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Site Lighting: Optical Systems Design and

Application Guide for
Site and Roadways
Selecting the right type of site
lighting enhances building design,
efficiency, and safety
Provided by Kim Lighting
rchitecture and light: The two are intertwined in good
A design of all buildings, but the same is true of
building sites. Outdoor spaces frame and enhance any
building design. Depending on the lighting used, these
outdoor spaces can create settings that might be
attractive or mysterious, inviting, or secluded, secure-
feeling or foreboding. With buildings and spaces being
used during more hours of the day and night, good site
lighting design becomes as important as good building
lighting design.

Outdoor lighting, like all artificial illumination, is based

Photo Courtesy Kim Lighting
CONTINUING EDUCATION
Use the learning objectives below to focus your study as you
read Site Lighting: Optical Systems Design and Application
Guide for Site and Roadways. To earn one AIA/CES Learning Unit,
including one hour of health, safety, welfare credit, answer the questions
on page 268, then follow the reporting instructions on page 347 or go to
the Continuing Education section on archrecord.construction.com and
follow the reporting instructions.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this article, you should be able to:
• Identify the lighting requirements in each area of site lighting
• Describe different methods to direct light toward intended areas or away
from areas not to be illuminated
• Describe lighting distribution types and how they are best suited for
lighting outdoor environments
• Explain how isofootcandle plots are used to design site lighting
on an understanding of light principles and the
specification of luminaires that meet one’s objectives. A
luminaire is defined by the Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America (IESNA) as “a device to produce,
control, and distribute light. (It is) a complete lighting
unit consisting of the following components: one or more
lamps, optical devices designed to distribute light,
sockets to position and connect the lamps to a supply of
electric power, and the mechanical components required
to support or suspend the housing above grade.”
From a pure lighting standpoint, the main items that differentiate luminaires are the
internal optical system and the lamp (bulb) unit. The function of an optical system is to
direct light energy emitted by the lamp into desirable areas. This function can be
accomplished through reflection, diffusion, baffling, refraction, or transmission through a
lens. Lamp placement within the luminaire also plays a significant role in determining
optical system performance. Using the lamp’s natural distribution pattern to its greatest
advantage produces the most effective optical designs. For example, a horizontal lamp
orientation produces asymmetric light distribution patterns, while vertical lamp orientation
produces a strong symmetric pattern. Reflector and lens designs that enhance these
characteristics produce the most efficient results.
IESNA also identifies performance and design considerations as follows, “Luminaire
performance can be considered a combination of photometric, electrical, and mechanical
performance. Photometric performance of a luminaire describes the efficiency and
effectiveness with which it delivers the light produced by the lamp to the intended target.”
Luminaire manufacturers need to consider a wide variety of factors in designing and producing
their products. Architects and other design professionals need to be aware of fundamental
criteria in designing lighting layouts and specifying luminaries for use on their projects.

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I. SITE LIGHTING AREAS AND DESIGN INTEGRATION
Any given building site usually has differing uses and conditions—each has
differing lighting requirements as well. Therefore, meeting the diverse needs of site
illumination requires a variety of different solutions that can be coordinated and integrated
to complement the building design. Such an integrated site lighting design begins with first
identifying the specific lighting requirements for each portion of the site, then selecting
luminaires that combine appropriate aesthetic design with relevant lighting performance
features.
Conceptually, project sites can be classified into four basic lighting areas; roadways, open
areas, pedestrian areas, and the site perimeter, each representing a unique set of lighting
circumstances, as described below and shown in Figure 1.
Roadways Open Areas Pedestrian Areas
with the building’s architectural design. Luminaires in this area are
usually highly visible, requiring attention to finish quality and Any given
detail. Illumination of irregularly shaped spaces, and a need to building site
control stray light, requires optical diversity, particularly since usually has
fixture placement may be influenced by aesthetic concerns. Ideally, differing
if the appearance and design components of the luminaires
specified in these areas are shared with other site luminaires, the
uses and
conditions—
integration of the lighting system for the entire site is enhanced.
each has
4. Site Perimeter differing lighting
Lighting the site perimeter includes requirements to control or requirements
eliminate illumination from “trespassing” onto adjacent properties.
Light trespass ordinances, and courtesy to
as well.
Site Perimeter neighboring property occupants, require
tight control of light emitted behind the luminaire. Efficient design
satisfies some of this demand, while optics inside the luminaire
that cut off light distribution in certain areas provide an additional
level of control. House-side shields may also be required to provide
even tighter control by trimming the distribution pattern. These
concerns must be satisfied, of course, without affecting overall
system performance.

Figure 1: Typical Site Lighting Areas

1. Roadways
Lighting for roadways, including private drive lanes, usually requires uniform light
distribution and glare control with wide pole spacings to minimize the total number of
luminaires needed. Luminaire selection criteria include overall performance, consideration
of maintenance, lamp choices influenced by utility or owner interests, and the ability to
remain in service for long periods with minimal attention. Reflectors and optical designs
within the luminaires include an array of possible light distribution patterns in order to
illuminate varied roadway widths and traffic patterns with narrow perpendicular and wide
lateral beam spreads.
2. Open Areas
Lighting of open areas requires careful consideration
of illumination requirements, uniformity, and
brightness control. These areas are usually subject to 180°
II. PHOTOMETRY INFORMATION
The design of site lighting requires an understanding of the unique information used to
represent elements of optical performance. Photometry, or the measurement of light
intensity and relative illuminating power, is the foundation on which any evaluation of
luminaire performance is based. Use of independent testing labs to conduct the
measurements and compile the information ensures that the photometry information is
accurate and reliable.
Basic Language and Presentation
In order to properly select luminaires appropriate to the specific locations and requirements
of a building site, an understanding of some of the basic language and ways that
information is presented is required.

scrutiny relevant to the safety and security of site occupants House

Side
and the interaction between vehicle and pedestrian traffic. Street 90° 180°
Side
Parking areas and connecting walkways, in particular, are a 0° 90°

potential source of litigation and liability for the project Lateral REPORT NUMBER: ITL44999
DATE: 02/02/99
Angle PREPARED FOR: KIM LIGHTING INC.
owner, requiring accurate prediction of illumination levels 0°
Vertical CANDELA TABULATION LATERAL ANGLE
and dependable performance. In order to optimize visibility Angle STREET SIDE HOUSE SIDE
for all users, it is important to control illumination levels, 0.0 15.0 35.0 55.0 71.0 75.0 95.0 115.0 135.0 155.0 180.0

uniformity of light distribution, and glare. At the same time, 180.0

155.0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
125.0 0. 0. 0. 5. 0. 5. 9. 9. 9. 0. 0.
an economical layout will be based on maximizing the 115.0 0. 0. 0. 9. 0. 9. 12. 12. 12. 0. 0.
V 105.0 4. 7. 9. 12. 9. 15. 15. 15. 15. 9. 12.
spacing of luminaires. E
R
95.0 7. 9. 15. 15. 15. 18. 18. 18. 18. 12. 12.
85.0 18. 24. 27. 36. 36. 45. 36. 45. 55. 45. 36.
T 75.0 327. 491. 700. 1701. 3893. 3993. 810. 500. 300. 518. 382.
I
C 66.0 728. 746. 2492. 4011. 8595. 8232. 3183. 1783. 1674. 1437. 1037.
65.0 782. 810. 2465. 4339. 8295. 8141. 3429. 1810. 1737. 1483. 1110.
3. Pedestrian Areas A
L 55.0 1674. 1983. 2610. 4066. 7104. 6631. 3029. 2001. 2010. 1655. 1492.
A 45.0 2219. 2192. 2310. 2392. 2301. 2228. 1974. 1865. 1865. 1719. 1674.
The transition between the surrounding site and the building N
G
35.0
25.0
2110.
982.
2165. 2092.
1137.
2092.
1674.
2056. 2047.
1956.
1956. 1910.
1874.
1846.
1792.
1774.
1728.
1746.
1674.
964. 1946. 1956.
L
itself defines the pedestrian area, including plazas, E 15.0
5.0
582.
491.
600.
491.
664.
491.
655.
491.
582.
455.
600.
464.
746.
418.
1101.
364.
1264.
327.
1392.
318.
1346.
309.
0.0 363. 363. 363. 363. 363. 363. 363. 363. 363. 363. 363.
courtyards, and pathways. These spaces require the widest
range of lighting solutions since they combine the concerns Maximum Candela

of open areas and the integration of luminaire appearance

Figure 2: Candela Tabulation Data
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MAXIMUM PLANE AND CONE PLOTS OF CANDELA

REPORT NUMBER: ITL44999

Candela Tabulation DATE: 02/02/99
PREPARED FOR: KIM LIGHTING INC.
84
00

CATALOG NUMBER: AR
One of the fundamental units of measurement is the candela, which in 1979 became the LUMINAIRE: DIE CAST HOUSING, MULTI-FACETED PEENED
REFLECTOR ABOVE LAMP, MULTI-FACETED SPECULAR
REFLECTOR, DIFFUSE FORMER 56
international standard to define luminous intensity. Figure 2 shows a typical candela LAMP: (1) 150W CLEAR E-23 H.P.S.
REPORT BASED ON 16000 LUMEN LAMP.
00

tabulation data sheet prepared by an independent lab with a luminaire orientation diagram 28
00
for reference.
House Side
90°
The Candela Tabulation Data Sheet presents the raw data used for all illuminance Max
imu
mC
Street Side
and
calculations and is tabulated with the vertical angles in rows and lateral angles in ela
Ang
le
columns. As the diagram indicates, lateral values from 0° to 90° are in front of the 60°

luminaire and referenced as “Street Side.” Lateral values from 90° to 180° are behind the
luminaire and referenced as “House Side.” 30°

0° Vertical (nadir) 0° Lateral

Vertical values from 0° to 90° are below the fixture, while values 90° to 180° are at the
66° Vertical Angle 71° Lateral Angle
fixture level and above. As we will see, candela data is also used to define a luminaire’s
light distribution type and cutoff characteristics.
Max
imu
mC
Footcandle Calculations and
ela A
ngle

The data provided in Candela Tabulation Data Sheets is used to calculate footcandle levels The vertical Maximum candela Lateral candela
candela plot in vertical plane plot is traced
within a proposed lighting design. Generally, this is accomplished by using computers to is traced on a establishes angle of cone for on the surface
make calculations, which are, in turn, dependent upon the accuracy of the data. Figure 3 vertical plane lateral candela plot of a cone

2800
5600
illustrates the relationship of the calculated illumination at a single point to the
8400

information provided in the candela tabulation. (See Figure 7 later in this article for the
Vertical Plane

2800

correlating location on an isofootcandle plot.)

Reference 5600 House Side
Line Street Side
66° Vertical
8400

71° Lateral 71° Lateral

Footcandles (fc) = [(Candela @ VA by LA) / D2] x cosine VA
0°
Vertical Plane

fc = (8595 / 34.422) x .407 = 2.95 fc

Maximum candela angle in lateral
plane establishes angle for
')
.42
(34 ndela
a (14.0') vertical candela plot
D ca VA (66˚ Vertical)
95
85 Maximum candela corresponds to a
point @ 71° Lateral x 66° Vertical
from the reference line and 0° nadir
House Side
Reference Line

0,0
Street Side
Figure 4: Maximum Plane and Cone Plots of Candela
10.23' (.73 Mounting Heights) b (31.44') LA (71° Lateral)
Footcandles at
Maximum Candela = 2.95 29.73' (2.12 Mounting Heights) The second value, the lateral angle of 71°, is used to construct a vertical plane off the
lateral baseline. The result is shown on the left side of the cone chart. On this surface,
Figure 3: Footcandle representation based on Candela Tabulation Data
all vertical candela distribution values from the tabulated data column at 71° are plotted.
For purposes of presenting the plot, the vertical plane is flattened, or laid back 90°, to
Candela Plots show it in the same plane as the right side plot.
Candela plots are graphical representations of candela tabulation data (figure 2). Outdoor
lighting produces unique light patterns which are difficult to represent in a flat two- The chart is also shown in a perspective view, to help visualize the relationship between
dimensional plane. Therefore, to create distribution plots that illustrate luminaire the two plotted curves. The combination of the two curves represents luminaire
performance, curves are plotted with a three-dimensional dynamic. An example, based on performance in three dimensions.
the candela tabulation data above, is presented in the charts shown in Figure 4.

Using the tabulated maximum candela value, which in this example is 8595, two planes
are identified: a lateral angle of 71°, and a vertical angle of 66°. The vertical angle is used
to create a cone, with its slope equal to the vertical angle of maximum candela (66°). On
this cone, all lateral candela distribution values from the tabulated data row at 66° are
plotted. The result is shown on the right side of the cone chart. The two-dimensional view
looks down at the top of the constructed cone.
III. LIGHT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS
Outdoor luminaires produce lighting patterns that can be identified first by their reach in
front of a single fixture location and second by their reach on each side of that location.
“Distribution types” describe the reach of the luminaire's light pattern forward
of each fixture, while “distribution ranges” define the reach to either side.

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Medium Range: A distribution is identified as medium range when the point of

Outline of 50% Maximum Point of Example: Type II, Medium Range 3 maximum candela lies from 2.25 to 3.75 MH from the luminaire’s centerline, along
10% Maximum candela Candela Trace Maximum Candela
MH
the reference line.
House Side
Reference Line

Type II Street Side Short Range: A distribution is identified as short range “Distribution
1.75 MH when the point of maximum candela lies from 1.0 to 2.25 MH types” describe
Minor deviation not considered Type III from the luminaire’s centerline, along the reference line.
2.75 MH
the reach of the
Type IV
Very Short Range2: A distribution is identified as very luminaire's
LONG RANGE MEDIUM RANGE SHORT RANGE
VERY SHORT
RANGE short range when the point of maximum candela lies from light pattern
1.0 MH
6.0 MH 3.75 MH 2.25 MH
0 to 1.0 MH along the reference line. forward of each
Figure 5: Grid and light patterns to determine Distribution Type
fixture, while
Distribution types only generally describe a distribution
pattern. To establish the suitability of a luminaire for a “distribution
Distribution Types
specific application, an evaluation must be completed using actual ranges” define
(Refer online for example illustrations of each Distribution Type).
The term “distribution type” defines how far forward of the luminaire (i.e., on the street photometric data for the specific fixture and lamp combination the reach to
side) the effective output reaches. The specific classification of distribution types is based being considered. either side.
on locating the luminaire’s effective major output pattern on a grid representing distances
in units of Mounting Height (MH) from the luminaire. This pattern is defined by tracing an IV. CUTOFF
area representing light distribution at 50% of maximum candela. By measuring where the Beyond distribution and range, luminaires are defined by how well they control or cut off
bulk of this pattern falls on the grid, a luminaire can be classified as follows and as shown light at selected vertical angles. Typically this reference point is referred to as zero degrees
in Figure 5. Refer to illustrations of definitions online. (Note that in some cases, minor vertical or “nadir”. Designs without significant cutoff characteristics distribute light in
deviations in a beam pattern may cross the boundary from one type into another. While this zones unlikely to contribute to useful visibility, contribute to light pollution, and are
has a nominal effect on applied performance, it should not be considered for classification inefficient.
purposes.1):
• Type II defines shallow reaches, when the 50% maximum candela trace lies Example Luminaire Rated Lamp Lumens = 16000
within1.75 MH on the street side of the reference line.4
• Type III is a mid-range, when the 50% maximum candela trace lies within 2.75
MH on the street side of the reference line.4
Candela = 0
• Type IV identifies luminaires with a definite forward-throw distribution, when the
50% maximum candela trace lies beyond 2.75 MH on the street side of the 90° Candela <10% of Rated Lumens
80° (example: no more than 1600)
reference line.4
• Distribution is classified as Type V Square for horizontal lamp luminaires when Full Cutoff Luminaire
the 50% maximum candela trace is symmetric in four quadrants. This distribution
is characterized by four candela peaks, diagonal to the reference line. 0° nadir
• Asymmetric5,6 Distribution (similar to Type III): This distribution is for vertical
lamp luminaires when the 50% maximum candela trace lies beyond 1.0 MH on the
street side of the reference line, and inside 1.0 MH on the house side of the
Candela <2.5% of Rated Lumens
reference line. Narrow range distribution is identified when the point of maximum (example: no more than 400)
candela falls inside of 2.25 MH; wide range is identified when the point of 90° Candela <10% of Rated Lumens
maximum candela falls beyond 2.25 MH. 80° (example: no more than 1600)
• Symmetric5,6 Square Distribution (similar to Type V Square): Distribution is
Cutoff Luminaire
classified as symmetric square for vertical lamp luminaires when the 50%
maximum candela trace is symmetric in four quadrants on both street and house 0° nadir
side of the reference line. Narrow range distribution is identified when the candela
peaks fall inside of 2.25 MH along the reference line; wide range is identified when
the candela peaks fall beyond 2.25 MH.
Candela <5% of Rated Lumens
(example: no more than 800)
Distribution Range 90° Candela <20% of Rated Lumens
Distribution range defines how far the distribution pattern reaches laterally, perpendicular 80° (example: no more than 3200)
to the axis used to identify general type. The ranges used are defined as follows and
Semicutoff Luminaire
indicated graphically in Figure 5.
0° nadir
Long Range: A distribution is identified as long range when the point of maximum candela
lies from 3.75 to 6.0 MH from the luminaire’s centerline, along the reference line. Figure 6: Definitions of Cutoff Luminaires

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Definitions
...Cutoff is The definition of cutoff is based on what proportion 175 Watt ITL Test Lamp data

based on what of a luminaire’s output is being distributed at 80° Metal Halide

13,500 Initial Horizontal Lumens
Initial Lumens used in test luminaire
10,125 Mean Horizontal Lumens Distribution Classification
proportion of and 90° above nadir. See figure 6 for graphic ANSI Code M57-175

a luminaire’s examples of some of the luminaire cutoff types defined Catalog Nos: 1A/SAR3/175MH
1A/SET3/175MH
Longitudinal Distance in Mounting Heights
1 2 3 4
below. (Extracted from IES Publication RP33-99 (2/99)) Distribution: Type III, Cutoff
I.T.L. Test No: 37773 3 Single
output is being ITL Test Report Number
3

Maintained Initial
distributed at Noncutoff Horizontal
Footcandles at
Horizontal
Footcandles at
Refers to Candela Tabulation Report 2

Footcandle Tabulation - values

80° and 90° A luminaire’s light distribution is designated as Listed Mounting
Heights
Listed Mounting
Heights
apply to adjacent contour lines
1
Footcandle contour lines
above nadir. noncutoff when there is no limitation of illumination in Illustrate luminaire distribution
any zone. 20' 16' 14' 12' 20' 16' 14' 12'
House
Side
Street
Side

Full Cutoff 3.4

1.3
5.2
2.1
6.8
2.7
9.3
3.7
5 7.8
3.1
10
4.1
14
5.6
2 1

Lateral Distance in Mounting Heights

A luminaire’s light distribution is designated as full cutoff when the candela at .67 1.0 1.4 1.9 1 1.6 2 2.8

90° above nadir is 0 and less than 10% of rated lamp lumens at 80° above nadir. .34 .52 .68 .93 .5 .78 1 1.4
2

Cutoff .13 .21 .27 .37 .2 .31 .41 .56

.07 .10 .14 .19 .1 .16 .20 .28 3
A luminaire’s light distribution is designated as cutoff when the candela at 90° .03 .05 .07 .09 .05 .08 .10 .14
above nadir is less than 2.5% of rated lamp lumens, and less than 10% of rated .01 .02 .03 .04 .02
Maintenance Factor used
.03 .04 .06
for Maintained Illuminance Fc 4
Plotted Grid - Indicates divisions in
lamp lumens at 80° above nadir. .01 .01 .01 .02 .01 .02 .02 .03
(Mean Lumens / Initial Lumens) x .9 = Maint. Factor Mounting Height increments

1 2 3 4 5
Semicutoff Fc initial x .67 Fc initial Longitudinal Distance in Mounting Heights

A luminaire’s light distribution is designated as semicutoff when the candela at

90° above nadir is less than 5% of rated lamp lumens, and less than 20% of
rated lamp lumens at 80° above nadir.
Example:
A luminaire with tested data showing a total of 16,000 Rated Lamp Lumens has a candela
tabulation that produces 18 candela at 90° (<2.5% of Rated Lumens) and 55 candela at 80°
(<10% of Rated Lumens). These values fall within the defined ranges shown in Figure 6,
classifying this as a cutoff luminaire.
VI. ISOFOOTCANDLE PLOTS
Isofootcandle plots are a common tool for evaluating and comparing different luminaires
for a given application. These plots are often provided by luminaire manufacturers for
architects and engineers to use in selecting and specifying appropriate lighting products.
An example is shown in Figure 7.
Usage
Isofootcandle plots graphically represent a particular luminaire’s lighting pattern, in
illuminance, as the light strikes a horizontal surface. These plots are scalable as they are
represented in mounting height increments. An approximation of pole spacings required to
attain a desired light level can easily be determined from the information provided. These
plots also provide a productive tool for the comparison of various luminaires. The easily
read visual reference indicates beam patterns graphically, where other information (such as
candela tabulations and isocandela curves) may be less clear.
Conventions
Isofootcandle plots include footcandle calculations shown with the luminaire at various
mounting heights. Contour lines are drawn through illuminance values. Each contour, from
the center out, represents approximately 50% of the value of the previous contour. The plot
of contours is placed over a grid indicating mounting height divisions to demonstrate the
luminaire’s applied performance.
Figure 7: Elements of a typical Isofootcandle plot
Estimated Spacing and Uniformity
As early as the schematic design phase of a project, isofootcandle plots can be used for
rough luminaire layouts for site lighting.
EXAMPLE: Refer to the isofootcandle plot in Figure 8 and assume a desired minimum
initial illuminance of 2.0fc, using luminaires mounted on 14' poles. To estimate a fixture
layout, start from the perimeter, where the 2.0fc isofootcandle trace crosses the reference
line, to establish the maximum single fixture distance to the site perimeter (1.6 MH). In
order to attain the minimum illuminance (2.0fc) between fixtures, the 1.0fc traces of two
fixtures must intersect at the site perimeter and interior. Therefore, lateral spacing is
determined where the 1.0fc trace intersects the reference line (2.2 MH), and maximum
forward spacing is identified where the lateral spacing line intersects the 1.0fc trace on the
street side of the luminaire (1.8 MH). These two dimensions indicate the mid-points
between luminaires, in mounting heights. Multiplying these mounting height (MH)
dimensions by the pole height (14') defines the maximum luminaire spacings in both
directions. In this example, 60' (4.4 MH x 14') x 50.4' (3.6 MH x 14').
Approximate Illuminances and Uniformity
By overlaying isofootcandle plots, a rough idea of illuminances can be determined by adding
the values of each contour where they intersect as shown in the lower portion of the
example in Figure 8. Through observation of the overlapping of the isofootcandle plots,
approximate uniformity can also be estimated. More accurate calculations (computer
generated evaluations) will generally return levels higher than those achieved using this
method, as smaller contributions from every adjacent luminaire would be included.
VII. APPLICATION IN DESIGN
Distribution Pattern Uses
Ideally, all light energy produced would be focused into desired lighted zones with

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no wasted energy being directed elsewhere. This would require an infinite array of Figure 9. For each of the basic distributions, variations such as range and the
distributions, and the ability to tune them to every site condition. While this is not realistic, characteristics of horizontal vs. vertical lamp optics produce additional choices. Further
the combination of careful luminaire selection, mounting height, and luminaire placement fine tuning can be attained with house-side shields and reflector orientation. ■
can produce very efficient designs, using just four basic distribution patterns, as shown in

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A I A / A RC H I T E C T U R A L R E C O R D 5. Type II Distribution is when the 50% maximum candela trace lies within
_____ MH (Mounting Height) on the street side of the reference line.
CONTINUING EDUCATION Series a. 1.75 MH
LEARNING OBJECTIVES b. 2.25 MH
After reading this article, you should be able to: c. 2.75 MH
• Identify the lighting requirements in each area of site lighting d. 3.75 MH
• Describe different methods to direct light toward intended areas or away
from areas not to be illuminated 6. What does distribution range describe?
• Describe lighting distribution types and how they are best suited for a. how well luminaires control light at angles above 80° from nadir
lighting outdoor environments b. how far the distribution patterns provide maximum pole spacing in
• Explain how isofootcandle plots are used to design site lighting both lateral and longitudinal directions
c. how distributions are well suited for site / area perimeters, wide
roadways, and open areas
INSTRUCTIONS
d. how far the distribution pattern reaches laterally, perpendicular to the
Refer to the learning objectives above. Complete the questions below.
axis used to identify general type
Go to the self report form on page 347. Follow the reporting instructions,
answer the test questions and submit the form. Or use
7. When is a distribution identified as Very Short Range?
the Continuing Education self report form on Record’s web site—
a. When the point of maximum candela lies from 3.75 to 6.0 MH from the
archrecord.construction.com—to receive one AIA/CES Learning Unit
luminaire’s centerline, along the reference line
including one hour of health, safety, welfare credit.
b. When the point of maximum candela lies from 2.25 to 3.75 MH from
the luminaire’s centerline, along the reference line
QUESTIONS c. When the point of maximum candela lies from 1.0 to 2.25 MH from the
1. Site lighting is classified into what four basic areas? luminaire’s centerline, along the reference line
a. Long, medium, short, and very short d. When the point of maximum candela lies from 0 to 1.0 MH along the
b. Building areas, shopping centers, courtyards, and path areas reference line
c. Roadways, open areas, pedestrian areas, and site perimeter
d. Type II, Type III, Type IV, and Type V areas 8. What is cutoff based on?
a. the proportion of a luminaire’s output distributed at 90° and 90° above nadir
2. Candela data is used: b. the proportion of a luminaire’s output distributed at 80° and 90° above nadir
a. to define a luminaire’s distribution type c. the proportion of a luminaire’s output distributed at 80° and 80° above nadir
b. to define cutoff characteristics d. the proportion of a luminaire’s output distributed at 90° and 80° above nadir
c. for all illuminance calculations
d. all of the above 9. When is a light distribution designated as cutoff?
a. When the candela at 90° above nadir is less than 2.5% of rated lamp
3. _____ areas require careful consideration of illuminance requirements, lumens, and less than 10% of rated lamp lumens at 80° above nadir
uniformity, and brightness control. b. When there is no luminous limitation in any zone
a. Heavy traffic areas c. When the candela at 90° above nadir is less than 5% of rated lamp lumens,
b. Wide areas and less than 20% of rated lamp lumens at 80° above nadir
c. Open areas d. When the candela at 90° above nadir is 0 and less than 10% of rated lamp
d. Walk areas lumens at 80° above nadir

4. What do distribution types describe?
a. the reach of the luminaire’s light pattern forward of each fixture
b. the reach of the luminaire’s light pattern behind each fixture
c. the reach of the luminaire’s light diagonal to the reference line
d. the reach of the luminaire’s light centerline, along the reference line
10. What do isofootcandle plots represent graphically?
a. the luminaire’s lighting pattern at various mounting heights
b. the luminaire’s lighting footcandle levels within a proposed lighting design
c. the luminaire’s requirements to control illumination onto adjacent properties
d. the luminaire's lighting pattern as it hits a horizontal surface

For the past 70 years, Kim Lighting has produced innovative, architecturally relevant, performance oriented lighting products designed for the outdoor environment. Kim combines high performance
optical systems, the highest quality materials, the latest manufacturing technologies and practices to complement the architecture in a variety of applications. Kim Lighting is the recognized industry
leader in outdoor lighting products that include roadway, area, site, pedestrian area, pathway landscape, building mounted, and parking garage lighting applications.
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The sample site plan in Figure 10 shows how the combination of these four basic
distribution patterns are used to direct light energy into the lighted zones.

ANSI Code M57 175

Catalog Nos: 1A/SAR3/175MH Longitudinal Distance in Mounting Heights

1A/SET3/175MH
Distribution: Type III, Cutoff 1 2 3 4
I.T.L. Test No: 37773 Single Type II Type IV
Type II distributions are well suited for narrow Type IV distributions produce a deep forward throw,
areas, running parallel to the luminaire’s reference well suited for perimeter lighting.
Maintained Initial 2
Horizontal Horizontal
Footcandles at
Listed Mounting
Footcandles at
Listed Mounting
line, such as roadways, paths and driveways.
Heights Heights
1

House
20' 16' 14' 12' 20' 16' 14' 12'
Reference Line Side
Street
Side
3.4 5.2 6.8 9.3 5 7.8 10 14
1.3 2.1 2.7 3.7 2 3.1 4.1 5.6 1 Type III - Horizontal Lamp Type V Square - Horizontal Lamp

Lateral Distance in Mounting Heights

.67 1.0 1.4 1.9 1 1.6 2 2.8 Asymmetric - Vertical Lamp Symmetric Square - Vertical Lamp
.34 .52 .68 .93 .5 .78 1 1.4 1.8 MH
Type III and Asymmetric distributions are well Type V and Symmetric distributions produce a wide,
2 suited for site / area perimeters, wide roadways, symmetrical pattern with excellent uniformity for
and open areas. large, open areas.
.13 .21 .27 .37 .2 .31 .41 .56
.07 .10 .14 .19 .1 .16 .20 .28 3 Figure 9: Four basic distribution patterns.
.03 .05 .07 .09 .05 .08 .10 .14

.01 .02 .03 .04 .02 .03 .04 .06 4

.01 .01 .01 .02 .01 .02 .02 .03 1.6 MH
2.2 MH
1 2 3 4 5

Fc initial x .67 Fc initial Longitudinal Distance in Mounting Heights

60'
2.2 MH 2.2 MH 1.6 MH
22.4'

Reference Line
1.8 MH

Figure 10: Sample site plan showing light distribution

50.4'

pattern with different distribution types

1.8 MH

provides less control over lateral output, favoring symmetric distribution patterns. Vertical
lamp orientation also takes advantage of the higher lumen output produced by a vertical
arc tube positioning.

Square vs. Round Distribution: For large areas, symmetric distributions provide
2.0fc 4.0fc 2.0fc maximum pole spacing in both lateral and longitudinal directions. Round distributions,
10.0fc 2.0fc 2.0fc however, do not reach well diagonally between pole locations, reducing uniformity and
Estimated Uniformity (10 max. to 2 min.) = 5:1 requiring shorter distances between luminaires. Square distribution patterns are
specifically engineered to maximize pole spacing by improving uniformity diagonally
Figure 8: Example Isofootcandle plot and spacing.
between fixture locations. As shown in Figure 11, a typical round pattern produces poor
diagonal overlap, requiring tighter pole spacing to maintain acceptable uniformity. A Type
V Square Pattern provides improved diagonal overlap allowing wider pole spacing while
Important Features for Fine-Tuning Designs maintaining excellent uniformity.
Lamp Orientation: Horizontal lamp orientation provides the greatest control over lateral
distribution. The normal lamp distribution is very well suited for asymmetric as well as
House-Side Shields: When luminaires are located close to structures, or areas where the
square symmetric distribution. Horizontal lamp orientation produces relatively small arc
illumination emitted on the house-side of the reference line is objectionable, house-side
tube exposure to high distribution angles. This produces a superior cutoff characteristic.
shields offer additional cutoff control. These devices essentially trim light emitted by the
lamp, as well as light reflected from within the optical system. These are applied to Type
Vertical lamp orientation subjects the greatest portion of the lamp’s output to control by
II, Type III and Type IV (horizontal lamp) and Asymmetric (vertical lamp) optical systems
the reflector system, producing optimal vertical distribution control. This orientation
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Type II Type III, Asymmetric Type IV

4fc 2fc
12fc Wide 2fc
Narrow
Spacing Spacing
20fc 9fc
Max./Min. Max/Min
Ratio 5:1 Ratio 4.5:1

Figure 11: Typical Round vs. Square Overlap patterns

only as shown in Figure 12. House-side shields are not applied to Type V or Symmetric
optical systems, as the shields will not function properly in these systems.

It should be noted that the effects of lamp orientation and lens configuration on house-
side shields are dramatic. Main reflector distribution, street-side reflector brightness, and
direct lamp visibility are factors that determine the effectiveness of house-side shields in
reducing unwanted brightness on the house-side of the optical system. Horizontal lamp
orientation presents the greatest challenge in designing effective shielding. Convex lenses
allow more effective control, as the shielding device is able to better control direct arc tube
brightness. Vertical lamp orientation provides even greater control, as the arc tube is
already deeper in the optical system.
Reflector Orientation/Rotatable Optics
Orientation of luminaires is often controlled by available pole locations and a product's
aesthetic design. The luminaire's head, arm, or yoke, however, may dictate an orientation
that varies from the desired optical orientation. The ability to rotate optical systems
provides a high degree of flexibility to tailor luminaire performance to specific applications,
House Side Street Side
Building
Structure
or Adjacent
Property
Figure 13: Examples of optics that can be rotated within luminaires
2. The “Very Short Range” identification is not an IES standard definition, but is
used by ITL to identify distributions with ranges inside the 1.0 MH allowed in the
“Short Range” definition established.
3. Information shown is for illustrative purposes only and does not represent a
specific luminaire’s performance.
4. Definition is extracted from IES Lighting Handbook, 8th edition.
5. Definition has not been identified by the IES at this time. Definition shown is
based on Kim Lighting research and development efforts and engineering of
optical systems to improve applied performance.
6. Distribution may be classified by ITL, using IES standard practices, as a Type IV
distribution, due to a small portion of the 50% isocandela trace falling beyond
the 2.75 MH line. This aberration in classification methodology conflicts with
luminaire applied performance. Classification indicated more accurately
represents actual luminaire usage.

CASE STUDY
The expansion and beautification of the Minneapolis Community & Technical
College (MCTC) parking ramp.
Building Bentz/Thompson/Rietow (BTR), Architects-of-Record
Structure
or Adjacent
Property
The Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system (MnSCU) gained control of the
MCTC and its associated power plant and parking ramp. However, the parking ramp, having
had no true upgrades to its exterior and having had a less than urban-friendly original design,
Reference Line
became known as a blight on the area, poorly representing the college and the site's
Figure 12: House-side shields for cutoff and light control importance. The original ramp, built in 1978 for the Minneapolis Public School system, was
for different types of luminaires one of the first major public design/build projects. The original design, while inventive in the
use of long-span precast concrete wall panels, did little to harmonize with its surroundings
while maintaining the aesthetic continuity of the luminaires used. The combination of and little to respond to the importance of the site, which is truly a spectacular location. The
optical distributions in multiple luminaire applications produces additional unique ramp is located on the major public thoroughfare through downtown, Hennepin Avenue. This
“footprints,” creating customized performance and/or increased illumination levels to suit roadway has historically been one of the storied streets in the city; it is the gateway to the
a very wide range of needs. Figure 13 shows just a few examples based on a simple twin city from the west and crosses the Mississippi River to the east, and is known as the
mounting arrangement. entertainment avenue for the city. After a decline in the area that lasted several decades, this
downtown street has once again established itself as a major theater district with numerous
eating establishments, clubs, bars, and plenty of nightlife.
Footnotes:
1. ITL Reports using IES guidelines consider any crossing of the identified Early on, the design team resolved that the project needed to reinforce the urban edge. The
boundaries as definition of overall type, regardless of its impact or significance team also posited that the ramp should have a dynamic façade response that could change
to applied performance. Classifications indicated do not consider minor from night to day and could respond to differing light and climate conditions. In order to
deviations in classification of type shown. balance the need for an increased height/mass of the façades with the budget, the team

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began working with the concept of light structures that would provide a layering effect
and serve as a theatrical scrim. The material had to be light yet strong, beautiful yet
inexpensive, durable yet open enough to provide a safe environment for patrons. Heavily
anodized, swaged aluminum floor grating was used because it met all of the design
criteria. This material was used in a vertical application for the light columns that march
down Hennepin Avenue. The same material was used in horizontal application to serve as
the background scrim for the façades. Mullionless channel glass was used at the main
stair towers to provide natural light into the stairs and to serve as urban-sized lanterns
along the façade.
The design drastically improves the image of the structure during the day and, by using
materials similar to ones used on the adjacent campus, finally makes the structure seem
to be part of the same institution. The gentle curves at the cornice of the scrim and the
bay spacing/proportions of the light columns recall heights, proportions, and details of an
adjacent basilica. The ramp takes a background role to the basilica during the day. At
night, the ramp takes on a special presence; it becomes a glowing, theatrical piece that
calls attention to the campus and serves as a distinct gateway to city and the
entertainment district.
Photo credit Phillip Prouse
Figure 14: Photo of MCTC Parking ramp lit at night.
Exterior lighting design was crucial to the success of the project. The team realized that
lighting and material had to be synthesized in such a manner that would leverage the
design intent without incurring large construction costs. Because the existing ramp had
drastically different perimeter conditions in relationship to the scrim motif, the team
needed fixtures that could be mounted in a variety of conditions while still having the
same photometric distribution on the scrim. The result of this creative and collaborative
design can be seen in Figure 14 (Photo credit Phillip Prouse).
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According to Gary F. Milne Rojek, AIA Principal at BTR, “Designers need to understand
what surfaces are going to be lit, what level of illumination is desirable, what amount of
spread and control is required, and how to coordinate with other lighting on the project.
On our ramp project, it was extremely important for us to illuminate the horizontally
oriented grating in a very uniform and white light. The uplighting that was used had a very
wide and uniform distribution that evenly illuminated the horizontal bars yielding the
design intent of a theatrical scrim. The curvature of the grating at the top of the bands
provides a subtle variation in reflectance. On the vertically oriented column grating, much
narrower spread fixtures were used in order to emphasize the column elements in front of
the scrim. Both of these design concepts had to be balanced with the distribution and
color range of the standard ramp downlights.”
The building owner has high praise for the results. Sally Grans, AIA, Director of Facilities
Planning and Programming at MnSCU notes, “Other people need to see just how plain
beautiful this once-ugly duckling parking ramp has now become a jewel! It is rare to see
lighting as a work of art and this parking ramp is now truly artful. My only concern is that
people don’t get into car accidents as they slow down to look at it!”
Security Commentary
Security and site lighting often go hand in hand. There are some specific details that can
help to ensure increased levels of security (and the perception of security).
Martha J. Droge, an Associate at Ayers/Saint/Gross in Baltimore, was a police officer
before becoming a landscape architect. She writes and speaks often about site security
and offers the following points:
• Metal halide lights render the vertical plane visible at a nearer distance than
sodium lamps. This is important from a security perspective because the vertical
plane is where the human face and hands are revealed as one approaches a
person. Seeing the face and hands as soon as possible increases a pedestrian’s
sense of safety and aids security personnel when patrolling an area.
• Depending on the technology, CCTV cameras and/or night vision aids can be
thrown off by bright lighting. Obviously, the lighting plan and the security
technology/perimeter surveillance plan should be well-coordinated.
• A lighting plan for a large complex of buildings or campus should designate
certain routes as primary pedestrian routes after dark. Depending upon the
circumstances, the primary routes might be the most direct paths between major
spaces or parking lots, or the paths that keep pedestrians near safe, after-dark
activity areas (buildings with people coming and going, security patrols, positive
night life activities, etc.). Primary paths should receive excellent comprehensive
lighting and welcoming landscapes as cues to pedestrians to take those paths
after dark. Secondary after-hours routes may have lighting for basic safety, but
pedestrians should be directed to the primary routes after dark through
coordination with campus maps and directions from campus representatives.
Keeping some of these points in mind when preparing an overall site lighting plan and
layout can go a long way toward improved security conditions in outdoor settings.
Peter J. Arsenault, AIA, NCARB, LEED-AP is an architect and consultant focused on
green building and sustainable community planning, based near Syracuse, NY.
About the article sponsor: Kim Lighting is known throughout the world as the premier
designer and manufacturer of quality, high performance, architecturally relevant, outdoor
lighting solutions. Kim has designed and manufactured outdoor lighting products for over
seven decades and now occupies more than 400,000-square feet of factory space in the
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City of Industry, Ontario, and La Mirada, California employing over 600 people. Kim owes a innovate, educate, and never compromise quality. Kim Lighting, “The Ultimate in
great deal of its success to the core values established by its founder, F.B. Nightingale; Architecturally Relevant Outdoor Lighting.” Learn more at www.kimlighting.com.

Distribution Types Definitions

Example: Type II, Medium Range 3

Type II
MH
Horizontal Lamp House Side
A distribution is classified as Type II when Reference Line
the 50% maximum candela trace lies Type II Street Side
within 1.75 MH on the street side of the 1.75 MH
reference line.4
2.75 MH Type III

Type IV

VERY SHORT
LONG RANGE MEDIUM RANGE SHORT RANGE RANGE
6.0 MH 3.75 MH 2.25 MH 1.0 MH

Example: Type III, Medium Range 3

MH
Type III House Side
Reference Line
Horizontal Lamp
A distribution is classified as Type III when Type II Street Side
the 50% maximum candela trace lies 1.75 MH
within 2.75 MH on the street side of the
reference line.4 Type III
2.75 MH

Type IV

VERY SHORT
LONG RANGE MEDIUM RANGE SHORT RANGE RANGE
6.0 MH 3.75 MH 2.25 MH 1.0 MH

Example: Type IV, Short Range 3

MH
House Side
Reference Line
Type IV
Horizontal Lamp Type II Street Side
A distribution is classified as Type IV when 1.75 MH
the 50% maximum candela trace lies
beyond 2.75 MH on the street side of the Type III
2.75 MH
reference line.4
Type IV

VERY SHORT
LONG RANGE MEDIUM RANGE SHORT RANGE RANGE
6.0 MH 3.75 MH 2.25 MH 1.0 MH

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Example: Type V Square 3

MH
1.0 MH House Side
Reference Line
Type V Square5 1.0 MH Street Side
Horizontal Lamp
Distribution is classified as Type V Square for
horizontal lamp luminaires when the 5 0 %
maximum candela trace is symmetric in
four quadrants. This distribution is
characterized by four candela peaks,
diagonal to the reference line.
1.0 MH

Example: Asymmetric, Wide 3

Asymmetric5 , 6
Vertical Lamp
General pattern appearance is similar to Type
MH
III. Distribution is classified as Asymmetric for House Side
vertical lamp luminaires when the 5 0 % Reference Line
maximum candela trace lies beyond 1.0 1.0 MH Street Side
MH on the street side of the reference line,
and inside 1.0 MH on the house side of the
reference line. Narrow Range distribution
is identified when the point of maximum
candela falls inside of 2.25 MH, Wide
Range is identified when the point of
maximum candela falls beyond 2.25 MH.
WIDE NARROW
2.25 MH

Example: Symmetric Square, Narrow 3

Symmetric Square5 , 6 MH
1.0 MH House Side
Vertical Lamp Reference Line
General pattern appearance is similar to 1.0 MH Street Side
horizontal lamp Type V Square. Distribution is
classified as Symmetric Square for vertical
lamp luminaires when the 50% maximum
candela trace is symmetric in four
quadrants on both street and house side of
the reference line. Narrow Range
distribution is identified when the candela
peaks fall inside of 2.25 MH along the WIDE NARROW
reference line, Wide Range is identified 2.25 MH

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