Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Characteristics
To Exchange Information
To Achieve Goal:
To Maintain Co-ordination and Co-operation
To Plan
To Facilitate Direction and Motivation
To provide information regarding past and present
To Create Consciousness
To Improve Employer-Employee Relationship
Types of communication
Verbal Communication
Verbal communication refers to the form of communication in which message is
transmitted verbally; communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of
writing. Verbal Communication is further divided into:
Oral Communication
Written Communication
Nonverbal Communication
1. Formal Communication
2. Informal Communication
Informal communication is done using channels that are in contrast with formal
communication channels. It’s just a casual talk. It is established for societal
affiliations of members in an organization and face-to-face discussions. It
happens among friends and family. The informal channel of communication is
also known as Grape wine.
Process of Communication
Barriers of communication
o Information overload
o Poor listening
o Filtering-Manipulating original message into a favorable format to the
recipient
o Emotions
o Complexity of orgnisational structure
o Poor Retention (Limited memory)
o Loss by transmission
o Time pressure
CONTROL
The Control function is closely related with all other functions of management.
The management control is the process of ensuring that the actual plan
implementation matches with the original plan. It is an ongoing and dynamic
function and linked with other function of the management in a circular
relationship.
According to Koonts O‘Donnel, ―Controlling is the measurement of
accomplishment against the standards and the correction of deviation to assure
attainment of objectives according to plan.
2. Financial Statements
All business organisations prepare Profit and Loss Account. It gives a summary
of the income and expenses for a specified period. They also prepare Balance
Sheet, which shows the financial position of the organisation at the end of the
specified period. Financial statements are used to control the organisation. The
figures of the current year can be compared with the previous year's figures.
3. Budgetary Control
A budget is a planning and controlling device. Budgetary control is a technique
of managerial control through budgets. It is the essence of financial control.
Budgetary control is done for all aspects of a business such as income,
expenditure, production, capital and revenue. Budgetary control is done by the
budget committee.
7. Management Audit
Management Audit is an evaluation of the management as a whole. It critically
examines the full management process, i.e. planning, organising, directing, and
controlling.
CO-ORDINATION
It is a process of integrating the interdepartmental activities as unified action
towards the fulfillment of the predetermined common goals of the organization.
Koontz & O’Donnell, has defined coordination in these simple words as,
“Coordination is the essence of management for the achievement of harmony of
individual efforts towards the accomplishment of group goals”.
Features
1. It is not a separate function of management.
2. I t is necessary to all levels of management.
3. It is a continuous and dynamic process.
4. Group efforts are more relevant than individual efforts.
5. Unity of action is the heart of co-ordination.
6. It is a system concept.
Types of Co-ordination
The following are the important types of co-ordination.
1. Vertical co-ordination: - It refers to co-ordination between activities of a
manager and his subordinates
2. Horizontal co-ordination:- It refers to co-ordination among peers – ie
employees working at the same levels in organizational hierarchy and among
various departments.
3. Diagonal co-ordination: It is co-ordination among the users and between
users and service personnel, which is achieved through understanding,
negotiation and voluntary effort.
Principles of Co-ordination:
In order to ensure effective co-ordination, the co-ordination should be based on
certain principles:
1. Personal contact: Effective co-ordination can be achieved through
personal contact. Personal contact avoids controversy and
misunderstanding.
2. Reciprocal relationship: This principle says that all factors in a situation
are reciprocally related. Each factor influences other factor.
3. Dynamism: Co-ordination is modified according to the external and
internal actions and decisions ie co-ordination should be a dynamic one.
4. Continuity: It says that co-ordination is a continuous process.
5. Self-co-ordination: According to this principle, the function of one
department affects other departments and in turn, is affected by the
function of other departments.
6. Clear cut objectives: As per this principle, the departments heads should
know clearly the objectives of the organization.
7. Effective communication: Effective communication is very necessary for
the proper co-ordination.
8. Early stage of starting: The co-ordination should be started even from the
planning function of management.
Techniques of Coordination
1. Sound Planning
Coordination facilitates sound planning in the organization. The plan, policies,
and comprehen-sive programs prefer coordination of activities and individuals.
2. Sound Organizational Structure
A sound organizational structure contributes to effective coordination. It clearly
defines the authority relationship which provides an effective means of
integrating the activities of different departments.
4. Maintaining Co-operation
Co-operation is the result of maintaining good relationship among the people in
the organization. It depends on sound policies and procedures. Informal contacts
should be encouraged to supplement formal communication. The coordination is
more effective and long lasting when the organization achieves the voluntary co-
operation of employees.
5. Formation of Committees
A committee is a group of a person entrusted with functions collectively as a
group. The decisions of committee are easy to be implemented as all who are
represented are bound to follow committee decisions. It promotes coordination
through better and free interchange of ideas, feelings, and opinions.
7. Voluntary Cooperation
Coordination is more effective and long lasting when it is achieved through the
voluntary cooperation of employees.
8. Effective Communication
A good communication system contributes to effective coordination by
promoting mutual understanding and cooperation among various individuals.
9. Simplified Organization
A simple and sound organization is an important means of coordination. The
organization structure of a line of authority and respon-sibility from top to the
bottom should be clearly defined.
10. Effective Leadership and Supervision
Effective leadership facilitates coordination efforts in the planning and the
execution stage. The activities of the subordinates can be continuously guided by
a good leader in the right direction. It can inspire to pull them together for the
accomplishment of the common objectives.
12.Chain of Command
The Chain of command is one of the most important methods of coordination.
The supreme coordinating power in an organization is the authority. The exercise
of authority through the chain of command or hierarchy is the traditional means
of coordination.
13. Indoctrination
Indoctrination refers to the religious idea. Indoctrinating the organizational
mem-bers with the goals and mission is also the essential techniques of the
organization. It can transform a neutral body into a committed body.
14. Incentives
Incentives refer to something that encourages someone to do something. In the
coordination, incentives may be used to rebate the interest and to reduce conflicts.
For instance, profit helps in promoting team spirit and cooperation between
employers and workers.