SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Unit-I
1. Derive a formula for gyroscopic couple
2. Write a short note on gyroscope
3. Describe the gyroscopic effect on sea going vessels
4. Describe the gyroscopic effect on an aeroplane
5. Briefly explain the stability of a two wheel vehicle taking a turn
6. List the type of friction
7. State the laws of static friction
8. Sketch the friction circle in a Journal bearing
9. Write the torque equation for „n‟ flat collars under uniform pressure
10. Write the equation for the efficiency of a screw jack.

Unit-II
1. Write the torque equation for a single plate clutches under uniform pressure having outer radius r1
and inner radius r2
2. Classify the friction clutches
3. Sketch a single plate friction clutch
4. a) The frictional torque transmitted by a single plate clutch is same as that_________ bearing
b) The frictional torque transmitted by a cone clutch is same as that ____________ bearing
5. Sketch a cone clutch
6. Distinguish between brakes and dynamometers.
7. a) The brakes commonly used in railway trains are __________________ brakes.
b) The brakes commonly used in Motor cars are __________________ brakes.
8. List the types of Dynamometers.
9. Sketch an internal expanding shoe brake.
10. Classify the Transmission Dynamometers.

Unit-III
1. What is a turning moment diagram?
2. Define the term “Co-efficient of Fluctuation of energy”.
3. What is the function of a flywheel ?
4. a) The ratio of max fluctuation of speed to the _____________________ is called Co-efficient
of Fluctuation of energy.
b) Write the Equation for max. Fluctuation of energy in a flywheel.
5. Draw the Turning moment diagram for a single cylinder double acting steam engine.
6. What is the function of a Governor?
7. State the different types of governors.
8. Define the following terms relating to governors.
a) Sensitiveness
b) Isochronism
9. a) Hartnell governor is a ______________________ governor.
b) Height of a Watt governor(in mts) Is given by ________________________
10. Sketch a Watt Governor.

Unit-IV
1. Why is balancing of speed necessary for high speed engines?
2. Derive the expression for variation of tractive force.
3. Derive the expression for hammer blow.
4. What is static balancing ?
5. What is the condition for complete balance of several rotating masses in different planes?
6. What are direct and reverse cranks in radial engines?
7. Differentiate between primary and secondary cranks.
8. What are the conditions to be satisfied for primary balancing.
9. Write the formulae to calculate the resultant primary and secondary forces in a v-engine.
10. In partial balancing of locomotives, the maximum variation of tractive effort is given by
_________________.

Unit-V
1. Define Vibrations? How are they caused?
2. What are free and damped vibrations?
3. What are forced vibrations?
4. What do you understand by Whirling of a shaft?
5. What is the basic difference between Dunkerleys and RaYleigh;s method in vibrations?
6. What is torsional Vibrations?
7. Define degrees of freedom with an example.
8. Define critical speed of a rotating shaft.
9. What do you mean by period of vibration and resonance as applied to vibratory motions?
10. Write the expression for natural frequency of transverse vibration of a simply supported beam of span „ L
‟carrying an uniformly distributed load „ m ‟ kg per meter length.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
Unit-I
1. A boat is propelled by a steam turbine. The moment of inertia of the rotor shaft and propeller is 60 kg-m2.
The turbine runs at 3000rpm in clockwise direction looking from the front .The boat
describes a circular path towards the right making one revolution in 10 seconds. Find the magnitude and
direction of the couple acting on boat hull.
2. An Aero plane makes a complete half circle radius towards left when flying at 210 km/hr. The
rotary engine and the propeller of the plane is of 50 kg mass having a radius of gyration of 300mm.The engine
rotates at 2400 rpm clockwise as seen from the rear. Find the Gyroscopic couple on the aircraft and its effect on
the plane.
3. The moment of inertia of each wheel of a motorcycle is 1.5kg-m2.The rotating parts of the engine of the
motorcycle have moment of inertia of 0.28kg-m2.The speed of the engine is six times the speed of the wheels
and is in same direction. The mass of the motorcycle is 250 kg and its centre of gravity is 0.6m above the
ground level. Find the angle of Wheel if the motor cycle is travelling at 45km/hr and is taking a turn of 30m
radius. The Wheel diameter is 0.6m.
4. A Racing car of mass 2000kg has a wheel base of 2m and track width of 1m.The C.G. lies midway between
the front and rear axles and is 0.4m above the ground. The engine of the car has a flywheel rotating in a
clockwise direction when seen from the front at 6000 rpm. The moment of inertia of the flywheel is 50 kg-m2.If
the car takes a curve of 15m radius towards right, while running at 45 km/hr ,find the reaction between the
wheels and the ground considering the gyroscopic and centrifugal effect of the fly wheel and the weight of the
car respectively.
5. Explain the application of gyroscopic principles to aircrafts.
6. Derive an expression for the frictional moment of a flat collar bearing in terms of the inner radius r1 outer
radius r2, axial thrust and coefficient of friction μ. Assume uniform intensity of pressure.
7. Determine the horse power lost in overcoming friction at the bearing and the number of collars
required for a bearing whose contact surfaces are 200mm external radius and 20mm internal radius. The
coefficient of friction is 0.08. The total axial load is 3000 Kg. Intensity of pressure is 305Kg/cm2.Shaft speed is
420 rpm. Assume uniform pressure intensity at contact surfaces.
8. A bolt with a square threaded screw has a mean diameter of 25mm and a pitch of 3mm.It carries an axial
thrust of 10kn on the bolt head of 25mm mean radius .If μ =0.12, find the force required at the end of a spanner
450mm long ,in tightening up the bolt.
9. A thrust shaft of a ship has 6 collars of 600mm external diameter and 300mm internal diameter. The total
thrust from propeller is 100kn. If the coefficient of friction is 0.12 and speed of engine 90 rpm., find the power
absorbed in friction at the thrust block assuming
i. Uniform pressure and ii. Uniform wear
10. Neglecting collar friction, derive an expression for mechanical advantage of a square threaded screw
moving in a nut, in terms of helix angle of the screw and friction angle.
11 `An aircraft makes a half circle of 100m radius towards left when flying at 400 km/hr. The
engine and the propeller of the plane weigh 4.9 kN having a radius of gyration of 50 cm. The
engine rotates at 3000 rpm clockwise when viewed from the rear. Find the gyroscopic couple and its effect on
the aircraft.
12 A rear engine automobile is travelling along a track of 100 m mean radius. Each of the four road wheels has
a moment of inertia of 2 kg-m2 and an effective diameter of 60 cm. The rotating parts of the engine have a
moment of inertial of 1 kg-m2 . The engine axis is parallel to the rear axle and the crank shaft rotates in the same
sense as the road wheels. The gear ratio, engine to back axle, is 3: 1.The vehicle weighs 14.71 kN and has its
centre of gravity 50 cm above the road level. The width of the track of the vehicle is 1.5 m. Determine the
limiting speed of the vehicle around the curve for all the four wheels to maintain contact with the road surface if
this is not cambered.
13 The turbine rotor weighing 9.8 kN rotates at 2000 rpm clockwise when looking from stern. The vessel
pitches with an angular velocity of 0.5 rad/s. Calculate the gyroscopic couple during the rise of bow. Assume
radius of gyration of the rotor as 25.4 cm
14 A turbine rotor of a ship weighs 196 kN and has a radius of gyration of 75 cm. Its speed is 2000 rpm. The
ship pitches 6above and below the mean position. A complete oscillation takes place in 20 seconds and the
motion is simple harmonic. Determine: a) the maximum couple tending to shear the holding down bolts of the
turbine. b) the direction in which the bow will tend to turn while rising, if the rotation of the rotor is clockwise,
when looking from the aft.
15 Discuss a naval ship usually subjected to what type of motions and associated gyroscopic effects.
16 A turn buckle, with right and left hand single start threads, is used to couple two wagons. Its thread pitch is
12 mm and the mean diameter 40 mm. The coefficient of friction between the nut and the screw is 0.16.
i. Determine the work done in drawing the wagons together a distance of 240 mm, against a
steady load of 2500 N.ii. If the load increases from 2500 N to 6000 N over a distance of 240 mm. What is the
work to be done?
17 .A screw jack has a screw thread, 7.5 cm mean diameter and 1.5 cm pitch. The load on the jack revolves with
the screw. The coefficient of friction at the screw threads is 0.05.
i. Find the tangential force to be applied to the jack at 36 cm radius so as to lift a load of 600 N.
ii. State whether the jack is self-locking. If it is, find the torque necessary to lower the load. If
not, find the torque which must be applied to keep the load from descending.
18 .Derive the expression for the friction torque in flat collar bearing considering uniform wear.
19. The Thrust on the propeller shaft of a marine engine is taken up by 8 collars whose external and internal
diameters are 660 mm and 420 mm respectively. The thrust pressure is 0.4 MN/mm2 and may be assumed
uniform. The coefficient of friction between the shaft and collars is 0.04. If the shaft rotates at 90 r.p.m.: find i.
Total Thrust on the collars: and ii. Power absorbed by friction on the bearing.
20. The spindle of a screw jack has single start square threads with an outside diameter of 45 mm and pitch of
10 mm. The spindle moves in a fixed nut. The load is carried on a swivel head but is not free to rotate. The
bearing surface of the swivel head has a mean diameter of 60 mm. The coefficient of friction between the nut
and the screw is 0.12 and that between the swivel head and the spindle is 0.10.Calculate the load which can be
raised by efforts of 100 N each applied at the end of two levers each of effective length of 350mm. also
determine the velocity ratio and the efficiency of the lifting arrangement.
Unit-II
1. A leather faced conical clutch has a cone angle of 30 .If the intensity of pressure between the
contact surfaces is limited to 0.35N/mm2 and the breadth of the conical surface is not to exceed on third of the
mean radius, find the dimensions of the contact surface to transmit 22.5 kw at
2000rpm.Assume uniform wear and take μ=0.15.
2. A dry single plate is to be designed for an automobile whose engine has a maximum torque 500N-m. The
outer radius of the friction plate is 25% more than the inner radius. The intensity of pressure between the plates
is not to exceed 0.07 N/mm2. Take μ=0.3.
3. Describe with a neat sketch the working of a single plate friction clutch.
4. Determine the maximum and minimum and average pressure in a plate clutch, when the axial Force is 4kN,
the inside radius of the contact surface is 50mm and the outer radius is 100mm. Assume uniform wear.
5. A Multidisc clutch has three discs on the driving shaft and two on the driven shaft. The outside
diameter of the contact surfaces is 240mm and inside diameter 120 mm. Assuming uniform wear and
coefficient of friction as 0.3, find the maximum axial intensity of pressure between the discs for transmitting
25kW at 1575 rpm.
6. Describe with the help of a neat sketch the principles of operation of an internal expanding shoe brake.
7. The simple band brake , as show in fig.1 is applied to a shaft carrying a flywheel of mass 400 kg. The radius
of gyration of the flywheel is 450mm and runs at 300rpm. If the co-efficient of friction is 0.2 and the brake
drum diameter is 240, find the torque applied due to a hand load of 100N.
8. With a neat sketch explain the working of a centrifugal clutch.
9. Explain the principle of working of an absorption dynamometer with a neat sketch.
10. An engine developing 50 kW at 1200rpm is fitted with a cone clutch. The cone angle is 12 0 with a mean
diameter of 500mm. The coefficient of friction is 0.25.The normal pressure on the clutch face is not to exceed
0.1MPa.Determine the axial spring force to engage the clutch.
11.A cone clutch with cone angle 200 is to transmit 7.5 kW at 750 r.p.m. the normal intensity of
pressure between the contact faces is not to exceed 0.12N/mm2. The coefficient of friction is 0.2. if face width is
1/5th of mean diameter, find :1. The main dimensions of the clutch, and 2. Axial force required while running.
12 A centrifugal clutch has 4 shoes which slide radially in a spider keyed to the driving shaft and make contact
with internal cylindrical surface of a rim keyed to the driven shaft. When the clutch is at rest, each shoe is
pulled against a stop by a spring so as to leave a radial clearance of 5 mm between the shoe and the rim. The
pull exerted by the spring is then 500 N. The mass centre of shoe is 160mm from the axis of the clutch. If the
internal diameter of the rim is 400 mm, the mass of each shoe is 8 kg, the stiffness of each spring is 50 N/mm
and the coefficient of friction between the shoe and the rim is 0.3. Find the power transmitted by the clutch at
500 rpm.
13 A cone clutch with a semi-cone angle of 15° transmits 10kW at 600 rpm. The normal pressure
intensity between the surfaces in contact is not to exceed 100kN/m2. The width of the friction
surfaces is half of the mean diameter. Assume μ=0.25. Determine
(i) the outer and inner diameters of the plate
(ii) width of the cone face
(iii) The axial force to engage the clutch.
14 Describe with neat A car engine has its rated output of 12 kW. The maximum torque developed is 100 N-m.
The clutch used is of single plate type having two active surfaces. The axial pressure is not to exceed 85 kN/m 2.
The external diameter of the friction plate is 1.25 times the internal diameter. Determine the dimensions of the
friction plate and the axial force exerted by the springs. Coefficient of friction = 0.3.
15 Derive a relation for the frictional torque acting on a centrifugal clutch.

16 A single block brake is shown in figure the diameter of drum is 250mm and the angle of contact is 120
degrees. If the operating force of 900N is applied at the end of a lever and the coefficient of friction between the
drum and the lining is 0.45 determine the torque that may be transmitted by the block brake.

17 A Simple band brake is applied to a drum of 560mm diameter, which rotates at240 rpm. Angle of contact of
band is 270 degrees. One end of the band is fastened to a fixed pin and the other end of the brake lever 140mm
from the fixed pin. The brake lever is 800mm long and is placed perpendicular to the diameter that bisects the
angle of contact. The coefficient of friction is 0.3; determine the necessary pull at the end of the lever to stop the
drum if 40 kW of power is being absorbed. Also find the width of the band if its thickness is 3mm and the
maximum tensile stress is limited to 40N/mm2.
18 A simple band brake is fitted on a crane having the diameter of barrel as 50cm. The band embraces 3/4 th of
the circumference of the brake drum of diameter 70 cm. The tight end of the band is attached to the fulcrum of
the brake lever while the slack end of the band is attached to a pin which is 10 cmaway from the fulcrum.
Calculate the braking torque acting on the drum shaft if the operating force of 392.4 N is acting on the lever at a
distance of 65 cm from the fulcrum. The coefficient of friction is 0.3. Instead of attaching the tight end of the
band to the fulcrum of the lever, if it is attached to a pin 2 cm away from the fulcrum of the lever and on
opposite side of the pin to which the slack end of the band is attached, what will be the increase of braking
torque acting on the drum shaft?
19 What is the function of a flywheel? How does it differ from that of a governor
20 With neat sketch explain epicycle gear dynamometer.
Unit-III
1. Prove that the maximum fluctuation of energy.
E = E x 2CS
Where E= Mean K.E of the flywheel and
Cs= coefficient of friction of speed.
2. The mass of flywheel of an engine is 6.5 tones and the radius of gyration is1.8 meters. It is found from the
turning moment diagram that the fluctuation of energy is 56KN-m.If the mean speed of the engine is
120rpm,find the maximum and minimum speeds.
3. The turning moment diagram for a petrol engine is drawn to the following scale. Turning moment 1mm=5N-
m; crank angle 1mm=10. The turning moment diagram repeats itself at every half revolution of the engine and
the areas above and below the mean turning moment line taken in order, are 295, 685, 40,340,960,270mm 2. The
rotating parts are equivalent to amass of 36kg at a radius of gyration of 150mm. Determine the coefficient of
fluctuation of speed when the engine runs at 1500rpm.
4. An engine flywheel has a mass of 6500 kg and a radius of gyration of 2m. If the maximum and minimum
speed is 120 rpm and 118rpm respectively, find maximum fluctuation of energy.
5. A vertical double acting steam engine develops 75 kW at 250rpm. The maximum fluctuation of energy is 30
percent of the work done per stroke. The max and min speeds are not to vary more than 1 percent on either side
of the mean speed. Find the mass of the flywheel required ,if the radius of gyration is 0.6m.
6. Define the following terms relating to governors.
(a) Stability
(b) Sensitiveness
(c) Isochronism
(d) Hunting
7. Prove that the Sensitiveness of a Proell Governor is greater than that of a Porter Governnor.
8. Calculate the vetical height of a Watt Governnor when it rotates at 60 rpm. Also find the change in vertical
height when its speed increases to 61 rpm.
9. The arms of a Porter governor are each 250mm long and pivoted on the governor axis. The mass of each ball
is 5kf and the mass of the central sleeve is 30kg.The radius of rotation of the balls is 150mm when the sleeve
begins to rise and reaches a value of 200mm for max.speed. Determine the speed range of the governor.
10. In a spring loaded Hartnell governor the extreme radii of rotation of the balls are 80mm and 120 mm.
The ball arm and the sleeve arm of the bell crank lever are equal in length. The mass of each ball is 2kg.If the
speeds at the two extreme positions are 400 and 420rpm ,find the initial compression of the central spring.
11 In an engine governor of the porter type, the upper and lower arms are 20 cm and 25 cm long respectively
and pivoted on the axis of rotation. The central load is 147.2 N the weight of each ball is 19.6 N and friction of
sleeve together with the resistance of the operating gear is equal to the weight of 24.5 N at the sleeve. If the
limiting inclinations of the upper arms to the vertical are 300 and 400, find range of speeds of the governor.
12 A governor of the Proell type has each arm 250 mm long. The pivots of the upper and lower arms are 25
mm, from the axis. The central load acting on the sleeve has a mass of 25 kg and each rotating ball has a mass
of 3.2 kg when the governor sleeve is in mid position, the extension link of the lower arm is vertical and the
radius of path of rotation of the masses is 175 mm. the vertical height of the governor is 200 mm. if the speed of
governor is 160 rpm, when in mid position, find: (a) Length of the extension link and (b) Tension in the upper
arm.
13 A Proell governor has all the four arms of length 25 cm. The upper and lower ends of the arms are pivoted
on the axis of rotation of the governor. The extension arms of lower links are each 10 cm long and parallel to
the axis when the radius of the ball path is 15 cm. The weight of each ball is 44.15 N and the central weight of
353.2 N. Determine the equilibrium speed of the governor.
14 Describe the function of a simple watt governor. What is its limitation?
15 The mass of each ball of a proell governor is 3 kg and the weight on the sleeve is 20 kg each arm is 220 mm
long and the pivots of the upper and the lower arms are 20 mm form the axis. For the mid position of the sleeve
the extension links of the lower arms are vertical, the height of the governor 180 mm and the speed 150 rpm.
Determine the lengths of the extension links and the tension in the upper arms.
16 What is meant by effort and power of a governor? Find the expressions for the same in a porter governor.
17 The crank of a three- cylinder single –acting engine are set equally at 1200 the engine speed is 540 rpm. The
turning-moment diagram for each cylinder is a triangle for the power stroke with a maximum torque of 100 N-
m at 600 after dead centre of the corresponding crank. On the return stroke, the torque is sensibly zero.
Determine (i) the power developed (ii) the coefficient of fluctuation of speed if the flywheel has a mass of 7.5
kg with a radius of gyration of 65 mm.(iii) the coefficient of fluctuation of energy (iv) the maximum angular
acceleration of the flywheel.
18

19 Explain precisely the uses of turning moment diagram of reciprocating engines.

20 The following data relate to a Hartnell governor M= 1.5 kg; a= 100 mm; b = 40 mm; r1 = 70 mm; r2 =110
mm; N1 =260 rpm; and N2= 275 rpm. The axis of rotation is 80 mm form the fulcrum. Calculate the rate of the
spring and the equilibrium speed when the radius of the balls is 80 mm.
Unit-IV
1. Four masses A, B, C, and D are attached to a shaft and revolve in the same plane. The masses are
12kg,10kg,18kg and 15kg respectively and their radii of rotations are 40mm ,50mm,60mm and 30mm.The
angular position of the masses B,C, and D are 600 1350and 2700 from the mass A. Find the magnitude and
position of the balancing of mass at a radius of 100mm.
2. Discuss how a single revolving mass is balanced by two masses revolving in different planes.
3. Explain briefly static and dynamic balancing of rotating masses.
4. Explain how masses mi (i=1………..n) rotating in the same plane with radii ri (i=1…………..n) with
same angular speed rad/sec can be balanced.
5. What is hammer blow? Write an equation for maximum magnitude of hammer blow.
6. Explain briefly “ Primary balancing and Secondary balancing as applied to balancing of reciprocating
masses.
7. Explain the term Partial balancing of primary forces . Why is it necessary?
8. What do you understand by inside cylinder locomotives and outside cylinder locomotives?
9. Prove that max. swaying couple is equal to

Where a= distance between the centre lines of the two cylinders and
C= fraction of the mass of reciprocating parts which is to be balanced.
10. Prove that the limiting condition for the angular speed when the wheel does not lift from the rails is
given by,