not until A.D. 981, some eight years later, that he was able
to overcome the opposition of the Kalingas. Kamarnava seems to have offered
stubborn resistance until he fell heroically fighting against the enemy in A.D. 978.
The task of defending the realm seems to have then devolved upon his younger
brother. Vinayaditya, who carried on the fight for three years longer, until he too
laid down his life on the battlefield. With the death of Vinayaditya in A.D. 981,
the backbone of the opposition was finally broken, and Kalinga submitted. Bhima
having thus successfully destroyed all his enemies became the undisputed master
of the kingdoms of Vengi and Kalinga and his authority was not seriously
questioned until the end of the century.”(88).
Nadupuru in Pottapi-nadu
During Ganga Vijayaditya III, a Eastern Chalukya king‘s period; the Eastern
Ganga, the Vaidumba, the Nolamba and the Telugu Cola Chief were all involved
in internecine warfare. (89)
The Vaidumbas ruled Pottapi-nadu that extended across the Eastern Ghats
from Rajampeta in the Cuddapah district to Kalahasti in Chittore district.
Bhubana Trinetra Vaidumba Maharaja ruled Kadapa -twelve and neigbhouring
country ‘from his capital (Vidu) at Pottapi in Paka-nadu’ in AD 972 (90) is
known for his Madras Museum Copper-plate Grant. His authority extended over
Western Cuddapah district is known from Upparpalle on Cuddapah-Pusphagiri
Road, dated 972-3A.D (91)
I am of the opinion that the Pottapi-nandu is the present day Pottangi area of
Koraput district and the Nadupuru is the Nandapur located in Pottangi area and
are well with in the South Kalinga region as pointed out by Venkataramanaya.
When the illustrious hero of the Pallava family, the lord of the goddess wealth and
the goddess earth, Nolambadhiraja, who was entitled to the band of the five great
instruments was ruling Ganga-6000.”(94)
This indicates clearly that the Gangavadi-96000 and Ganga-6000 are two different
countries or two different administrative-geographical locations. The Pallava were
friendly subordinate rulers to the Western Gangas.
Marasimha, having conquered all the feudatory kings; was ruling the entire
Ganga-mandala. (97)
369
Dynasty History of United Koraput 370
The Kudlur plates of Marasimha, the Western Ganga king (962-63 A. D.) speaks
of his victory over Kerala, Pandya, Konga, Kalinga, Kosala and other countries.
(100)
Kadalur Grant (101) of Marasimha, 962 A.D. says, ‘of the king Jayaduttaraya (i.e.
Butuga II), the queen was Kallabba, daughter of Simhavarman of the Calukya
family, to them was born the king Satyavakya Marasimha, the brother of the
king Marula (Verse, 34).(102).
The summary note indicates clearly the patronising Jainism by queen Kallabba
(103).
We are inclined to think that the following names in the Western Ganga
inscription have much to do in relation to Koraput-Bastar Jainism. They are
Nandagiri, Kongunivarman, Konga country and queen Kallabba of the king
Jayaduttraya with the existing name of the places and rivers of Koraput.
The findings clearly indicate that Jainism persisted in between the Kolab river and
Indravati river doab and both join at different points in Bastar district of
Chhattisgarh to form the Godavari river that flows down in Andhra Pradesh.,
The Nandapur was one of main pithas of Jainism in Koraput, and was the ancient
capital of the Jeypore state. There is one large single granite stone Elephant,
beautifully carved on the banks of Isani Ganga at Nandapur. This was probably
the first capital of Western Gangas where Jaina temples were prevalent. It is
370
Dynasty History of United Koraput 371
agreed by all that the existing all Jaina idols of Kalika temple of Jeypore was all
from Nandapur which were transferred after the shift of capital to Jeypore.
The Nandapur Jaina temple was totally destroyed and in ruins, we don’t have its
history may be the Bhairaba cult and Virasaivites entry through the advent of
Jangamas and Omanatyas may have attributed to it. (104).
Thus the idols were placed under earth and elsewhere, which subsequently
surfaced out in small temples like Subaie and Jamunda, and elsewhere. The ruin
mounds of the said temple in Nandapur need excavation and history shall appear.
More ever, there are several place names that are common to Koraput district,
especially the Nandapur region with that of the Western Ganga Inscriptions and
have been enumerated for future scholars to look into it. They are as following.
The Hosakote Plates of Konganyadhiraja (5th Century) mentions,’ under the great
tank in the village of Pulli-uru in division (bhoga) called Korikunda. (105)
The Pulli-uru is the Bhagra; Pulli means tiger in both Telugu and Kanada. The
Korikunda may be the modern Korkunda of Koraput.
The Mercara Plates of Avinita (9th A.D.) speaks of places like Badanaguppe,
Dasnur and Polma also Kottgara. (106)
In Koraput, near Semiliguda a Poroja village called, Polma does exist. The
Dasnur may be Daspur, and Kattgara may be the Kottragdha.
371
Dynasty History of United Koraput 372
The Manne plates of Marasimha (798 A.D.) says of places like Puli-tank,
Kacchava tank, Kondakonda lineage, Salmali village, Jaina Gana: Puspandi etc.It
is all in Ganga-mandala.(107)
The Kacchava may be Kacchala, Salmali may be the Salmi village in Koraput,
and the Jaina Gana Puspandi may be the Putpandi Koraput block village.
The Kudulur Plates of Marasimha King Raja mall----“such was the Dharma-
maharajadhiraja Paramesvara Nitimarga-Konguni varma who had the first name
of Rajamalla [ he was also known as ] Kacceyaganga(.108)
The village Kecchala in Nandapur rejoin, close to Koraput town is one of the
magnificent Jaina monuments of Koraput district. This may have relevance to
Kacceyaganga?
Foot Note: Verse II of the Kerehalli Plates, describing Satyavakya Rajamalla, son
of Nitimarga Ereganga does find a place in this charter, So also, the epithet
Komaravedenga ( the prince charming) attributed to Nitimarga Ereganga in line
72 of the text of the present charter, is found omitted in the Kerehalli plates.(109)
It is the opinion of the author that an attempt has been made here to narrate the
literature that speak of Nandapur and has nearly close proximity to Nandapur of
present Koraput. The interaction of major dynasties like Eastern Ganga, Eastern
Chalukya, Choda, Western Chalukya and Chindaka Nagas even the minor
372
Dynasty History of United Koraput 373
dynasties of South Kalinga needs attention with relation to Nandapur history. The
future research in the topic will be useful.
References
1. Singh Deo, K.B. (1938) Nandapur (A Forsaken Kingdom), Vol.I.p.1-11.
2. Ibid.
3. Singh Deo, K.B. (1938) op.cit. p.10. & vide Oram’s Report on
Nandapuram or Jeypore A.D. 1784 cited by Singh Deo, K.B.
4. Bell, R.C.S. (1945) Orissa District Gazetteer, Koraput.p.22.
5. Ibid.p.25
6. Singh Deo, K.B. (1938) op.cit. p.9.
7. Ibid.p.22-25.
8. Devi Yashoda. The History of Andhra Country 1000A.D.-1500 A.D.
9. Singh Deo, K.B.op.cit, p.1-3
10. Ibid.p.7
11. Ibid.p.1.
12. Devi Yashoda.op.cit.p.332
13. Ibid
14. Ibid.
15. 289 of 1899; S.I.I.VI 891.
16. 309 of 1899; S.I.I. VI 950
17. 281 of 1896; S.I.I. V.1162
18. JAHRS, VI.p.13
19. Vizagapatam Gazetteer.p.26; Vizag District Manual.p.284.
19. Devi Yashoda. Op.cit.p.336-337
20. Ibid.
21. E.I. XX.p.
22. JBORS.IV.p.91ff
23. JBORS, Vol.XIII.pp.237, 241; Sachau, Vol.II.pp5-7
24. E.I. XX.p75
25. Sahu, N.K. Kharavela. P.35-41
26. H.C. Raychaudhury India in the Age of Nandas: in K.A.N.Sastri Edi. Age
of the Nandas & Mauryas.p.26-27.
27. Majumdar, R.C and Altekar. The Vakataka –Gupta Age. p.110-111
28. Singh, R. L. India- a regional Geography. p.776
373
Dynasty History of United Koraput 374
374
Dynasty History of United Koraput 375
53. C.I.I.IV.,Ins.No.77
54. E.I.XIII., Ins.No.85
55. E.I.XIII, Ins.No. 100, V.8
56. E.I.XIII., Ins. No.89, V.11.
57. Kornel Das (1999) Tribal Cultural Heritage and Cult. The Gutob Gadaba
Tribe of Orissa. p.5.
58. Sewell, Robert. (1900) A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar) London. p.291
59. Ibid.p.319
60. Ibid.p.354 and 355
61. Singh Deo, K.B.op.cit.p.6-7
62. 474 of 1919 Madras Epigraphy Report.
63. Sewell, Robert. Antiquities. Vol.I
64. Bell.R.C.S.op.cit.p.25.
65. K.A. Nilakanta, Sastri. The Colas. p.338
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid. p.322
68. Sathianathaier, R. The Classical Age: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan: The
Pandyas, p.268.
69. Kornel Das and Gamang, Giridhar op.cit. p.237.
70. Santhianathaier, R., Dynasties of South India: The Pallavas. In The
Classical Age. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.p.267-268.
71. E.I.IX, p.232
72. Sastri, K.A, Nilakanta. The Pandyan Kingdom. pp.11, 15.
73. Yashoda Devi. The History of Andhra Country: The Dynasties in South
Kalinga. p.307
74. Sircar, D.C. Ceylon. In The Struggle for Empire. Bharatiya Vidya
Bhavan.p.261..
75. E.I. Vol.IX, p.45.
76. I.A.Vol. XII, p.263
77. JAHRS.Vol.V, p.101&E.I. Vol. V, p.305
78. E.I. Vol.X, p.27
79. Rao, B.V. History of the Eastern Chalukya of Vengi (610-1210
A.D). p.196.
80. E.I. Vol. V.p.133
81. Cp.23 of 1916-17 & N.V.p.154
82. S.I.I. No. 37,p.45
83. I.A. XIII,p.214
84. E.I. vol.XXI,p.29
85. K.A.N.Sastri, The Colas.pp.218-19
375
Dynasty History of United Koraput 376
376
Dynasty History of United Koraput 377
Remains of Sati Stones and others Elephant half above ground, Jaina?
377
Dynasty History of United Koraput 378
378
Dynasty History of United Koraput 379
Batrisha singhasana,
Ganesha idols, Nandapur reconstructed
Chakreswari, Subaie-
Sati Stone or Hata pakana originally from Umbel
379
Dynasty History of United Koraput 380
380
Dynasty History of United Koraput 381
Visnu, Banamaliput,
Amba, Jaina temple, Umbel Nandapur
382
Dynasty History of United Koraput 383
BHAIRABA SINGAPUR
There are two Singapurs in Koraput district and both are having archaeological
importance remains; one is Kalyana Singapur and the other is Bhairaba Singapur.
These Singapur as spelled in present days is actually Simhapur of the past.
It is with reference to the context of the above Simhapur the possible linkage and
reference can be drawn with ample evidence as following.
The Bhairaba Simhapur got the prefix title of Bhairaba, mostly after the Bhairaba
sect who attained superiority in the region. Jogi and Omanatya are the two sects
who came possibly from the Karnataka in the remote past with the urge Bhairab
cult of Saivities and further propagated. These communities are still to be seen in
the region and the former Jogis are still in-charge of the important Siva temples in
the district.
The present day Bhairaba Singapur is located east to Borigumma under the west
foot hills of eastern ghat. The Bhairaba Singapur was the gateway ancient city to
Kalinga and Vengi that is to the coastal region of eastern India; thus probably the
name has been derived.
The other version is also there that the famous Jain teacher Simhandadini
preached and passed to south from this place. This is also a great seat of Jainas
(Digambars) from ancient period, which is a well documented fact (1).
There is very scanty information except few Sanskrit inscriptions about this place
of interest. The details of the archeological finds have been dealt by several
authors.
The other pathway is ‘Kathargad’ which is located close to the river Indravati and
Murian configure which is another gateway to the Eastern ghat hills and both the
walking paths i.e. B.Singapur also lead to Dasmanthpur and thence to
Kakrigumma and is about in 3 hours of walk to plains of Narayanpatna which
leads to Babli and thence to coastal belt.
This Bhairaba Singapur is the second capital of Kalinga, is postulated by the
present author.
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Dynasty History of United Koraput 384
country after the extinction of the Mathras from that region. The term
Giri-Kalinga might have been under the hill portion of the Kalinga.
Dantavaktra near Chicacole in the same district at Kalinga-nagara, modern
Mukhalingam in Srikakulam district; and the second capital at the old city
of Dantapura, identified the Easter Ganga capital. (3)
The Kalinga kings about 5th-6th century are known for their charters. A
royal city named Simhapuram, modern Singupuram near Chicacole is
mentioned in some of these records, but finds no mention in the Allahabad
inscription and thus may have flourished after the middle of the 4th
century.
Pitribhktas of Kalinga also issued grants from Simhapura. (4)
Some Mathra kings of Kalinga also issued grants for Simhapura, but they
were ruling simultaneously with Pitrabhaktas from their capital at
Pishtapura. (5)
D.C. Sirkar (1988) wrote, “When the Pitribhaktas were ruling from Simhapura in
Central Kalinga, the royal family of the Matharas had their capital at Pishtapura in
the south. The Ragolu Grant of the Mathara Maharaja Sakti-varman, which
records a gift of land near Chicacole, was issued in the king’s 13th regnal year
from the city Pishtapura. The king bears the title “lord of Kalinga”. This shows
that the Matharas of Pishtapura conquered the heart of the Pitribhakta kingdom in
Central Kalinga. This is also supported by the fact that the Sakunaka Grant issued
in the 28th regnal year of another Mathara king named Ananta-Sakti-varman, who
enjoyed former capital of the Pitribhaktas. Maharaja Ananta-Sakti-varman was
one of the immediate successors of Sakti-varman of the Ragolu grant. This is
suggested by the fact that an official mentioned as Amatya Arjunadatta in the
Ragolu grant of Sakti-varman, has been credited with a higher official designation
and called Desakshapataladhikrita-Talavara Arjunadatta in Ananta-Sakti-
varman’s record. The Amatya was probably raised to higher offices during the
latter part of his life. According to some writers, the name Ananta-Sakti-varman
actually indicates ‘Ananta-varman’s son Sakti-varman.” It has also been
suggested that Ananta-Sakti-varman was a successor of Sakti-varman, a third king
named Ananta-varman probably intervening between the reigns of the two. (6)
At present, there is a good population of ‘Omanatya’ at B.Singapur of Koraput
district. These Omanatya as they call themselves are also found in Ganja district
of Orissa. It thus gives evidence that B.Singapur and Kalinga region had some
kind of linkage from the past
This locality has much more historical evidence above and under the earth. The
ancient Jain images scattered around Kumuli, Pakanaguda, Narigaon, Borigumma
384
Dynasty History of United Koraput 385
and Khebdi depict of a rich history of the region which Kulottunga I ’s inscription
described it to be the ‘Jain hills’.. (7)
The capital of Kalinga before Gangas was at Simhapura. (The Gangas did not
prefer to have their headquarters there. So, for the purpose of administration they
kept out-post at Simhapura by appointing a member of the royal family as their
sub-ordinate (vide Pedd-duggam plate). The Gangas had their capital at
Dantapura at the beginning of the rule. Maharaja Indravarman issued his grant in
G.E.39 from Dantapura. But in Samanta-varman’s grant the royal seat is called
Srinivasa. We cannot say it refer to Dantapura of Kalinganagar. (8)
It is known form classical Greek writers like Diodorus, Curtius and Plutarch that
the last Nanda King Agrammes or Xandrammes (Augrasaniya) who was ruling at
the time of Alexander’s invasion, had suzerainty over Phasii (Magadha) and
Gangaridae. (9)
Only the Gangaridae portion described by Megasthenes as ‘Gangaridae
Calingarum Regia’ continued under the last Nanda ruler. (10)
References
1. Kornel Das and Gamang, Giridhar (2010) Lost Jaina Tribes of Tri-
kalinga (Under publication)
2. JAHRS Vol XXI, p.159 ff., E.I.XXXI pp.89-93 ff.
3. Pedd-Dugam Plates.No.52: Inscription Orissa, VilIi,p-237.
4 Sircar, D.C. (1988) The Pitribhaktas, II Kalinga. The Classical Age, Bharatiya
Vidya Bhavan, Bombay. P-212
5. Ibid.
6. The Matharas. HAIP- The Classical Age, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan,
Bombay. p213
7. Inscription of Orissa Vol.I. pt. II, pp.59.62
8. Rajaguru, S.N. Inscriptions of Orissa, Vol II. P-338
9 Mc Crindle, Invasion of India by Alexander, pp.221 and 228
10. Mc Crindle, Ancient India. P.137
385
Dynasty History of United Koraput 386
Rsabhanatha
386
Dynasty History of United Koraput 387
387
Dynasty History of United Koraput 388
388
Dynasty History of United Koraput 389
INDEX
Asoka, 7, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 60, 61, 63, 82, 83,
84, 88, 89
A Atavi, 2, 11, 19, 45, 46, 48, 49, 83, 133, 134, 179
Acharya, P, 33, 43, 44, 336, 339, 340
Adhirajendra, 211 B
Aihole Inscription, 115
Aila, 76, 80 Badami, 8, 11, 12, 115, 180, 182, 197
Aira, 76, 85, 87 Bagata, 3
Aiyar Natesa, 176 Bagdari, 187
Aiyar, K.V.Subrahmanya, 236 Baipariguda, 101
Akkalapundi grant, 334 Bajpai, K.D, 114
Allahabad, 6, 27, 29, 46, 49, 53, 63, 66, 80, 86, bali, 69
87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 100, 138, 146, Balimella, 256, 257, 364
147, 308, 364, 384 Banerji, R.D, 44, 89, 343
Allahabad Pillar inscription, 6, 46, 49, 87 Bangalore copperplates, 273
Ambabhalli river, 258 Banpur plates, 291, 292
Ambavadi Mandala, 257, 258 Bansuli, 321
Amma I, 31, 36, 102, 178, 190 Barasur, 16, 297, 301, 305, 324, 326, 327, 329,
Amma II, 69, 70, 178, 184, 185, 191, 192 330
Amurkottam, 230 Barigaccha, 133
Amvavadi-Visaya, 277 Barigachha, 69, 299, 315
Anangabhima II, 341 Barsur, 300, 301, 305, 308, 311, 321, 322, 324,
Ananta Chodaganga, 364 326, 327, 328
Anantavarma Chodaganga, 223, 224, 225 Barsur inscription, 301, 305, 311
Anantavarman Choda Ganga, 17, 222 Bastar, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19,
Anantavarman Choda Gangadeva, 207 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 31, 35, 37, 38, 40, 46,
Anantavarman Chodaganga, 207, 208, 221, 229, 48, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 66, 67, 69,
233, 294, 323, 327, 341, 363 82, 83, 88, 96, 98, 101, 103, 104, 106, 111,
Anantavarman I, 252, 253, 254 112, 113, 114, 115, 118, 120, 122, 137, 138,
Anantaverman IV alias Vajrahasta, 254 140, 143, 145, 146, 147, 149, 157, 158, 169,
Anantaverman Vajrahastadeva V, 254 187, 189, 197, 199, 201, 203, 206, 207, 211,
Anchala, 244, 245, 246, 247 212, 214, 222, 229, 231, 232, 233, 239, 241,
An-Chola, 231, 244 247, 248, 249, 250, 255, 256, 257, 258, 260,
Ancholagumma, 233, 242, 243, 244 261, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 290, 293,
Andhra, 1, 8, 9, 11, 20, 24, 25, 28, 36, 37, 42, 61, 294, 297, 298, 299, 302, 304, 305, 308, 314,
62, 65, 71, 73, 83, 85, 87, 97, 99, 100, 102, 316, 317, 318, 321, 322, 323, 324, 326, 327,
103, 112, 121, 123, 135, 136, 149, 169, 178, 328, 333, 334, 337, 338, 339, 355, 362, 363,
195 364, 365, 366, 370, 371
Andhri, 333 Bastar district, 7, 101
Aparajita, 12 Batrisha singhasana, 351
Arikesari I, 297 Bayyaraju, 344, 345, 348, 354
Arikesari II, 189, 191 Bell, R.C, 331, 373, 374
Arikesarin III, 71, 361, 374 Bell, R.C.S, 373, 374
Arthapati, 8, 50, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, Benares, 35
144, 145, 147, 148, 154, 155, 169 Bendiganahalli Plates, 285, 372, 376
Ashoka, 6, 34, 61 Berger, Peter, 73
Bhagavati, 201, 298
389
Dynasty History of United Koraput 390
390
Dynasty History of United Koraput 391
391
Dynasty History of United Koraput 392
392
Dynasty History of United Koraput 393
J K
J.K.Sahu, 9, 10, 97, 168, 248, 249, 251, 252, 254, Kadalur Grant, 279, 281, 370, 376
357 Kadamba, 8, 10, 115, 249
J.P. Jain, 102, 112 Kadambas, 8, 9, 10, 92, 115, 133, 134, 178, 249,
Jabalpur, 290, 323, 362 342, 343
Jagadalpur, 55, 58 Kakayara-desa, 323, 328
Jagdalpur, 215, 229, 297, 300, 305, 314, 321, Kalachuri, 17, 37, 38, 39, 42, 44, 103, 203, 291,
322, 323, 338 292, 294, 295, 303, 307, 308, 309, 323, 324,
Jain, B.C, 312 327, 328, 337, 362, 374
Jain, J.P, 136 Kalachuris, 16, 31, 38, 39, 42, 79, 121, 123, 176,
Jaina, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 44, 48, 60, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 203, 235, 290, 291, 293, 294, 295, 298, 303,
73, 80, 81, 101, 102, 111, 112, 113, 120, 133, 306, 312, 314, 323, 325, 327, 334, 362, 374
135, 181 Kalahandi, 1, 2, 4, 7, 16, 19, 20, 23, 24, 31, 37,
Jainism, 3, 7, 20, 70, 71, 73, 102, 112, 133, 136 38, 40, 41, 48, 50, 53, 54, 66, 67, 83, 88, 91,
Jajalla I, 17 92, 94, 96, 98, 103, 104, 137, 175, 204, 215,
Jamunda,, 282, 371 231, 297, 298, 299, 306, 310, 317, 333, 337,
Janamejaya, 31, 39, 42, 290, 293, 306, 308, 334 338, 339, 359, 363
Janamejaya I, 306 Kalidasa, 4, 25, 37, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109,
Janamejaya II, 308 110, 111, 113, 114, 261, 356
Jani, 72, 244, 302 Kalinga, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
Jantarnadu, 17, 348, 349 18, 19, 20, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
Jatapu, 3 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 53, 54, 55,
Jawaharlal, G, 374 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 70,
Jawaharlal, G., 73, 113 75, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,
Jayangondachola-mandalam, 207 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 104, 113,
Jayangondar, 213, 222, 227 115, 116, 117, 119, 123, 135, 149, 167, 178,
Jayankondacholamandalam, 230, 231 179, 180, 182, 183, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189,
Jayapura Kotta, 357 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 204,
Jayapura plate, 252 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 215, 217, 218, 219,
Jayasimha I, 11, 180 220, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229,
Jayasimha II, 116, 123, 202, 210, 292, 323 230, 232, 233, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251, 253,
Jayavarman,, 250, 271 254, 255, 256, 257, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275,
Jaypur inscription, 271 276, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285, 291,
Jaypura plates, 255 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 306, 307, 309, 310,
Jeypore, 9, 10, 17, 22, 40, 59, 81, 93, 107, 115, 314, 316, 317, 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339,
156, 168, 231, 243, 249, 250, 255, 256, 257, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349,
271, 272, 280, 281, 282, 286, 294, 295, 298, 350, 352, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 360, 361,
393
Dynasty History of United Koraput 394
363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 373, Khaling, 339
375, 383, 384, 385 Kharavela, 3, 7, 34, 48, 49, 60, 63, 75, 76, 79, 80,
Kalinga., 11, 14, 31, 32, 40, 41, 45, 46, 60, 62, 63, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 168
80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 99, 179, 185, 193, 195, Kharavella, 197
197, 209, 223, 226, 227, 228, 251, 253, 254, Khibira Rishi, 77
255, 256, 257, 273, 274, 276, 277, 282, 284, Khillingar plates, 255, 257
285, 291, 292, 310, 316, 334, 335, 337, 341, Khond, 3
342, 343, 348, 350, 355, 365, 366, 367, 368, Kielhorn, 56, 171, 177
375, 383, 384, 385 Kimidi, 215
Kalingam, 198, 206, 207, 217, 219, 228 Kimling, 339
Kalinganagara, 9, 11, 31, 35, 38, 62, 82, 178, Kirtivarman, 9, 10, 11, 12, 115, 116, 149, 180,
179, 219, 248, 251, 256, 258, 271, 272, 274, 182, 249
277, 278, 307, 334 Kirtivarman I, 9, 10, 11, 115, 116, 249
Kalingattupparani, 17, 213, 217, 218, 219, 220, Kirtivarman II, 12, 180, 182
222, 223, 227, 228, 236 Kirtivarmana I, 10, 115, 116, 249
Kalingraja, 362 Ko-Chola-gumma, 242
Kalingttu Parani, 56 Kodinga hoard, 302, 303, 304
Kalyan, 4, 120, 122, 123, 124, 130, 256 Kokalla I, 323, 362
Kalyan Singpur, 122, 123, 124, 130 Kokalla II, 307
Kalyana Singapur, 243, 257, 270, 383 Kolab, 24, 59, 68, 101, 106, 135, 187
Kalyana Singapur., 243, 257 Kolaru Surayanarayana, 16, 55, 56
Kalyanakaraka, 101, 102, 111, 112 Komalaraja, 308
Kalyana-Karaka, 4, 37 Konamandala, 224
Kamalraji, 362 Kond, 3
Kamarnava, 225, 277, 283, 284, 285, 341, 367, Konda Porajas, 72
368 Kondagaon, 140, 143
Kanaka Durga, 322 Kondai, 117, 118, 205, 229, 317
Kandha, 3 Kondala, 212, 216, 229
Kanker, 22, 23, 41 Kondh, 3, 59
Kantaka-Varttini, 277 Kondhs, 247, 315
Kantara, 2, 19, 53, 137, 146, 148, 150 Konga, 2, 19, 207, 260, 278, 279, 280, 281, 369,
Kanthikavandhurakantha, 277 370
Karandai, 205, 206 Kongunivarman, 248, 280, 281, 370
Karnataka, 7, 6, 8, 9, 13, 68, 73, 115, 131, 182, Koraput, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
248, 281, 292, 383 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26,
Karunda-Mandala, 215, 298, 310 28, 31, 37, 38, 40, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 56, 57,
Kathargad, 176, 256, 317, 383 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 77, 81,
Kathargada, 245, 295 82, 83, 88, 94, 96, 97, 98, 101, 103, 104, 105,
Kavi, 204, 206, 207 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 114, 115, 120, 122,
Kavi-Konga, 204 123, 133, 134, 135, 137, 140, 144, 145, 147,
Kelga plates, 293 148, 149, 151, 155, 156, 168, 169, 175, 176,
Kerala, 200, 280, 370 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 187, 189, 191, 196,
Keregodi - Rangapur Plates, 278 197, 202, 204, 207, 211, 229, 231, 233, 239,
Kerhalli Plates, 278 240, 241, 242, 243, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252,
Kesaribeda, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 148, 253, 255, 256, 257, 260, 261, 271, 278, 279,
154, 155, 156 280, 281, 282, 285, 286, 290, 294, 297, 299,
Kesaribeda grant, 333 302, 305, 306, 314, 317, 321, 323, 324, 326,
Keselaka, 333 327, 328, 331, 333, 334, 337, 338, 339, 342,
Keskal, 338, 339 352, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 363, 364, 365,
Khagapati Pradhani, 233 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 383, 384
Khajuribandha, 243, 319
394
Dynasty History of United Koraput 395
Koraput district, 197, 202, 207, 229, 231, 241, Law, Bimala Churn, 47, 52
243, 249, 250, 256, 261, 271, 278, 282, 285, Leiden plates, 212, 236
294, 297, 299, 302, 324, 326, 333, 339, 342, Lingdarha Nadi, 338
356, 359, 369, 371, 372, 383, 384 Lord Rama’s Feet, 5, 105
Kornel Das, 73, 374, 375, 385
Korni plates, 207, 219
Kosala,, 8, 12, 17, 38, 50, 53, 54, 56, 67, 91, 92,
M
93, 98, 99, 104, 109, 122, 149, 169, 170, 172, Macco-Calingae, 34
175, 182, 188, 200, 232, 276, 278, 292, 293, Madgole Zamindars, 343
307, 308, 323, 327, 338, 362 Madhukamarnava, 13
Kosalai, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206 Madhurakantaka, 16
Kosalai-nadu, 58, 200, 201, 202 Madhurantaka, 202, 215, 300, 305, 306
Kotia, 3 Madhurantakadeva, 297
Kotilingi, 339 Madhya Pradesh, 1, 2, 10, 19, 20, 31, 53, 66, 93,
Kotpad, 257, 258, 269, 298, 321, 362, 363 94, 96, 98, 107, 110, 114, 137, 141, 143, 170,
Kottimba grant, 259 171, 210, 249, 290, 297, 303, 323, 331, 374
Koya, 3 Madhyadesa, 51, 60
Koyas, 247 Madia, 3
Krishana Deva Raya, 363 Madras Museum Copper-plate Grant, 368
Krishana Kumari, M, 318 Madras museum plates, 215
Krishna Kumari, M, 235, 312 Madras Presidency, 332
Krishnamacharlu, C.R, 158 Madurai, 7, 8, 13, 14, 58
Krishnarao, M.V., 136 Maduraimandalam,, 58, 202
Kubja Vishnuvardhan, 115 Madura-mandala, 200, 202
Kudal – Sangama, 14 Maduramandalam, 58
Kudal Sangama, 206 Madura-mandalam, 200
Kudal-Sangama, 204, 205, 206 Madura-mandalam, 201
Kudhur Plates, 260 Madura-mandalam, 202
Kudlur Plates, 279 Magadhas, 279
Kukkanur Plates, 260, 262 Magasthenes, 34
Kulenur Inscription, 325 Magodhia Goudos, 7
Kulia Hoard of Gold Coins, 141 Mahabharata, 25, 26, 29, 34, 39, 50, 52, 53, 82,
Kulottunga I, 14, 15, 16, 17, 56, 72, 89, 117, 118, 94, 146, 151
119, 200, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 216, Mahabhavagupta I Janamejaya, 290, 291
217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 227, 229, 231, Mahabhavagupta II Bhimaratha, 291
232, 235, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 246, 247, Mahabhavagupta IV Uddyotakesarin, 291, 293
260, 304, 306, 317, 364, 385 Mahakantara, 2, 10, 19, 53, 54, 91, 92, 93, 94,
Kumari Krishna, M, 236, 237 95, 96, 97, 98, 146, 249, 276, 308, 359
Kumari, Krishna, 123 Mahanadi, 23, 27, 28, 37, 40, 62, 63, 92, 97, 103,
Kumilinadu, 230, 231 196, 200, 333
Kumuli, 231, 245, 384 Mahasiva Tivara, 170, 174
Kumulura, 12, 134, 179, 180, 181 Mahasivagupta I Yayati, 291
Kundkundanvaya, 68 Mahasivagupta II Dharmaratha, 291
Kuntala, 206, 212, 214, 216, 219, 224, 357 Mahasivagupta III, 292, 293
Kuruspal, 215, 300, 306, 309, 311, 312, 322, 327 Mahasivagupta IV Janamejaya, 293, 294
Kusuma-bhoga, 323, 328, 363 Mahasivagupta Karna, 291
Kuttia, 59 Mahasivagupta V Karna, 294
Mahasivagupta Yayati, 307, 323
L Mahavira, 49, 69
Mahendra mountain, 207, 227
Langulini, 25, 28, 29
395
Dynasty History of United Koraput 396
Mahendragiri, 7, 14, 15, 21, 25, 93, 95, 97, 98, Mookerji Radhakumud, 47
99 Mudirabada, 202
Mahendragiri,, 220, 247 Mudira-bada, 201
Mahendravarman I, 8 Mudli, 244
Mahipal I, 203 Mudlipada, 202
Mahishasuramardini, 321 Mukhalingam, 251, 294, 344, 345, 384
Mahtab, H. K, 44 Mula Sangha, 68, 69
Majjhima gauri, 69 Munda, 3
Majjhima Prava, 69 Muran, 257, 295, 299, 315, 356
Majumdar, R.C, 65, 67, 99, 136, 176, 295, 373, Muran river, 26, 98, 315
374
Maladhari, 362
Malis, 6
N
Malkangiri, 22, 23, 26, 28, 57, 196, 286, 363, 364 N.K.Sahu, 4, 46, 48, 50, 53, 65, 66, 75, 83, 86, 88,
Mama-Bhanja ka Mandir., 321 93, 137, 138, 195, 248, 290
Mamata Choudhury, 51, 52 Nadavali, 323
Manda I, 246 Naga, 201, 215, 293, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299,
Mandakini, 26, 27, 109, 110, 111, 260, 261 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309,
Mandakini river, 27 310, 311, 314, 316, 317, 323, 324, 327, 328,
Mandala Kingdom, 357 362
Mangalam, S.J, 100 Naga dynasty, 122, 298, 302, 311, 317
Marasimha, 248, 254, 260, 261, 262, 277, 279, Nagavali, 11, 25, 29, 180
280, 281, 282, 286, 369, 370, 371, 372, 376 Nagavamsi, 14, 15, 55, 56, 58, 59, 71, 201, 208,
Marasimha I, 248 210, 211, 215, 231, 239, 297, 298, 300, 301,
Masunidesa, 58, 59, 69, 200, 234 302, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315,
Masuni-desam, 201 316, 326
Masunidesha, 2, 19 Nagli, 119
Mathara, 54, 85, 98, 147, 167, 168, 195, 196 Nala, 4, 8, 10, 50, 52, 54, 66, 67, 115, 137, 138,
Matia, 196 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149,
Matias, 101 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 160, 169, 175
Matsya dynasty, 341 Nalas, 9, 10, 18, 46, 50, 54, 67, 115, 137, 138,
Matsya family, 11, 134, 179, 342 140, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 156, 157,
Matsyas, 17, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349, 159, 168, 169, 175, 248, 249, 262, 333
354, 365 Namanaikkonam, 200
Matsys of Oddadi, 341 Namanaik-konam, 201
Matya,, 3 Nanda, 6, 60, 78, 81, 88, 142, 167, 355, 356, 357,
Matyadesa, 365 358, 385
Mauryas, 6, 10, 98, 115, 249, 357, 373 Nandanaraja, 142
Mc Crindle, 385 Nandapur, 6, 17, 59, 69, 71, 72, 101, 135, 137,
McCrindle, 33, 65, 336 156, 168, 188, 231, 250, 255, 257, 260, 270,
Megasthenes, 60, 385 281, 282, 285, 286, 321, 326, 351, 352, 353,
Meghaduta, 4, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362,
112, 113, 114, 357, 374 363, 364, 365, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 382
Megha-duta, 37 Nandapur Suryavamsi dynasty, 354
Megha-duta, 103 Nandavalli, 362
Mirashi, 297, 304, 307, 308, 309, 310, 313, 323, Nandavarman, 254, 277
326, 331 Nandi Puja, 71
Mirashi, V.V, 158, 176, 177 Nandipuram, 358
Misra, P.L, 157 Nandi-Sangha, 68
Mitra, R.L, 89 Nandivardana, 356
Mittal, J.P, 29 Nandivardhana, 355
396
Dynasty History of United Koraput 397
397
Dynasty History of United Koraput 398
398
Dynasty History of United Koraput 399
Ratnadeva II, 323, 327, 363 Sastri, K.A.N, 65, 90, 121, 241, 318, 374
Ratnagiri plates, 293, 308 Sastri, K.A.Nilakanta, 234, 235, 238
Ratnapur, 306, 309, 312, 323, 324, 327, 328, 362 Satavahana, 48, 49, 63, 66, 85, 88
Ray Choudhuri, H.C, 54, 67 Satavahans, 332
Ray Choudhury, H.C, 52 Sathianathaier, R, 234, 375
Ray, H.C, 44 Satipillars, 156
Ray, H.C., 374 Satyavarman, 253, 272
Ray. H.C, 325 Saubhagyadeva, 346
Rayagada, 59, 68, 69, 97, 120, 122, 124, 181 Saumya vatika, 255
Risi Khibidi, 70, 81 Senapati, 374
Ronas, 364 Seven Kalinga, 228
Sewell, R, 237
Sewell, Robert, 287, 343, 375
S Shangam corpse, 7
S.N. Rajaguru, 236, 258 Sharabharpuriyas, 8
Sabara, 3, 8, 51, 170, 176, 190 Sharma, R.K, 325, 374
Sabbi country, 71 Shastri Ajay Mitra, 295
Sabbi –thousand, 361 Shastri, Ajay Mitra, 43, 44
Sahu J.K, 262 Silaharas, 14
Sahu, J.K, 65, 100, 168 Silas of Nandapura, 341
Sahu, N.K, 47, 49, 52, 54, 65, 67, 89, 90, 99, 100, Silavamsa, 353, 354, 355
157, 158, 159, 196, 295, 373 Sileru, 247, 364
Sailodbhava, 254 Simhachalam, 223, 226, 345, 346, 348, 349, 354
Saivism, 3, 8, 20, 173, 175 Simhanandi, 133, 276
Sakala-Kalingadhipati’, 36 Simhapatha Queen, 79
Sakkarakottam, 55, 58, 59, 210, 212, 214, 216, Simhapura, 257, 285, 358, 383, 384, 385
229 Simhapura., 167, 195, 196, 257, 384, 385
Sakkara-kottam, 200 Sindas, 298
Sakkara-kottam, 201 Singama, 354
Sakkara-Kottam, 16, 55, 297 Singh Deo, J.P, 54
Saktipitha, 156 Singh Deo, K.B, 343, 373, 375
Saletore, B.V., 136 Singh, R.B.P, 73
Salthianathaiyer, 136 Singh, R.L, 29
Samantavarman, 250, 251, 255, 256, 262, 263 Sircar, 8, 26, 27, 29, 30, 45, 47, 57, 62, 65, 85, 91,
Sambalpur, 40, 41, 66, 93, 97, 175 93, 99, 107, 114, 138, 144, 157, 159, 168,
Samudra Gupta, 3, 6, 7, 96 171, 174, 176, 178, 193, 195, 196, 283, 288,
Samudragupta, 10, 46, 49, 53, 63, 66, 86, 87, 88, 296, 297, 309, 311, 312, 313, 326, 327, 328,
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 144, 146, 249, 331, 357, 358, 365, 374, 375, 385
276, 308 Sircar, D.C, 29, 30, 57, 65, 99, 114, 157, 159, 168,
Samudragupta Maurya, 249 193, 196, 296, 311, 312, 331, 374, 375, 385
Sangam, 197 Siva Parvati, 156
Sankara Dynasty of Nandapur, 351 Sivagupta, 290
Sankhini, 321 Sivagupta Balarjuna, 172, 173, 174, 175
Santhianathaier, R, 375 Sivalinga, 111, 132, 156, 157
Saora, 3 Skanda varman, 8
Saravasiddhi taluka, 11, 180 Skanda Varman, 143
Sarma, Bina Kumari, 295 Skandavanman, 149
Sarma, M.S, 121 Skandavarman, 249
Sarvati in Nandapur, 69 Smaller Lieden Plate, 235
Sastri, K.A, Nilakanta, 375 Smith, V, 89, 333
Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta, 121 Soda Mandala, 277
399
Dynasty History of United Koraput 400
Sodia Poraja, 315 Tel, 23, 41, 91, 154, 204, 326, 332, 333, 338, 339
Somavamsi, 42, 65, 203, 276, 283, 294, 295, 306, Tel river, 204
308, 324, 328 Telavaha river, 332
Somavamsis, 16, 31, 39, 42, 72, 234, 290, 294, Telin Ghatt, 338
295, 306, 312, 331, 334 Telinga, 2, 19, 31, 32, 334, 335
Sombartuta, 250, 256 Telingiri, 332, 333, 339
Somesvara, 14, 15, 16, 17, 56, 117, 118, 119, Telivaha, 333
120, 122, 123, 199, 203, 204, 208, 210, 214, Telugu, 3, 9, 11, 12, 16, 32, 33, 62, 64, 116, 121,
215, 224, 239, 282, 293, 294, 295, 300, 301, 134, 135, 144, 178, 186, 192, 193
302, 304, 306, 307, 308, 309, 316, 317, 323, Telugu Choda, 116, 295, 305, 306, 307, 309, 313,
324, 326, 327, 328, 329, 362 324, 326, 327, 328
Somesvara I, 300, 301, 307, 309 Telugu Chodas, 3, 12
Sondi Khibidi, 70, 81 Telugu-Choda, 294, 295, 307, 308, 309
Sonepur, 295, 308, 309, 323, 324, 326, 327, 328 Tentulikhunti, 231, 242, 247
South Kalinga, 17, 38, 41, 104, 338, 341, 364 Thana plate, 335
South Kosala, 3, 8, 9, 10, 16, 20, 31, 37, 38, 54, Timmapuram, 11, 178, 179, 180, 193
66, 67, 71, 86, 91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 103, 104, Tirathgarh, 322
149, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 197, 215, Tirumalai Inscriptions, 201, 244, 365
249, 290, 294, 295, 307, 323, 326, 327, 328, Tirumalai rock, 199, 202
334, 337, 338, 362, 369 Tirumukkudal inscription, 204
Southern Kosala, 199, 200 Tiruvalangadu grant, 199
Srikakulam, 1, 20, 25, 28, 37, 38, 62, 83, 85, 95, Tramiradesaanghatam., 197
97, 98, 103, 104, 168, 188, 195 Tribhuvana Mahadevi, 248, 277, 290
Srirangam plates, 334 Tribhuvnamalla Vira, 362
Srisaila,, 273, 275 Trikalayogi Siddhantadeva, 361
Srivaraha, 141 Trikalinga, 2, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
Stambha, 138, 142 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 54, 55, 60,
Stirling, A, 89 62, 69, 70, 71, 73, 95, 101, 102, 149, 150,
Strumpell, Christian, 73 183, 185, 190, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 255,
Subaie, 71, 282, 361, 371 256, 257, 258, 276, 284, 297, 306, 307, 314,
Subaie in Nandapur, 71 334, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 355, 359,
Subramanian K.R, 99 361, 364, 365, 366, 370, 374
Subramanian, K.R, 65, 136 Tri-kalinga, 298
Sukhla, H.N, 158 Trikalinga-atavi, 190, 366
Sukla, H.L, 29 Trikalingadhipati, 10, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42,
Sukla,H.L, 52 43, 62, 113, 224, 249, 250, 251, 256, 276,
Sunarpal inscriptions, 301 290, 307, 362, 366
Sundara, 198 Trilinga, 31, 32, 33, 43, 60, 62, 253, 334, 335,
Suraparaju, 344, 345 336, 339
Suryanarayana, K, 311 Trilinga,, 334, 335, 336, 339
Suvarnapura, 276, 290, 295, 307, 323, 326 Tripathi, Sunderlal, 29
Svetaka Gangas, 251, 252 Tripathy, S, 43, 157, 196, 312, 339
Tripathy, Sunderlal., 374
Tripuri, 203, 278, 280, 290, 292, 323, 334, 362
T Tsrling, 339
Tamil, 7, 12, 16, 55, 56, 58, 84, 87, 88, 117, 186,
197, 198, 200, 207, 211, 217, 220, 223, 227, U
230, 235, 238, 239, 240, 316
Tammara inscription, 301 Udayana, 8, 51, 170, 172, 173, 359
Tamsa, 27 Uddiyana, 170
Tanjore inscription, 198 Ugraditya, 101, 102, 104, 111, 112
400
Dynasty History of United Koraput 401
Ugradityacarya, 4, 37, 103 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 219, 220, 222, 226,
Umbel, 72 239, 288, 292, 297, 305, 365, 366, 368, 370
Umerkote, 4, 8, 9, 10, 50, 137, 140, 145, 150, Vijayaditya I, 182, 183
175 Vijayaditya III, 16, 55, 56, 184, 185
Un-Chola-gumma, 242 Vijayaditya IV, 366
Utkala, 31, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 47, 52, 54, 60, Vijayaditya IV Kollabhaganda, 366
61, 62, 65, 170, 174, 203, 292, 293, 294, 306, Vijayaditya IV Kollabhiganda, 189
307, 323, 334, 337, 338, 339, 357, 362 Vijayaditya VI, 70, 191
Uttama Chola, 198 Vijayaditya VII, 116, 202, 208, 209, 210, 214, 219,
222, 292
Vijayanagar Empire, 363
V Vijrahasta, 277
V.Kanakasabhai Pillai, 230, 232 Vikrama Chola, 17, 222, 223, 224, 225
Vaidumbas, 368 Vikramaditya, 200, 203, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214,
Vaishnavism, 3, 20, 114 216, 224, 239, 240, 304, 305, 307, 316, 317,
Vajrahasta II, 366 318, 323, 327, 356, 358, 366, 370
Vajrahasta V, 35, 294 Vikramaditya I, 9, 115, 137, 149
Vajrahastadeva, 254, 277 Vikramaditya II, 36, 102, 190
Vakataka, 4, 8, 9, 10, 67, 107, 111, 115, 136, 137, Vikramaditya VI, 117, 118, 119, 120, 200, 208,
143, 147, 148, 149, 169, 178, 196, 241, 248, 209, 211, 216, 224, 239, 305, 307, 316, 317,
249, 356, 373, 374 318, 327, 370
Vakatakas, 4, 3, 8, 54, 66, 92, 94, 114, 137, 147, Vilasatunga, 139, 143, 145, 175
148, 149, 156, 169, 356 Vimaladitya, 198, 211, 361
Vamsadhara, 25, 28 Vinayaka Deo’s, 353
Vamsdhara rivers, 23, 24 Vinayaka Deva, 354
Varaharaja, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 147 Vindyavedhana, 146, 147
Vayiragaram, 212, 216, 222 Vira Choda, 119, 120, 178, 222
Velanti Rajendra Choda, 246 Virachoda, 17, 247, 306, 360
Veng, 37, 284 ViraChola, 17
Vengi, 3, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 31, Viranandi- Sidhanta, 362
36, 37, 38, 42, 55, 58, 59, 62, 63, 70, 72, 92, Virarajendra, 14, 15, 117, 118, 119, 122, 199,
93, 94, 95, 98, 101, 102, 113, 116, 117, 118, 204, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 214, 220, 229,
119, 120, 121, 123, 136, 178, 179, 180, 181, 232, 233, 236, 239, 293, 307, 316, 317, 318
182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 190, 191, 192, 193, Visakhapatanam, 11, 180
197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206, 207, Visakhapatnam, 1, 11, 20, 26, 38, 95, 134, 179
208, 209, 210, 211, 213, 214, 215, 218, 219, Vishamasiddhi, 359
220, 222, 224, 227, 228, 229, 232, 239, 240, Vishnu, 4, 107, 114, 122, 146, 151, 153, 154,
241, 246, 247, 271, 282, 283, 284, 285, 292, 156, 157, 171, 174, 175, 180
297, 298, 301, 304, 306, 309, 310, 311, 314, Vishnuvardhana, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 51, 55, 101,
316, 317, 318, 334, 344, 345, 359, 361, 365, 102, 116, 135, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183,
366, 367, 368, 370, 375, 376, 383 184, 192, 193, 200, 249, 292, 342, 346, 359,
Venkatakrishna, B., Rao, 193 367
Venkataramanaya, N, 136 Vishnuvardhana I., 11, 179, 180
Venkataramanayya, N, 193
Vidyadhara, 2, 19, 48, 49, 83, 84, 86, 88 '
Vidyadhara territory, 2, 19, 48, 49, 83
Vijayadittya II, 184 'Visnuvardhana I, 134
Vijayaditya, 13, 14, 15, 16, 36, 38, 55, 56, 70,
102, 116, 117, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,
187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 202, 203, 207, 208,
V
Vizagapatam, 207, 225, 275, 277, 341, 373
401
Dynasty History of United Koraput 402
Vrihatkodila grant, 219 Western Gangas, 4, 9, 94, 248, 258, 260, 262,
Vyaghraraja, 91, 93, 94 273, 274, 275, 276, 278, 281, 282, 358, 369,
Vyghraraja, 92, 146, 359 370, 371
Wilson, H.H, 52, 113, 114
W
Y
Watters, 67
Western Chalukya, 9, 11, 15, 115, 116, 117, 119, Y.K. Deshpande, 171, 177
120, 122, 123, 137, 149, 178, 180, 181, 187, Yadavas of Devagiri, 12, 122, 123
199, 200, 204, 206, 210, 211, 216, 249, 316, Yasoraja, 328, 329
364, 372 Yayatinagar, 203, 292
Western Chalukyas., 119, 298 Yayatinagara, 202, 203, 292
Western Ganga, 9, 13, 69, 133, 191, 248, 258, Yazdani, G, 295
279, 355 Yuddamalla II, 190
402