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felts and fabrics, bituminous pavement. as naphthenic and polar aromatics are adsorbed thus permit-
bituminous emulsion, n—(1) a suspension of minute globules ting the separation of the saturate fraction.
of bituminous material in water or in an aqueous solution, or DISCUSSION—The saturates fraction should be identified by the
(2) a suspension of minute globules of water or of an solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium.
aqueous solution in a liquid bituminous material.
cationic emulsion, n—a type of emulsion such that a particular straight-run pitch, n—a pitch run to the consistency desired
emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of positive in the initial process of distillation and without subsequent
charges on the discontinuous phase. fluxing.
coal tar, n—a dark brown to black cementitious material tar, n—brown or black bituminous material, liquid or semi-
produced by the destructive distillation of bituminous coal. solid in consistency, in which the predominating constituents
coke-oven tar, n—coal tar produced in by-product coke ovens are bitumens obtained as condensates in the destructive
in the manufacture of coke from bituminous coal. distillation of coal, petroleum, oil-shale, wood, or other
cut-back asphalt, n—petroleum residuum (asphalt) which has organic materials, and which yields substantial quantities of
been blended with petroleum distillates. pitch when distilled.
3.1.2 Bitumen-Aggregate Mixtures and Applications:
DISCUSSION—Slow-curing materials may be made directly by distil- crack filler, n—bituminous material used to fill and seal cracks
lation and are often referred to as road oils.
in existing pavements.
cut-back products, n—petroleum or tar residuums which have dust binder, n—a light application of bituminous material for
been blended with distillates. the express purpose of laying and bonding loose dust.
flux, n—a bituminous material, generally liquid, used for fog seal, n—a light application of bituminous material to an
softening other bituminous materials. existing pavement as a seal to inhibit raveling, or to seal the
“free-carbon” in tar, n—the hydrocarbon fraction that is surface, or both; medium and slow-setting bituminous emul-
precipitated from a tar by dilution with carbon disulfide or sions are usually used and may be diluted with water.
benzene. maintenance mix, n—a mixture of bituminous material and
gas-house coal tar, n—coal tar produced in gas-house retorts mineral aggregate applied at ambient temperature for use in
in the manufacture of illuminating gas from bituminous coal. patching holes, depressions, and distress areas in existing
naphthene-aromatics, n—a mixture of naphthenic and aro- pavements.
matic hydrocarbons which are adsorbed from a paraffinic DISCUSSION—Appropriate hand or mechanical methods are used in
solvent on an adsorbent during percolation and then des- placing and compacting the mix. These mixes may be designed for
orbed with an aromatic solvent such as toluene. immediate use or for use out of a stockpile at a later time without
further processing.
DISCUSSION—The naphthene-aromatics fraction should be identified
by the solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium. mixed-in-place (road mix), n—a bituminous surface or base
native asphalt, n—asphalt occurring as such in nature. course produced by mixing mineral aggregate and cut-back
oil-gas tar, n—tar produced by cracking oil vapors at high asphalt, bituminous emulsion, or tar at the job-site by means
temperatures in the manufacture of oil gas. of travel plants, motor graders, drags, or special road-mixing
pitch, n—black or dark-brown solid cementitious material equipment; open or dense-graded aggregates, sand, and
which gradually liquefies when heated and which is obtained sandy soil may be used.
as residua in the partial evaporation or fractional distillation mulch treatment, n—a spray application of bituminous ma-
of tar. terial used to temporarily stabilize a recently seeded area; the
polar-aromatics, n—a polar aromatic hydrocarbon fraction bituminous material can be applied to the soil or to straw or
that is adsorbed on an adsorbing medium from a paraffinic hay mulch as a tie-down, also.
solvent during percolation and then desorbed with a chlori- penetration macadam, n—a pavement layer containing es-
nated hydrocarbon solvent such as trichloroethylene. sentially one-size coarse aggregate, penetrated in place by a
heavy application of bituminous material, followed by an
DISCUSSION—The polar-aromatics fraction should be identified by the application of a smaller size coarse aggregate, and com-
solvent, the solvent-asphalt ratio and the absorbing medium.
pacted; multiple layers containing still smaller coarse aggre-
recycling agent (RA), n—a blend of hydrocarbons with or gate may be used.
without minor amounts of other materials that is used to alter plant mix, cold-laid, n—a mixture of cut-back asphalt, bitu-
or improve the properties of the aged asphalt in a recycled minous emulsion, or tar and mineral aggregate prepared in a
asphalt paving mixture. central bituminous mixing plant and spread and compacted
refined tar, n—tar freed from water by evaporation or distil- at the job-site when the mixture is at or near ambient
lation which is continued until the residue is of desired temperature.
consistency; or a product produced by fluxing tar residuum plant mix, hot-laid bituminous emulsion mixtures, n—a
with tar distillate. mixture of emulsion and heated mineral aggregate usually
rock asphalt—see asphalt rock. prepared in a conventional asphalt plant or drum mixer and
saturates, n—a mixture of paraffinic and naphthenic hydro- spread and compacted at the job site at a temperature above
carbons that on percolation in a paraffinic solvent are not ambient.
adsorbed on the adsorbing medium; other compounds such prime coat, n—an application of a low-viscosity bituminous
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material to an absorptive surface, designed to penetrate, voids between the aggregate particles, expressed as a per-
bond, and stabilize this existing surface and to promote centage of the total space occupied by the material, are
adhesion between it and the construction course that follows. relatively small.
reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), n—asphalt pavement or fine aggregate, n—(1) aggregate passing the 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm)
paving mixture removed from its original location for use in sieve and almost entirely passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve
recycled asphalt paving mixture. and predominantly retained on the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve: or
recycled asphalt paving mixture, n—a mixture of reclaimed (2) that portion of an aggregate passing the 4.75-mm (No. 4)
asphalt pavement with the inclusion, if required, of asphalt sieve and retained on the 75-µm (No. 200) sieve.
cement, emulsified asphalt, cut-back asphalt, recycling DISCUSSION—The definitions are alternatives to be applied under
agent, mineral aggregate, and mineral filler. differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate
slurry seal, n—an application of a fluid mixture of bituminous either in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is applied
emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and water to an to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading
existing pavement. should be stated in the specifications.
surface treatment, n—an application of bituminous material fractured face, n—an angular, rough, or broken surface of an
followed by a layer of mineral aggregate; multiple applica- aggregate particle created by crushing, by other artificial
tions of bituminous material and mineral aggregate may be means, or by nature.
used. macadam, dry-bound and water bound, n—a pavement
tack coat (bond coat), n—an application of bituminous layer containing essentially one-size coarse aggregate
material to an existing relatively nonabsorptive surface to choked in place with an application of screenings or sand;
provide a thorough bond between old and new surfacing. water is applied to the choke material for water-bound
tar concrete, cold-laid, n—a plant mix containing a medium- macadam; multiple layers must be used.
viscosity grade of tar and a graded mineral aggregate, maximum size (of aggregate), n—in specifications for, or
designed to be laid either shortly after mixing or when the descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening
mixture is at or near ambient temperature. through which the entire amount of aggregate is required to
tar concrete, hot laid, n—a plant mix containing a high- pass. (Terminology C125)
viscosity grade of tar and a densely graded mineral aggregate DISCUSSION—Another definition, which applies only to aggregates
designed to be laid at or near the elevated temperature of used in the Superpave mix design procedure, is included in AASHTO
mixing. Specification MP 2.
3.1.3 Aggregate Materials:
aggregate, n—a granular material of mineral composition such nominal maximum size (of aggregate), n—in specifications
as sand, gravel, shell, slag, or crushed stone, used with a for, or descriptions of aggregate, the smallest sieve opening
cementing medium to form mortars or concrete, or alone as through which the entire amount of the aggregate is permit-
in base courses, railroad ballasts, etc. ted to pass. (Terminology C125)
bank gravel, n—gravel found in natural deposits, usually more DISCUSSION—Specifications on aggregates usually stipulate a sieve
or less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, or opening through which all of the aggregate may, but need not, pass so
combinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey that a stated maximum proportion of the aggregate may be retained on
that sieve. A sieve opening so designated is the nominal maximum size.
gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of
DISCUSSION—Another definition, which applies only to aggregates
the materials in the mixture.
used in the Superpave mix design procedure, is included in AASHTO
blast-furnace slag, n—the nonmetallic product, consisting Specification MP 2.
essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of lime and of
other bases, that is developed simultaneously with iron in a open-graded aggregate, n—an aggregate that has a particle
blast furnace. size distribution such that when it is compacted, the voids
clinker, n—generally a fused or partly fused by-product of the between the aggregate particles, expressed as a percentage of
combustion of coal, but also including lava and portland- the total space occupied by the material, remain relatively
cement clinker, and partly vitrified slag and brick. large.
coarse aggregate, n—(1) aggregate predominantly retained on rubble, n—rough stones of irregular shapes and sizes, broken
the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve: or (2) that portion of an from larger masses either naturally or artificially, as by
aggregate retained on the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. geological action, in quarrying, or in stone cutting or
blasting.
DISCUSSION—The definitions are alternatives to be applied under screenings, n—a residual product resulting from the artificial
differing circumstances. Definition (1) is applied to an entire aggregate crushing of rock, boulders, cobble, gravel, blast-furnace slag
either in a natural condition or after processing. Definition (2) is applied
to a portion of an aggregate. Requirements for properties and grading
or hydraulic cement concrete, all of which pass the smallest
should be stated in the specification. screen used with the crushing operation and most of which
pass the 2.36-mm (No. 8) sieve.
crusher-run, n—the total unscreened product of a stone soil aggregate, n—natural or prepared mixtures consisting
crusher. predominantly of stone, gravel, or sand which contain a
dense-graded aggregate, n—an aggregate that has a particle significant amount of minus 75-µm (No. 200) silt-clay
size distribution such that when it is compacted, the resulting material.
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steel slag, n—the nonmetallic product consisting essentially of that a standard needle penetrates vertically a sample of the
calcium silicates and ferrites combined with fused oxides of material under specified conditions of loading, time, and
iron, aluminum, manganese, calcium and magnesium, that is temperature.
developed simultaneously with steel in basic oxygen, elec- screen, n—in laboratory work an apparatus, in which the
tric, or open hearth furnaces. apertures are circular, for separating sizes of material.
stone chips, n—small angular fragments of stone containing sieve, n—in laboratory work an apparatus, in which the
no dust. apertures are square, for separating sizes of material.
3.1.4 Relating to Tests: 3.2 Abbreviations:
mesh, n—the square opening of a sieve. RA—recycling agent
normal temperature, n—as applied to laboratory observa- RAP—reclaimed asphalt pavement
tions of the physical characteristics of bituminous materials,
25°C (77°F). 4. Keywords
penetration, n—the consistency of a bituminous material 4.1 aggregates; asphalts; bituminous materials; bituminous
expressed as the distance in tenths of a millimetre (0.1 mm) paving mixtures; terminology.
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