Computer Processing of Tone with same frequency as vocal
Human Language chords Formant synthesis – emphasizing harmonics corresponding to the COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS formants required for a certain – subfield of linguistics and computer science that is sound OR concerned with the interactions of human language Concatenative synthesis – recorded and computers units phones, syllables, words, – Includes: phrases, and sentences; what is o analysis of written texts and spoken generally used today discourse o Computers still have a machinelike accent o translation of text and speech – Text-to-Speech o use of human languages for communication o Computer program which converts written between computers and people texts to basic units for synthesizer o modeling and testing of linguistic theories Formant synthesizers: translates into phonetic representation; text Computational phonetics and phonology to speech happens precedes – Processing of speech electronic conversion to sound – Converting speech to text and vice versa Concatenative synthesis: translates – Speech recognition input depending on what o analyzing speech into phones and sounds/phones/words are joined phonemes → producing a phonetic together transcription → converting to ordinary text o Problems: o Computers find difficulty in segmenting Words spelled alike but read speech b/c differently (e.g. read – computer its original design is to detect sound must have structural knowledge) patterns of only certain Inconsistent spelling (e.g. tough, words/phrases bough, cough, dough it recognizes speech of only one Computational morphology person of coarticulation - different ways to - Processing of word structures for the computer to pronounce a word/phrase be able to understand and use the word of noise – computers do not have - Interwoven rules, exceptions, and word/morpheme the ability to zero in on the voice of forms the speaker (cocktail party effect) - Methods: o Computers use statistics or pre- o Computer looks for roots and affixes programmed words/phrases to decide o Stemming- affixes are repeatedly stripped – Speech synthesis off o creating electronic signals that stimulate Computational syntax phones and other features of speech → assemble into words and phrases for output - Parsing (input) to electronic speaker o Parser- computer program which tries to o Many have attempted to create “talking replicate our “mental parser” – both use machines” by using different materials to grammar to assign a phrase structure to a imitate the mouth but now, we can produce string of words these sounds electronically o 2 approaches: Top-down – looks at rules first then tries to apply the sentences Bottom-up – it looks at the Computational Sign Language sentence first, identifies its parts, - Make use of a camera and visual processing then looks for the rules - Two purposes o Problems o Video dictionary words with different syntactic o Enable a computer to search through ASL categories (e.g. orange) videos for a particular sign different ways to read sentences - Generation (output) o Assign words to the ideas or concepts o Words must fit into phrases or sentences which must comply with the syntax of the language o 2 approaches: Top-down- highest-lowest level categories Bottom-up- words → combine words for higher level categories o Transition network- visualization of grammar; uses nodes (circles) and arcs (arrows)
Figure 1. Transition network for S -> NP VP
Computational semantics
– representation of the meaning of words and
morphemes in the computer, as well as the meanings derived from their combinations – Higher levels of linguistic processing – 2 concerns: o Produce semantic representation in the computer o Take semantic representation to produce natural language output which has meaning – Computer determines the concept it wants to express → assembles components of meaning → syntactic rules applied to produce grammatical sentences
Computational pragmatics
- Pragmatics as the interaction between the real
world and the language system (e.g the switch v a wire) - Also used to determine meaning when two expressions refer to the same object