Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Data that describes the movement of a body part with respect to a fixed
reference point.
Area swept out by movement of hand – “workspace envelopes”
Fewer functional than structural anthropometric data are available even though functional
measures are more representative of actual human activity.
Existing functional anthropometric data are useful for designing workspace and
positioning object within them.
The figure shows the shapes of the reach envelopes and the allowable (a) and preferred (p) zones
for the placement of controls in a workspace
Principles in the Application of Anthropometric
Data- Design for Extreme
p 50th , z ve
p m z SD
p 50th , z ve
Calculating Percentiles
Z scores (standard scores)
Z = (Value – Mean)/SD
For any %ile: Xp = mean + (SDxZ)
e.g. for US adults:
mean stature = 1755mm
SD = 71mm
Z (for 90th%ile) = 1.28
90%ile stature = 1755 + (71 x 1.28) = 1755+90.88
90%ile stature = 1845.88 mm (~72.6”)
Coefficient of Variation
Coefficient of variation (CV) - useful index of variability of
a dimension
(CV = sd/mean). A low value means that the data are
normally distributed (<10). A high value indicates increasing
skewness of data.
Typical values are: US Stature 3-4%
Body heights (sitting height etc.) 3-5%
Body breadths 5-9%
Dynamic reach 4-11%
Weight 10-21%
Joint ranges 7-28%
Muscle strength (static) 13-85%
Availability of Anthropometric Data
Anthropometry of military populations is usually well documented and is
used in the design of everything from cockpits to ranges and sizes of boots
and clothing.
Data are available for U.S., British, and other European groups, as well as
Japanese citizens.
Problems with much of the anthropometric data from the United States and
Europe are the age of the data and the lack of standardization across
surveys.
Anthropometric Measured Data of Japanese Adults
Anthropometric Measured Data of East German Adults
Anthropometric Measured Data of British Adults
UM Database (105 dimensions) male
standing
50th SD 5th 95th
acromial height A6 us3 135.3962 4.86273 129.02 143.9
acromion-radial length A23 us5 30.70762 5.255943 26.84 34.02
axilla height A7 us7 125.8895 5.611234 118.3 135.36
bispinious breadth A31 us15 24.0381 3.21037 19.8 28.2
buttock height A12 us26 83.44762 6.881275 76.9 91.64
calf height A17 us30 33.53619 2.667436 29.7 37.16
cervical A4 us31 145.3676 5.308438 137.16 154.68
chest breadth A29 us33 28.42667 3.944867 24.16 34.04
chest height A8 us38 118.12 4.844414 112.12 127.44
crotch height, standing A13 us39 76.11442 6.830563 68.96 87.12
forearm-hand length A27 us55 45.55905 2.377244 43.04 49.1
hip breadth A32 us66 31.53905 3.145922 27.6 35.52
iliocristale height A10 us68 97.7381 5.84925 90.7 107.16
knee height, midpatella A16 us73 46.2381 2.961106 42 51.1
lateral femoral epicondyle height A15 us75 55.35385 4.91291 48.4 62.18
lateral malleolus height A18 us76 8.145714 8.736 6 8.1
neck height, lateral A5 us83 141.439 5.146349 134.92 151.5
radiale-stylion length A25 us88 26.02857 5.27756 22.5 29.24
shoulder-elbow length A26 us92 33.97524 2.988947 30.2 37.38
sleeve outseam A24 us98 49.99619 6.116968 40.82 56.98
span A19 us99 172.1505 8.967056 162.22 183.4
stature A3 us100 167.1238 5.720552 158.22 177.08
tenth rib height A9 us103 106.76 4.542314 100.2 115.06
thumbtip reach A20 us107 76.95524 5.47791 70.6 83.32
trohanterion height A14 us108 87.69519 4.903899 80.615 95.155
waist breadth A30 us113 26.99333 4.029036 20.92 35.1
waist height, omphalion A11 us120 99.09143 5.627339 89.52 106.96
weight A1 us125 69.43524 20.19956 50.2 94.4
wrist-wall length A22 us132 63.0419 4.279688 56.04 69.7
wrist-wall length, extended A21 us133 69.78381 4.66033 62.32 77.04
UM Database (105 dimensions) male
sitting
50th SD 5th 95th
abdominal extension depth, sitting B14 us2 21.7419 15.98945 14.58 27.44
acromion height, sitting B4 us4 55.01238 3.151181 49.84 59.62
ball of foot length B23 us10 17.21048 1.713853 14.9 19.7
biacromial breadth B10 us11 37.25048 2.799317 32.58 41.68
bideltoid breadth B9 us13 42.77905 2.885997 38.32 48.06
bimalleolaar breadth B25 us14 6.992381 0.517519 6.2 7.7
buttock knee length B12 us27 54.00095 4.328628 48.98 59.48
buttock popliteal length B13 us28 44.2219 3.276929 39.62 49.48
eye height, sitting B2 us50 74.78476 3.576198 68.14 80.08
foot breadth, Horizontal B24 us51 9.867619 0.753389 8.62 11
foot length B22 us52 25.16286 1.252556 23.3 27.74
hand breadth B19 us58 8.248571 0.627283 7.3 9.18
hand length B16 us60 18.78476 1.025331 17.1 20.08
heel breadth B26 us65 5.667619 0.784648 4.2 6.78
hip breadth, sitting B15 us67 33.48381 4.085272 27.56 39.38
interscye 1 B11 us70 30.43714 4.534043 24.32 38.12
knee height sitting B7 us74 55.91524 12.34828 48.86 93.76
midshoulder height, sitting B3 us79 60.74476 3.153142 56.06 66.24
popliteal height B8 us87 44.72095 12.40934 38.44 83.52
Sitting height B1 us94 87.29048 3.836077 80.48 92.78
thigh clearance B6 us105 16.34857 12.12608 11.1 52.18
thumb breadth B20 us106 2.182857 1.960939 1.8 2.2
waist height, sitting, omphalion B5 us122 23.07524 1.953142 20.12 26.08
wrist center of grip length B21 us126 6.802857 0.832565 5.6 8.3
wrist index finger length B17 us130 17.09619 2.220357 11.56 19.36
wrist-thumbtip length B18 us131 9.826667 1.233839 8.1 11.86
Comparison of anthropometry measurement
for standing posture with other databases
MAS KOR JPN MAS KOR JPN
50th 50th 50th SD SD SD
acromial height us3 135.3962 137.9 137.03 4.86273 5 4.96
acromion-radial length us5 30.70762 30.76 33.42 5.255943 1.55 1.72
axilla height us7 125.8895 127.2 126.05 5.611234 4.9 4.8
bispinious breadth us15 24.0381 23.45 22.51 3.21037 2.01 1.98
buttock height us26 83.44762 81.31 81.91 6.881275 4.32 3.77
calf height us30 33.53619 33.3 32.15 2.667436 1.9 1.83
cervical us31 145.3676 144.2 143.38 5.308438 5.1 5.04
chest breadth us33 28.42667 30.59 30.13 3.944867 2.43 1.83
chest height us38 118.12 122.84 121.35 4.844414 5.4 4.59
crotch height, standing us39 76.11442 75 75.07 6.830563 3.8 3.74
forearm-hand length us55 45.55905 44.4 48.4 2.377244 2.1 2.33
hip breadth us66 31.53905 32.4 32.03 3.145922 1.5 1.44
iliocristale height us68 97.7381 92.4 95.02 5.84925 4.2 4.09
knee height, midpatella us73 46.2381 45.86 44.78 2.961106 2.51 2.14
lateral femoral epicondyle height us75 55.35385 45.95 45.44 4.91291 2.41 1.94
lateral malleolus height us76 8.145714 6.7 7.54 8.736 0.5 0.52
neck height, lateral us83 141.439 143.9 142.42 5.146349 5.87 6.16
radiale-stylion length us88 26.02857 24.1 24.04 5.27756 1.4 1.37
shoulder-elbow length us92 33.97524 33.3 36 2.988947 1.6 1.77
sleeve outseam us98 49.99619 54.5 57.89 6.116968 2.6 3.07
span us99 172.1505 169.2 177.14 8.967056 6.3 8.19
stature us100 167.1238 170.2 168.83 5.720552 5.7 5.45
tenth rib height us103 106.76 104.99 105.07 4.542314 4.8 5.13
thumbtip reach us107 76.95524 73.3 78.5 5.47791 3.59 3
trohanterion height us108 87.69519 83.7 83.42 4.903899 4.2 3.79
waist breadth us113 26.99333 28.4 28.85 4.029036 2.2 1.8
waist height, omphalion us120 99.09143 96.13 98.57 5.627339 4.62 4.1
weight us125 69.43524 68.2 66.07 20.19956 8.6 8.08
wrist-wall length us132 63.0419 61.26 66.5 4.279688 3.13 3.04
wrist-wall length, extended us133 69.78381 68.56 65.94 4.66033 3.42 3.41
DESIGN EXAMPLE
Design a computer workstation for a clerk in an
office work environment
Ratio scaling
Estimating data from known dimensions assumption – Though people vary
greatly in size. They are likely to be similar in proportions.
Use only pairings of data that are related to each other with a coefficient
of correlation of least 0.7 (0.72 = 0.49 ~ 50% variability of derived info
determined by at least 50% variability of predictor),
Ratio scaling must be done with great caution, not justified with hard proof
purely for expediency
Not reliable when used with circumferential measurements
dx dx dy
E E dy E Dy
Dx Dx Dy
Example
STEPS IN DESIGN FOR FITTING CLOTHING, TOOLS, WORKSTATIONS, AND EQUIPMENT TO THE
BODY
(Kraemer, Kraemer, Kraemer-Elbert 1994)
Step 1: Select those anthropometric measures that directly relate to defined design
dimensions. Examples are: hand length related to handle size; shoulder and hip
breadth related to escape-hatch diameter;
Step 2: For each of these pairings, determine whether the design must fit only one
given percentile (minimal or maximal) of the body dimension. or a range along that
body dimension. Examples are: the escape hatch must be big enough to
accommodate the largest extreme value of shoulder breadth and hip breadth.
Step 3: Combine all selected design values in a careful drawing, mock-up, or computer
model to ascertain that they are compatible. For example, the required leg-room
clearance height needed for sitting persons with long lower legs may be very close
to the height of the working surface determined from elbow height.
Step 4: Determine whether one design will fit all users. If not, several sizes or
adjustment must be provided to fit all users. Examples are one extra-large bed size
fits all sleepers; gloves and shoes must come in different sizes; seat heights are
adjustable.
Table 9.3 Guidelines for the Conversion of Standard Measuring Postures to Real Work
Conditions
HEAD
ARM
BODY &
AND
TORSO FOR
HAND
STANDING
AND
SITTING
LEG
FOOT
Malaysian Male Human Model
Malaysian Female Human Model