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ME 361: Instrumentation and Measurement

Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters

Kazi Arafat Rahman

Lecturer
Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering, BUET
Analog signal conditioning…..
• Amplifiers

• Special-purpose circuits
• Analog Voltage Comparator
• Sample-and-Hold Circuit
• Charge Amplifier
• 4–20 mA Current Loop
• Flip-Flop Circuits

• Filters

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Filters…..
• Capable of passing a specific range of frequencies while blocking
other frequencies
• The four major types of filters include low-pass filters, high-pass
filters, bandpass filters, and notch filters (or band-reject filters)

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Filters….. Response curve

• -3 dB frequency
• Center frequency (f0)
• Passband
• Stop-band frequency (fs)

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Filter Types….. Passive filters
Passive filters are designed using passive elements (e.g.,
resistors, capacitors, and inductors) and are most responsive to
frequencies between around 100 Hz and 300 MHz. When
designing passive filters with very steep attenuation falloff
responses, the number of inductor and capacitor sections
increases. As more sections are added to get the desired
response, the greater is the chance for signal loss to occur. Also,
source and load impedances must be taken into consideration
when designing passive filters.

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Filter Types….. Active filters
Active filters, unlike passive filters, are constructed from op
amps, resistors, and capacitors. Active filters are capable of
handling very low frequency signals (approaching 0 Hz), and they
can provide voltage gain if needed (unlike passive filters). Active
filters can be designed to offer comparable performance to LC
filters, and they are typically easier to make, less finicky, and can
be designed without the need for large-sized components. Also,
with active filters, a desired input and output impedance can be
provided that is independent of frequency. One major drawback
with active filters is a relatively limited high-frequency range.
Above around 100 kHz or so, active filters can become unreliable
(a result of the op amp’s bandwidth and slew-rate
requirements).

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Passive filters……… RC/RL low-pass filters

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Passive filters………RC low-pass filters

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Passive filters………RC low-pass filters

Attenuation

The attenuation provides a measure of how much of the input voltage

gets passed to the output. For an RC low-pass filter, when ω goes to
zero, the ωRC term goes to zero, and the attenuation approaches 1.
This means that low frequencies are more easily passed through to the
output. When ω gets large, the attenuation approaches 0. This means
that high frequencies are prevented from reaching the output. When
the frequency of the input signal to an RC low-pass filter reaches what
is called the cutoff frequency, given by

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Passive filters………RC low-pass filters

Phase shift,

• Analyze the RL low-pass filter:

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Passive filters………RC/RL high-pass filters

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Passive filters……. band-pass filters

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Passive filters……. notch-pass filters

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Active filters…….

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